aatj 12 ito&dmytrenko_ho
TRANSCRIPT
Sound alternation of 4, 7, 9 & 10 in Japanese
Rika Ito & Natalie DmytrenkoDept. of Asian Studies
St. Olaf College
AATJ the Annual Spring ConferenceToronto
March 15, 2012
Outline of the presentation
• Introduction of the problem• Data • Analysis• Interpretation & application• Conclusion
3 layers of Japanese lexicon
Strata Numerals Classifiers Native Japanese ひと - 、ふた - 、 み
-粒 tsubu棟 mune羽 wa
Sino-Japanese いち、に、さん etc.
番 ban年 nen人 nin
Loanwords ワン、 ツー、スリー (extremely rare)
メートル meetoruページ peejiドル doru
Table 1: 3 strata of Japanese words with the examples of numeralsand classifiers
Downing (1996: 47)
Combination of Numeral & classifier
Dominance of SJ numerals1. ”diachronic transition in the Japanese classifier
system –the native classifier system is being replaced with the Sino classifier system” (Shimojo, 1997, cited in Amazaki 2006: 5).
2. “…some speakers appear to feel uneasy using classifiers collocated with the indigenous numerals above 'four' or 'five,' switching to Sino-Japanese numeral at that point although indigenous forms are available through 'ten’” (cited in Downing, 1996:48).
七： Special case?
"Interestingly, the native numeral nana is interchangeably used as the Chinese numeral shichi in many cases" (Amazaki 2006:4).
“Shi and shichi are in some cases avoided because their similarity in sound may lead to confusion” (Vaccari 1937)
なな or シチ ?Table 3: Treatment of sound alternation among three major textbooks and NHK (1992, 2005)
Yokoso! (2006) 3d ed.
Nakama (2009) 2nd ed.
Genki (2011) 2nd ed.
NHK (1992) NHK (2005)
7 時間 なな シチ シチ なな > シチ
なな > シチ
７人 シチ > なな
シチ なな シチ シチ
７分 なな > シチ
なな なな なな > シチ
なな
Data & Methodology
• Online survey form (SurveyMonkey)• Distributed to native Japanese speakers who teach
Japanese in North America• Collected in summer to early fall of 2011• 50 respondents:
– Females =90%– Age: 40-49 = 42%, 50-59 = 30%– Home: Kanto = 36%, Chubu = 23%
• Judgment of pronunciation of 4, 7, 9, & 10 with 26 classifiers
４
よん／シよ／よん
NJ only NJ > SJ NJ = SJ SJ > NJ SJ only0
10
20
30
40
50
60
十四
十四
Figure 1: Pronunciation of 14 by 50 native speakers in percentages
よ only よ > よん よ = よん よん > よ よん only0
10
20
30
40
50
二十四円四番四粒
Figure 2: Pronunciation of 二十四円、四番、四粒 by 50 native speakers in percentages
7なな／シチ
NJ only NJ > SJ NJ = SJ SJ > NJ SJ only0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
十七七時間七年七人
Figure 3: Pronunciation of 十七 , 七時間 , 七年 , & 七人 by 50 native speakers in percentages
NJ only NJ > SJ NJ = SJ SJ > NJ SJ only0
10
20
30
40
50
60
七番七回七階七週間七冊
Figure 4: Pronunciation of 七番、七回、七階、七週間、＆七冊 by 50 native speakers in percentages
NJ only NJ > SJ NJ = SJ SJ > NJ SJ only0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
七個七頭七足七通
Figure 5: Pronunciation of 七個、七頭、七足 ＆七通 by 50 native speakers in percentages
NJ only NJ > SJ NJ = SJ SJ > NJ SJ only0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
七番目七本七ヶ月七分七味
Figure 6: Pronunciation of 七番目、七本、七ヶ月、七分＆ 七味 by 50 native speakers in percentages
NJ only NJ > SJ NJ = SJ SJ > NJ SJ only0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
七部屋七棟七羽七株七粒
Figure 7: Pronunciation of 七部屋、七棟、七羽、七株 ＆七粒 (i.e., Native classifiers) by 50 native speakers in percentages
NJ only NJ > SJ NJ = SJ SJ > NJ SJ only0
10
20
30
40
50
60
七ポンド七ドル七セント七ページ七メートル
Figure 8: Pronunciation of 七ポンド、七ドル、七セント、七ページ ＆七メートル (i.e., Loan classifiers) by 50 native speakers in percentages
9ク／キュウ
Figure 9: Pronunciation of 九人＆九番目 by 50 native speakers in percentages
ク only
ク > キュウ
ク = キュウ
キュウ > ク
キュウ only 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
９人９番目
10ジュッ／ジッ
Figure 10: Pronunciation of 十階、十冊、十本、十分＆十階 by 50 native speakers in percentages
ジュッ only
ジュッ > ジッ
ジュッ = ジッ
ジッ > ジュッ
ジッ only0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 階10 冊10 本10 分10 回
Findings
The results confirm variation in the pronunciation of the numerals. 4 & 9:• Alternation depends on the classifier七：• なな > シチ in general regardless of the strata of the
classifiers• なな = シチ with １７、７人、７年、７時間十：• ジュッ > ジッ
Implication to teaching of JPN
• Maybe a bit more explanation: – Acknowledgement of the complexity of the issue
(Kubozono 2011) • 7:
– １７、７人、７年、７時間 なな = シチ– All others なな (especially at the elementary
level)
More questions
• Regional difference?• Age difference?
Data collection from college students from different regions of Japan
E.g. ジッ is more acceptable by college students• Why do certain classifiers allow なな / シチ
equally? • What triggers the alternation in 4 & 9?
Selected References
Acknowledgements
Susan Schmidt 先生 for guiding us to contact senseionline.
調査に参加して下さった諸先生方
本当にありがとうございました！