abalone farming in africa
TRANSCRIPT
Abalone Abalone ((Haliotis midaeHaliotis midae)) farming farming and seaweed harvesting in South and seaweed harvesting in South
Africa:Africa: Industry interdependencies Industry interdependencies andand
socio-economic importancesocio-economic importance
Robertson-Andersson Deborah1; Troell2, M.; Halling2, C.; Anderson3, R.; Maneveldt4, G. and
Bolton1 J. J.
1Botany Department, UCT2Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University
3Seaweed Research Unit, MCM 4Botany Department, UWC
Robertson-Andersson Deborah1; Troell2, M.; Halling2, C.; Anderson3, R.; Maneveldt4, G. and
Bolton1 J. J.
1Botany Department, UCT2Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University
3Seaweed Research Unit, MCM 4Botany Department, UWC
““Abalone farming in South Africa has Abalone farming in South Africa has
developed rapidly and the country is now developed rapidly and the country is now
the largest producer outside Asia”.the largest producer outside Asia”. World Aquaculture March 2003World Aquaculture March 2003
Abalone industry development in SAAbalone industry development in SA
Farm Types:22 rights holders13 exporting farms2 hatcheries
South African abalone farmingSouth African abalone farming
CleaningCleaning Feeding Feeding
EatingEating
Roman Bay Sea FarmRoman Bay Sea FarmRoman Bay Sea FarmRoman Bay Sea Farm
SA kelp resourcesSA kelp resources
Seaweed Concession AreasSeaweed Concession Areas
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1957
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
Years
Ab
alo
ne
(to
ns
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Ab
alo
ne
fe
ed
an
d b
ea
ch
ca
st
(to
ns
)
Abalone production WW Kelp as abalone feed WW
beach cast DW
Kelp harvest vs abalone Kelp harvest vs abalone productionproduction
Seaweed concession areas and Seaweed concession areas and MSYMSY
Concession Area
MSY(t f wt)
Harvest
(t f wt)
Total Harvest as % of
MSY
Beach cast
(t f wt)
5 (3) 1165 696 60 354
6 (3) 2680 897 33 878
7 (3) 644 348 54 528
8 (3) 956 951 99 0
11 (2) 1550 1158 75 112
TotalsTotals 1039103999
40504050 5252 18721872Kelp: Maximum Sustainable Yields, harvests, and beach-cast amounts of fronds
supplied as abalone feed, for the year 2003, by concession area (MCM Data).
SCA 8 – SCA 8 – Relationships between abalone Relationships between abalone produced and seaweed harvestedproduced and seaweed harvestedSCA 8 – SCA 8 – Relationships between abalone Relationships between abalone produced and seaweed harvestedproduced and seaweed harvested
SCA 8
0
20
40
60
80
100
years
% o
f M
SY
020406080
100120140
0 20 40 60 80 100
% harvest of MSYAb
alon
e (to
ns)
Potential ProblemsPotential Problems
Largest farm 120 T expanding to 240 T
Smallest farm 35 T
Average 70 T
18 farms with 70 T of abalone
Feeding 10 % body mass
kelp demand has the potential to increase or exceed 35 280 T per year just for abalone feed
Farms are concentrated in certain areas
PoachinPoachingg
G. MarharajG. Marharaj
Abalone distribution Abalone distribution Abalone distribution Abalone distribution
Abalone exports to Hong Kong from Abalone exports to Hong Kong from Southern Africa for 2004 were 500 kg Southern Africa for 2004 were 500 kg dried abalonedried abalone
500 kg dried abalone (H. midae) from: Namibia, Lesotho,
Swaziland, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Botswana.
Wet to dry ratio – 10 kg wet (live abalone meat shucked) = 1 kg
dried abalone
500 X 10 = > 5 000 kg illegally harvested abalone from South
Africa.
“…if poaching continues at the current rate, abalone will be
fished to extinction in less than three years…” (Duvenhage
2002 of the South African abalone resource). Data from Hong Kong Department of Statistics (2006)
Abalone industry multiplier effectsAbalone industry multiplier effects
ABALONE FARMING
EXPORT AND
TRANSPORT
SEAWEED HARVESTING
EDUCATIONAND
TRAINING
CANNING
RESEARCHANDR & D
SECURITY
FEEDINDUSTRY
VETERINARY
CIVILS AND
MAINTENANCE
ELECTRICITY
Growth in industry Growth in industry Growth in industry Growth in industry
Year No of producing
farms
Investment(R millions)
Tons.a-1 Annual Percentage
increase
No of employees
Percentage increase in employees
2004 13 576 556
2005 13 197 745 27 776 28
2006 13 182 890 21 840 7.6*
*Decrease in employment is due to economies of scale
FOB (free on board - describes a price which includes goods plus the services of
loading those goods onto some vehicle or vessel at a named location.) is around
26.8 $.kg and has remained at this level for the last three years (Loubser, 2005)
Some facts and figures of the abalone Some facts and figures of the abalone industry:industry:
Min Max Average Total
Investment
per farm
(millions)
ZAR
1.6
ZAR 30 ZAR
15.75
ZAR
346.5
Workers per farm
17 110 63 814
Employees
per ton
0.6 1.62 1.1
Gross Industry turnover for 2005 = ZAR 200 million
Race distribution within the abalone industry: Black* 49 %
Coloured* 35 %
White* 16 %
An immature non producing farm has almost 100 % male workers while a mature
farm has approximately 74 % males with 26 % females.
*South African government classification to quantify racial imbalances introduced during the apartheid era
Distribution of running costs of the Distribution of running costs of the abalone industry:abalone industry:
Salaries and wages 31.27Cost of sales 21.5Kelp 10.63Repairs and maintenance 7.22Electricity 6.77Artificial feed 5.63R & D 3.2Security 2.5Technology 2.08 Insurance 4.2Miscellaneous 5.0
From Gerber 2004
Seaweed work forceSeaweed work forceSeaweed work forceSeaweed work force
Increased profitability - R 900 – R 1 200 per ton fresh harvested
kelp vs. R 2 142 per ton dried kelp for overseas alginate
production FOB, (Wet:Dry = 5:1 Anderson et al. 1989).
Start up costs range from R 250 000 to R 10 million.
The total investment in 2004 was R 255.8 million.
The average rand value of turnover per SCA allocated in 2004 was
approximately R 2.3 million (GPR, 2005).
Expenditure into research and development ranged from R 60 000
to R 600 000.
The gross industry turnover for 2004 was R 125 44 364.91 (GPR,
2005)
Increased profitability - R 900 – R 1 200 per ton fresh harvested
kelp vs. R 2 142 per ton dried kelp for overseas alginate
production FOB, (Wet:Dry = 5:1 Anderson et al. 1989).
Start up costs range from R 250 000 to R 10 million.
The total investment in 2004 was R 255.8 million.
The average rand value of turnover per SCA allocated in 2004 was
approximately R 2.3 million (GPR, 2005).
Expenditure into research and development ranged from R 60 000
to R 600 000.
The gross industry turnover for 2004 was R 125 44 364.91 (GPR,
2005)
Abalone canning sectorAbalone canning sectorAbalone canning sectorAbalone canning sector
The first abalone
factories built in the
1960’s and canned wild
caught abalone.
Jobs in this sector are of
a more permanent
nature with the staff
being well trained and
skilled.
Decrease in wild quota
has caused several
factories to close.
The first abalone
factories built in the
1960’s and canned wild
caught abalone.
Jobs in this sector are of
a more permanent
nature with the staff
being well trained and
skilled.
Decrease in wild quota
has caused several
factories to close.
Wild tons Farmed tonsNo of
contract divers
1998 95 0 50
2000 54 4 15
2002 36 30 6
2004 23 123 3
2006 7.5200
estimated2
Other employment sectorsOther employment sectorsOther employment sectorsOther employment sectors
Electrical industry - 5 – 15 % of a farms running costs. If this compared to
the area of Gansbaai, the total usage of the three farms in Gansbaai is
13% of the total usage in that area, (Lawson-Smith, 2003)
Security Industry - 2 – 5 % - outsourced security is maintained
Scientific equipment, generating of research projects - 3.2 % - An
example at the University of Cape Town, University of Stockholm and the
University of the Western Cape through 2 projects in collaboration two
farms, 3 Honours, 10 MSc. students and 1 PhD student have obtained
their degrees and bursaries through research on the abalone industry.
12 research institutes have been or currently are involved with research
into aspects of abalone and seaweed physiology and cultivation (Gerber
2004).
Electrical industry - 5 – 15 % of a farms running costs. If this compared to
the area of Gansbaai, the total usage of the three farms in Gansbaai is
13% of the total usage in that area, (Lawson-Smith, 2003)
Security Industry - 2 – 5 % - outsourced security is maintained
Scientific equipment, generating of research projects - 3.2 % - An
example at the University of Cape Town, University of Stockholm and the
University of the Western Cape through 2 projects in collaboration two
farms, 3 Honours, 10 MSc. students and 1 PhD student have obtained
their degrees and bursaries through research on the abalone industry.
12 research institutes have been or currently are involved with research
into aspects of abalone and seaweed physiology and cultivation (Gerber
2004).
“… unemployment is high and rising and is considered to be one of the most critical
socio-political challenges for the government” (Kingdon & Knight, 2003).
Lewis (2001), the overall unemployment in 2000: > 36 % for skilled and > 50 % for
unskilled and semi-skilled workers.
Unskilled = do not need to use reasoning in the performance of their work.
Semiskilled = read, write and communicate.
Skilled = some form of tertiary education and or a matric
Skill distribution within the industriesSkill distribution within the industries
ABALONESEAWEE
DCANNING ABFEED
Laborers 814 388 (600
– 1000)
57 8
Tonnage (tons) 740 11019 123 312
Pay (ZAR) 1813 1484 2464 2464
UnSkilled (%) 61 88 0 50
Male :female 1:0.23 1:2 1:0.23 1:0
Investment
(ZAR)
346 500 000 255 779
161
2 000 000 750 000
Socio-economic effects from Abalone Socio-economic effects from Abalone farming in SA in 2004farming in SA in 2004
Haga Haga – by ward area Haga Haga – by ward area (Data from Census ‘05)(Data from Census ‘05)Haga Haga – by ward area Haga Haga – by ward area (Data from Census ‘05)(Data from Census ‘05)
Black African Coloured White TotalMale 33 - 15 48Female 39 3 24 66Total 72 3 39 114
Farm Stats…
Black male 57
White Male 7
Black female 1
White female 1
Haga Haga – by ward area Haga Haga – by ward area (Data from Census ‘05)(Data from Census ‘05)Haga Haga – by ward area Haga Haga – by ward area (Data from Census ‘05)(Data from Census ‘05)
Black African Coloured White TotalMale 33 - 15 48Female 39 3 24 66Total 72 3 39 114
Farm Stats…
Black male 57
White Male 7
Black female 1
White female 1
South
AfricaChile
Australi
a
New
ZealandUSA
Mexic
o
Laborers
per ton
1.1 0.25 0.4 0.6 1.15
Tonnage
(tons)
2005
840 205 350 3 239 25
Tonnage
(tons)
2010
1200 1000 1000 150 400 100
Farm type L L/SC L/SC L/SC L/SC L
# of farms 13 26 20 23 9 8
South Africa vs. the worldSouth Africa vs. the world
Socio-economic effects from Abalone Socio-economic effects from Abalone farming in SAfarming in SA
There are direct socio-economic benefitsdirect socio-economic benefits from the abalone industry through: employees ( > 1200 people employed> 1200 people employed) salaries, incomes, gender, social groups (50 % unskilled labour50 % unskilled labour), etc. including spill spill over effectsover effects (e.g. the kelp industry) and also other indirect effectsindirect effects on entrepreneurs with 20 % growth20 % growth in the industry forecasted for
the next 5 years
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to extend special thanks to the following
organizations without whose help this project would
have
been impossible:
Swedish and South African Collaborative Program
I & J Mariculture farm
JSP Mariculture farm
Abagold
N R F JSP