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Year Scientist Animal(s) Needed Contribution to Modern Medicine 1901 von Behring Guinea Pig Development of diphtheria antiserum 1902 Ross Pigeon Understanding of malaria life cycle 1904 Pavlov Dog Animal responses to various stimuli 1905 Koch Cow, Sheep Studies of pathogenesis of tuberculosis 1906 Golgi, Cajal Dog, Horse Characterization of the central nervous 1907 Laveran Bird Role of protozoa as cause of disease 1908 Mechnikov, Ehrlich Bird, Fish, Guinea Pig Immune reactions and functions of phagocytes 1910 Kossel Bird Knowledge of cell chemistry through work on proteins, including nuclear substances 1912 Carrel Dog Surgical advances in the suture and grafting of blood vessels 1913 Richet Dog, Rabbit Mechanisms of anaphylaxis 1919 Bordet Guinea Pig, Horse, Rabbit Mechanisms of immunity 1920 Krogh Frog Discovery of capillary motor regulating mechanism 1922 Hill Frog Consumption of oxygen and lactic acid metabolism in muscle 1923 Banting, Macleod Dog, Rabbit, Fish Discovery of insulin and mechanism of diabetes 1924 Einthoven Dog Mechanism of the electrocardiogram 1928 Nicolle Monkey, Guinea Pig, Rat, Mouse Pathogenesis of typhus 1929 Eijkman, Hopkins Chicken Discovery of antineuritic and growth stimulating 1932 Sherrington, Adrian Dog, Cat Functions of neurons 1934 Whipple, Murphy, Minot Dog Liver therapy for anemia 1935 Spemann Newt, Frog Organizer effect in embryonic development 1936 Dale, Loewi Cat, Frog, Bird, Reptile Chemical transmission of nerve impulses 1938 Heymans Dog Role of the sinus and aortic mechinisms in the regulation of respiration 1939 Domagk Mouse, Rabbit Antibacterial effects of prontosil 1943 Dam, Doisy Rat, Dog, Chicken, Mouse Discovery of function of Vitamin K 1944 Erlanger, Gasser Cat Specific functions of nerve cells 1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey Mouse Discovery of penicillin and its curative various infectious diseases 1947 Cori, Cori, Houssay Frog, Toad, Dog Catalytic conversion glycogen, role of pituitary in sugar metabolism 1949 Hess, Moniz Cat Functional organization of the brain as a coordinator of internal organs 1950 Kendall, Hench, Reichstein Cow Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones 1951 eiler Monkey, Mouse Development of yellow fever vaccine 1952 Waksman Guinea Pig Discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis 1953 Krebs, Lipmann Pigeon Characterization of the citric acid cycle 1954 Enders, Weller, Robbins Monkey, Mouse Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine 1955 eorell Horse Nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes 1957 Bovet Dog, Rabbit Production of synthetic compounds and their action on the vascular system and skeletal muscles 1960 Burnet, Medawar Rabbit Understanding of acquired immunological tolerance 1961 von Békésy Guinea Pig Physical mechanism of stimulation in the cochlea 1963 Eccles, Hodgkin, Huxley Cat, Frog, Squid, Crab Mechanisms of control and the communication between nerve cells 1964 Block, Lynen Rat Regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism 1966 Rous, Huggins Rat, Rabbit, Hen Tumor-inducing viruses and hormonal treatment of cancer 1967 Hartline, Granit, Wald Chicken, Rabbit, Fish, Crab Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision 1968 Holley, Khorana, Nirenberg Rat Interpretation of genetic code and its role in protein synthesis 1970 Katz, von Euler, Axelrod Cat, Rat Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters 1971 Sutherland Mammalian Liver Mechanism of the actions of hormones 1972 Edelman, Porter Guinea Pig, Rabbit Chemical structure of antibodies 1973 von Frisch, Lorenz, Tinbergen Bee, Bird, Fish Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals 1974 de Duve, Palade, Claude Chicken, Guinea Pig, Rat Structural and functional organization of cells 1975 Baltimore, Dulbecco, Temin Monkey, Horse, Chicken, Mouse Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material 1976 Blumberg, Gajdusek Chimpanzee New mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of diseases 1977 Gullemin, Schally, Yalow Sheep, Pig Discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain 1979 Cormack, Hounsfield Pig Development of computer assisted tomography (CAT scan) 1980 Benacerraf, Dausset, Snell Mouse, Guinea Pig Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of action 1981 Sperry, Hubell, Wiesel Cat, Monkey Processing of visual information by the brain 1982 Bergstrom, Samuelsson, Vane Rat, Rabbit, Guinea Pig Discovery of prostaglandins 1984 Millstone, Kochler, Jerne Mouse Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation 1985 Brown, Goldstein Rats, Mice Discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism 1986 Levi-Montalcini Mouse, Chicken, Snake Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor 1987 Tonegawa Mouse embryo Discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity 1988 Black, Elion Mice, Dog, Rabbit, Monkey Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment 1989 Varmus, Bishop Chicken Cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes 1990 Murray, omas Dog Organ transplantation techniques 1991 Neher, Sakmann Frog Chemical communication between cells 1992 Fisher, Krebs Rat, Rabbit Discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism 1993 Roberts, Sharp Rats, Mice Discoveries of split genes 1994 Gilman, Rodbell Rat, Cow, Rabbit, Turkey, Guinea Pig Discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells 1995 Lewis, Nüsslein-Volhard, Wieschaus Fruit fly Genetic control of early embryonic development 1996 Doherty, Zinkernagel Mouse Recognition of virus-infected cells by the immune system 1997 Prusiner Mouse, Hamster Discovery of prions, a new biological principle of infection 1998 Fuchgott, Ignarro, Murad Rabbit Regulation of blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO) 1999 Blobel Mouse, Rat, Dog Discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell 2000 Carlsson, Greengard, Kandel Sea Slug, Mouse Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system 2001 Hartwell, Hunt, Nurse Sea Urchin, Frog Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle 2002 Brenner, Horvitz, Sulston Roundworm Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death 2003 Lauterbur, Mansfield Clam, Mouse, Dog, Rat, Chimpanzee, Pig, Rabbit, Frog Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 2004 Axel, Buck Mouse, Fruit Flies Discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system 2005 Marshall, Warren Piglet Discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in mouse, gerbil gastritis and peptic ulcer disease 2006 Fire, Mello Roundworm Discovery of RNA interference — gene silencing by double-stranded RNA 2007 Capecchi, Evans, Smithies Mouse, Chick Development of knock-out mice 2008 zur Hausen Hamster, Mouse, Cow Discovery of human papilloma viruses (HPV) causing cervical cancer 2008 Barre-Sinoussi, Montagnier Monkey, Chimpanzee, Mouse Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 2009 Blackburn, Greider, Szostak Frog, Mouse Discovery of a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells 2010 Edwards Rabbit, Rat, Mouse, Hamster Development of in vitro fertilization Animal Roles in Medical Discoveries A look at the Nobel Prizes for Medicine and Physiology awarded from 1901 to the present shows that animal research played a key role in these important discoveries. Animal research must continue for similar medical advances to occur in the future. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 9190 Crestwyn Hills Drive • Memphis, TN 38125-8538 901-754-8620 • Fax: 901-753-0046 E-mail: [email protected] • Web: www.aalas.org Explore and Learn at: www.kids4research.org For more information on these and other Nobel Prize winners, visit The Nobel Foundation at: http://nobelprize.org Funded by http://www.aalasfoundation.org/

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Page 1: Animal Roles in Medical Discoveries - AALAS Foundationaalasfoundation.org/.../Homepage/Animal-Roles-Medical-Discoveries.pdf1991 Neher, Sakmann Frog Chemical communication between cells

Year Scientist Animal(s)Needed ContributiontoModernMedicine1901 vonBehring GuineaPig Developmentofdiphtheriaantiserum1902 Ross Pigeon Understandingofmalarialifecycle1904 Pavlov Dog Animalresponsestovariousstimuli1905 Koch Cow,Sheep Studiesofpathogenesisoftuberculosis1906 Golgi,Cajal Dog,Horse Characterizationofthecentralnervous1907 Laveran Bird Roleofprotozoaascauseofdisease1908 Mechnikov,Ehrlich Bird,Fish,GuineaPig Immunereactionsandfunctionsofphagocytes1910 Kossel Bird Knowledgeofcellchemistrythroughworkonproteins,includingnuclearsubstances1912 Carrel Dog Surgicaladvancesinthesutureandgraftingofbloodvessels1913 Richet Dog,Rabbit Mechanismsofanaphylaxis1919 Bordet GuineaPig,Horse,Rabbit Mechanismsofimmunity1920 Krogh Frog Discoveryofcapillarymotorregulatingmechanism1922 Hill Frog Consumptionofoxygenandlacticacidmetabolisminmuscle1923 Banting,Macleod Dog,Rabbit,Fish Discoveryofinsulinandmechanismofdiabetes1924 Einthoven Dog Mechanismoftheelectrocardiogram1928 Nicolle Monkey,GuineaPig,Rat,Mouse Pathogenesisoftyphus1929 Eijkman,Hopkins Chicken Discoveryofantineuriticandgrowthstimulating1932 Sherrington,Adrian Dog,Cat Functionsofneurons1934 Whipple,Murphy,Minot Dog Livertherapyforanemia1935 Spemann Newt,Frog Organizereffectinembryonicdevelopment1936 Dale,Loewi Cat,Frog,Bird,Reptile Chemicaltransmissionofnerveimpulses1938 Heymans Dog Roleofthesinusandaorticmechinismsintheregulationofrespiration1939 Domagk Mouse,Rabbit Antibacterialeffectsofprontosil1943 Dam,Doisy Rat,Dog,Chicken,Mouse DiscoveryoffunctionofVitaminK1944 Erlanger,Gasser Cat Specificfunctionsofnervecells1945 Fleming,Chain,Florey Mouse Discoveryofpenicillinanditscurativevariousinfectiousdiseases1947 Cori,Cori,Houssay Frog,Toad,Dog Catalyticconversionglycogen,roleofpituitaryinsugarmetabolism1949 Hess,Moniz Cat Functionalorganizationofthebrainasacoordinatorofinternalorgans1950 Kendall,Hench,Reichstein Cow Antiarthriticroleofadrenalhormones1951 Theiler Monkey,Mouse Developmentofyellowfevervaccine1952 Waksman GuineaPig Discoveryofstreptomycin,thefirstantibioticeffectiveagainsttuberculosis1953 Krebs,Lipmann Pigeon Characterizationofthecitricacidcycle1954 Enders,Weller,Robbins Monkey,Mouse Cultureofpoliovirusthatledtodevelopmentofvaccine1955 Theorell Horse Natureandmodeofactionofoxidationenzymes1957 Bovet Dog,Rabbit Productionofsyntheticcompoundsandtheiractiononthevascularsystemandskeletalmuscles1960 Burnet,Medawar Rabbit Understandingofacquiredimmunologicaltolerance1961 vonBékésy GuineaPig Physicalmechanismofstimulationinthecochlea1963 Eccles,Hodgkin,Huxley Cat,Frog,Squid,Crab Mechanismsofcontrolandthecommunicationbetweennervecells1964 Block,Lynen Rat Regulationofcholesterolandfattyacidmetabolism1966 Rous,Huggins Rat,Rabbit,Hen Tumor-inducingvirusesandhormonaltreatmentofcancer1967 Hartline,Granit,Wald Chicken,Rabbit,Fish,Crab Primaryphysiologicalandchemicalprocessesofvision1968 Holley,Khorana,Nirenberg Rat Interpretationofgeneticcodeanditsroleinproteinsynthesis1970 Katz,vonEuler,Axelrod Cat,Rat Mechanismofstorageandreleaseofnervetransmitters1971 Sutherland MammalianLiver Mechanismoftheactionsofhormones1972 Edelman,Porter GuineaPig,Rabbit Chemicalstructureofantibodies1973 vonFrisch,Lorenz,Tinbergen Bee,Bird,Fish Organizationofsocialandbehaviorpatternsinanimals1974 deDuve,Palade,Claude Chicken,GuineaPig,Rat Structuralandfunctionalorganizationofcells1975 Baltimore,Dulbecco,Temin Monkey,Horse,Chicken,Mouse Interactionbetweentumorvirusesandgeneticmaterial1976 Blumberg,Gajdusek Chimpanzee Newmechanismsfortheoriginanddisseminationofdiseases1977 Gullemin,Schally,Yalow Sheep,Pig Discoveriesconcerningthepeptidehormoneproductionofthebrain1979 Cormack,Hounsfield Pig Developmentofcomputerassistedtomography(CATscan)1980 Benacerraf,Dausset,Snell Mouse,GuineaPig Identificationofhistocompatibilityantigensandmechanismofaction1981 Sperry,Hubell,Wiesel Cat,Monkey Processingofvisualinformationbythebrain1982 Bergstrom,Samuelsson,Vane Rat,Rabbit,GuineaPig Discoveryofprostaglandins1984 Millstone,Kochler,Jerne Mouse Techniquesofmonoclonalantibodyformation1985 Brown,Goldstein Rats,Mice Discoveriesconcerningtheregulationofcholesterolmetabolism1986 Levi-Montalcini Mouse,Chicken,Snake Nervegrowthfactorandepidermalgrowthfactor1987 Tonegawa Mouseembryo Discoveryofthegeneticprincipleforgenerationofantibodydiversity1988 Black,Elion Mice,Dog,Rabbit,Monkey Discoveriesofimportantprinciplesfordrugtreatment1989 Varmus,Bishop Chicken Cellularoriginofretroviraloncogenes1990 Murray,Thomas Dog Organtransplantationtechniques1991 Neher,Sakmann Frog Chemicalcommunicationbetweencells1992 Fisher,Krebs Rat,Rabbit Discoveriesconcerningreversibleproteinphosphorylationasabiologicalregulatorymechanism1993 Roberts,Sharp Rats,Mice Discoveriesofsplitgenes1994 Gilman,Rodbell Rat,Cow,Rabbit,Turkey,GuineaPig DiscoveryofG-proteinsandtheroleoftheseproteinsinsignaltransductionincells1995 Lewis,Nüsslein-Volhard,Wieschaus Fruitfly Geneticcontrolofearlyembryonicdevelopment1996 Doherty,Zinkernagel Mouse Recognitionofvirus-infectedcellsbytheimmunesystem1997 Prusiner Mouse,Hamster Discoveryofprions,anewbiologicalprincipleofinfection1998 Fuchgott,Ignarro,Murad Rabbit Regulationofbloodpressurewithnitricoxide(NO)1999 Blobel Mouse,Rat,Dog Discoverythatproteinshaveintrinsicsignalsthatgoverntheirtransportandlocalizationinthecell2000 Carlsson,Greengard,Kandel SeaSlug,Mouse Discoveriesinsignaltransductioninthenervoussystem2001 Hartwell,Hunt,Nurse SeaUrchin,Frog Discoveriesofkeyregulatorsofthecellcycle2002 Brenner,Horvitz,Sulston Roundworm Geneticregulationoforgandevelopmentandprogrammedcelldeath2003 Lauterbur,Mansfield Clam,Mouse,Dog,Rat,Chimpanzee,Pig,Rabbit,Frog Discoveriesconcerningmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)2004 Axel,Buck Mouse,FruitFlies Discoveriesofodorantreceptorsandtheorganizationoftheolfactorysystem2005 Marshall,Warren Piglet DiscoveryofthebacteriumHelicobacterpylorianditsroleinmouse,gerbilgastritisandpepticulcerdisease2006 Fire,Mello Roundworm DiscoveryofRNAinterference—genesilencingbydouble-strandedRNA2007 Capecchi,Evans,Smithies Mouse,Chick Developmentofknock-outmice2008 zurHausen Hamster,Mouse,Cow Discoveryofhumanpapillomaviruses(HPV)causingcervicalcancer2008 Barre-Sinoussi,Montagnier Monkey,Chimpanzee,Mouse Discoveryofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)2009 Blackburn,Greider,Szostak Frog,Mouse Discoveryofakeymechanisminthegeneticoperationsofcells2010 Edwards Rabbit,Rat,Mouse,Hamster Developmentofinvitrofertilization

AnimalRolesinMedicalDiscoveriesA look at the Nobel Prizes for Medicine and Physiology awarded from 1901 to the present shows that animal research played a key role in these important discoveries.

Animal research must continue for similar medical advances to occur in the future.

AmericAn AssociAtion for LAborAtory AnimAL science9190CrestwynHillsDrive•Memphis,TN38125-8538901-754-8620•Fax:901-753-0046E-mail:[email protected]•Web:www.aalas.org

ExploreandLearnat: www.kids4research.org FormoreinformationontheseandotherNobelPrizewinners,visitTheNobelFoundationat:http://nobelprize.org

Fundedby http://www.aalasfoundation.org/

Animal Roles in Medical DiscoveriesAnimal Roles in Medical Discoveries AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 9190 Crestwyn Hills Drive • Memphis, TN 38125-8538 901-754-8620

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