aaaa. my rights as a father - will basinger

8/11/2019 Aaaa. My Rights as a Father - Will Basinger

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===================================================================================================The fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the care, custody, and management of their child does notevaporate simply because they have not been model parents or have lost temporary custody of their child to the state ...When the state moves to destroy weakened familial bonds, it must provide the parents with fundamentally fairprocedures . [ Lassiter v. Department of Social Services , 452 US 18, 37 (1981)]===============================================================================================================

The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently protected parental rights, including it among those rightsdeemed fundamental. As a fundamental right, parental liberty (the parent-child relationship, rebuttable

presumption to be with your child and rear them at least 5 ! of the time e"en in the e"ent of parentdi"orcing, etc.# is to be protected by the highest standard of re"iew$ the compelling interest test. TheCourt decisi"ely upheld and confirmed these parental rights in the recent case of Tro%el ". &ran"ille. 'nessence, the Tro%el ". &ran"ille decision by the U.S. Supreme Court means that the go"ernment may notinfringe parents right to direct the education and upbringing of their children unless it can show that it isusing the least restrictive means to achie"e a compelling governmental interest . )ith this decision,

parental rights ha"e reached their highest le"el of protection in o"er *5 years. The U.S. Supreme Court+sdecision in Tro%el ". &ran"ille should ser"e to maintain and protect parental rights for many years tocome.

What I want:

I) To Appeal and Sue for the immediate restoration of my Joint physical and legal custody statusof Anna my daughter, afforded to me by the Bill of Rights, Fundamental rights as a parent,common law, and the st, ! th, " th and !th amendments to the #onstitution$ This is an appeal toha%e my rights restored for the e&press purpose of re'oining and rebuilding the bonds with mydaughter Anna that I had as her primary caregi%er ( the bonds I had ha%e been strained and

bro en in the past * months by decisions made by #obb #ounty Judge Adele +rubbs and Aditem Jim Friedewald$ I want all the liberties that I ha%e been depri%ed of by the Superior #ourt

of #obb #ounty for the past * months without -./ 0R1#/SS 1F A2 restored in full$ In theend I want to ha%e primary physical and legal custody of Anna pursuant to 3In the child4s bestinterest5 doctrine which ac nowledges my original role as her primary caregi%er for the se%enyears, prior to Renee filing for di%orce and running off with her, as one of the most importantfactors in Anna4s long term health and well6being$

II) To cause a 2rit of 0rohibition to be issued to the #ourt of #obb #ounty that prohibits thecourt from carrying out in the future any of the unlawful practices gi%en below that they

practiced on me 7father8 2illiam 9$ Basinger) during my di%orce and custody proceeding 7to pre%ent similar miscarriages of 'ustice in the future)$ For e&ample8

a) not allowing 7pre%enting by administrati%e means) temporary 'oint:shared or e;ual custody7"


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b) pre%enting 7dismissed case without hearing testimony or re%iewing e%idence) e%idence againstmother regarding child abuse and per'ury to be presented, not allowing adult children to testifyabout fathers innocence and role as primary caregi%er in family and not allowing hard e%idenceto be submitted regarding the mother4s abuse of children in a T01 hearing and for fathers

defense in a #ontempt hearing,

c) the courts employment of terror tactics and punishments, reser%ed for criminals withdiminished constitutional rights, by Judge +rubbs and Jim Friedewald 7Ad litem) in order to getthe father to follow illegal orders in a witch hunt to find incriminating e%idence on himself afterthey too his daughter with hearsay do what they wanted 7threat of incarceration, threat of ta ingchild permanently, threat of loss of 'ob, use fear of public humiliation, etc$) for not followingorders which are flagrant %iolations of father4s ci%il and constitutional rights,

d) %iolating the father and daughters constitutional rights and +eorgia4s statutory laws by usingAnna 7 < year old daughter) and handicapped son 7left uncared for) as le%erage to force father to

submit to unconstitutional e&aminations, sei=ures, detentions, restraints and ta ings by ta ingmore %isitation time with Anna away from him,

e) allowing hearsay e%idence :proof presented by the plantiff and the Ad item which fell wellshort of meeting the standard of clear and con%incing proof :e%idence as re;uired by +eorgiaState aw 7+S# Title ", #hapter , Section *! 7 "6 6*!)) (a statute recently upheld by the.S Supreme #ourt$

f) the use of criminal type punishments during di%orce proceedings 73emergency5 proceedingsthat pre%ent time for preparation of a defense or opportunity to face the accuser or call witnesses

( 666ser%ed on Friday at " pm for a *8


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to a%oid ma ing the 'udge angry at him) which allows for the decisions to be sub'ected to aninterlocutory and:or final appeal for discretionary re%iew and because a higher court 'udge willnot re%iew the 'udges rulings unless child abuse is in%ol%ed 7consider if child abuse is in%ol%ed,

but the 'udge as a matter of self6preser%ation will not allow it to be heard in order to escape

re%iew of their decisions in toto) $ #ustody cases, to protect fundamental parental rights, shouldha%e an automatic re%iew if one parents rights ha%e been abriged$

i) pre%enting orders li e the orders that resulted from my emergency hearing that wereunconstitutional6 ta ing my daughter permanently under the guise of a temporary suspension of

parental rights , forced me to %ia illegal contempt holdings to ta e a 3criminal li e5 warrantlessdrug test where my urine was ta en under the watch of my pri%ates by sheriffs personnel, forcedto ta e a > ?


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2) ..if a stat# s## s to #-ri # nat ra$ -ar#nts of c sto of t+#ir c+i$ r#n, r#6 irin! on$ -roof ba -r#-on #ranc# of # i #nc# is a io$ation of t+# -ar#nts> U? ; @"?SS ri!+ts ( Santosky v. Kramer ,455 U.S. 745, 1 2 S. "t. 1388, 71 '. ? . 2 599 [1982]). r## o in att#rs of fa i$ $if# is af n a #nta$ $ib#rt int#r#st, an t+# !o #rn #nt cannot ta # it a%a %it+ on$ a o #st # i #ntiarstan ar . o%# #r, a co rt a s# a -r#-on #ranc# of # i #nc# stan ar %+#n a ot+#r s## s to#stab$is+ t+at a c#rtain an is t+# fat+#r of +#r c+i$ ( Rivera v. Minnich , 483 U.S. 574, 1 7 S. "t. 3 1,97 '. ? . 2 473 [1987]). Cost stat#s s# t+# -r#-on #ranc# of # i #nc# stan ar in t+#s# cas#sb#ca s# t+# +a # an int#r#st in #ns rin! t+at fat+#rs s --ort t+#ir c+i$ r#n

0# Tro%el, 50 U.S. at 2 , 3 S.Ct. 3 5/DStat# action t+at $i its a f n a #nta$ ri!+t is !#n#ra$$ s bE#ct to strict scr tin . (*+o as, F.,conc rrin! in E ! #nt)G

Troxel v. Granville , 53 U.S. 57 (2 )

n t+is cas# t+# Unit# Stat#s S -r# # "o rt iss # a $an ar o-inion on -ar#nta$ $ib#rt . *+# cas#in o$ # a s-#cia$$ -rot#ct# b t+# # ;roc#ss "$a s# inc$ #s t+# ri!+t ... to ir#ctt+# # cation an -brin!in! of on#>s c+i$ r#nD (citin! Meyer an Pierce )). n $i!+t of t+is #It#nsi #-r#c# #nt, it cannot no% b# o bt# t+at t+# # ;roc#ss "$a s# of t+# o rt##nt+ A #n #nt-rot#cts t+# f n a #nta$ ri!+t of -ar#nts to a # #cisions conc#rnin! t+# car#, c sto , an contro$of t+#ir c+i$ r#n. [# -+asis s --$i# ]

*+is cas# c$#ar$ -+o$ s -ar#nta$ ri!+ts. n #ss#nc#, t+is #cision #ans t+at t+# !o #rn #nt a notinfrin!# -ar#nts> ri!+t to ir#ct t+# # cation an -brin!in! of t+#ir c+i$ r#n n$#ss it can s+o% t+at itis sin! t+# $#ast r#stricti # #ans to ac+i# # a co -#$$in! !o #rn #nta$ int#r#st.

"onc$ sion

Decisions of the United States Supreme Court Upholding Parental Rights


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*+# U.S. S -r# # "o rt +as consist#nt$ -rot#ct# -ar#nta$ ri!+ts, inc$ in! it a on! t+os# ri!+ts## # f n a #nta$. ;ar#nta$ ri!+ts +a # r#ac+# t+#ir +i!+#st $# #$ of -rot#ction in o #r 75 #ars. As

a f n a #nta$ ri!+t, -ar#nta$ $ib#rt is to b# -rot#ct# b t+# +i!+#st stan ar of r# i#% t+#co -#$$in! int#r#st t#st. *+# "o rt #cisi #$ -+#$ an confir # t+#s# -ar#nta$ ri!+ts in t+# r#c#ntcas# of Troxel v. Granville . n #ss#nc#, t+# Troxel v. Granville #cision b t+# U.S. S -r# # "o rt

#ans t+at t+# !o #rn #nt a not infrin!# -ar#nts> ri!+t to ir#ct t+# # cation an -brin!in! oft+#ir c+i$ r#n n$#ss it can s+o% t+at it is sin! t+# $#ast r#stricti # #ans to ac+i# # a co -#$$in!!o #rn #nta$ int#r#st. *+# U.S. S -r# # "o rt s #cision s+o $ s#r # to aintain an -rot#ct-ar#nta$ ri!+ts for an #ars to co #.

/# Clar ". 4eter, /2 U.S. /5 , / , 2 S.Ct. 1 , 6.7d.3d / 5 ( 122#

(D["]$assifications aff#ctin! f n a #nta$ ri!+ts ... ar# !i #n t+# ost #Iactin! scr tin .D). Strict

scr tin !#n#ra$$ r#6 ir#s t+at t+# stat# s+o% a co -#$$in! int#r#st, a anc# b t+# $#ast r#stricti ##ans.

Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 365, 375, 91 S. t. 1!4!, "9 #.$d."d 534 %1971&

(D t is #no !+ to sa t+at t+# c$assification in o$ # in S+a-iro [ . *+o -son, 394 U.S. H18, 89 S."t.1322, 22 '.? .2 H (19H9),] %as s bE#ct# to strict scr tin n #r t+# co -#$$in! stat# int#r#stt#st ... b#ca s# it i -in!# -on t+# f n a #nta$ ri!+t of int#rstat# o # #nt.D).

5) IN THE INTEREST ! "# E# C# et al#$ children# %&'%(& '# *Termination of parental rights+

(253 a. A--. 82 ) (558 S?2 5H) (2 1)

?'' / *@/, F !#.

*#r ination of -ar#nta$ ri!+ts. $ton F #ni$# "o rt. B#for# F !# ic son.

*+# ot+#r of t+r## inor c+i$ r#n a--#a$s fro t+# $ton "o nt F #ni$# "o rt>s #cision tot#r inat# +#r -ar#nta$ ri!+ts. B#ca s# %# fin t+# #cision %as s --ort# b c$#ar an con incin!# i #nc#, %# affir .

n fi # #n #rations, t+# ot+#r cont#n s t+#r# %as ins ffici#nt # i #nc# for t+# tria$ co rt to fint+at +#r -ar#nta$ ri!+ts s+o $ b# t#r inat# - rs ant to @" A 15K11K94. D*+# stan ar of r# i#% of aE #ni$# co rt>s #cision to t#r inat# -ar#nta$ ri!+ts is %+#t+#r aft#r r# i#%in! t+# # i #nc# in t+#$i!+t ost fa orab$# to t+# a--#$$##, an rationa$ tri#r of fact co $ +a # fo n b c$#ar an con incin!# i #nc# t+at t+# nat ra$ -ar#nt>s ri!+ts to c sto +a # b##n $ost.D ("itation an - nct ationo itt# .) n t+# nt#r#st of S. ., 251 a. A--. 555 (1) (553 S?2 849) (2 1) . Ds factfin in! an affir n$#ss t+# a--#$$at# stan ar is not #t.D ("itation an - nct ationo itt# .) n t+# nt#r#st of A. S. @., 243 a. A--. 1 (1) (53 S?2 2H1) (2 ) .

Un #r @" A 15K11K94 (a) (for #r$ @" A 15K11K81), t+# consi #rations for t#r inatin! -ar#nta$ ri!+tsin o$ # a t%oKst#- -roc#ss. *+# tria$ co rt st first #t#r in# D%+#t+#r t+#r# is -r#s#nt c$#ar an

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con incin! # i #nc# of -ar#nta$ iscon ct or inabi$it .D @" A 15K11K94 (a). S c+ iscon ct orinabi$it a b# -ro # b s+o%in! (1) t+# c+i$ is #-ri # G (2) s c+ #-ri ation is ca s# b t+# $acof -ro-#r -ar#nta$ car# or contro$ b t+# -ar#nt in 6 #stionG (3) t+# #-ri ation is $i #$ to contin #Gan (4) t+# Dcontin # #-ri ation %i$$ ca s# or is $i #$ to ca s# s#rio s -+ sica$, #nta$, # otiona$,or ora$ +ar to t+# c+i$ .D @" A 15K11K94 (b) (4) (A) (i)K(i ). rt+#r, in #t#r inin! %+#t+#r t+#r# isa $ac of D-ro-#r -ar#nta$ car# an contro$,D t+# co rt a consi #r s# #ra$ factors, inc$ in! t+# . . .[-ast or -r#s#nt] D(-)+ sica$, #nta$, or # otiona$ n#!$#ct of t+# c+i$ .D @" A 15K11K94 [(b) (4) (B)( )]. f t+# c+i$ is not in t+# c sto of t+# -ar#nt in 6 #stion, t+# $ac of -ro-#r -ar#nta$ car# ancontro$ can b# # onstrat# b s+o%in! t+at t+# -ar#nt, %it+o t E stifiab$# ca s#, fai$# for a -#rioof on# #ar -rior to t+# fi$in! of t+# t#r ination -#tition to D # #$o- an aintain a -ar#nta$ bon%it+ t+# c+i$ in a #anin!f $, s --orti # ann#rD[G to co -$#t# a co rtKor #r# r# nification -$anG]or to s --ort t+# c+i$ financia$$ . @" A 15K11K94 [(b) (4) (") (i)K(iii)]. @nc# t+# tria$ co rt #stab$is+#s a$ac of -ar#nta$ car# an contro$, t+# s#con -art of t+# t#st for #t#r inin! %+#t+#r -ar#nta$ ri!+tss+o $ b# t#r inat# is %+#t+#r s c+ t#r ination Dis in t+# b#st int#r#st of t+# c+i$ , aft#r consi #rin!t+# -+ sica$, #nta$, # otiona$, an ora$ con ition an n## s of t+# c+i$ %+o is t+# s bE#ct of t+#-roc## in!, inc$ in! t+# n## for a s#c r# an stab$# +o #.D @" A 15K11K94 (a).

("itation o itt# .) n t+# nt#r#st of S. ., 251 a. A--. at 557 (1) (b).

Li#%# in t+# $i!+t ost fa orab$# to t+# Stat#, as a--#$$##, t+# r#cor s+o%s t+at t+# $ton "o nt#-art #nt of a i$ & "+i$ r#n S#r ic#s (D A"SD) too t# -orar $#!a$ c sto of t+# t+r## bo s in

F n# 1995 fo$$o%in! r#-orts of n#!$#ct an -+ sica$ ab s# b t+# -ar#nts. At t+# ti # t+# %#r#r# o # fro t+# -ar#nts> +o #, '. ?. "., Fr. %as t+r## #ars o$ , . C. ". %as t%o #ars o$ , an '. ?.". %as on# #ar o$ . Socia$ %or #rs %it+ A A;?, an a!#nc t+at coor inat# t+# bo s> fost#r +o #-$ac# #nts, t#stifi# t+at t+# bo s %#r# Ds# #r#$ n#!$#ct# ,D D # ica$$ fra!i$#,D +a not b##ni niJ# , +a ncorr#ct# ision -rob$# s, s ff#r# #$a s in t+#ir s-##c+ an #nta$ # #$o- #nt,an +a ot+#r # ica$ an b#+a iora$ -rob$# s. Accor in! to t+# initia$ #-ri ation or #r, t+# fat+#r+a -+ sica$$ ab s# t+# c+i$ r#n, t+# co rt %as Dconc#rn# D t+at t+# ot+#r +a a$so ab s# t+#

c+i$ r#n, an t+# co rt fo n t+# c+i$ r#n to b# #-ri # . *+# E #ni$# co rt or #r# t+# ot+#r ton #r!o a t+oro !+ -s c+o$o!ica$ # a$ ation an att#n -ar#ntin! c$ass#s. 1

Conse,uentl-$ it is clear the constitutional right of a parent to direct the up.ringing and education ofhis child is /rml- entrenched in the U#S# Supreme Court case histor-# !urthermore$ a higher standard of re0ie1 applies to fundamental rights such as parental li.ert- than to other rights# 2hen confronted1ith a con3ict .et1een parents4 rights and state regulation$ the court must appl- the compellinginterest test#6 Under this test$ the state must pro0e that its infringement on the parents4 li.ert- isessential to ful/ll a compelling interest and is the least restricti0e means of ful/lling this state interest#Simpl- pro0ing the regulation is reasona.le is not su7cient#

&1 Parham v. 5.R. , 442 US 584, H 2KH H (1979).

*+is cas# in o$ #s -ar#nt s ri!+ts to a # # ica$ #cisions r#!ar in! t+#ir c+i$ r#n s #nta$ +#a$t+.*+# $o%#r "o rt +a r $# t+at #or!ia s stat tor sc+# # of a$$o%in! c+i$ r#n to b# s bE#ct totr#at #nt in t+# stat# s #nta$ +#a$t+ faci$iti#s io$at# t+# "onstit tion b#ca s# it i not a #6 at#$-rot#ct c+i$ r#n s # -roc#ss ri!+ts. *+# S -r# # "o rt r# #rs# t+is #cision -+o$ in! t+# $#!a$-r#s -tion t+at -ar#nts act in t+#ir c+i$ r#n s b#st int#r#st. *+# "o rt r $#

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@ r E ris-r #nc# +istorica$$ +as r#f$#ct#


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*+#r#for#, it is c$#ar t+at t+# "o rt is r#co!niJin! -ar#nts as +a in! t+# ri!+t to a # E ! #ntsconc#rnin! t+#ir c+i$ r#n %+o ar# not ab$# to a # so n #cisions, inc$ in! t+#ir n## for # ica$car#. A -ar#nt s a t+orit to #ci # %+at is b#st for t+# c+i$ in t+# ar#as of # ica$ tr#at #nt cannotb# i inis+# si -$ b#ca s# a c+i$ isa!r##s. A -ar#nt s ri!+t st b# -rot#ct# an not si -$transf#rr# to so # stat# a!#nc .

7) #or!ia Stat# "o # *it$# 15, "+a-t#r 11, S#ction 94 (15K11K94) [t#r ination of -ar#nta$ ri!+ts]

(a) n consi #rin! t+# t#r ination of -ar#nta$ ri!+ts , t+# co rt s+a$$ first #t#r in# %+#t+#rt+#r# is -r#s#nt c$#ar an con incin! # i #nc# of -ar#nta$ iscon ct or inabi$it as -ro i #in s bs#ction (b) of t+is "o # s#ction. f t+#r# is c$#ar an con incin! # i #nc# of s c+ -ar#nta$

iscon ct or inabi$it , t+# co rt s+a$$ t+#n consi #r %+#t+#r t#r ination of -ar#nta$ ri!+ts is in t+#b#st int#r#st of t+# c+i$ , aft#r consi #rin! t+# -+ sica$, #nta$, # otiona$, an ora$ con ition ann## s of t+# c+i$ %+o is t+# s bE#ct of t+# -roc## in!, inc$ in! t+# n## for a s#c r# an stab$#+o #.

(b) ?Ic#-t as -ro i # in s bs#ctions (#) t+ro !+ (+) of "o # S#ction 15K11K9H, t+# co rt b or #r at#r inat# t+# -ar#nta$ ri!+ts of a -ar#nt %it+ r#s-#ct to t+# -ar#nt>s c+i$ if

(1) *+# %ritt#n cons#nt of t+# -ar#nt, ac no%$# !# b#for# t+# co rt, +as b##n !i #nG -ro i # ,+o%# #r, t+at ac no%$# ! #nt b#for# t+# co rt is not n#c#ssar %+#r# t+# -ar#nt or -ar#nts

o$ ntari$ s rr#n #r t+# c+i$ for a o-tion as -ro i # b s bs#ction (#) of "o # S#ction 19K8K4, 19K8K5, 19K8KH, or 19K8K7G

(2) A #cr## +as b##n #nt#r# b a co rt of co -#t#nt E ris iction of t+is or an ot+#r stat# or #rin!t+# -ar#nt, ! ar ian, or ot+#r c sto ian to s --ort t+# c+i$ , an t+# -ar#nt, ! ar ian, or ot+#rc sto ian +as %anton$ an %i$$f $$ fai$# to co -$ %it+ t+# or #r for a -#rio of 12 ont+s or$on!#rG

(3) *+# -ar#nt +as aban on# t+# c+i$ or t+# c+i$ %as $#ft n #r circ stanc#s t+at t+# i #ntit oft+# -ar#nt is n no%n an cannot b# asc#rtain# #s-it# i$i!#nt s#arc+in!, an t+# -ar#nt +as notco # for%ar to c$ai t+# c+i$ %it+in t+r## ont+s fo$$o%in! t+# fin in! of t+# c+i$ G or

(4)(A) *+# co rt #t#r in#s -ar#nta$ iscon ct or inabi$it b fin in! t+at

(i) *+# c+i$ is a #-ri # c+i$ , as s c+ t#r is #fin# in "o # S#ction 15K11K2G

(ii) *+# $ac of -ro-#r -ar#nta$ car# or contro$ b t+# -ar#nt in 6 #stion is t+# ca s# of t+# c+i$ >sstat s as #-ri # G

(iii) S c+ ca s# of #-ri ation is $i #$ to contin # or %i$$ not $i #$ b# r# # i# G an

(i ) *+# contin # #-ri ation %i$$ ca s# or is $i #$ to ca s# s#rio s -+ sica$, #nta$, # otiona$, orora$ +ar to t+# c+i$ .

(B) n #t#r inin! %+#t+#r t+# c+i$ is %it+o t -ro-#r -ar#nta$ car# an contro$, t+# co rt s+a$$consi #r, %it+o t b#in! $i it# to, t+# fo$$o%in!

(i) A # ica$$ #rifiab$# #fici#nc of t+# -ar#nt>s -+ sica$, #nta$, or # otiona$ +#a$t+ of s c+ration or nat r# as to r#n #r t+# -ar#nt nab$# to -ro i # a #6 at#$ for t+# -+ sica$, #nta$,



9/25

# otiona$, or ora$ con ition an n## s of t+# c+i$ G (ii) ?Ic#ssi # s# of or +istor of c+ronicnr#+abi$itat# ab s# of intoIicatin! $i6 ors or narcotic or an!#ro s r !s or contro$$# s bstanc#s

%it+ t+# #ff#ct of r#n #rin! t+# -ar#nt inca-ab$# of -ro i in! a #6 at#$ for t+# -+ sica$, #nta$,# otiona$, or ora$ con ition an n## s of t+# c+i$ G

(iii) "on iction of t+# -ar#nt of a f#$on an i -rison #nt t+#r#for %+ic+ +as a # onstrab$# n#!ati ##ff#ct on t+# 6 a$it of t+# -ar#ntKc+i$ r#$ations+i-G

(i ) ?!r#!io s con ct or # i #nc# of -ast #!r#!io s con ct of t+# -ar#nt to%ar t+# c+i$ or to%aranot+#r c+i$ of a -+ sica$$ , # otiona$$ , or s#I a$$ cr #$ or ab si # nat r#G

( ) ;+ sica$, #nta$, or # otiona$ n#!$#ct of t+# c+i$ or # i #nc# of -ast -+ sica$, #nta$, or# otiona$ n#!$#ct of t+# c+i$ or of anot+#r c+i$ b t+# -ar#ntG an

( i) nE r or #at+ of a sib$in! n #r circ stanc#s %+ic+ constit t# s bstantia$ # i #nc# t+at s c+inE r or #at+ r#s $t# fro -ar#nta$ n#!$#ct or ab s#.

(") n a ition to t+# consi #rations in s b-ara!ra-+ (B) of t+is -ara!ra-+, %+#r# t+# c+i$ is not in t+#

c sto of t+# -ar#nt %+o is t+# s bE#ct of t+# -roc## in!s, in #t#r inin! %+#t+#r t+# c+i$ is%it+o t -ro-#r -ar#nta$ car# an contro$, t+# co rt s+a$$ consi #r, %it+o t b#in! $i it# to, %+#t+#rt+# -ar#nt %it+o t E stifiab$# ca s# +as fai$# si!nificant$ for a -#rio of on# #ar or $on!#r -rior tot+# fi$in! of t+# -#tition for t#r ination of -ar#nta$ ri!+ts

(i) *o # #$o- an aintain a -ar#nta$ bon %it+ t+# c+i$ in a #anin!f $, s --orti # ann#rG

(ii) *o -ro i # for t+# car# an s --ort of t+# c+i$ as r#6 ir# b $a% or E icia$ #cr##G an

(iii) *o co -$ %it+ a co rt or #r# -$an #si!n# to r# nit# t+# c+i$ %it+ t+# -ar#nt or -ar#nts.

(c) f t+# co rt o#s not a # an or #r of t#r ination of -ar#nta$ ri!+ts, it a !rant an or #r n #r"o # S#ction 15K11K55 if t+# co rt fin s fro c$#ar an con incin! # i #nc# t+at t+# c+i$ is a #-ri #

c+i$ .

=========================================================================================

The fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the care, custody, and management oftheir child does not evaporate simply because they have not been model parents or have losttemporary custody of their child to the state ... When the state moves to destroy weakened

familial bonds, it must provide the parents with fundamentally fair procedures. [emphasissupplied]

"$#ar an con incin! -roofN# i #nc# #ans t+at t+# # i #nc# -r#s#nt# b a -art rin! t+# tria$

st b# +i!+$ an s bstantia$$ or# -robab$# to b# tr # t+an not an t+# tri#r of fact st +a # afir b#$i#f or con iction in its fact a$it . n t+is stan ar , a !r#at#r #!r## of b#$i# abi$it st b# #tt+an t+# co on stan ar of -roof in ci i$ actions, D;r#-on #ranc# of t+# ? i #nc#D, %+ic+ r#6 ir#st+at t+# facts as a t+r#s+o$ b# or# $i #$ t+an not to -ro # t+# iss # for %+ic+ t+# ar# ass#rt# .

Some credible evidence

@n# of t+# $#ast r#$iab$# stan ar s of -roof, t+is ass#ss #nt is oft#n s# in "+i$ ;rot#cti # S#r ic#s(";S) -roc## in!sG t+# DSo # "r# ib$# ? i #nc#D stan ar is s# as a $#!a$ -$ac#K+o$ #r to brin! so #



10/25

contro #rs b#for# a tri#r of fact or F !#, an !#t it into a $#!a$ -roc#ss. t is on t+# or #r of t+#fact a$ stan ar of -roof n## # to ac+i# # a fin in! of D;robab$# "a s#D s# in #I -art# t+r#s+o$

#t#r inations n## # b#for# a co rt %i$$ iss # or #r. t is a $o%#r stan ar of -roof t+an t+#D;r#-on #ranc# of t+# ? i #nc#D stan ar . *+# DSo # "r# ib$# ? i #nc#D stan ar o#s not r#6 ir# t+#factKfin #r to %#i!+ conf$ictin! # i #nc#, #r#$ r#6 irin! t+# in #sti!ator or -ros#c tor to -r#s#ntt+# bar# ini of at#ria$ cr# ib$# # i #nc# to s --ort t+# a$$#!ations a!ainst t+# s bE#ct, or ins --ort of t+# a$$#!ationG s## s #ntit$# #nt to t+# r#$i#f so !+t. *+is #ans t+at t+# -$aintiff st-ro # #ac+ #$# #nt of t+# c$ai , or ca s# of action, in or #r to r#co #r. o%# #r, in cas#s of -ro in!$oss of f t r# #arnin! ca-acit , t+# -$aintiff st -ro # t+#r# is a r#a$ or s bstantia$ -ossibi$it of s c+a $oss occ rrin!. *+# b r #n of -roof st b# istin! is+# fro t+# Db r #n of !oin! for%ar ,D %+ic+

si -$ r#f#rs to t+# s#6 #nc# of -roof, as b#t%##n t+# -$aintiff an #f#n ant. *+# t%o conc#-ts ar#oft#n conf s# .

8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

9)The fundamental right of parents in %merican :urisprudence#

;t is clear the onstit3tional ri6ht of a parent to "irect the 3pbrin6in6 an" e"3cation of his chil" thatis firmly entrenche" in the '.S. S3preme o3rt case history /see cases belo@1A @e see that repeate"ly the o3rt has 3phel" a hi6her stan"ar" of revie@ as applie" to f3n"amental ri6hts s3ch as parentalliberty than to other ri6hts. The 'S S3preme o3rt has 3phel" that @hen confronte" @ith a conflict

bet@een parentsB ri6hts an" state re63lation# the co3rt m3st apply the Ccompellin6 interest test.'n"er this test# the state m3st prove that its infrin6ement on the parentsB liberty is essential to f3lfill a compellin6 interest an" is the least restrictive means of f3lfillin6 this state interest. Simply provin6 the re63lation is reasonable is not s3fficient.

Santos y ". ramer , 455 US 745, 753 %19!"&

*+is cas# in o$ # t+# A--#$$at# i ision of t+# /#% 0or S -r# # "o rt affir in! t+# a--$ication oft+# -r#-on #ranc# of t+# # i #nc# stan ar as -ro-#r an constit tiona$ in r $in! t+at t+# -ar#nt sri!+ts ar# -#r an#nt$ t#r inat# . *+# U.S. S -r# # "o rt, +o%# #r, acat# t+# $o%#r "o rt

#cision, +o$ in! t+at # -roc#ss as r#6 ir# n #r t+# 14t+ A #n #nt in t+is cas# r#6 ir# -roofb c$#ar an con incin! # i #nc# rat+#r t+an #r#$ a -r#-on #ranc# of t+# # i #nc#. *+# "o rt, inr#ac+in! t+#ir #cision, a # it c$#ar t+at -ar#nts ri!+ts as o t$in# in Pierce an Meyer ar#

f n a #nta$ an s-#cia$$ -rot#ct# n #r t+# o rt##nt+ A #n #nt. *+# "o rt b#!an b 6 otin!anot+#r S -r# # "o rt cas#

nLassiter [Lassiter v. Department of Social Services , 452 US 18, 37 (1981 ) , it was not disputed thatstate intervention to terminate the relationship between a parent and a child must beaccomplished by procedures meeting the re!uisites of the "ue #rocess $lause%. . . The absence ofdispute reflected this $ourt&s historical recognition that freedom of personal choice in matters offamily life is a fundamental liberty interest protected by the '(th mendment ... Pierce v. Societyof Sisters ... eyer v. !ebraska.



11/25

$lear and convincing evidence is a higher level of burden of persuasion than a *#reponderance ofthe +vidence.% This standard is used in many types of e!uity cases, including paternity , # -S ,

uvenile delin!uency , child custody , the probate of both wills and living wills , petitions to removea person from life support /*right to die * cases), and many similar cases. -either the seriousness ofthe allegation nor the seriousness of the conse!uences should make any difference to the standard

of proof to be applied in determining the facts. The inherent probabilities are simply something tobe taken into account, where relevant, in deciding where the truth lies.*

"$#ar an con incin! -roof #ans t+at t+# # i #nc# -r#s#nt# b a -art rin! t+# tria$ st b#+i!+$ an s bstantia$$ or# -robab$# to b# tr # t+an not an t+# tri#r of fact st +a # a fir b#$i#for con iction in its fact a$it . n t+is stan ar , a !r#at#r #!r## of b#$i# abi$it st b# #t t+an t+#co on stan ar of -roof in ci i$ actions, D;r#-on #ranc# of t+# ? i #nc#D, %+ic+ r#6 ir#s t+at t+#facts as a t+r#s+o$ b# or# $i #$ t+an not to -ro # t+# iss # for %+ic+ t+# ar# ass#rt# . *+isstan ar is a$so no%n as D"$#ar an "on incin! ? i #nc#DG D"$#ar, "on incin!, an Satisfactor? i #nc#DG D"$#ar, "o!niJant, an "on incin! ? i #nc#DG an D"$#ar, Un#6 i oca$, Satisfactor , an"on incin! ? i #nc#D, an is a--$i# in cas#s or sit ations in o$ in! an #6 itab$# r# # or %+#r# a-r#s -ti # ci i$ $ib#rt int#r#st #Iists.

DStat# action t+at $i its a f n a #nta$ ri!+t is !#n#ra$$ s bE#ct to strict scr tin . *roI#$, 53 U.S. at8 , 12 S."t. 2 54 (*+o as, F., conc rrin! in E ! #nt)G "$ar . F#t#r, 48H U.S. 45H, 4H1, 1 8 S."t.191 , 1 '.? .2 4H5 (1988) (D["]$assifications aff#ctin! f n a #nta$ ri!+ts ... ar# !i #n t+# ost#Iactin! scr tin .D). Strict scr tin !#n#ra$$ r#6 ir#s t+at t+# stat# s+o% a co -#$$in! int#r#st,a anc# b t+# $#ast r#stricti # #ans. ra+a . ic+ar son, 4 3 U.S. 3H5, 375, 91 S."t. 1848, 29'.? .2 534 (1971) (D t is #no !+ to sa t+at t+# c$assification in o$ # in S+a-iro [ . *+o -son, 394U.S. H18, 89 S."t. 1322, 22 '.? .2 H (19H9),] %as H5HOH5H s bE#ct# to strict scr tin n #r t+#co -#$$in! stat# int#r#st t#st ... b#ca s# it i -in!# -on t+# f n a #nta$ ri!+t of int#rstat#

o # #nt.D).

D*+# ri!+ts of -ar#nts %#r# r#affir # in Stan$# . $$inois, 4 5 U.S. H45, H51, 92 S."t. 12 8, 31'.? .2 551 (1972) (notin! t+at -ar#nta$ ri!+ts D n #niab$ %arrant[] #f#r#nc# an , abs#nt a -o%#rf $co nt#r ai$in! int#r#st, -rot#ctionD), an Santos . Mra #r, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 1 2 S."t. 1388, 71'.? .2 599 (1982) ( -+o$ in! D[t]+# f n a #nta$ $ib#rt int#r#st of nat ra$ -ar#nts in t+# car#,c sto , an ana!# #nt of t+#ir c+i$ D).

*+# ri!+t of -ar#nts to ir#ct t+# -brin!in! of t+#ir c+i$ r#n %as first a r#ss# b ...D...t+# Unit#Stat#s S -r# # "o rt in C# #r . /#bras a, 2H2 U.S. 39 , 43 S."t. H25, H7 '.? . 1 42 (1923).

*+# S -r# # "o rt conc$ # in C# #r t+at t+# ri!+t of t+# -ar#nts to +a # t+#ir c+i$ r#n ta !+t$an! a!#s ot+#r t+an ?n!$is+ %as D%it+in t+# $ib#rt of t+# [ o rt##nt+] a #n #nt.D 2H2 U.S. at 4 ,43 S."t. H25. B #nactin! a $a% -ro+ibitin! t+# t#ac+in! of $an! a!#s ot+#r t+an ?n!$is+ to c+i$ r#nb#for# t+# !ra at# fro t+# #i!+t+ !ra #, t+# /#bras a D'#!is$at r# +a[ ] att# -t# at#ria$$ toint#rf#r# ... %it+ t+# -o%#r of -ar#nts to contro$ t+# # cation of t+#ir o%n.D 2H2 U.S. at 4 1, 43 S."t.H25. B#ca s# D[n]o # #r!#nc +a[ ] aris#n %+ic+ r#n #r[# ] no%$# !# b a c+i$ of so # $an! a!#ot+#r t+an ?n!$is+ so c$#ar$ +ar f $ as to E stif its in+ibition %it+ t+# cons#6 #nt infrin!# #nt of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PINShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custodyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_willshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_supporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_diehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PINShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custodyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_willshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_supporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_die


12/25

ri!+ts $on! fr##$ #nEo # ,D t+# S -r# # "o rt %as Dconstrain# to conc$ # t+at t+# stat t# as a--$i#[%as] arbitrar an %it+o t r#asonab$# r#$ation to an #n %it+in t+# co -#t#nc of t+# stat#.D 2H2U.S. at 4 3, 43 S."t. H25.

D;ar#nta$ ri!+ts a$so for # t+# basis for t+# S -r# # "o rt>s #cision in ;i#rc# . Soci#t of Sist#rs,2H8 U.S. 51 , 45 S."t. 571, H9 '.? . 1 7 (1925), %+ic+ a r#ss# an # cation stat t# t+at $i it# ac+i$ >s sc+oo$in! to - b$ic sc+oo$s, t+#r#b a in! it i -ossib$# for -ar#nts to c+oos# to -$ac# t+#irc+i$ r#n in -ri at# sc+oo$s $i # t+# sc+oo$ r n b t+# Soci#t of Sist#rs. "itin! C# #r, t+# S -r# # "o rtconc$ # t+at Dit [%as] #ntir#$ -$ain t+at t+# [$a%] nr#asonab$ int#rf#r#[ ] %it+ t+# $ib#rt of-ar#nts an ! ar ians to ir#ct t+# -brin!in! an # cation of c+i$ r#n n #r t+#ir contro$,D 2H8 U.S.at 534K35, 45 S."t. 571, an %as t+#r#for# nconstit tiona$.

DD



13/25

D ri!!s . Barn#s, 2H2 A$a. 357, 3H3, 78 So.2 91 , 91H (1955) (6 otin! n r# ar ians+i- of S it+( o%#s . "o+#n), 255 ;.2 7H1, 7H2 ("a$.1953)). S## a$so .F. . . La !+an "$inic, ;."., 572 So.21225, 1227K28 (A$a.199 ) (D*+# co on $a% ## s -ar#nta$ car# for c+i$ r#n not on$ an ob$i!ation,b t a f n a #nta$ ri!+t P.... The will of the parents is controlling, e3cept in those e3tremeinstances where the state takes over to rescue the child from parental neglect or to save its life .>D(6 otin! 59 A .F r.2 ;ar#nt an "+i$ Q 48 at 194 (1987))).

As t+is "o rt sai in ?I -art# S $$i an, 4 7 So.2 559, 5H3KH4 (1981) *+# $a% r#co!niJ#s t+at a +i!+#ra t+orit or ains nat ra$ -ar#nt+oo , an a fa$$ib$# E !# s+o $ ist rb t+# r#$ations+i- t+ s#stab$is+# on$ %+#r# circ stanc#s co -#$ + an int#r #ntion.D

D*+# co rts of t+is Stat# [A$aba a] +a # not a$%a s r#s-#ct# t+is f n a #nta$ ri!+t. A statist-+i$oso-+ t+at a--#ar# bri#f$ an s-ora ica$$ in A #rican E ris-r #nc# in t+# #ar$ 2 t+ c#nt r

rin! t+# !ro%t+, %or$ %i #, of nationa$ socia$is r#-r#s#nt# an ab#rration fro o r fo n in!-rinci-$#s an %as 6 ic $ r#E#ct# . S## B rns . S+a-$# , 1H A$a.A--. 297, 77 So. 447 (1917)

D*+# t+#or -on %+ic+ t+# co rt -roc## s in s c+ cas#s is t+at t+# c sto an contro$ of t+# -ar#nto #r +is inor c+i$ r#n is a tr st co itt# to +i b t+# stat#, an t+is tr st is o inat# b t+#s -r# # ! ar ians+i- of t+# stat# as -ar#ns -atria# of a$$ infants %it+in its bor #r, an %+#n t+#-ar#nt ab s#s t+# tr st so as to #n an!#r t+# %#$far# of t+# c+i$ , in s c+ sort as to +a -#r or r#tarits # #$o- #nt into a !oo citiJ#n, t+# int#r#st of soci#t r#6 ir#s t+# stat# to ass#rt its s -r# #! ar ians+i- an -rot#ct its %ar .

t +as b##n sai DPCinors ar# t+# %ar s of t+# nation, an # #n t+# contro$ b t+# -ar#nt is s bE#ct tot+# n$i it# s -#r isor contro$ of t+# stat#> an t+at Pt+# s -r# # ri!+t of t+# stat# to t+#! ar ians+i- of c+i$ r#n contro$s t+# nat ra$ ri!+ts of t+# -ar#nt %+#n t+# %#$far# of soci#t or of t+#c+i$ r#n t+# s#$ #s conf$icts %it+ -ar#nta$ ri!+ts.>D

D1H A$a.A--. at 299, 77 So. at 449 (citations o itt# ). *+# -+i$oso-+ #I-r#ss# b t+# "o rt ofA--#a$s in B rns ir#ct$ n #r in# t+# r#$ations+i- b#t%##n -ar#nts an c+i$ r#nG n #r t+at-+i$oso-+ , rat+#r t+an b#in! Dor ain# D b a D+i!+#r a t+orit ,D S $$i an, s -ra, t+at r#$ations+i-#Iist# on$ as a cr#ation of t+# stat#. *+at i#% %as r#E#ct# b t+is "o rt in ri!!s, s -ra, an bt+# Unit# Stat#s S -r# # "o rt in C# #r an ;i#rc#, s -ra, #ci # in t+# #ca # fo$$o%in! B rns.D*+# abo # %as %ritt#n b F stic# *o ;ar #r in ?I -art# ?. . . of t+# A$aba a S -r# # "o rt in F n#2 11.

9) "ecisions of the 7nited States Supreme $ourt 7pholding #arental ?ights as 0undamental%

*+# S -r# # "o rt of t+# Unit# Stat#s +as tra itiona$$ an contin o s$ -+#$ t+# -rinci-$# t+at

-ar#nts +a # t+# f n a #nta$ ri!+t to ir#ct t+# # cation an -brin!in! of t+#ir c+i$ r#n. A r# i#%of cas#s ta in! - t+# iss # s+o%s t+at t+# S -r# # "o rt +as n%a #rin!$ !i #n -ar#nta$ ri!+ts t+#+i!+#st r#s-#ct an -rot#ction -ossib$#.


14/25

%it+ t+# -o%#r of -ar#nts to contro$ t+# # cation of t+#ir o%n. 3 *+is #cision c$#ar$ affir # t+att+# "onstit tion -rot#cts t+# -r#f#r#nc#s of t+# -ar#nt in # cation o #r t+os# of t+# Stat#. n t+#sa # #cision, t+# S -r# # "o rt a$so r#co!niJ# t+at t+# ri!+t of t+# -ar#nts to #$#!at# t+#ira t+orit to a t#ac+#r in or #r to instr ct t+#ir c+i$ r#n %as -rot#ct# %it+in t+# $ib#rt of t+#

o rt##nt+ A #n #nt. 4

0urthermore, the $ourt emphasi>ed, The 0ourteenth mendment guarantees the right of theindividual ... to establish a home and bring up children, to worship @od according to his ownconscience.% :

n 1925, t+# S -r# # "o rt #ci # t+# Pierce v. Society of Sisters H cas#, t+#r#b s --ortin! MeyerBs r#co!nition of t+# -ar#nts ri!+t to ir#ct t+# r#$i!io s -brin!in! of t+#ir c+i$ r#n an to contro$ t+#-roc#ss of t+#ir # cation. n Pierce , t+# S -r# # "o rt str c o%n an @r#!on co - $sor # cation$a% %+ic+, in #ff#ct, r#6 ir# att#n anc# of a$$ c+i$ r#n b#t%##n a!#s #i!+t an siIt##n at p3blic sc+oo$s. *+# "o rt #c$ar# ,

Un #r t+# octrin# of Meyer v. Nebraska , %# t+in it #ntir#$ -$ain t+at t+# Act of 1922 nr#asonab$int#rf#r#s %it+ t+# $ib#rt of -ar#nts an ! ar ians to ir#ct t+# -brin!in! an # cation of c+i$ r#n. 7[# -+asis s --$i# ]

n addition to upholding the right of parents to direct the upbringing and the education of theirchildren, Pierce also asserts the parents& fundamental right to keep their children free fromgovernment standardi>ation.

The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all governments in this 7nion repose e3cluded anygeneral power of the state to standardi>e its children by forcing them to accept instruction frompublic teachers only. The child is not the mere creature of the stateA those who nurture him anddirect his destiny have the right and the high duty, to recogni>e and prepare him for additionalobligations. B emphasis supplied

*+# S -r# # "o rt s#s stron! $an! a!# in ass#rtin! t+at c+i$ r#n ar# not :t+# #r# cr#at r# of t+#Stat#. *+# +o$ in! in Pierce , t+#r#for#, -r#s#r #s i #rsit of -roc#ss of # cation b forbi in! t+#Stat# to stan ar iJ# t+# # cation of c+i$ r#n t+ro !+ forcin! t+# to on$ acc#-t instr ction fro- b$ic sc+oo$s.

n>arrin6ton v. Tok3shi6e , t+# "o rt a!ain -+#$ -ar#nta$ $ib#rt b stri in! o%n $#!is$ation %+ic+t+# "o rt a itt# %o $ +a # #stro # ost, if not a$$ -ri at# sc+oo$s. 9 *+# "o rt not# t+at t+#-ar#nt +as t+# ri!+t to ir#ct t+# # cation of +is o%n c+i$ %it+o t nr#asonab$# r#strictions. 1 ns --ort of t+is ass#rtion t+# "o rt #I-$ain# ,

*+# ca-acit to i -art instr ction to ot+#rs is !i #n b t+# A$ i!+t for b#n#fic#nt - r-os#s an its

s# a not b# forbi #n or int#rf#r# %it+ b !o #rn #nt R c#rtain$ not, n$#ss s c+ instr ction is,in its nat r#, +ar f $ to t+# - b$ic ora$s or i -#ri$s t+# - b$ic saf#t . 11

The parents& right to instruct their children clearly takes precedence over the state&s regulatoryinterest unless the public safety is endangered.

http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#3http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#4http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#5http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#6http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#7http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#8http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#9http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#10http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#11http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#3http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#4http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#5http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#6http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#7http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#8http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#9http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#10http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000075.asp#11


15/25

Si i$ar$ , in Prince v. Massach3setts# 12 t+# S -r# # "o rt a itt# t+# +i!+ r#s-onsibi$it an ri!+t of-ar#nts to contro$ t+# -brin!in! of t+#ir c+i$ r#n a!ainst t+at of t+# Stat#.

t is cardinal with us that the custody, care, and nurture of the child reside first in the parents ,whose primary function and freedom include preparation for obligations the State can neithersupply nor hinder. '9 emphasis supplied

Twenty1one years later, the Supreme $ourt, in "riswold v. #onnecticut , emphasi>ed that the statecannot interfere with the right of a parent to control his child&s education. '( The $ourt stated thatthe right to educate one&s child as one chooses is guaranteed in the 2ill of ?ights and applicable tothe States by the 0irst and 0ourteenth mendments. ':

ort K#i!+t #ars aft#r Pierce , t+# U.S. S -r# # "o rt onc# a!ain -+#$ Pierce as :t+# c+art#r of t+#ri!+ts of -ar#nts to ir#ct t+# -brin!in! of t+#ir c+i$ r#n. 1H n a!r## #nt %it+ Pierce , "+i#f F stic#B r!#r stat# in t+# o-inion of isconsin v. !o"er in 1972

*+is cas# in o$ #s t+# f n a #nta$ int#r#st of -ar#nts, as contrast# %it+ t+at of t+# stat#, to ! i #t+# r#$i!io s f t r# an # cation of t+#ir c+i$ r#n. *+# +istor an c $t r# of


16/25

2elow are e3cerpts from over a do>en 7nited States Supreme $ourt cases where,primarily in dicta, the $ourt has declared parental rights to be fundamental rights

which re!uire a higher standard of review /i.e. the compelling interest test%).

1. Paris 9"3lt Theater v. Slaton , 413 US 49, H5 (1973)

n t+is cas#, t+# "o rt inc$ #s t+# ri!+t of -ar#nts to r#ar c+i$ r#n a on! ri!+ts : ## #f n a #nta$.

@ r -rior #cisions r#co!niJin! a ri!+t to -ri ac ! arant## b t+# 14t+ A #n #nt inc$ # on$-#rsona$ ri!+ts t+at can b# ## # f n a #nta$ or i -$icit in t+# conc#-t of or #r# $ib#rt . . . *+is-ri ac ri!+t #nco -ass#s an -rot#cts t+# -#rsona$ inti aci#s of t+# +o #, t+# fa i$ , arria!#,

ot+#r+oo , -rocr#ation, an c+i$ r#arin! . . . cf . . . Pierce v. Society of Sisters7 Meyer v.Nebraska . . . not+in!, +o%# #r, in t+is "o rt s #cisions inti at#s t+at t+#r# is an f n a #nta$-ri ac ri!+t i -$icit in t+# conc#-t of or #r# $ib#rt to %atc+ obsc#n# o i#s in -$ac#s of - b$icacco o ation. [# -+asis s --$i# ]

2. arey v. Pop3lation Services ;nternational , 431 US H78, H84KH8H (1977)

@nc# a!ain, t+# "o rt inc$ #s t+# ri!+t of -ar#nts in t+# ar#a of :c+i$ r#arin! an # cation to b# a$ib#rt int#r#st -rot#ct# b t+# o rt##nt+ A #n #nt, r#6 irin! an a--$ication of t+# :co -#$$in!int#r#st t#st.

A$t+o !+ t+# "onstit tion o#s not #I-$icit$ #ntion an ri!+t of -ri ac , t+# "o rt +as r#co!niJ#t+at on# as-#ct of t+# $ib#rt -rot#ct# b t+# # ;roc#ss "$a s# of t+# 14t+ A #n #nt is a :ri!+t

of -#rsona$ -ri ac or a ! arant## of c#rtain ar#as or Jon#s of -ri ac . . . *+is ri!+t of -#rsona$-ri ac inc$ #s t+# int#r#st an in #-#n #nc# in a in! c#rtain in s of i -ortant #cisions . . .


17/25

3. Maher v. Roe , 432 US 4H4, 47HK479 (1977)


18/25

on t+# contrar , ass#rt# t+at -ar#nts !#n#ra$$ :+a # t+# ri!+t, co -$# %it+ t+# +i!+ t , tor#co!niJ# an -r#-ar# [t+#ir c+i$ r#n] for a itiona$ ob$i!ations. Pierce v. Society of Sisters , 2H8 U.S.51 , 535 (1925) ... [ot+#r citations o itt# ] . . . *+# $a% s conc#-t of t+# fa i$ r#sts on a-r#s -tion t+at -ar#nts -oss#ss %+at a c+i$ $ac s in at rit , #I-#ri#nc#, an ca-acit for E ! #ntr#6 ir# for a in! $if# s iffic $t #cisions. Cor# i -ortant, +istorica$$ it +as b##n r#co!niJ# t+atnat ra$ bon s of aff#ction $#a -ar#nts to act in t+# b#st int#r#sts of t+#ir c+i$ r#n. 1


19/25

b# i inis+# si -$ b#ca s# a c+i$ isa!r##s. A -ar#nt s ri!+t st b# -rot#ct# an not si -$transf#rr# to so # stat# a!#nc .

5. Santosky v. Kramer , 455 US 745, 753 (1982)

*+is cas# in o$ # t+# A--#$$at# i ision of t+# /#% 0or S -r# # "o rt affir in! t+# a--$ication oft+# -r#-on #ranc# of t+# # i #nc# stan ar as -ro-#r an constit tiona$ in r $in! t+at t+# -ar#nt sri!+ts ar# -#r an#nt$ t#r inat# . *+# U.S. S -r# # "o rt, +o%# #r, acat# t+# $o%#r "o rt

#cision, +o$ in! t+at # -roc#ss as r#6 ir# n #r t+# 14t+ A #n #nt in t+is cas# r#6 ir# -roofb c$#ar an con incin! # i #nc# rat+#r t+an #r#$ a -r#-on #ranc# of t+# # i #nc#.

*+# "o rt, in r#ac+in! t+#ir #cision, a # it c$#ar t+at -ar#nts ri!+ts as o t$in# in Pierce an Meyer ar# f n a #nta$ an s-#cia$$ -rot#ct# n #r t+# o rt##nt+ A #n #nt. *+# "o rt b#!an b6 otin! anot+#r S -r# # "o rt cas#

nLassiter [Lassiter v. Department of Social Services , 452 US 18, 37 (1981)], it %as :not is- t# t+atstat# int#r #ntion to t#r inat# t+# r#$ations+i- b#t%##n a -ar#nt an a c+i$ st b# acco -$is+# b

-roc# r#s ##tin! t+# r#6 isit#s of t+# # ;roc#ss "$a s#. . . *+# abs#nc# of is- t# r#f$#ct# t+is"o rt s +istorica$ r#co!nition t+at fr## o of -#rsona$ c+oic# in att#rs of fa i$ $if# is a f n a #nta$$ib#rt int#r#st -rot#ct# b t+# 14t+ A #n #nt ... Pierce v. Society of Sisters ... Meyer v. Nebraska.

*+# f n a #nta$ $ib#rt int#r#st of nat ra$ -ar#nts in t+# car#, c sto , an ana!# #nt of t+#irc+i$ o#s not # a-orat# si -$ b#ca s# t+# +a # not b##n o #$ -ar#nts or +a # $ost t# -orarc sto of t+#ir c+i$ to t+# stat# ...


20/25

a!ain in Prince v. Massach3setts ... *+# "o rt #c$ar# it a car ina$ -rinci-$# :t+at t+# c sto , car#an n rt r# of t+# c+i$ r#si # first in t+# -ar#nts %+os# -ri ar f nction an fr## o inc$ #-r#-aration for ob$i!ations t+# stat# can n#it+#r s --$ nor +in #r. n t+#s# cas#s, t+# "o rt +as fo nt+at t+# r#$ations+i- of $o # an t in a r#co!niJ# fa i$ nit is an int#r#st in $ib#rt #ntit$# to"onstit tiona$ -rot#ction ... :Stat# int#r #ntion to t#r inat# s c+ a r#$ations+i- ... st b#acco -$is+# b -roc# r#s ##tin! t+# r#6 isit#s of t+# # ;roc#ss "$a s# Santosky v. Kramer ...[# -+asis s --$i# ]

t is c$#ar b t+# abo # cas# t+at -ar#nta$ ri!+ts ar# to b# tr#at# as f n a #nta$ an cannot b# ta #na%a %it+o t ##tin! t+# constit tiona$ r#6 ir# #nt of # -roc#ss.

8. Thornb3r6h v. 9merican olle6e of Fbstetricians an" Gynecolo6ists , 47H US 747 (198H)

*+# U.S. S -r# # "o rt #c$ar# , :@ r cas#s $on! +a # r#co!niJ# t+at t+# "onstit tion # bo i#s a-ro is# t+at a c#rtain -ri at# s-+#r# of in i i a$ $ib#rt %i$$ b# #-t $ar!#$ b# on t+# r#ac+ of!o #rn #nt ... Gris@ol" v. onnectic3t ... Pierce v. Society of Sisters ... Meyer v. Nebraska .

B citin! Pierce , t+# "o rt inc$ # -ar#nta$ $ib#rt in t+at -rot#ct# s-+#r#.

9. =oar" of Directors of Rotary ;nternational v. Rotary l3b of D3arte , 481 US 537 (1987)

n t+is cas#, a "a$ifornian ci i$ ri!+ts stat t# %as +#$ not to io$at# t+# irst A #n #nt b r#6 irin!an a$$ a$# nonK-rofit c$ b to a it %o #n to # b#rs+i-. *+# "o rt conc$ # t+at -ar#nts ri!+ts inc+i$ r#arin! an # cation ar# inc$ # as f n a #nta$ #$# #nts of $ib#rt -rot#ct# b t+# Bi$$ of

i!+ts.

*+# "o rt +as r#co!niJ# t+at t+# fr## o to #nt#r into an carr on c#rtain inti at# or -ri at#r#$ations+i-s is a f n a #nta$ #$# #nt of $ib#rt -rot#ct# b t+# Bi$$ of i!+ts ... t+# inti at#r#$ations+i-s to %+ic+ %# +a # accor # "onstit tiona$ -rot#ction inc$ # arria!# ... t+# b#!#ttin!

an b#arin! of c+i$ r#n, c+i$ r#arin! an # cation. Pierce v. Society of Sisters ... [# -+asis s --$i# ]1 . Michael E. v. Geral" , 491 U.S. 11 (1989)

n a -at#rnit s it, t+# U.S. S -r# # "o rt r $#

t is an #stab$is+# -art of o r constit tion E ris-r #nc# t+at t+# t#r $ib#rt in t+# # ;roc#ss"$a s# #It#n s b# on fr## o fro -+ sica$ r#straint. S##, #.!. Pierce v. Society of Sisters ... Meyerv. Nebraska ... n an att# -t to $i it an ! i # int#r-r#tation of t+# "$a s#, %# +a # insist# not

#r#$ t+at t+# int#r#st #no inat# as a :$ib#rt b# :f n a #nta$ (a conc#-t t+at, in iso$ation, is+ar to obE#ctif ), b t a$so t+at it b# an int#r#st tra itiona$$ -rot#ct# b o r soci#t . As %# +a # - tit, t+# # ;roc#ss "$a s# affor s on$ t+os# -rot#ctions :so root# in t+# tra itions an consci#nc# ofo r -#o-$# as to b# ran # as f n a #nta$ Sny"er v. Massach3setts , 291 US 97, 1 5 (1934). [# -+asiss --$i# ]

*+# "o rt #I-$icit$ inc$ # t+# -ar#nta$ ri!+ts n #r Pierce an Meyer as :f n a #nta$ anint#r#sts :tra itiona$$ -rot#ct# b o r soci#t .

11. +mployment Division of Fre6on v. Smith , 494 U.S. 872 (199 )

@n# of t+# or# r#c#nt #cisions %+ic+ -+o$ s t+# ri!+t of -ar#nts is +mployment Division of Fre6onv. Smith , %+ic+ in o$ # t%o n ians %+o %#r# fir# fro a -ri at# r ! r#+abi$itation or!aniJation



21/25

b#ca s# t+# in!#st# :-# ot#, a +a$$ cino!#nic r ! as -art of t+#ir r#$i!io s b#$i#fs.


22/25

[ot+#r citations o itt# ].


23/25

15. Troxel v. Granville , 53 U.S. 57 (2 )

n t+is cas# t+# Unit# Stat#s S -r# # "o rt iss # a $an ar o-inion on -ar#nta$ $ib#rt . *+# cas#in o$ # a s-#cia$$ -rot#ct# b t+# # ;roc#ss "$a s# inc$ #s t+# ri!+t ... to ir#ctt+# # cation an -brin!in! of on#>s c+i$ r#nD (citin! Meyer an Pierce )). n $i!+t of t+is #It#nsi #-r#c# #nt, it cannot no% b# o bt# t+at t+# # ;roc#ss "$a s# of t+# o rt##nt+ A #n #nt-rot#cts t+# f n a #nta$ ri!+t of -ar#nts to a # #cisions conc#rnin! t+# car#, c sto , an contro$of t+#ir c+i$ r#n. [# -+asis s --$i# ]

*+is cas# c$#ar$ -+o$ s -ar#nta$ ri!+ts. n #ss#nc#, t+is #cision #ans t+at t+# !o #rn #nt a notinfrin!# -ar#nts> ri!+t to ir#ct t+# # cation an -brin!in! of t+#ir c+i$ r#n n$#ss it can s+o% t+at itis sin! t+# $#ast r#stricti # #ans to ac+i# # a co -#$$in! !o #rn #nta$ int#r#st.

"onc$ sion

*+# U.S. S -r# # "o rt +as consist#nt$ -rot#ct# -ar#nta$ ri!+ts, inc$ in! it a on! t+os# ri!+ts## # f n a #nta$. As a f n a #nta$ ri!+t, -ar#nta$ $ib#rt is to b# -rot#ct# b t+# +i!+#st

stan ar of r# i#% t+# co -#$$in! int#r#st t#st.

As can b# s##n fro t+# cas#s #scrib# abo #, -ar#nta$ ri!+ts +a # r#ac+# t+#ir +i!+#st $# #$ of-rot#ction in o #r 75 #ars. *+# "o rt #cisi #$ confir # t+#s# ri!+ts in t+# r#c#nt cas# of Troxel v.Granville , %+ic+ s+o $ s#r # to aintain an -rot#ct -ar#nta$ ri!+ts for an #ars to co #.



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0ootnotes

1. 2H2 U.S. 39 (1923).

2. ;". , at 4 2.

3. ;". , at 4 1. A$so s## Bart$#s . o%a, 2H2 U.S. 4 4 (1923) %+#r# t+# "o rt r#ac+# a si i$arconc$ sion.

4. Meyer , 2H2 U.S. 39 at 4 .

5. ;". , at 4 3.

H. Pierce , 2H8 U.S. 51 (1925)

7. ;bi" at 534.

8. Pierce , 2H8 U.S. 51 at 535.

9. >arrin6ton v. Tok3shi6e , 273 U.S. 284 (1927) at 298.

1 . ;". , at 298.

11. >arrin6ton v. Tok3shi6e , (9 cir.) 11 .2 71 at 713 (192H), 6 otin! ar$an, F., in =erea olle6e v.Kent3cky 211 U.S. 45, 29 S. "t. 33, 53 '. ? . 81.

12. Prince v. Massach3ssetts , 321 U.S. 158 (1944).

13. ;bi" at 1HH.

14. Gris@ol" v. onnectic3t , 381 U.S. 479, (19H5) at 48H.

15. ;bi" .

1H. !o"er , 4 H U.S. 2 5 at 233.

17. ;bi" at 232. B r!#r f rt+#r a onis+#s, :an %+#n t+# int#r#sts of -ar#nt+oo ar# co bin# %it+ afr## #I#rcis# c$ai of t+# nat r# r# #a$# b t+is r#cor , or# t+an #r#$ a Tr#asonab$# r#$ation toso # - r-os# %it+in t+# co -#t#nc of t+# Stat# is r#6 ir# to s stain t+# a$i it of t+# Stat# sr#6 ir# #nt n #r t+# irst A #n #nt. ( !o"er , at 233).

18. ;". , at 214.

19. ;". , 881.

2 . ;". , 881, ftn. 1.

Bar+a . a% , 1H5 /.". A--. 7 8, H S.?.2 1 (2 4)



25/25

( o$ ntar is issa$ n $$ifi# isco #r or #r #nt#r# in cas#)G

"o$$ins . "o$$ins, 18 /.". A--. 45, 19H S.?.2 282 (1973)

(-art cannot b# +#$ in cont# -t of t# -orar or #r fo$$o%in! t#r ination of action b a $# 41o$ ntar is issa$).

(b) o%# #r, a Vfina$ c sto #t#r ination is not aff#ct# b t+# fi$in! of a o$ ntar is issa$.

Cass# . Cass# , 121 /.". A--. 2H3, 4H5 S.?.2 313 (199H).

aaaa. my rights as a father - will basinger

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