Basic Science and BeyondBasic Science and BeyondALAT; LATG

ULAR Continuing Education March 2009

Judy Hickman Davis DVM PhD DACLAMJudy Hickman-Davis, DVM, PhD, DACLAM

SCIENCE

Scientific Terminology

Prefix: description at the beginning of the wordof the wordRoot: item that is being describedSuffix: Descriptive at the end of the ordthe word

Scientific TerminologyScientific Terminology

BIOLOGYBio (root) = life logy (suffix) = study ofBio (root) = life logy (suffix) = study of

PATHOLOGYP th ( t) di l ( ffi ) t d fPatho (root) = disease logy (suffix) = study of

Word Roots for OrgansWord Roots for Organs Oophoro = ovary oophorectomy Stomato = mouth stomatitis Hystero/metro =uterus hysterectomy, endometritis Salpingo = uterine tubes hystosalpingogram

Dento = teeth dentist Glosso/linguo = tongue glossitis, lingual nerve Gingivo = gums gingivitis

Dermo = skin dermatitis Masto/mammo = breast mammography, mastectomy Osteo = bones osteoporosis

g g g gEncephalo = brain encephalitis Gastro = stomach gastritis Entero = intestine gastroenteritis C l l i t ti liti lOsteo bones osteoporosis

Cardio = heart electrocardiogram (ECG) Cysto = bladder cystitis Rhino = nose rhinitis (runny nose!) Phl b / i hl biti

Colo = large intestine colitis, megacolon Procto = anus/rectum proctitis, proctologist Hepato = liver hepatitis, hepatomegaly

Phlebo/veno = veins phlebitis, phlebotomy Pneumo/pulmo = lung pneumonitis, pulmonologist H / i bl d h t l i t i

Nephro/rene = kidney nephrosis, renal artery Orchido = testis orchiditis, orchidectomy

Hemo/emia = blood hematologist, anemia

Principles of ChemistryPrinciples of Chemistry Atom:

Fundamental unit of matterMolecule:

Complex of atomsChemistry: y

Interaction of molecules and recombination of their atoms

Biochemistry:Study of chemical reactions occurring in li i hiliving things

Important Chemical Elements p

Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N)Oxygen (O)Hydrogen (H)

Calcium (Ca)Sodium (Na)

Phosphorus (P) Iron (Fe)CO2CO2

H2OH2O

Weights and Measures

“Much of science is based on our ability to determine and recordability to determine and record measurements such as distance, weight, volume and temperature.”

The po er of 10!The power of 10!

English to MetricMilli 1/1 000Milli = 1/1,000Centi = 1/100Deci = 1/10Kilo = 1,000

English to MetricDistance

SYMBOL MULTIPLY BY TO FIND

I i h 2 54 iIn inches 2.54 centimeters cmFt feet 0.305 meters mYd yards 0.914 meters mMi miles 1.61 kilometers km

English to MetricVolumeVolume

SYMBOL MULTIPLY BY TO FIND

Fl oz ounces 29.57 milliliters mLQt quart 946 milliliters mLQt quart 0 946 liters LQt quart 0.946 liters LGal gallons 3.785 liters L

Fahrenheit to CelsiusTemperature

(ºF-32) x 5 / 9Or

(ºF-32) / 1.8( )Cagewash water temperature = 180ºF OR

5/9 (180º 32) = 5/9 (148) = 70/9 = 82 2ºC5/9 (180 - 32) = 5/9 (148) = 70/9 = 82.2 C

English to MetricWeightWeight

SYMBOL MULTIPLY BY TO FIND

Oz ounces 28.35 grams gg gLb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg

Sooo, an adult mouse weighs 25 to 30 gms or about 1 oz!

And, an 10 kg beagle weighs 22 lbs!

Weighing Devices

Maximum weight capacityAccuracy TareTareScale types

Top loading balancesDouble pan balancesDouble pan balancesPlatform scales

ANIMAL NUTRITIONANIMAL NUTRITION

N tritionNutrition

The study of the food and water requirements and the process by which animals take in food and use the nutrients

DigestionDigestion

The process by which food is broken down into basic biochemical compounds pand absorbed through the intestinal wall into the blood stream

NutrientsNutrientsWater: THE MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT!Water: THE MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT!Proteins: basic building blocks (aa chains)Fats: supply and store energyFats: supply and store energy

Carbohydrates: the main source of energy ( )(sugars)Vitamins: ppm or mg/KGMi l /KGMinerals: ppm or mg/KG

VitaminsVitaminsWater-soluble: C and B complexWater soluble: C and B complex

Must be supplied daily

Fat-soluble: A, D, E, KFat soluble: A, D, E, KDepend on metabolism and fat digestion for supply

**An absence or deficiency of ANYAn absence or deficiency of ANY vitamin can cause disease**

(i.e. scurvy)

MineralsMinerals21 minerals or organic elements21 minerals or organic elements

Ca2+, Na+, P+

Trace mineralsTrace mineralsFe2+, Fe3+

**A mineral deficiency can cause**A mineral deficiency can cause serious disease**

(i.e. hypocalcemia)

Energy MetabolismEnergy MetabolismAnimal diets are formulated using energy g gy

requirementsCalorie: the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degreeKilocalorie: a nutritional calorie (1000Kilocalorie: a nutritional calorie (1000 calories)Carbohydrates: 4.1 Kcal/gmC bo yd es c /gFats: 9.1 Kcal/gm

FeedstuffFeedstuff

Proximate AnalysisProximate AnalysisProvides data on the amount of protein fat crude fiber solubleprotein, fat, crude fiber, soluble carbohydrate, moisture and ash

Feed SelectionFeed SelectionBalanced dietBalanced diet

Commercially prepared diet formulated for the maintenance of specific speciesp pTreats (psychological enrichment)Special ConsiderationsSpecial Considerations

Rapid growthnursinggGeriatrics

Available FeedsAvailable Feeds

Ground: poultryGround: poultryPelleted: rabbits and rodentsExtruded: primates, cats and dogsSemi-moist: commercial pet foodSemi-moist: commercial pet foodCanned: MedicationsRoughage: ruminants, rabbits, guinea pigs

Commercial DietsCommercial Diets

S d dStandardCertifiedAutoclavable and IrradiatedPurifiedPurified

Practical Aspects of FeedingPractical Aspects of Feeding

WATERWATERMedicationsLeakageBlockage

J-FeedersFeed changesFeed changes

Practical Aspects of FeedingPractical Aspects of Feeding

WATEROveractiveDistressedDull hair coat

FOODWeight lossExperimental procedureD i t i lDominant animals

*Remember to consider special needs, i.e. the very young nursing and geriatric*very young, nursing and geriatric

Practical Aspects of FeedingPractical Aspects of FeedingStorage

CoolDryW ll til t dWell ventilatedPlatformsMilling date (purified diets and vit C = 3Milling date (purified diets and vit. C 3 months; commercial = 6 months; canned = 2 years) P t t lPest controlOpen feed containers

*Detergents and other chemicals stored separately*Detergents and other chemicals stored separately

CHEMISTRY

Chemistry DefinitionsChemistry Definitions

InorganicInorganic Chemistry of compounds involving inorganic elements: Fe S Na Kelements: Fe, S, Na, K

OrganicCh i t f b t th t t i bChemistry of substances that contain carbon

BiochemistryChemistry of compounds that occur in all living organisms as part of their metabolic process

Carbon BondingC N H OC, N, H, O

Single do ble and triple bondsSingle, double and triple bondsCHC=OC≡HC H

V l b di it f tValence: bonding capacity of an atomNumber of potential single bonds, i.e. carbon has a valence of 4

Biochemical CompoundsBiochemical CompoundsInorganic moleculesg

Water (H2O)Sodium (Na+)( )Potassium (K+)

Organic biomoleculesOrganic biomoleculesCarbohydratesNucleic acidsNucleic acidsProteinsLi idLipids

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesProvide energy for body processgy y pStructure for plants (cellulose)

MonosaccharideMonosaccharideDisaccharideOligosaccharideOligosaccharidePolysaccharide

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesConsists of one unit of saccharide (simple ( psugars)

Glucose (dextrose)( )FructoseGalactoseGalactoseDeoxyribose

Glucose is the primary source of energy for allGlucose is the primary source of energy for all body processes!

DisaccharidesDisaccharidesContains two monosaccharide units per pmolecule

Maltose (glucose + glucose)(g g )Sucrose (glucose + fructose)Lactose (glucose + galactose)Lactose (glucose galactose)

Oligo- and PolysaccharidesOligosaccharide

Small number of saccharide units (3 to 6)Components of glycoproteinsCell to cell communication and cell recognition

PolysaccharideyComplex carbohydrates (300 to 500 CHO)StarchS cGlycogenCelluloseCellulose

Lipids: Long Chain Hydrocarbons

Fatty acidsSaturated (no double bonds; animal fat)Saturated (no double bonds; animal fat)Unsaturated (vegetable oil)

T i l idTriglyceridesFatty acids + glycerol (alcohol)Measure of lipid metabolism

SteroidsCholesterol

ProteinsConstitute half of the bodies dry weight

StructuralStructuralEnzymesR l tRegulatoryTransportHormonesProtectiveToxins

Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals

Nucleic AcidsRepository of the cells genetic informationNitrogen base + pentose sugar + phosphateg p g p p

DNA (deoxyribose)RNA (ribose)( )

T l i id i ll li iTwo most common nucleic acids in all living cells and viruses!

DiseaseDiseaseDiabetes

Type I (IDDM) NOD miceType I (IDDM) NOD miceType II

A h l iAtherosclerosisHDLLDL (increased)

Phenylketonuria (PKU)Lack phenylalanine hydroxylasePhenylalanine X tyrosinePhenylalanine X tyrosine

Molecular BiologyStudy of the formation, structure and f i f bi l i ll ifunction of biologically important macromolecules

Genes Gene products

Understand how inherited characteristics are linked to underlying chemical processeslinked to underlying chemical processes

Eukaryotic CellsNucleus

Storage site for geneticStorage site for genetic information

DNAMacromolecule that contains this information

ChromosomesCondensed DNA within the nucleusnucleus

Eukaryotic CellsDiploid cells

Somatic cellsHaploid cells (germ cells)

OvaSpermatozoa p

ZygoteEgg and sperm cellsEgg and sperm cells (haploid) unite (diploid)

GeneticsGene

Sequence of DNA on a chromosomeSequence of DNA on a chromosomeMany genes on each chromosome

GGenotypeGenetic makeup of an organism

PhenotypePhysical characteristics

MutationPermanent change in DNA sequencePermanent change in DNA sequenceMutation in the germ cells is heritable

“Twisted Ladder” D bl H liDouble Helix

DNAAdenine-ThymineGuanine-Cytosiney

RNAAdenine UracilAdenine-UracilGuanine-Cytosine

Cellular MachineryReplication

Separation of double helixSeparation of double helixCopy of the helix to form 2 new copies

TranscriptionSynthesis of RNA in the nucleusmRNA, tRNA

TranslationmRNA in cytoplasm used for protein synthesis

Techniques

CloningBacterial amplificationPCR

Southern blotDNA

Northern blotRNARNA

Western blotP t iProtein

TEST YOURSELF

TEST YOURSELF

1. Saturated fatty acids…a) Contain no double bondsa) Contain no double bondsb) Belong to the group of lipids known as

steroidsc) Contain at least one double bondd) Are a common component of plant celld) Are a common component of plant cell

structure

TEST YOURSELF

1. Saturated fatty acids…a) Contain no double bondsa) Contain no double bondsb) Belong to the group of lipids known as

steroidsc) Contain at least one double bondd) Are a common component of plant celld) Are a common component of plant cell

structure

TEST YOURSELF

2. DNA…a) Contains the nucleotides adenine and uracila) Contains the nucleotides adenine and uracilb) Can be found in the cytoplasm of the cell

during translationgc) Stands for Deoxyribonitrogenous acidd) Can be detected using Southern blotd) Can be detected using Southern blote) Contains the pentose sugar ribose

TEST YOURSELF

2. DNA…a) Contains the nucleotides adenine and uracila) Contains the nucleotides adenine and uracilb) Can be found in the cytoplasm of the cell

during translationgc) Stands for Deoxyribonitrogenous acidd) Can be detected using Southern blotd) Can be detected using Southern blote) Contains the pentose sugar ribose

TEST YOURSELF

3. Pathology is the study of…a) Pathosa) Pathosb) Emotions c) Diseasec) Diseased) Maps

TEST YOURSELF

3. Pathology is the study of…a) Pathosa) Pathosb) Emotions c) Diseasec) Diseased) Maps

TEST YOURSELF

4. The most important nutrient is…a) Proteina) Protein b) Mineral c) Fatc) Fatd) Watere) Carbohydratese) Carbohydrates

TEST YOURSELF

4. The most important nutrient is…a) Proteina) Protein b) Minerals c) Fatsc) Fatsd) Watere) Carbohydratese) Carbohydrates

TEST YOURSELF

5. Which of the following is not fat soluble?a) Vit Aa) Vit Ab) Vit Cc) Vit Dc) Vit Dd) Vit Ke) Vit Ee) Vit E

TEST YOURSELF

5. Which of the following is not fat soluble?a) Vit Aa) Vit Ab) Vit Cc) Vit Dc) Vit Dd) Vit Ke) Vit Ee) Vit E

TEST YOURSELF

6. The picture shows the molecular structure of methane (CH4). The carbon atom has a valance of…

a) 1b) 2c) 3d)d) 4e) 5

TEST YOURSELF

6. The picture shows the molecular structure of methane (CH4). The carbon atom has a valance of…

a) 1b) 2c) 3d)d) 4e) 5

TEST YOURSELF

6. Maltose, sucrose and lactose are all examples of…p

a) Monosaccharides b) Oligosaccharidesb) Oligosaccharides c) Disaccharides d) Polysaccharidesd) Polysaccharidese) Lipids

TEST YOURSELF

7. Maltose, sucrose and lactose are all examples of…p

a) Monosaccharides b) Oligosaccharidesb) Oligosaccharides c) Disaccharidesd) Polysaccharidesd) Polysaccharidese) Lipids

TEST YOURSELF

8. TRUE or FALSE

The zygotes are the only haploid cells in h b d d l ll d hthe body and are also called the germ

cells.

TEST YOURSELF

8. TRUE or FALSE

The zygotes are the only haploid cells in h b d d l ll d hthe body and are also called the germ

cells.

Immunology

Immune systemOrgans: thymus, BM, liver, spleenCirculatory: lymphatic system

Recognition of self!MCH“Tissues” in “Harmony”

AntigenAntigenNon-self in search of an immune reponse

Immunology

InnatePresent from birthNonspecific

Aquired (recognition & response)Antibody-mediatedyCell-mediated