aalas ce seminar: march 22 , 2010 mi llmiscellaneous sllm...
TRANSCRIPT
AALAS CE Seminar: March 22nd, 2010Mi ll S ll M lMiscellaneous Small Mammals animalsa a s
Carrie Freed, DACLAM, DVMF d 36@ d 2 [email protected], 2-7319
AgendaAgenda
• ALAT Training ManualALAT Training Manual– Chapter 18 – Hamsters
Chapter 19 Guinea Pigs– Chapter 19 – Guinea Pigs– Chapter 20 – Gerbils
Chapter 29 Chinchilla Ferret– Chapter 29 – Chinchilla, Ferret, Groundhog, Opossum
LATG Training Manual• LATG Training Manual– Common Diseases
HamstersHamsters
• ‘Hamstern' = ‘To Hoard'
• Semi-arid areas • Deep burrows• Loners!• Caution: Will bite!
HamsterHamster
• Syrian (Golden) – mostSyrian (Golden) most popular for research– Mesocricetus auratus
• Chinese (striped - back) –Cricetulus geiseus
HamsterHamster
• Djungarian (Siberian)Djungarian (Siberian)– Phodopus sungorus
• Europeanp– Cricetulus cricetus
• Armenian– Cricetulus migratorius
Hamster
Which one is the Chinese hamster??
Hamster
• Research Uses:– Microvascular studies of inflammation, tumor
growth, vascular smooth muscle function– Diabetes research– CHO cells
Oral and Esophageal cancer– Oral and Esophageal cancer
Special Anatomic Featuresp
• Cheek pouches: p– No glands– Immunologically
privileged– Lack lymphatic
drainagedrainage– No immunological
reaction
http://www.researchtraining.org/moduletext.asp?intModuleID=611
Special Anatomic Features
• Flank glands– Produce secretions in response to androgens
Unique PhysiologyUnique Physiology• Hibernate (Torpor)( p )
• Temp <55F, Dehydration
• Does not fatten prior to hibernation & will starve if not awakened
• Warm, Rehydrate, Stimulate
Hamster HusbandryHamster Husbandry• Feeding:
R d t f d i ffi i t– Rodent feed is sufficient– 5.5-7g/day
Food hoppers must allow– Food hoppers must allow pellets to fall to the floor
– Water: 30ml/day• Housing:
– 10in2 < 60g– 13-19in2 >60g– 6 inches height
Hamster Husbandry - Housingy g
Hamster HandlingHamster Handling• Grasp behind the shoulders p
using excess skin• Blood collection sites: retro-
bit l l t l horbital, lateral saphenous, jugular vein (under anesthesia)
• May need toenail trimsMay need toenail trims
Hamster ReproductionHamster Reproduction
• Sexually mature at 6 • Female may attack• Sexually mature at 6 weeks
• Gestation 15-18 days
• Female may attack and kill Male
• Don’t DisturbGestation 15 18 days• Litter size 4-12 pups• Wean at 21 days
Don t Disturb
• Wean at 21 days
Hamster SexingHamster Sexing• Male anogenital region > female
Gastrointestinal DiseasesGastrointestinal Diseases• Clostridial Enteritis
– Bacterial overgrowth– Be very careful with
antibiotic treatment• Salmonella, E. Coli
Tyzzers (C Piliforme)• Tyzzers (C. Piliforme)
Proliferative IleitisProliferative Ileitis• “Wet Tail”• Severe Diarrhea,
Dehydration• Newly weaned• Stressed out!• High mortality rate• LawsoniaLawsonia
intracellularis
Lymphocytic ChoriomeningitisLymphocytic Choriomeningitis• Zoonotic!• Hamster is
asymptomaticSh d i li• Shed in saliva, feces & urine
• Immunosuppressed• Immunosuppressed and Pregnant
• Risk is low– 2-5% seropositive
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/health/4578115.stm
MiscellaneousMiscellaneous• Eyeless Whites
• Malocclusions (most rodents)• Amyloidosis
– Older females– May lead to kidney and liver failureMay lead to kidney and liver failure
• Neoplasia– Intestinal polypsp yp– Lymphoma/leukemia
Guinea PigsGuinea Pigs
• Taxonomy:Taxonomy: – Cavia porcellus
“Cavies”– Cavies
Guinea PigsGuinea Pigs
• Native to Andes mountainsNative to Andes mountains in S. America
• Andean Indians of Peru– Food source– Folk medicine– Folk culture– Sacrificial offering
• Herd animals• Docile
Guinea PigGuinea Pig
• Related to chinchilla and porcupinesRelated to chinchilla and porcupines
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla
http://www.liewcf.com/blog/wp-images/porcupine-baby.jpg
Guinea Pig BreedsGuinea Pig Breeds• Short Haired “English” • Rough Haired
“Abbysinian” • Long Haired “Peruvian”• Long Haired Peruvian
Guinea Pig BreedsGuinea Pig Breeds• Hairless aka “skinny pig”
http://img.thesun.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00374/SNN1827AA 682 374277a.jpg
Guinea Pigs in ResearchGuinea Pigs in Research• Shorthair, albino Englishg
– Hartley (outbred)• 2 inbred lines2 inbred lines
– Strain 2 & 13
Hartley Guinea PigCrl:HA
IAF Hairless Guinea PigCrl:HA-Hrhr
Guinea Pigs in ResearchGuinea Pigs in Research• Immunology
– Genetic control of the histocompatibility-linked immune response
• Lung-function impairment & bronchial reactionsLung function impairment & bronchial reactions– Asthma
• Auditory studies• Pregnancy complications• Anaphylaxis
G t bi ti• Gnotobiotics• Infectious disease
Guinea Pig Handling and Injection sitesInjection sites
• Support the entire body • Blood sample: l t l hlateral saphenous vein, anterior vena cava/ subclavian, ear
ivein
Guinea Pig PhysiologyGuinea Pig Physiology• Life span: 6-8 years• M:900-1200g, F:700-900 g• HR 230-320bpm, RR 80 breaths/min, T
101 103F101-103F
Guinea Pig AnatomyGuinea Pig Anatomy• 2 inguinal nipples• 4 toes front feet, 3 toes
back feet
L i• Large ear pinna• Stomach undivided• Large cecum
Guinea Pig GI AnatomyGuinea Pig GI Anatomy• Teeth:
H d ti l l i ibl i i i– Hypsodontic so malocclusions possible in incisors and cheek teeth
– Incisors are whiteIncisors are white
Guinea Pig Husbandry -FeedingFeeding
• Creatures of habit– Observe after changes
• Messy!– Flooding & clogging
• Crepuscular• Ceceotrophs• Ceceotrophs
Sick Guinea PigsSick Guinea Pigs
• Require Dietary Vitamin CRequire Dietary Vitamin C– Lack L-gulonolactone
oxidase90days after milling date– 90days after milling date
• Scurvy(Hypovitaminosis C)
Give sick
(Hypovitaminosis C)– Anorexia, diarrhea,
flaky skin, roughGive sick guinea pigs
flaky skin, rough hair coat, stiffness, chronic disease
Vitamin C!
Guinea Pig HomesGuinea Pig Homes
Guinea Pigs Husbandry -HousingHousing
• No wire bottom cages• Cage space requirements:
390 2 f GP <350– 390cm2 for GP <350g– 650cm2 for GP >350g– Height = 18cm (7in.)
• Temp 63-79F • 1 inch of bedding
“bumblefoot””usually caused by“bumblefoot””usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Guinea Pig Reproduction – know your numbers and namesyour numbers and names
• Males: Boars• Females: Sows• Giving Birth: Farrowing• Pups Precocious
graymonk.mu.nu/archives/2008/04/dog_and_pigs.html
Guinea Pig Reproduction – know your numbers and namesyour numbers and names
• 4 wks Sexual maturity• 4 wks Sexual maturity• 7mths Breed by• 59-73 days Gestation• 30 min Parturition• 3 weeks Weaning• 24 hours Before nurses24 hours Before nurses• 2-3 days Can eat food
http://comfycottage.blogspot.com/2007/10/eight-new-babies-in-our-house-and-lucky.html
Guinea Pig SexingGuinea Pig Sexing
YY
Bordatella BronchisepticaBordatella Bronchiseptica
• Don’t house rabbits w/ GPDon t house rabbits w/ GP• Commensal resident• Clinical signs: URI & death w/ epizootics• Clinical signs: URI & death w/ epizootics
– Higher morbidity & mortality in young and strain 2
• Ddx: Streptococcus pneumoniae
MiscellaneousMiscellaneous– Tricofolliculoma
• Basal cell epithelioma
• Surgical removal
• Bloat– Acute distension– Prognosis guarded
Antibiotic-induced endotoxemiaClostridium difficileClostridium difficile
NO : YES:Penicillin, Erythromycin, Lincomycin
Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxicin, Trimethoprim/SulfaLincomycin,
Oxytetracycline, Bacitracin,
Trimethoprim/Sulfa+/-Tetracycline
Cefazolin, Cephalexin, AmpicillinAmpicillin, Clindamycin Gentamicin
CHINCHILLA
ChinchillasChinchillas
Taxonomy
• Species: – Chinchilla lanigera– Chinchilla brevicaudata
http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/chinchillas/p/Chinchillas.htm
Breeds and varieties
White Mosiac Chinchilla Black Velvet
Royal Persian Angora y g
Violet Grey
Water & FoodConsumptionConsumption
• Water – 10-20 ml per day• Food – 30 grams per day
– Hay ad libitum Chinchilla PelletsSupplement with Fruit 2-3 x weekNO Cabbage, Corn, LettuceLettuce
Housing
• Behavior– crepuscular &
nocturnal– training – Coprophagic
• Temperature• Daily bathing y g
(fastidious groomers)
Chinchilla Homes
• Types of cages• Cage floor• Sanitation • Accessories
Reproduction
• Sexual maturity• Sexual maturity– Males/Females: 8 months
• Boars/ Sows• Gestation period: 111daysGestation period: 111days• Average litter size: 4-12• Post-partum estrus
NeonatesNeonates• Precocial young• Lactation (6-8 wk)• Suckling neededSuckling needed
for survival (25 d)
Handling and Other TechniquesTechniques
• HandlingHandling
– Base tail/ support
body weightbody weight
– Towel technique
Don’t hold too– Don t hold too
tight, grab rib
cage!!!cage!!!
Malocclusion
Recessive mutations
• Types: molars (fatal), incisors as well, typically occurs by age of three (as late as five year)of three (as late as five year)
• Symptoms : “Slobbers” “Slobbers”
Heat Stroke/Stress
• HeatstrokeHeatstroke– Prevention
( 75 F)(never >75 F)
• Seizures
• Stress– Overplay!
Fur Slip
• Fur biting/ Fur slip – overcrowding, aggression
Fur biting and chewing (due to small d di ) F licages and overcrowding) vs. Fur slip
GerbilsGerbils
• Meriones unguiculatusMeriones unguiculatus• Deserts of Mongolia and Northern China• Social called “jird” or “desert rat”Social, called jird or desert rat
Gerbil AnatomyGerbil Anatomy• Ventral scent
l dgland• Long tails w/ tuft
• Research use:– Stroke and
epilepsy• Incomplete CircleIncomplete Circle
of Willis
Gerbil Physiology & Behavior
• Physiology • Behaviory gy– No Viruses!– Lipemic
– Thumping– DiggingLipemic
– Short RBC half-life– Live 1 5-2yrs
gg g– Fighting/Boxing– WinkingLive 1.5 2yrs
– T 101-104F, HR 250-500bpm, RR250 500bpm, RR 90-140 breaths/min
Gerbil Husbandry - Housing
• Lots of bedding• Entertainment• Dust baths
Gerbil Husbandry - Feeding
• Like to Forage• Water Bottle tipWater Bottle tip
should be above Beddingg
Find the Gerbil→
Gerbil Reproduction p
• Gestation: 24-26 days• Litter size: 1-8 pups• Weaning : 21-28 days
Gerbil SexingGerbil Sexing
FemaleFemale
Male
Gerbil HandlingGerbil Handling
DO NOT PICK UP USING THE TAILDO NOT PICK UP USING THE TAIL
Gerbil TechniquesGerbil Techniques• Blood collection:
lateral saphenous, jugular vein, retro-orbitalorbital
Respiratory and GI Diseases
• Nasal Dermatitis(sorenose)– Stress induced– Tx w/topical antibiotics
(no Aminoglycosides)
• TyzzersP i– Poor prognosis
– No stress neededG bil E t iti• Gerbil Enteritis
MiscellaneousMiscellaneous• Epileptic Seizuresp p
– 100% inbred Pop.– No Tx– Can be suppressed
via frequent handling during first threeduring first three weeks of life
MiscellaneousMiscellaneous• Cystic ovariesy
– Common in older females
– May contribute to poor reproductive performanceperformance
FerretsFerrets
• Mustela PutoriusMustela Putorius
Males: Hobs(3-6lbs)(3 6lbs)
Females: Jills (1-2 lbs)
FerretsFerrets
Use in research:Use in research:• Pathology and immunology of viral
di h i di tdiseases such as canine distemper, human influenza, vesicular stomatitis
• Dental research and experimental teratology (birth defects)
FerretsFerrets
• Can be handled quite easily withoutCan be handled quite easily without restrain gloves once they have adjusted to the new environmentadjusted to the new environment
• EXCEPT: Females with babies
FerretsFerrets
Husbandry/Diet:Husbandry/Diet: • Maintained in rabbit or cat cages as
long as door is close fitting and thelong as door is close-fitting and the bar spaces narrowN t b f l i• Next box for sleeping
• Commercially available diet (high protein)
FerretsFerrets
Viral Disease:Viral Disease:• Canine Distemper – almost always
fatal need to vaccinate your ferretfatal, need to vaccinate your ferret• Aleutian Disease – A parvo virus,
ll b li i l ff t husually subclinical, affects research• Influenza – commonly used for
research since they are susceptible to human influenza, show typically clinical signs
FerretsFerrets
• MiscMisc– Insulinomas
• One of most common tumors of ferrets• One of most common tumors of ferrets• Hypoglycemia, coma, death
– Aplastic anemiaAplastic anemia• Bone marrow suppression caused by high
levels of estrogen in intact females
WoodchucksWoodchucks
• Marmota monaxMarmota monax• Aka “woodchuck”
oror“groundhog”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog
WoodchuckWoodchuck
• Research Use:Research Use: – Hepatitis B
Obesity and energy balance– Obesity and energy balance – Metabolic functions at low body
temperatures (heart kidney)temperatures (heart, kidney)• Hibernate in the winter: body
temperature can reach as low at 33temperature can reach as low at 33 degrees F
WoodchuckWoodchuck
• HandlingHandling– Dangerous, use protective gloves
• Elk hide elbow-length primate handling• Elk hide, elbow-length primate handling gloves are best
– When distressed: barks, whistles, , ,wheezing noises
WoodchuckWoodchuck
• DietDiet– Commercial rabbit pellets made into
blocksblocks• Reduces spillage• Facilitate food consumption measurementsp• Forces the animal to gnaw
WoodchuckWoodchuck
• HusbandryHusbandry– Standard dog, cat, or rabbit cage
• Holes large than head diameter can be a• Holes large than head diameter can be a means of escape
– Adult females can be group housedg p• Be careful: dominant female may
monopolize the food– Adult males house separately
OpossumsOpossums
• Didelphis virginianusDidelphis virginianus– The only North American marsupial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opossum
OpossumsOpossums
• Research use:Research use:– Developmental biology and medicine
Young are born at day 12 13 gestation– Young are born at day 12-13 gestation so they can be studied outside the uterusuterus
• Anatomic FeaturesFemale posses a pouch in which young– Female posses a pouch in which young are carried
OpossumsOpossums
• DietDiet– Wide range of food in the wild
Commercial dog/cat food in wet/dry– Commercial dog/cat food in wet/dry forms
OpossumsOpossums
• Behavior:Behavior:– Day time – hissing,
drooling etcdrooling, etc– Night time- significantly
more aggressive with amore aggressive with a powerful bite
• Heavy leather gloves may not be sufficient
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl
OpossumsOpossums
• HandlingHandling– Use the tail/ support
the bodythe body– Use the tail alone,
continuous gentlecontinuous gentle shaking
– Careful with a wire bottom, trauma to toenails
http://www.fugly.com/pictures/14143/baby-possum-hanging-by-its-tail.html
Short Tailed Brazilian Opossum (Monodelphis domestica)
• CAN YOU THINK OF
(Monodelphis domestica)
• CAN YOU THINK OF ANOTHER MARSUPIAL THAT IS CURRENTLY USED AT OSU???USED AT OSU???
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
Image Websiteshttp://www.medaille.edu/vmacer/120_lec_10bchins&gps.htmwww freewebs com/nzchinchilla-rescue/Pellets jpg
Image Websites
www.freewebs.com/nzchinchilla-rescue/Pellets.jpghttp://animal-world.com/encyclo/critters/chinchilla/chinchilla.php
http://www.weaselwords.com/ferret-picture-gallery-pg1/htt // t l t k/ t l t/b d /G i Pihttp://www.petplanet.co.uk/petplanet/breeds/Guinea_Pig_-_Abyssinian.htm
http://www.popularpets.net/guinea-pigs/pictures/satin-peruvian-guinea-pig/satin-peruvian-guinea-pig.jpg