abbreviation used - nraanraa.gov.in/pdf/project completion report_nraa project by gvt 201… ·...

Abbreviation Used

ACZ Agro-climatic Zone AES Agro-Ecological Situation

AL Alamdar - Lucerne

BPL Below Poverty Line BSR Basic Schedule of Rate

BKD Bhatio Ki Dhani - Village BTN Beetan - Village

Cft Cubic Feet Cum Cubic Meter

CPR Common Property Resources CPT Cattle Proof Trench

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

CVB Contour Vegetative Barrier/Bund DRI Dehari - Village

FMD Foot Mouth Disease FLD Front line Demonstration

FYM Farm Yard Manure FIG Farmers Interest Groups

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FY Financial Year

GP Gram Panchayat GVT Gramin Vikas Trust

Gen General Caste HRS Harsolav - Village

HP Hand Pump HH Household

Ha Hectare IGA Income Generation Activity

IFM Integrated Fodder Management IYS International Year of Soil

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

KKD Karvasron Ki Dhani - Village KHR Khanwar - Village

LAPS Livestock - Agriculture Production System

LRD Land Resource Development MIS Micro irrigation system

LEPT Low energy Precision Technologies

LSCD Loose Stone Check Dam LLH Large Land Holding

LCH Large Cattle Holding LJN Lamba Jatan

LJ Leelari Jwar Mha Million Hectare

MM mili meters

MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

NRAA National Rain fed Area Authority

PDL Pundalu - Village RHN Rohina - Village

RWHS Roof water Harvesting Structure RTN Ratanga - Village

RRG Rup Rajat Gaushala

RB Rijka Bajari RD Variety of Barley

SMC Soil Moisture Conservation SBBG Sant Bhera Baba Gaushala

SMS Subject Matter Specialist SAT Semi-Arid Tropics

SGSY Swarna Jayanti Swarojgar Yojana SMC Soil Moisture Conservation

SWC Soil Water Conservation SHG Self Help Group

Sq. Km Square Kilometer SC Scheduled Caste

SBC State Backward Caste ST Scheduled Tribe

SWOC Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Challenges

SCH Small Cattle Holding SLH Small Land Holding

SMN Somna - Village TRN Tarnao - Village

WRD Water Resource Development WHS Water Harvesting Structure

Livestock Centric Livelihood Interventions (A pilot Study)………………..…………………. Completion Report

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Acknowledgement

This document is an output of four years efforts of our team and community

comprising twelve villages in four clusters of Nagaur district, Rajasthan. I would like

to extend our heartfelt thanks to all those people who have contributed in

accomplishing this project.

At the outset I thank and pay my sincere gratitude to Shri R.B. Sinha, Joint

Secretary (NRM) & CEO, NRAA, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare for

providing financial and technical support to complete the study successfully. We also

place our special gratitude to Shri C.M.Pandey, Additional Commissioner

(NRM&NRAA) and Dr. M.K.Srivastava, Director (AH&F), NRAA for their

valuable suggestions/comments, cooperation and support all through the study period.

I would also like to acknowledge the key role played by our consortium partners -

Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur and Rajasthan Livestock

Development Board, Jaipur.

My sincere thanks is also due to the senior management of Gramin Vikas

Trust especially Shri S.S.Yadav ITS, CEO, Dr.W.S.Guleria, Additional CEO,

Shri S.S.Rana, Shri S.Bhattacharya, Shri S.Sarkar, Shri O.S.Panwar,

Shri R.Tayal and all other Study Team Members-Er. Param H. Yadav CO-PI,

Er. Deepak Sharma, Er.V.S.Bhati, Er. Anil Gupta, U.L.Gurjar, Nagendra Singh,

Tarachand Siyag, Mohan Chaudhary, Sampat, Surendra, Tejbeer who provided

me all the necessary support including required information and discussing the

initiatives all through the project implementation period right from conceptual stage.

It was always a learning experience for the team whenever there was an interaction.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to the community of the study villages

who spared their valuable time in participating in designing and implementing various

interventions, keeping patience and discuss problems and learning open-heartedly

which enriched this research study, its compilation and extracting effectively.

Dr. Rajesh Sharma,

Principal Investigator-LCLI Project, Nagaur

31st March, 2016


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Contents

1 Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……7

2 Backdrop ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

3 Project Area Profile ..................................................................................................................................... 19

3.1 District Nagaur – Some Specific Points ............................................................................................... 19

3.2 Jayal and Merta as Project blocks ....................................................................................................... 21

3.3 Geographical and Agro ecological situation of project location ......................................................... 21

3.4 Socio economic status of project location .......................................................................................... 22

3.5 Present adaptation mechanism to reduce vulnerability context ........................................................ 22

3.6 Issues, problems and possible option to be address in prevailing system ......................................... 23

4 Project Participant Profile ........................................................................................................................... 24

5 Project Components .................................................................................................................................... 28

6 Component wise Activities Description ....................................................................................................... 28

6.1 Social Mobilization & Institutional development ................................................................................ 28

6.2 Horticulture and Vegetable Cultivation .............................................................................................. 32

6.3 Forage Crop Development - Green Forage Ccultivation ..................................................................... 34

6.4 Organic Manure Production ................................................................................................................ 35

6.5 Water Resource Development ............................................................................................................ 37

6.6 Soil Water Conservation on Cultivable land ........................................................................................ 41

6.7 Pastureland Rehabilitation on Common Land.................................................................................... 43

6.8 Enhancing Human Capital ................................................................................................................... 45

7 Study Processes .......................................................................................................................................... 46

8 Observation and Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 49

8.1 Social Mobilization .............................................................................................................................. 49

8.2 Green Forage Crop Promotion ............................................................................................................ 49


8.4 Water Resource Development ............................................................................................................ 56

8.5 Soil Water Conservation on Cultivable land through SMC measures ................................................. 63

8.6 Pasture land Rehabilitation on common land ..................................................................................... 66

8.7 Afforestation on Privateland ............................................................................................................... 68

8.8 Pasture land Rehabilitation on Common pasture land ....................................................................... 69

8.9 Training and Exposure visit ................................................................................................................. 69

9 Results and Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 69

9.1 Social mobilization .............................................................................................................................. 70

9.2 Institutional development ................................................................................................................... 70

9.3 Re-orient crop production systems in the study area for Green forage ............................................. 70


9.5 Enhance productivity of livestock through better feeding systems .................................................... 72

9.6 Increased Water Availability - appropriate water conservation ......................................................... 72

9.7 Soil Water Conservation on Cultivable land ........................................................................................ 74

9.8 Silvipasture in ccommon grazing areas ............................................................................................... 75

9.9 Plantation of Khejari and Marwar teak ............................................................................................... 75

9.10 Value addition and market linkages .................................................................................................... 76

9.11 Enhancing Human Capital ................................................................................................................... 76

Lessons Learnt and Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 77


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Executive Summary 1.1 Project Title:

LIVESTOCK CENTRIC LIVELIHOOD INTERVENTIONS IN SEMI ARID ECO-SYSTEM

OF NAGAUR DISTRICT (RAJASTHAN)

1.2 Project OverviewBrief background to the project and a short narrative

describing the project’s performance and its outcomes.

In Rajasthan nearly 19.65 Mha land comes under the category of hot arid climate with

population density of 107 human and 137 animals per square kilometers. The area is known

for low rainfall, low levels of economic activity, concentration of rural poor, and meager

investments in public and private sectors. Livestock Agriculture Production Systems are

characterized by low productivity, low fertility, shortage of feed resources mainly green

forage, and greater dependency of poor farmers on livestock. Considering that backdrop

National Rainfed Area Authority approved a pilot study project to Gramin Vikas Trust to

look for potential shifts that can help in improvement in livestock production systems in the

region. The study project was carried out during 2010 to 2014 with aimed at to demonstrate

the viability of livestock production system as a sustainable major livelihood contributor in

semi-arid eco-region with effective harnessing of natural resources in an integrated manner.

1.3 Project Community and it’s livelihood

The study project was carried out in twelve villages of two blocks in district Nagaur of

Rajasthan, India in four Clusteric locations. It was implemented in Tarnau and Khanwar

clusters, Jayal block and Harsolav, Lamba Jatan cluster, Merta block. Mixed prevailing socio-

economic classes with large population under BPL category and 63% families have medium

operation land holdings. Based on the agro-ecological, climatic and topographic situation in

this arid region livelihoods follow mixed crop-livestock systems. They are characterized by

high variation in production from year to year and place to place. Following are some

characteristics of the livelihood of the project community.

Operational holdings in terms of land and cattle are mixed type. 24% families are

small and marginal who holds only 4.3% land while 76% large and medium families

hold 95.7 lands. General land-holding in the project area is 15-20 bigha with specific

land-use as 10-15 bigha rain fed, 4-8 bigha irrigated and 1-4 bigha Beed 1

Traditionally area was known for cultivating dual purpose crops Bajra, Jwar, Wheat,

Gram, Moong, Chawla, Moth, Guar, and Groundnut, but with low productivity.

Livestock is important constituent of livelihood therefore farmers cultivate pearl

millet, wheat, pulses, sorghum, and groundnut which are also good sources of fodder.

Human-Cattle ratio in the area is 0.94 as against 0.83 of Rajasthan. Animal husbandry

is important source of income and it forms an integrated livestock agriculture

production system. It has wide range of milch as well as draught cattle viz: cows,

buffaloes, bullock, camel, sheep and goat. Cows, buffalo and goats are the most

popular and preferred animals. Average number of livestock is 35 – 36/family with

highest number is of Sheep (average 22 – 23 numbers/family).

1 Local word for private pastureland


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In Nagaur district 1.3% (240.92 km²) area is under forest, but Khejari is best fodder

tree which can be promoted in pasture and other common areas.

Management of livestock is more or less traditional; 56% households prefer natural

insemination; 37% follow castration of local non-descript domestic animals;

In case of animal sickness 67% people ignore or adopt local treatment; 34% families

use cattle health and vaccination services; cattle insurance is completely neglected.

Few families use green Lucerne with straws in winter, while in summer, straws was

supplemented with leaves and pods of pulses, groundnut and acacia.

For ruminant such as goats, sheep and camels people follow grassland (Oran,

Gaucher, Panchayat Pasture, and revenue land) based systems.

1.4 Issues and problems in prevailing livelihoods

Livelihoods suffers from low rainfall, high temperature, light textured soils with deficiency in

humus, nitrogen, low to medium in phosphorous and high in potassium. Following points and

Figure-3 presents the situation of production system in the arid area.

Community is unorganized and 85% families are excluded from financial services i.e.

not linked to any society, cooperative, bank, insurance, and post-office.

Local leaders do not have skill and knowledge on group management.

Extension services are neglected and community has limited awareness about the

livestock-agricultue production system, problems and project components.

Farming community lacks participation in extension and research due to lack of

communication between research agencies, line departments, academic institutions,

development agencies and community resulting in limited knowledge and exposure

related to modern technologies and approaches.

Poor backward-forward linkages within livestock agriculture production systems.

Majority farmers do not cultivate green fodder; Feed resources are inadequate; Fodder

wastage due to lack of chopping; poor families do not use balance concentrate feed.

Low organic matter in soil and wide scale wastage of animal excreta, improved

technologies for farm yard composting are not commonly followed.

Poor water efficiency due to through open flooding leading to limited irrigated area.

Limited water and moisture retention in sloping lands leading to higher and fast runoff

of rain water. Limited water availability period within rainy season only, ground water

is limited and not potable due to higher concentration of dissolved solids, resulting in

lack of safe potable drinking water for human, and cattle.

People do not invest resources, money and time in pastureland development resulting

in limited fodder from common property resources.

Khejari is most common multipurpose tree supporting small and marginal families in

the area but some people believe that Khejari cannot be planted.

The study project was conceived to enable them to survive under unfavorable condition.

Within arid regions also there are varied socio-ecological conditions; therefore it is necessary

to evolve appropriate policies and programs where farmers’ can participate in farming system

research. The research has to be directly related to the situations faced by the farming

community and conducted systematically with participatory approach.


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1.5 Project Objectives

To achieve this goal, following specific objectives were set in the study project;

Develop appropriate livestock production system(s) in a cluster approach.

Re-orient crop production systems in the study area for enhanced biomass production

for livestock feeding.

Enhance productivity of livestock through better feeding systems and efficient input

delivery.

Develop appropriate water conservation measures for increased water use efficiency.

Improvement of common grazing areas/ community lands with innovative

approaches.

To provide value addition and suitable market linkages for livestock products to

ensure remunerative prices.

It followed community approach and incorporated appropriate water conservation

interventions, cultivation of fodder crops, silvipasture and horti-pasture application for

developing community grazing land, plantation of fodder trees, spineless cactus, provision of

efficient services and convergence with government schemes for productivity enhancement

and value addition resulting to higher income for cattle rearing families.

1.6 Project Activities

Under this study projects the interventions were designed to cover socio-economic, physical,

environmental, and managerial aspects of Livestock-Agriculture Production System. The

study project was carried out by a consortium of three partners Gramin Vikas Trust Central

Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur and Rajasthan Livestock Development Board. The

study components implemented by Gramin Vikas Trust included interaction with community,

motivating participatory families to participate in trials, maintain records and also help in

support components of water resources development, land development, pasture and fodder

development initiatives and analyze their findings. Following interventions were carried out

by Gramin Vikas Trust during the study project.

In this study project the first and foremost activity was social mobilization. The

activities such as; village meetings; distribution of seed minikit (5680 kits) of cereals,

forage and pulses crops; construction of drinking water hose for cattle (12); and

construction of diversion drain etc were organized.

In all the four clusters, communities were organized as common interest groups (48

groups) and 82 Self help groups under NABARD sponsored SHPI Schemes. The 130

local institutions were formed. The groups provided support in the form of revolving

funds for maintenance and provision of common implements such as chaff cutters etc.

In order to study community response on cultivation of green fodder, it undertook

2000 front line demonstrations including major forage crops2 Lucerne Alamdar -51,

Barley RD-2035, Rijka Bajari Harit kranti, Leelari Jwar and Methi RMT-1.

The component of tree based fodder included establishing orchards of ber, spineless

cactus and other fodder plants; distribution of dual purpose vegetable minikit.

2 Which are tested and recommended by CAZRI for the study area villages


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To establish proper utilization of dung and to ensure availability of quality manure

and to study benefits of their application in fodder crops, during project period

NADEP (110 nos including 2 in CPR) and compost pit (382) were constructed.

In semi-arid and arid situations like that of Nagaur district, Livestock-Agriculture

Production System mostly faces the issue of water scarcity. Thus, study project

included water resources development component and worked on studying effects of

water harvesting through Khadins (4), dugout ponds (6) and Roof Water Harvesting

Structures with suction nozzle hand pumps (103) for increasing drinking water

availability for cattle as well as human.

The second component was on water saving, which included drip irrigation systems in

orchards (100), sprinklers (150) and irrigation pipes for fodder cultivation.

Soil Water Conservation like earthen field bunds with grass and legume seeding (3705

ha), loose stone check dam (113) and waste weir (5) were included and study captured

their effects on fodder production and improve water availability.

Each project component included capacity building aspect thus 56 exposure visits,

224 trainings and distribution of 4000 project brochures accompanied regular village

meetings, farmers field days, interaction workshops and monitoring visits.

1.7 Project Outcomes

Various interventions were carried out under project and following outcomes were observed.

3000 cattle were provided access to safe drinking water in 12 locations of four clusters of

Nagaur district, during summer months when there was scarcity of water.

Various health check-up and treatment camps were organized under study project, where

6441 animals were attended and provided treatment.

Project re-established forage crops of Barley, Leelari Jwar, Rijka Bajari and Lucerne-

Alamdar within Livestock-Agriculture Production System of the area with all the

participating 4000 families which brought approximately 6000 bigha area (300 ha) under

green fodder. It added 6000 tons additional production of green fodder in the study

project villages. It helped in reorienting production systems in the area from cash crop to

forage crop orientation thus strengthening Livestock-Agriculture Production System.

Beneficiary farmers submitted that average feeding of lucerne per milch cattle was 15-18

Kg per day. Now 1000 project beneficiary families have increased milk yield of 400000

liters per annum, which is worth Rs.12 million.

200 families associated with 110 NADEP structures created during project produced 660

tons of quality Farm Yard Manure which is worth Rs. 13,20,000/- every year @ an

average rate of Rs. 2/kg. Similarly 382 Compost pits produce approximately 6112 tons

worth Rs. 12,224,000.00 (at the nominal rates of Rs2000/- ton). The first year manure

production was applied mainly to fodder crops.

As regards impact of drip irrigation system, farmers reported 15-20 % additional survival

and 40% more vegetative growth in wadi with good foliage development.

Six farm ponds harvested additional 60000 cum water worth Rs. 600000 annually even at

the rate of one paisa/liter. But the main outcome is helping 2155 cattle for accessing safe

drinking water for additional three months beyond monsoon months.


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Project treated 3705 ha land of 2343 families and resulted in increased Bajra production.

Through sprinkler system 1800 bigha additional land brought under irrigation. During

whole cropping season sprinkler system was used and average 6-8 times in comparison to

4-5 times in flooding system. In this regard 75% families observed 25-75% time saving.

Four khadins brought 74 bigha fallow lands under cultivation producing 3 quintal per

bigha and produced 222 quintals Bajra worth Rs. 266400/- @ Rs. 1200/quintals. Besides

an increase of 31.28 % yield in grain and 27.27% increase in fodder was observed.

At Sant Bhera Baba Gaushala and Roop Rajat Gaushala it was observed that integrated

approach of protection, e.g. wire fencing and production of forage crops, fodder tree had

increased fodder production ranging between 10-20 quintals/bigha

In silvipasture plot of 10 ha, 5000 fodder plants were grown with good foliage and all

plants attained an average height of 3-4 feet and supported 60 tons of dried dhaman

production which is worth Rs.60000 in its 1st year itself. It is expected that within a period

of 5 years production will reach to 300 tons (worth Rs. 300000 at mere rates of Rs1/kg).

Soil and Water conservation helped in checking runoff and rejuvenated 3000 plants. But

it was difficult to quantify biomass (30% additional) as reported by community. It is

proposed to monitor for next three to five years for real estimates of production.

Overhead sprinklers unit was Rs. 16000.00 (75mm pipe) and 20500 (90 mm Pipe) of

which families contribution was respectively 3300.00 and 5500.00. Remaining amount of

Rs. 12700.00 (75 mm) and 15000.00 (90 mm) was supported by project. It was noted that

nearly 50% of the farmers share was recoverable during two years only.

Additional water harvesting of the area to the tune of 243680 cum through various

interventions such as roof water harvesting system, dugout ponds, khadins, field bunds,

contour vegetative strips and other soil water conservation measures had helped to draw

significant linkages with livestock and livelihoods in the form of increased productivity of

grain from 2.19 to 2.29 quintals/bigha which was 4.81% additional. Of this additional

production (23.16quintals/family) 75.13% is added to saleable produce.

25-30% irrigation water was saved using overhead type of sprinkler system in compare to

conventional irrigation system in case of wheat, lucerne etc.

This project also established trust in institutions like Gaushala and their pasture land

development which provided value addition and suitable market linkages for livestock

products and ensure better remunerations.

With the help of rapport building component, 2292 households produced nearly 1100 tons

of vegetables during entire project period. Community started growing some new

vegetable varieties and provided green vegetable for eight to ten months for 15000

individuals directly and 10000 indirectly through sell of vegetables in villages, same

number of cattle by providing them some additional green fodder from vegetables.

In brief we can say that project could lay foundation for rejuvenating appropriate

Livestock-Agriculture Production Systems in 12 villages of four cluster with the specific

components of soil water conservation, forage crops, fodder plants, fodder saving, water

saving, animal health care, water harvesting, etc.


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1.8 Result & Conclusion

All the observations made during the project implementation, sample survey and focus group

discussions are put against the problem issues and project objectives. The findings are

presented against the anticipated project objectives.

1.8.1 Develop appropriate livestock production system(s) in a cluster approach

Common Interest Groups can play critical role in institutionalizing livestock centric

development initiatives and their up scaling. Livestock centric livelihood initiatives

cannot be undertaken in isolation; rather it should be evolved as part of integrated

Livestock-Agriculture Production System.

An appropriate livestock agriculture production system for arid and semi-arid area

includes all short and long term interventions and technologies those can help in natural

resources management (land, water, energy, diversity). It should adopt optimizing

productivity of available resources and can create employment round the year and also

provide consistent income opportunity.

1.8.2 Re-orient crop production systems in the study area for enhanced biomass

production for livestock feeding.

As far as crop production system in the project area is concern the component of distribution

of seed in the form of minikit and also demonstration of cultivation of fodder crops focused

mainly on dual crops (Grain and fodder). Following are some of the results obtained in this

study project.

Traditionally in Jayal block most farmers were cultivating cash crop like cotton, but

front line demonstrations on forage crops and subsequent feeding green fodder to

milch cattle. It convinced a good number of farmers to spare 0.8 to 1.0 bigha lands

towards forage crops. Sample survey and focus group discussion with beneficiaries of

forage cultivation; it had come out that participation in forage cultivation ensured

availability of green fodder to participating families and helped in bringing

sustainability in production system. Provision of minikits of different forage crops and

training on Package of Practices enhanced green fodder production and milk yield.

Wadi component with improved varieties of Ber (Gola & Sev) and seeding of forestry

plants like Marwar Teak, Khejari, Shisham, Su-babul, Neem, Ardu and Karonda

along farm boundary. It laid foundation for leaf based fodder (ber leaf, Khejari loom)

availability and also fruits like ber, vegetables like sangri for participating families.

Study project also helped in establishing importance of technologies like drip and

sprinklers as water saving mechanism for adopting irrigation in fodder crops to

improve survival of plants.

Perennial Alamdar variety of lucerne proved as good source of natural and balanced

diet for cattle. Discussions with communities which were involved in front line

demonstration of fodder cultivation reported that feeding of green lucerne to milch

animals hence increase an average 10 to 15% milk production. Consequently within

project almost all the participating beneficiaries adopted to green fodder cultivation as

part of their livestock-agriculture production system.

The component of seed distribution as rapport building activity also resulted that 2292

marginalized farmers had got an extended period of green vegetables availability. It


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was concluded that a continued processes of triggering community led discussion is

important for live interaction on Livestock-Agriculture Production System.

In arid regions wastage of nutrient farm yard manure is not affordable, thus, NADEP

and pit technologies of composting were critical element for reviving sustainability of

Livestock-Agriculture Production System.

Both the methods NADEP and Compost pits were promoted under the project.

Application of compost in different crops and production enhancement results

observed so far emphasized that composting was an important and critical step for

revival of Livestock-Agriculture Production System in semiarid and arid regions. Its

promotion will certainly improve soil texture, addressing productivity gap and

improve production economic of farmers.

Comparatively higher increase in crop production was reported due to application of

NADEP as compared to application of compost produced in pits, but difference

between two could not be quantified in the study.

1.8.3 Enhance productivity of livestock through better feeding systems and

efficient input delivery.

Benefit of drip irrigation system in terms of biomass production was not yet

established. Farmers had indicated 15-20 % additional survival and attaining higher

vegetative growth by 40% (community reflection) of fruit plants in wadi through

precise use of irrigation water, to keep them healthy with good foliage development.

Observations on income of the farmers indicated that contribution from livestock

towards total income had increased appreciably. The increase was mainly due to the

increased sale of milk, which is indicative of the additional employment generated by

improved livestock Agriculture Production System for participating families.

Altogether 1800 bigha additional land was brought under irrigation through sprinkler

system, while 75% families found 25-75% time saving.

Farmers reported an average additional production of 23.16 quintals of food grains, of

which 17.4 quintals was sold to market.

Overall production change was 2.19 to 2.29 quintals/bigha which are 4.81 additional.

As per discussion with project beneficiaries, in field crops like Wheat, Lucerne etc.,

25-30% irrigation water had been saved using overhead type of sprinkler system in

compare to conventional irrigation system.

1.8.4 Develop appropriate water conservation measures for increased water use

efficiency

Tanka as a measure for improved access to safe drinking water for human and cattle is

well established. It was again proved by protecting community from saline ground

water. Various capacities of tanks from 7100 liters to 49960 liters and water use

mechanism emphasized more awareness for using tanka water mainly for drinking

purpose and water from other sources to take care of other uses. Need for construction

of double chamber storage tank was felt to keep rainwater and ground water

separately.


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In this arid region water was one of the limiting factors in Livestock-Agriculture

Production System; works carried out under water resources development provide

policy issues for water management in Livestock Centric Livelihood Initiatives.

Six farm ponds constructed during project harvested 60000 cubic meters additional

water worth Rs. 600000 annually even at the rate of one paisa/liter. These farm ponds

helped 2155 cattle for getting safe potable water for three additional months.

It was observed from this project that dug-out ponds may be planned in Livestock

Centered Livelihood Initiatives to fill gap in drinking water demands. Within village

integrated water resources management should plan to calculate overall water

harvesting capacity in terms of seasonal distribution and gaps with reference to cattle

population and drinking water availability to human.

Khadins offered sustainability against climate change induced weather variability but

definitely investment on such structure is beyond the capacity of small and marginal

farmers.

In the component of overhead sprinklers; analysis of cost, water saving, increase in

production and income due to additional area under irrigation indicated potential for

further scaling-up.

Fixing of drip irrigation in Ber orchard indicated its worth in the form of higher

survival even with 66% less water. According to farmers, 80 percent time/manpower

was saved. It had been observed that, in water scarcity regions like Nagaur district,

low cost drip technology was very useful for farmers in establishing family and group

level horticulture-cum-fodder wadi in arid and semi-arid regions.

5160 meter (860 numbers) irrigation pipes were distributed to 53 farmers and it was

observed that irrigation efficiency increased and helped in saving losses of water to

the tune of 20-25%. These farmers who were earlier using open channels could save

water to irrigate 40 ha additional fodder crops.

Dug-out ponds created during the project, harvested 10000 cubic meter water and

provided drinking water to 2155 animals for two to four months beyond monsoon.

Nadirs which were developed in grazing lands provided drinking water during grazing

and also increased biomass in nearby area.

It was not possible to establish relationship between dugout ponds and ground water

recharge, but it was observed that tube-well in nearby vicinity at two locations had

shown increased pumping hours from 2 to 3 hours.

In gentle slope arid and semi-arid regions khadins helped in maintaining soil

properties, fertility, production, productivity and support Livestock-Agriculture

Production System. Following were the listed benefits of participating families.

Increased crops production in submergence area as compared to other.

Better yield from the wells/tube well in the close vicinity

Runoff of water checked during rainy months

pH value of soil is reported to improve from 9 to 8 in two khadins

Earthen bunds on cultivable field considerably reduced the velocity of runoff water

and controlled drain formation. It was analyzed that earthen bunds formed on 3705 ha


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arable land of 2343 families, crop productivity increased by 20-35 % with significant

changes in cropping pattern.

Focus group discussions indicated that 113 loose stone check dams constructed during

the project study period had strengthened importance of such low cost decentralized

measures for water harvesting and increased fodder production.

Waste weirs constructed in seasonal streams at village Rohina, Pundalu, Beetan and

Harsolav resulted in improvement of ground water recharge in the area.

1.8.5 Improvement of common grazing areas/ community lands with innovative

approaches

The integrated approach of re-establishing common lands in the form of pastureland

through protection, soil water conservation, regular watch, grass seeding and

plantation had helped to improve biomass production in common property resources.

Small and marginal farmers followed goat rearing through free graizing. This study

included “Ber orchards” with drip irrigation, proved its worth for quality fodder.

Within four years, annual leaf production increased 80-100 kg per plant.

Distribution of Khejari and its plantation on field boundaries has helped to break

community myth that Khejari cannot be planted. It helped in realizing that issue of

reduced fodder availability, erosion of fields and low organic matter could be

addressed through plantation drives particularly “Khejari Lagao Muhim”.

The study proved that green fodder cultivation like Lucerne, Sorghum, Bajra are

important for feeding to dairy animal cows and buffaloes. They provide better protein

and mineral to increase milk yield.

All the outcome and impacts of this component are reflected through success of major

component of forage crops, compost making, soil moisture conservation, water

harvesting and water saving ultimately resulted in an increased in milk production.

The approach of ridge to valley and use of soil and moisture conservation measures

increased sub-surface moisture in upper soil strata for extended period of 5-10 days

after intermittent rains and one month after rainy season. These bunds checked

surface runoff and protected productive soil its nutrients and organic carbon which

contributed enhanced crop yields.

1.8.6 To provide value addition and suitable market linkages for livestock

products to ensure remunerative prices

Organizing project farmers as common interest group and linkages with marketing

facilities like formation of primary milk cooperative as village level could help them

to have access to remunerative prices.

Four non-functional milk-societies were re-activated.

Installation of bulk coolers at two cluster location by Rajasthan Livestcok

development board also helped farmers to get linked to state owned marketing

channel in the form of “saras dairy”


15

1.9 Recommendations Outline how you will apply the key lessons learned to

future projects.

Based on the findings made by the study, following recommendations would be beneficial for

replication and improving livelihood of community not only in the district of Nagaur but also

for strengthening overall livestock-agriculture production system in arid and semi-arid areas.

Integrating livestock with crop production, it provides a better risk coping strategy,

continuous flow of income and employment throughout the year for small land

holders in rain fed areas. Therefore it is recommended that state should promote

Integrated Farming Systems in rain fed areas.

In Semi-arid and arid regions water scarcity was one of the limiting factors for

livestock-agriculture production system. Therefore it is recommend that khadins,

dugout ponds, roof water harvesting, should be included as support component in all

livestock development programs.

The village community raised issue of “safe drinking water for livestock”. It is

recommended that all states should consider drinking water need of livestock.

Plans must be developed in consultation with state animal husbandry

department to provide drinking water to livestock at each Panchayat level.

There is need for investments for developing irrigation networks in rainfed areas.

State government should formulate exclusive long-term micro irrigation plans.

Roof water harvesting tankas were used as drinking water source for cattle. It was

observed that once rain water exhausted, families filled them using tanker water from

distant sources which contained high dissolved solids. Therefore, it is recommended

that tanka should be constructed with two chambers, one is strictly rain water

harvesting for drinking water purpose only and second one to store both harvested and

stored water for domestic and other purpose.

Low cost sprinkler systems demonstrated better water efficiency in fodder crop and

produced more green fodder, for two to three months. Therefore it is recommended to

promote sprinklers and drip irrigation in rain fed areas. Incentives or subsidy should

be given to small and marginal farmers for purchasing of micro irrigation system.

Wadi should be promote as homestead orchard with dual purpose plants in which

main outputs would to be fodder, while by-product might be fruits, cash or timber.

It is recommend that state should develop special package or incentivized programs

focusing on forage crop cultivation in rain fed areas.

Other programs and projects like integrated watershed management should also be

targeted to strengthen livestock-agriculture production system. Additional funds need

to be alloted for fodder development interventions within watershed programs.

The state should facilitate extensively the propagation of fodder threes e.g. Khejari,

Ardu etc. in desert and rain fed areas with association of local community based

institutions, civil society organization etc.

Activities such as dairy, goat husbandry, usage of compost manure in crops, agro-

horticulture, pasture development etc. assumes critical importance in supplementing

the farm income of small and marginal farmers.


16

There is a need to organize villagers in cluster mode so that resource limitation can be

managed in better way and will be used for holistic development of farming system.

Study finds that cluster formation can result in efficient and effective utilization of

common resources. It can facilitate organizing interested stakeholders for common

planning, implementation, utilization, value addition and marketing of products etc.

Seeding of improved grasses for bund stabilization and vegetative barriers proved best

for grass production, but seed availability is a constraint. Therefore, it is suggested

that government should establish network of producer protectors for feed and grasses.

It would be appropriate to promote the usage of compost and organic manure to

increase fodder yield which is cost-effective for small and marginal farmers.

Provisions should be made for availability of credit at low interest rate to small

livestock holders for purchase of chaff cutters, micro irrigation systems, seeds of

improved varieties of grasses and fodder crops, cemented pit for compost manuring

and cemented tanka construction etc.

The state government should introduce integrated development schemes specific to

rain fed agriculture focusing on livestock-agriculture production system.

Improved seeds of grasses and fodder trees should be made available at Panchayat

level before monsoon season. The farmers should also be provided adequate training

in local languages regarding fodder crop production technique in rain fed areas.

Farmer’s local institutions should be promoted in rain fed areas. Training programs on

micro irrigation such drip and sprinkler irrigation, improved varieties of dual purpose

fodder plants and pasture grasses, improved fodder production technology etc. should

be imparted to such institutions by state governments for integrated villages.

The state government should promote common interst groups through other civil

society organization, and CSR which are involved in development of rural areas.

The small and marginal farmers in rain fed areas lack latest technical knowledge

about integrated farming systems; therefore the state should disseminate the

knowledge through mass media such as radio, mobile sums, television, local

newspaper and distribution of pamphlets in local language.


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2 Backdrop Rajasthan is located in western part of the country and 60% of its area is desert. Major part of

the state falls in agro-ecological zone 14 i.e. arid. The south eastern part of the state is in zone

8 and is hilly and rain fed. The north-western arid region is dominated by pastoralists, central

Rajasthan has a mixed population, while south Rajasthan is dominated by tribal. The socio-

cultural background has a bearing on agriculture production systems apart from the agro-

ecological conditions. Distinct differences are observed between the production systems of

the pastoralists, agro-pastoralists, non-tribal farmers and tribal farmers.

19.65 Mha of Rajasthan state is hot arid land in located in western parts. The area has density

of 107 human and 137 animals per square kilometers. This region is known for low rainfall,

low levels of economic activity, high incidence of land degradation, and a high concentration

of rural poor. Low public and private sector investment especially in agriculture research and

technology, low adaptation rates of improved technologies, inadequate market linkages are

some of the reasons for limited development of agriculture and allied sectors in the region.

Production systems in these areas are characterized by low productivity, low fertility,

shortage of feed resources – especially green forage and greater dependency of resource less

farmers on livestock as a major source of income. In the region livestock rearing helps in

moderating risks and provide resilience for this community, but even these production

systems are characterized by low productivity on various regions. Farmers with rich

resources readily adopted technological interventions whereas the same technologies did not

find many adopters in the semi-arid regions. Conventional approaches aim at enhancing crop

production systems which provided the prevailing conditions in the region is risky and not

adequately remunerative. Alternatively, the focus can be made towards strengthening

livestock production as a central intervention and build other enabling conditions around this

activity. Appropriate models need to be developed for replication with similar agro-

ecological conditions in India and elsewhere

To improve livelihood in such regions requires a paradigm shift in the approach for integrated

LAPS. There was a need to identify gaps and address them to ensure sustainability.

Considering that backdrop GVT evolved a concept note and accessed NRAA to look for

potential shifts that can help in improvement in livestock production systems in the region.

The concept was accepted for pilot study by NRAA, and guided further improvement in it

based on that detailed plan was worked out and in the year 2010 (1st April) GVT instituted

four years long study project. The key goal was “To demonstrate the viability of livestock

production system(s) as a sustainable major livelihood contributor in semi-arid eco-

region with effective harnessing of natural resources in an integrated manner.

For the purpose GVT identified Nagaur as pilot study project district as it is located in the

midst of area it represents and developed model could be replicated similar regions in India.

The project followed community approach and incorporated appropriate water conservation

interventions, cultivation of fodder crops, silvipasture and horti-pasture application for

developing community grazing land, plantation of fodder trees, spineless cactus, provision of

efficient services and convergence with government schemes all leading to productivity

enhancement and value addition leading to higher income for cattle rearing families.


18

Project Completion Report aims to provide an comprehensive understanding on these

aspects from the view as to what was the situation before, what was required to be done, what

was done, how whole processes have moved, what changes it could bring, how much it could

address in achieving objectives and goal. This Project Completion Report provided an

account of processes followed, interventions and activities carried out, outcomes as observed

and perceived by community through sample survey.

The analysis used following as guiding line (which were identified as deliverables of project)

for preparing the report using the information collected from field and correlated with

secondary information available. With respect to deliverables of four years long study project

was expected to make following deliverables:

LAPS model developed for adoption in similar agro-ecological conditions.

Improvement in livelihood of farmers of the project area.

New technologies for productivity enhancement in livestock adopted

Effective harnessing of various developmental schemes for holistic development.

LAPS as efficient coping mechanism against frequent drought in the area developed

Sustainable Livelihood

Issues and Gaps

Food Grain

Production

Pasture and

Agriculture

Production System

Livestock Production

System

Poor Production

and Low Income

Sustainable Livelihood Limited fodder, lack of potable water,

unorganized community poor breed

management, shift to cash crops,

reducing community participation, lack

of extension services

Areas of

Intervention for

Integrated LAPS

Poor Soil Type, insufficient quality

manure, low water availability, large part

of land unused/under used, un-organized

community

Issues and Gaps

Gaps in Livestock-Agriculture Production System

Figure 1 Figure depicting existing LAPS in the arid region


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3 Project Area Profile

3.1 District Nagaur – Some Specific Points

The pilot project was initiated and undertaken at Nagaur district, (See Figure-2) which is part

of the great Indian Thar Desert and represents large tracts of “Transitional plains of inland

Drainage (2-A) Agro Climatic Zones (ACZ); It is a combination of plain, hills, sand mounds

and includes three distinct agro-ecological situations namely Semi-arid dry land area; Semi-

arid (double cropped) region and; Semi-arid alkaline region. In this area predominant soils in

the district are sandy, problematic and sandy loam. Soils are low in organic carbon and

nitrogen content, at places soil are alkaline. In the district 47% soil is sandy; 47 %. 40% is

sandy loam while only 11% is clay loam and 2% is clayey. It with dry very hot summers;

sand storms (May and June); maximum temperature reaching up to 480C; winter is from

November till February and temperature drops till 00C. Rainy season is of a short period

during from July to mid-September (nearly two months). Average annual rainfall is 346.7

mm, which normally precipitates in 24 rainy days. It is fifth largest district in the state spread

over 17,718 km².

District has good mix of operational land holdings both in term of land and cattle

ownership. 24% families are the small and marginal holds only 4.3% land while 76%

large and medium families hold 95.7 lands.

It has all sorts of animals cows, buffaloes,

bullock, camel, and sheep goat and poultry. It

has high livestock population i.e. human cattle

ratio is 0.94 as against 0.83 of Rajasthan.

Nagaur in located in Marwar region3 which is at

junction of Thar Desert and Aravali hills and

provide scope of radial dissemination.

Bajra, Jwar, Wheat, Gram, Sesame, Moong,

Chawla, Moth, Guar, Mustard and Groundnut

are important dual purpose crops but with low

productivity but offers good project learning.

Nagaur is known for good quality products of

fenugreek (kasturi methi), Aswagandha (Nagauri

asgandh) and Nagauri varieties of cattle (draught power).

It is the place where modern shape of Panchayati Raj was also piloted and success has

resulted in replication to whole country, which indicates community openness and

willingness among community to accept new technologies even in LAPS.

In the district only 1.3% (240.92 km²) area is under forest land but Khejari (Prosopis

cineraria) is known as fodder tree (loom) which has replication potential.

Nagaur is mostly rain fed with 10-40% area under irrigation in different blocks using

wells and tube wells provide adequate potential of green fodder production.

Availability of sizeable pasture land in common areas.

Wide spectrum of socio economic classes (OBC, SBC, Gen, ST, SC etc.).

3 26°25' & 27°40' North Latitude & 73°10' & 75°15' East Longitude

Figure 2 Location of Nagaur in the State of Rajasthan


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Table 1 SWOC project villages on account of indicators for selection criteria

Name of the Cluster Cluster1

(Khanwar)

Cluster 2

(Tarnau)

Cluster 3

(LJN )

Cluster 4

(Harsolav)

Strength

Villages are approachable and

representative to large area of

Block

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Irrigation extent to support

biomass production (district

average 15%)

16% 28.46% 53% 28.34%

Number of Households 2255 1944 2446 1565

Pro-activeness for

development

Good Good Good Good

Suitable agro climatic

condition for Bajra -Wheat

cropping system

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Scarcity of Credits Yes Yes Yes Yes

Medium land holdings 63% 63% 63% 63%

Weakness

Low water retention capacity Yes Yes Yes Yes

Lack of finance for adopting

modern techniques

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Ground Water characters Dark Zone Dark Zone Dark Zone Dark Zone

Quality & balanced fodder

and feed

Lacking Lacking Lacking Lacking

Marketing facilities Limited Limited Limited Limited

Non-descript breed and

inbreeding

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Dry land Horticulture Limited Limited Limited Limited

Pest and Diseases

Management

Inefficient Inefficient Inefficient Inefficient

Opportunities

Scope of Pasture development Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Scope of non-conventional

energy

Good Good Good Good

Potential of organic Farming Good Good Good Good

Potential for milk

Cooperatives

High High High High

Challenges

Rainfall Pattern Erratic and patchy

Ground water condition Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing

Use of irrigation water Precise with MIS

Resources for value addition Existing Existing Existing Existing

Availability of green fodder Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing

Marketing aspects Fluctuating Fluctuating Fluctuating Fluctuating


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3.2 Jayal and Merta as Project blocks

Within Nagaur project cluster were selected in two blocks namely Jayal and Merta, these two

blocks were selected based on following criteria (Figure-3)

These two bocks represent two different AES: Jayal (AES-1 Semi-arid dry land area)

and Merta (AES-III –Alkaline semi-arid region.)

Both these blocks have larger BPL populations.

High number of medium operational land holding (63%)

Approachable and easy to demonstrate and replicate tested viable model of LAPS.

Adequate livestock population to develop a viable model of LAPS.

As far as rainfall and other climatic factors are concerned both the identified blocks

are very similar in features. The variation in rainfall patterns during 2004 to 2008 and

average there upon indicated variation to the maximum of 34%.

Clusters were identified based on village

selection criteria depending on baseline and

secondary information using SWOC tool. This

helped in understanding challenges and

integrating them with requirements of agriculture,

horticulture, Silvi-culture, WRD, and SWC; to

find out weaknesses of LAPS and impediments

that hampers the growth rates and decelerates the

pace of development; opportunities available as

per accessible resources and probability of

challenges.

3.3 Geographical and Agro ecological situation of project location

As reflected in SWOC almost all project villages have slightly sloping to flat arable land with

sandy loam soil with low retention capacity. In Harsolav and Tarnau villages soil is black

brown and brown. Out of total available sandy loam soil; 67 percent is brown which is

suitable for growing almost agronomic crops while 22 and 11 percent is Black and Black

Brown Soil, respectively.

Figure 4 Maps showing project villages in both Jayal and Merta Project cluster

Figure 3 Nagaur Road map


22

In regard to topography, two third lands are flat while only one third is sloppy which shows

scope of water saving irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler. 97 percent farmer uses bore

well as source of irrigation where availability of water is round the year but water level is

going downwards every year due to low rains (Figure-4).

Jayal is part of AES-I “Semiarid dry land area” with clusters Tarnau and Khanwar

Merta is part of AES-III “Semi-arid, alkaline, moderate productivity area” with

cluster Harsolav and Lamba Jatan

3.4 Socio economic status of project location

Based on the agro-ecological, climatic and topographic situation livelihood follows mixed

crop-livestock systems and they are characterized by high variation in production from year

to year and place to place. Following are some characteristics of the project locations.

Land-holding per family ranges around 15-20 bigha and land-use pattern includes 10-

15 bigha rain fed, 4-8 bigha irrigated and 1-4 bigha Beed 4

In this area livestock is important constituent of livelihood, therefore crops of

farmer’s choice are pearl millet, wheat, pulses, sorghum, and groundnut which are

good sources of fodder. Highest cropped area is under wheat which is nearly 50% of

total sown. Some families’ take-up cash crop like Isabgol, Cumin, and Cotton.

Farmers especially women, collect crop residues and store them meticulously. Special

care is taken in the collection and storage of residues from pulses and groundnut.

Average wheat productivity is 26.8 qtl/ha, lowers than national average 28.3 qtl/ha.

Livestock management is traditional; 56% HH prefer natural insemination measures;

37% follow castration of local non-descript domestic animals; 67% people either

ignore or adopt local treatment; only 34% families access cattle health and

vaccination services; cattle insurance is completely neglected in these areas.

Green fodder availability is 79% and of dry fodder is 61% against annual requirement

while availability of animal feed is 41% only.

As per baseline survey average milk production of cow is 5.33 liters/day/cow. Of

which 4.78 liters is consumed at house. Similarly for Buffalos and Goat these figures

are 7.88 liters/day and 1.88 liters/day milk production, 6.90 liters/day and 1.86

liters/day use at home while 0.98 liters/day and 0.02 liters/day are sold out.

Most families have livestock; but not very high in numbers. Overall average is about

35 - 36 livestock, among all respondents; with variations being from highest 83 to the

lowest of 12 – 13. Cows, buffalo and goats are the most popular and preferred

animals. The overall average is 35 - 36 livestock. Among the animals highest being

Sheep, average 22 - 23, whereas lowest being less than one Camel.

3.5 Present adaptation mechanism to reduce vulnerability context

In the project area some of the common adaptation measures are as given below.

Traditional water harvesting structures like Khadins but are very few numbers.

Some families have been following crop rotation based cultivation and management

application of crop residue, use of pond silt to maintain soil fertility and soil moisture.

4 Local word for private pastureland


23

Leguminous crops such as Moth bean are generally grown in poor soil. For other

crops like moong and pearl millet are for better soil while cluster bean is grown on

relatively heavy soil, but if grown in sandy and poor soil FYM are applied.

Normally ploughing is done once only, some families do follow summer plough

(May-June) and clearing the shrubs and other weed as field preparation for Kharif

(summer) crops, but most families plough only after arrival of monsoon.

In irrigated area people keeps and goat manure in the field in the form of “Herd

Sitting” to stay overnight or one to two days.

Traditionally people worshiped Khejari plants and never cut it even in agriculture

field, but during last two decade people have started cutting them.

During winter chopping Khejari for fodder purpose is a common practice. (Figure-5)

Few families use green Lucerne with

straws in winter, while in summer, straws

is supplemented with leaves and pods of

pulses, groundnut and acacia.

For ruminant such as goats, sheep and

camels people follow grassland (Oran,

Gaucher, Panchayat Pasture, and revenue

land) based systems.

3.6 Issues, problems & possible option to be address in prevailing system

In the rural area livelihoods suffers from low rainfall, high temperature, light textured soils

with deficiency in humus, nitrogen, low to medium in phosphorous and high in potassium.

Though it is a part of their livelihood system, even then livestock development is neglected.

Such an approach has resulted in adverse effects in most cases and, in other cases, very

limited benefit to the rural community. Majority farmers and villages in the area follow

“mixed crop-livestock production systems” as complementary relationships exist with

livestock, fed on crop by-products and other plant material, contributing manure, additional

sources of food and income, savings and

a buffer against risk, but due to socio-

economic, environmental and climatic

reasons livelihood systems in area has

become instable.

In Rajasthan and various other arid and

semi-arid regions LAPS is undergoing

transformation and facing various agro-

ecological threats, new innovative

scientific approaches are coming in, but

farming communities are not organized at

village or Panchayat level. There are not many researches on traditional systems and

indigenous knowledge of the farmers, which enabled them to survive under unfavorable

conditions. There is need for serious thought to change the approach to livestock research.

Figure 6 Land use in Project Villages

Figure 5 Pruning of Khejari Tree


24

Within arid regions also there are considerable variations depending on socio-ecological

conditions therefore it is necessary to evolve appropriate policies and programs with clear

understanding involving farmer participation in on farm research. The research has to be

directly related to the situations faced by the farming community and conducted

systematically with participatory approach. Following points and Figure-6 presents the

situation of LAPS in the arid area, which have helped in sharing this study project.

Un-organized community on account of integrated approach in LAPS; 85% families

not linked with any society / cooperative.

Limited knowledge and exposure to modern technologies and approaches.

Extension services are neglected and lack of participation of farming community.

Most of the small and marginal families do not follow saving habits

Poor backward-forward linkages pertaining to LAPS.

Large number of farmers does not cultivate green fodder, inadequate feed sources,

fodder wastage and limited access to concentrated feed especially for poor families.

Low organic matter in soil and wide scale wastage of animal excreta.

Limited moisture retention in sloping lands due to poor soil structures.

Poor water application efficiency due to watering through open channels leading to

limited irrigation water availability as compared to available land.

Lack of safe potable drinking water for human, and cattle due to saline ground water.

People do not invest resources, money and time in pastureland development resulting

in limited fodder from common property resources.

Large part of land is lies either unused or underused.

Khejari, a commonly found multipurpose tree supports LAPS but some people

believe that Khejari cannot be propagated rather it comes naturally.

Community leaders do not have skill and knowledge on group management

Runoff of rain water limiting water availability period within rainy season only

4 Project Participant Profile For pilot study, cluster approach was followed in four clusters with an average number of one

thousand households making a total of 4000 participating households. The percent

participation of households in the project is nearly 40-50% as indicated by (Figure-7). The

study household included 63% OBC, 25% SC, and 12% General (See Figure-8). Among total

households 88% were APL households. (Figure-9) presents cluster wise caste beneficiaries.

Figure 7 cluster wise total households and beneficiaries covered


25

Figure 8 Beneficiaries Composition

Figure 9 Cluster wise beneficiaries caste group

Participating families in the project villages have an average land holding ranging from 17.6

to 32.2 (KKD). Based on the holding of land and cattle number participating community can

be grouped in four categories LLH, SLH, LCH and SCH as indicated in (Figure-10) 5.6%

families are Small cattle holders (less than 10 numbers) and 54% are small land holders (< 20

bigha) (Figure-11) shares average land holdings in different villages.

Figure 10 Land holding and cattle holding of beneficiaries families

Figure 11 Average land holding

In case of 57% families’ head of the households are illiterate while only 4% have

studied beyond senior secondary level. The average literacy rate was 43 percent. As

indicated average family size varies from 5.8 to 7.5 members at Harsolav.

Among project community only 11.73% are BPL (2% at Harsolav to 63% at Dehari)


26

Out of the project community 2% families do not have their own houses, 20% lives in

kachcha house. Even among BPL households 52% have Paccar houses.

For drinking water nearly 83% families depend on ground water; 35% each depends

on hand pumps and tube wells while 13% depend on wells and 14% depend on other

sources included purchased sources, but 2% HH depend on ponds or other surface

sources and face vulnerability.

Livelihood basket consists of multiple components, including agriculture, animal

husbandry, labour, IGA and others. Generally average households income includes

36% from Agriculture, 28% IGA, 25% labour; 6% Livestock and 4% other works.

Except for Tarnau cluster, wheat is the most prominent crop in project villages,

followed by cotton, green gram and moth.

Out of the total cereal requirements 70% of demand is produced locally, while pulses

are produced in surplus (110%). Cultivation of vegetables is not very common as

only 46% requirement is fulfilled locally.

96.5% of the project partners cultivate dual purpose crops of pearl millet, wheat,

barley and pulses, but 3.5% families focuses on non-fodder crops. Vegetable

cultivation is limited to 820 (20.5%) partners for household consumption.

3849 (96.23%) families do not have fruit plants very few families have Ber, Natal

plum (Karonda), Indian Gooseberry (Avla), Lemon (Nimbu), and Gunda or Lasoda.

Among these 4000 beneficiaries there are 5292 buffaloes producing 18969 liters/day

average number is 1.323 (Figure-13)

Fodder plants especially Khejari, Ber, desi Babul are more common as compared to

fruit plants. Nearly 75% families indicated need of 25-30 Khejari trees per family.

Among cow most common ones are 84% Nagauri; 9% Rathi and Gir; 7% in holeistin

(6%) and Jersey (< 1%) See (Figure-12 and Figure-14)

Most of the beneficiaries keep goats ranging between 2-3 (average 2.6) numbers with

milk production of 1.44 liters average/day.

Fodder demand versus availability indicates that 61.48 % of dry fodder demand; up to

78.60% of green fodder and 41.24% of concentrate feed demand is fulfilled. Green

fodder is generally available during rainy season only, some people do cultivate green

fodder but in limited quantity.

2946 families (73.65%) do not apply sprinklers as water saving mechanism

2770 (69.25%) families do not have own water sources, while 1042 (26.05%) have

tube wells as water sources, 52 families use wells as water for irrigation.

Milk availability for most families through all animals (including Cow, Buffalo and

Goats) is 15.08 l/day/family, of which 89% is consumed, while 11% is sold.

Almost 90% families earn livelihood through activities within villages/area and youth

from 10% households migrate to support family livelihood.

An assessment on average annual household expenses worked out to Rs.28000/- per

family, indicated that higher expenses are on grocery-37%, apparel-18%, education-

13%, medical-12% and social-15% (like marriages, mundan, death etc.)


27

Income constituents for majority families’ include 32% from agriculture, 30% from

IGA, 27% from labour, 7% from Livestock and 5% from other works.

Highest average expenditure to the tune of about 47 % is on HH, 31% on Agriculture

and 22% on livestock.

In the economy credit plays important role as 65% families indicated availing credit

facilities. Only 24% credits are institutional while KCC is used by 2% only. In the

project area money lender are still continuing to play major credit providers.

Sirohi goats distributed in project area with promotion of Dhaman Grasses

Figure 13 Buffaloes Rearing by Beneficiaries

Figure 14 Cow Composition with beneficiaries families

Figure 12 Cow types in project villages


28

5 Project Components During initial period of project before finalizing beneficiaries, a baseline survey was carried

out. The information generated through this survey included existing crop and livestock

production systems, socio-economic profile. It also helped in assessing potential interventions

for livelihood support. The pilot study project was implemented with following objectives

To demonstrate viable model of Livestock-Agriculture Production System.

To study baseline on existing crop and livestock production system.

To develop socio economic profile of target households.

To assess potential development option for improvement of livelihood.

To mobilize community through creation and strengthening of local institutions.

To develop low cost appropriate model of Silvi-horti-pasture system for enhancing

livestock fodder as well as income generation purpose.

To rehabilitate local community pasture land with suitable intervention in study area.

To promote suitable fodder tress and grasses on field boundaries and common land to

increase livestock fodder.

To develop SWC measures like earthen bunds, contour trenches, vegetative barriers

etc. to control run off losses wherever needed.

To create effective water reservoirs like farm ponds, rainwater harvesting for effective

ground water recharging.

6 Component wise Activities Description LCLI Project was NRAA supported initiative of GVT to find solutions for issues and

problems associated with livestock-agriculture based livelihood systems in arid regions. The

study project was implemented over a span of 4 years commencing from 1st April 2010. In

this project NRAA provided financial and technical guidance to implement poverty

alleviation components in 12 selected villages of four clusters. The components mainly

included interventions and activities that would support livelihoods of poor household. These

family and group based interventions targeted increase in crop and livestock production and

increasing farm income of poor families. GVT carried out main tasks such as Social

mobilization; Institutional development; Horticulture and Vegetable Cultivation; Green

Forage Crop Promotion; Organic Manure Production; Water Resource Development and Soil

Water Conservation on Cultivable land. Table-2 shares activities carried out under project.

6.1 Social Mobilization &Institutional development

In this study project the most important anticipated outcome was to mobilize community to

come out from traditional thinking processes and adapt to scientific approach in improving

livestock centered livelihoods. Therefore the first and foremost action required was to

establish rapport with local communities, so that participatory planning processes can be

facilitated in project villages. In this line at the inception stage important entry point activities

were planned and executed which included village meetings, veterinary health camps, mini

kit distribution, cattle drinking water trough and distribution of chaff cutter. Selection of

activities was undertaken through involvement of local community. These different activities


29

have helped in building community trust in project. Following small activities were planned

and executed with involvement of local community. These activities were found very

significant in developing mutual trust among local community in project.

Table 2 Entry Point rapport building activities

Task Assigned Quantum

Distribution of minikit: dual purpose cereal

cum forage crops ( Pearl Millet, Sorghum

and pulses ( Green gram, moth bean, cluster

bean) crops

14200 Kg seeds ( 5680 minikit/farmers)

Cattle drinking water trough construction 12 Nos.

Village meeting during entire project period 257 meeting

Door to door Household contact 4000 families

Water Diversion channel at Somna 1

Veterinary camps 14 camps for 6441 cattle of 469 families

Regular meetings were organized for social mobilization. 257 meetings were organized

during the project period. These meetings focused on developing rapport with community

and introduction of project and its relevance in improving livelihood on sustainable basis.

Construction of “drinking water trough” in village Somna, Harsolav, and Pundalu helped

to ensure quality safe drinking water for deprived animals in lean period. (Figure-16)

Minikit distribution was undertaken in first two years, using seed suitable for Nagaur.

Farmers took more yields from improve varieties of crops. Main crops and varieties

which were distributed and demonstrated under this rapport building work included Pearl

Millet Seed(HHB-67), Sorghum CSV-20, Green Gram (SML-668), Cluster Bean (S-8),

Moth bean (RMO-40) details are given in Table-3

Table 3 Detail of season and year wise seed distribution given below

Seeds Distributed (in Kg.) for Dual purpose variety ( fodder &grain)

Kharif 2010-11 Kharif 2011 -12 Total

quantity of

seed

distributed

No. of

Minikit/

Farmers

benefited

Sorghum Green

Gram

Moth Pearl

Millet

Cluster

Bean

Sorghum Pearl

Millet

Green

Gram

Cluster

Bean

CSV-20 SML-

668

RMO-

40

HHB-

67

S-8 (Leelari)

Desi type

HHB-

67

SML-

668

S-8

4998 1552 200 2000 200 1550 2000 1500 200 14200 5680

In collaboration with Veterinary department of Government of Rajasthan, project organized

14 veterinary health camps (Figure-15 and Figure-17) at different locations of 6 project

villages i.e. Somna, Khanwar, Harsolav, Karvasano ki Dhani, Pundalu and Ratanga,


30

altogether 6441 cattle from 469 Households were benefited. Main ailments included for

infertility, FMD, ETV, etc.

Figure 15 Number of Camps, families participated and animals treated

Figure 16 Drinking water trough constructed at Beetan and Harsolav villages

Figure 17 Veterinary Health Camp at Harsolav and Somna

This pilot study project cantered on community involvement and sustainable replication, thus

it was important to build foundation for institutional development. GVT adopted strategy of

forming participants groups which are homogenous (based on kinship relationship) so that

they are active even after completion of project activities. 526 members (387 male and 139

female) were grouped in the form of 48 CIGs within framework of SGSY norms. Besides,

GVT also linked community with other processes of group building. Under NABARD

funded SHPI schemes, 82 SHGs were formed in 9 project and 2 neighbouring villages and

around 555 farmer’s cumulative individual saving of Rs.61260.


31

The institutional building intervention undergone following processes

Formation of Project Participants

Groups (PPGs)

Awareness meetings and Group

Meetings

Exposure Visit within district on the Group Mechanism

(36 SHGs)

Exposure Visit outside district on Institutional Management

(20 SHGs)

Record Keeping Training for Group Leaders

(132 nos.) from Project Participant’s

groups)

Provision of Stationery and record keeping

material (130 SHGs -48 project beneficiaries

groups and 82 SHG under SHPI scheme)

Provision of basic supports

such as Dari (48 PPGs)

Facilitating meetings and

reformation of groups

Bank Account Opening

Present Status of Institutions

All together 48 PPGs with 526 members (387 male & 149 female)

82 SHGs (555 farmers) were formed unde SHPI scheme in same 12

villages with support from NABARD, but group stationary support was

extended from NRAA Project as part of Schematic convergence.

Rs 112300/- has been deposited in back account as membership fee and

individual saving of group members of 48 PPGs while Rs 61260 in

another 82 SHGs.

Group stationery - Saving pass book; meeting register; cash book;

receipt and payment book) has been provided to all 48 SHGs for better

record keeping and maintenance

12 PPGs have received 24 Chaff Cutters using project extended

revolving fund

Rs. 166000 revolving fund - 15 PPGs Pundalu, Rohina, Dehari Khanwar

Harsolav and Beetan

Provision of basic supports such as Dari (48 PPGs)


32

6.2 Horticulture and Vegetable Cultivation

Baseline reflected that project farmers do not have much fruit plants, thus project planned for

promoting orchard of multipurpose species like Ber (Fruit, Fodder and Fuel). The second

important intervention area in the study project was that of promoting horticulture and

vegetable cultivation, altogether 383 orchards are developed in 10 project villages.

6.2.1 Establishment of Ber Orchard in Backyard

Development of mini orchards of semi – arid, Rain fed fruits – gooseberry, ber, papaya, and

citrus, with border plantation of forest tress based on Wadi model. In all the four cluster 383

orchards are developed with 1672 Sqm size for each. Wadi includes improved varieties of

Ber (Gola and Sev), with boundary having improved seeded variety of forestry plants like

Marwar Teak, Khejari , Shisham, Su-babul, Neem, Ardu and Karonda. Table-4 gives details

of input provided; Table-5 gives batch wise survival situation in 100 wades where low-cost

drip irrigation system was provided. (Variable discharge type dripper two/plant and 500 liter

storage bucket).

Table 4 Summary of Inputs under Integrated Wadi Development

Activities Total Harsolav Lamba

jatan

Tarnau Khanwar

No of Ber orchards established 383 83 90 176 34

No of Ber saplings distributed

( 44 plants/wadi +Gap filling

16852 3652 3960 7744 1496

Gap Filling plant for 80 old wadi 4550 1140 1460 1560 90

Barbed wires distributed ( Kg)

for fencing ( 57.5 kg per

orchards)

375 83 90 168 34

Drip irrigation system installed

( one system per orchard)

100 28 32 31 9

Average Survival of Ber plants

(%)

76 86 87 64 68

Table 5 Batch wise Wadi activities and survival situation

Year Wadi Numbers Survival %

Batch-I 2011-12 80 69%

Batch-II 2012-13 103 81%

Batch-III 2013-14 200 64%

Total 383

Pit digging Pit filling WADI Layout

Advance

Work

Plantation Gap Filling

Barbed Wire Fencing


33

Till date, 383 orchards of Ber tree have been established for providing fodder & fuel wood,

ensuring nutritional security, amelioration of soil condition and enhancing additional

household income. In establishing the wadi model based Ber orchards in Jayal and Merta

block, project found major challenge of providing adequate irrigation water facilities, for

survival of even xerophytes natured fruit crops under heavy moisture stress conditions that

exists during peak summers. Drip irrigation system helped out the juvenile fruit saplings in

attaining their vegetative growth through precise use of irrigation water, to keep them healthy

with good foliage development. Since, fruit bearing in Ber crops required period of 3-4 years,

thus, it is very necessary to ensure good canopy development through tested

irrigation/agronomic management practices & extending technical know-how and keeps

farmers more enthusiastic with better outcome. Wadi plot equipped with drip irrigation

system have shown considerably low mortality of saplings i.e. 15-20%.

6.2.2 Promotion of high value vegetables

Project undertook demonstration for cultivating high value vegetable for marginalized farmer

through high value vegetable crops. (Table-6) In the financial year 2010-11 and 2011-12

project included improved varieties of Pea, Spinach, Radish, Brinjal, Carrot, Tomato, Onion,

Garlic and around 12.17qtl seeds were distributed to 2292 households.

Table 6 participation in trials for high value vegetables

Crops Quantity Gen OBC SC Total

Pea 361 29 232 36 297

Spinach 148 22 219 32 273

Radish 58 21 213 38 272

Brinjal 9.05 22 251 36 309

Carrot 47.5 15 176 15 206

Tomato 4.35 17 143 14 174

Onion 67.3 18 200 16 234

Garlic 522.05 34 235 24 293

Total 1217.05 178 1669 211 2292

6.2.3 Medicinal Plant demonstration on Cumin, Isabgol, Fenugreek

In consultation with agriculture department demonstration of six species Isabgol, methi and

cumin were carried out. Farmers were provided awareness and training on recommended

package of practices, which talked about agronomic practices, fertilizer dose, major threats,

precautionaery measures etc. Fertilizer kit was also given alongwith seeds. 148 farmers (Male

& female) were trained. 58 locations in four clusters were selected for 58 demonstration plots

of medicinal plants like Isabgoal, Cumin and Fenugreek in 2010-11 and 2013-14. Whereby,

25 FLD of cumin (out of 27), 5 trials of Isabgol (out of 8) and 22 trials (out of 23) of methi

were successfully grown at different location around the project area. This activity was

included with the objective that increased income will help in providing cash which is

important for livestock rearing. Project conducted 23 trials of improved varieties of

Fenugreek-RMT-1 in project cluster. No disease like powedery mildew and Moyla were

reported in this variety and 3-3.5 qtl production was reproted.


34

6.3 Forage Crop Development - Green Forage Ccultivation

To address poor animal productivity due to lack of nutritive green fodder pilot study worked

on improving accessibility; availability of fodder crops and value addition. Promoting

cultivation of forage crop was undertaken through FLD. Table-7 and Table-8 shares about

the various forage crops (green and dry) that were distributed as minikit to farmers for FLD.

Participating farmers were also provided training and knowledge on PoP.

Figure 18 Cultivation of different forage

crops and participation of percent families

Figure 19 Land Based Category of

Participants of different fodder Crops

In Leelari Jwar 96.08% participants were LCH families; while in case of RB & RD

participation of LCH families was 61.36 and 72.31% families only. In case of Lucerne

participation of LCH was 69.50%. (Figure18)

More SLH families (66.67%) participated in Leelari Jwar; while in case of RB & RD

participation of SLH families was limited to 30.68 and 26.15% families only. In case of

Lucerne participation of SLH was only 38.30% RD (73.85%), RB (69.32%), Lucerne

(61.7%) while only 33.33% for LJ (Figure-19)

Participation was more of OBC families 62.75% (LJ) to 73.76 (Al); SC families 10.77

(RD) to 25.49% (LJ) and General Families 11.35% (AL) to 20% (RD) (See Figure-20)

95.07% families undertaken forge cultivation in less than 3 bigha land. GVT approached

CAZRI and agriculture department for selection of appropriate varieties of lucerne. In the

1st year itself 575 participants (1395 total) were provided 5 Kg seeds of Alamdar-lucerne.

Figure 20 Caste Composition under different fodder Crop’s beneficiaries


35

Table 7 Seed distribution for Fodder Crops

Name of

Cluster

Forage crop Seeds Distributed (in Kg.)

Rabi 2010-11 Rabi 2011-12 Total

quantity of

seed

distributed

No. of

Minikit/

Farmers

benefited

Barley

RD-2052

lucerne

Alamdar -

51

Barley

RD-2052

Lucerne

Alamdar -

51

Fenugreek

RMT-1

Lamba jatan 1410 224 1710 740 275 4359 2180

Harsolav 1680 188 1200 780 325 4173 2087

Tarnau 1530 44 1950 390 250 4164 2082

Khanwar 1380 34 1050 390 250 3104 1552

Total 6000 490 5910 2300 1100 15800 7900

Figure 21 Percent Families vis-a-vis land under green fodder crops

6.4 Organic Manure Production

Soil is the foundation which supports economics of farmers, be it small, medium or large

farmer. A large number of farmers hold good numbers of cattle and quite high quantity of

dung is produced even than FYM is not sufficient to meet requirement. Pilot study targeted

improvement in quality and quantity of manure and project identified two methods NADEP

and Compost pit to graduate from Ukeda5. (Table-9 and Figure-22)

Table 8 Activities carried out under promotion of low cost organic manure production

Activities Harsolav Lamba jatan Tarnau Khanwar

NADEP (110 No.) including 2 in

CPR pasture land 30 43 23 14

Compost Pit (382Nos) 137 0 89 156

Fig. 22 % Families participated in two approaches of composting

5 Local term used for traditional pit place where people pile up farm, cattleshed and household waste


36

Table 9 Characteristics of various fodder crops promoted by pilot study project

Variety Seed-

Kg

Fm Characteristics

Lucerne

Alamdar

-51

2490

622 It is perennial variety which

one among sources of high

quality easily digestible protein,

energy, minerals, vitamins and

long fiber. 5kg seed for each

person

Barley

RD-

2052

11910

400 72 % used dry fodder and grain

of Barley in animal feed. Since

its dual purpose in nature,

average dry fodder

Rijka

Bajari

Harit

kranti

3500

116 Harit Kranti (Summer Pearl

millet) was also introduced

Leelari

Jowar

1500

300 Promising local dual purpose

(Grain & Fodder) landrace

genotype of Jwar. Community

opted to undertake FLD as

fodder crops. In Merta cluster

each of 300 partners used 7

Kg/bigha.

Fenugreek

–RMT-1 1100 220 RMT-1 dual purpose for seed

and forage purpose

6.4.1 Construction of NADEP

This activity focused on creating awareness and sensitizing community regarding composting

as sustainable agriculture practice for converting dung and other organic wastes in quality

manure. NADEP tanks were constructed with 240 cft/ 6.796 cum capacity (10x6x4 feet), in

which project contributed Rs.7400; while community contribution was Rs.500. A total of 110

numbers of NADEP structures constructed with total capacity of 747.56 cum. These NADEP


37

structures produced fine textured, well decomposed material which resulted in increased

production on wheat, lucerne and cotton. From NADEP with a size of 10 X 6X 4 feet (240

Sq. Feet), farmers are obtaining around 6-8 ton FYM (1.5-2 tractor trolley) every cropping

season and using it to dose 2-3 bigha land. Mostly FYM from NADEP is being used in Kharif

and Rabi season crops like bajra, lucerne and wheat. Figure-24 and Figure-25 shows

NADEP structures created through project support.

Figure 23 Compost Pit

Figure 24 NADEP-Gaushala

Figure 25 HH level –NADEP

6.4.2 Construction of Compost Pit

NADEP methods demand for proper structure with higher initial cost Rs.10000, thus project

included low cost alternative of compost pit. Compost pit of size 15x10x6 feet with capacity

of 900 cft or 25.485 cum could be dug (Figure-23) with Rs. 1530, of which project

contributed Rs.1100 and remaining Rs.430 was contributed by participating family in terms

of labour for pit lining and cleaning. This unit is particularly more useful for farmers having

large herd size. One unit 900 cft volume produce nearly 15-20 tons of quality FYM. These

farmers also applied for wheat and lucerne crops in Rabi and cotton and bajra in Kharif.

6.5 Water Resource Development

WRD activities were centered on three aspects namely conservation in terms of moisture

(Khadin), harvesting in terms of dugout ponds, water saving (Sprinklers and Drip) and

preventing contamination. Table-10 shares summary of the works carried out under WRD.

Table 10 Summary of Work under WRD

Construction of Roof top Rainwater harvesting structure 103 Nos.

Installation of sprinkler system at Farmers field 150 system

Installation of Drip system at orchard 100 system

Construction of dug out farm pond 6 Nos.

Percolation tank (khadins) 4 Nos.

Water lifting device Suction nozzle hand pump at 100 tanka 100 unit

Distribution of 860 HDPE irrigation conveyance pipes to 53 farmers 860 pipes

6.5.1 Construction of Roof top Rainwater harvesting structure

To improve access to safe drinking water for both human and cattle project included

promotion of traditional approach of rain water harvesting. One hundred RWHs were

constructed benefiting 66% OBC; 16% SC and 18% general caste beneficiaries. Size of these

RWHS tanks varied from 7100 liters (6’x8’x6’) to 49960 liters 13’x13’x12’). Later when

community reflected problem of contamination of water in RWHS tanka, thus to avoid it


38

community demanded for need of mini hand pumps, therefore, 100 mini hand pump are

distributed for RWHS water lifting device (Figure26,27,28)

Figure 26 Caste of RWHS Beneficiaries Figure 27 RWHS Capacity with Participants

Figure 28 Tanka at Harsolav

6.5.2 Installation of sprinklers System at Farmers Field

In semi-arid and arid regions good number of families has larger holdings, but their irrigation

water sources are sufficient to cover 10-20% land only. LCLI tried to address the issue of

efficient water use so that more farmers can be motivated to use saved water for green fodder

cultivation. Project adopted Low Energy Precision Technologies (LEPA) (Figure-31) for

better efficiency in the form of overhead sprinkler system with 150 farmers who were earlier

practicing flood irrigation. Each unit consisted of 600 feet pipe (90mm & 75mm) and 15

number nozzles to cover one hectare land. Total cost for the unit was Rs. 16000/- of which

participating families shared Rs.3300, while balance Rs.12700/- was provided by project in

case of 75 MM diameter pipe. In case of 90 MM diameter pipe family share was Rs.5500 and

project share was Rs.15000 (Rs.20500 unit cost). Among beneficiaries 81.72% were OBC;

10.75% SC and 7.53% general. (Figure-29) Among them 79.57% are LLH and 19.43% SLH.

(Figure-30)


39

Figure 29 Caste composition of Sprinkler

Irrigation Component Beneficiaries

Figure 30 Land Holding category of Sprinkler

Irrigation Beneficiaries

2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Number of Units 43 107 Nil Nil

Cumulating 43 150 Nil Nil

Figure 31 Overhead Sprinkler System

Figure 32 Drip Installation in Ber Orchard

Figure 33: Caste composition of Drip Irrigation Component Beneficiaries


40

6.5.3 Installation of Drip System at Orchard

The study project implemented low-cost drip irrigation (Figure-32) in 100 orchards in Jayal

and Merta blocks, out of 383 ber orchards. This system has a capacity of 8 liter/hours and

included plastic storage tank (1000 liters), HDPE Pipe-32 mm (60 m for main pipe), 16 mm

diameter - HDPE lateral pipe (600 meter) and emitters (300 numbers) with other accessories.

The total cost was Rs. 13000/system of which farmers contributed Rs. 3000. Among

beneficiaries 81.25% were OBC; 12.50% SC and 6.25% general (Figure-33).

6.5.4 Distribution of 860 HDPE Irrigation Pipe for increasing irrigated area

During FY 2012-13 & 2013-14 altogether 860 irrigation Pipes have been distributed for

increasing irrigation efficiency with 35 farmers who were earlier using open channels.

6.5.5 Construction of Earthen Dugout Pond

Project developed six numbers of dugout pond (Table-11) 3 in common property and 3 farm

pond. Each pond is 40 meter (L) x 18 Meter (W) x 1.5 Meter (D) with capacity of 1080 cum

in dugout part and bund developed using dugout material in downstream side doubles the

capacity. Each pond is provided with inlet to regulate inflow and outlet to discharge excess

water. The bunds were supported with loose stone pitching using local material.

Table 11 Summary of Dug out ponds created under project

Location Category Village Beneficiaries Size (meter) Total water

holding

capacity

1 SBBG CPR Harsolav Entire gaushala 40 x 18 x 1.5 846 kilo liter

2 KKD CPR KKD 10-10 SC, OBC 40 x 18 x 1.5 846 kilo liter

3 Nara Nada CPR Pundalu 10-SC & 8 OBC 40 x 18 x 1.5 846kilo liter

4 Chhotu Singh Farm pond BKD General 40 x 18 x 1.5 846 kilo liter

5 Dehari Farm pond Dehari Mixed 40 x 18 x 1.5 846 kilo liter

6 Somna Farm pond Somna Mixed 40 x 18 x 1.5 846 kilo liter

Figure 34 WRD Interventions: Dugout Pond at Bhation ki Dhani & Khadin at Harsolav


41

6.5.6 Construction of Percolation Tank ( Khadin)

The pilot study project constructed four number of percolation tanks (Khadins) so as to

observe their effects in terms of production enhancement through agriculture productivity.

The four Khadins were implemented in medium and steep slopes Table-12 and (Figure-34)

Table 12 Details of Percolation Tank (Khadin) constructed during pilot study project

Rohina-

Gopal Ji

Somna-

Likhmaram

LJN-

Sukhram

HRS-

Jethusingh

Cluster Tarnau Khanwar Lamba Jatan Harsolav

Caste General OBC OBC General

Cattle holding Large Small Small Small

Land Holding Small Small Small Small

Land Slope Steep Steep Medium Medium

Length of Bund (Meters) 300 225 310 342

Catchment area (Ha) 60 30 45 310

Beneficiaries 12 8 17 80

Figure 35 Percolation tank at Somna and field Bunding

6.6 Soil Water Conservation on Cultivable land

Under this category following interventions were carried out

Formation of Earthen field bund at 2343 farmers from 10 villages 741 Km

Construction of loose stone Check dam at 6 villages 113 Nos.

Waste weir at Rohina, Lamba jatan, Pundalu, Beetan and Harsolav 5 Nos.

Grass & Legume seeding on 132 Km earthen bunds at Farmers field 398 Kg dhaman

67 Kg Kumath

33 Kg Khejari

Construction of water diversion Channel at Somna 1 Nos.

6.6.1 Formation of Earthen field bund

In project area soil in cultivated land are sloping, sandy loam soil with low organic matter

and low water holding, most rain water runoff without productive use. SWC work included


42

earthen bunds on arable land covering 2343 farmers whose lands were facing erosion and fast

runoff. 2343 farmers were provided with 741252.5 rmt field bunds with 0.63 sqm cross

section (4.67 lakh cum earthwork) benefitting 3705 hectare land of which 75.49% was

sloping and 14.62% was steep sloping, only 9.92% land was somewhat gentle (Figure36). As

indicated in figure-37 62.06% participants were OBC; 24.11% SC and 13.83% were general.

Table 13 Village wise coverage of earthen bund

Name of village

No of

benefitted

families

Earthen bund

( RM)

Earthen bund

( cum)

Community

contribution

Tarnau 90 27482 17313.66

Compaction

dressing done by

participants at

the time of JCB

excavation

using

compaction tool

Khanwar 169 48629.98 30636.89

Harsolav 401 113923.4 71771.72

Beetan 257 73166 46094.58

Pundalu 261 70933.57 44688.15

Bhatiyon Ki

Dhani

95 40060.48 25238.10

Karvasaro Ki

Dhani

176 44114.29 27792.00

Dehari 407 148384.1 93481.97

Rohina 243 89295.24 56256.00

Ratanga 244 85863.49 54094.00

Total 2343 741852.5 467367.1

Figure 36 Slope of Land under SWC Figure 37 Caste Composition SWC

Works

SWC work is directly related to land and its impact is associated with livestock. The

participants profile for the work included 60.08% families of Small Cattle Holder-SCH and

29.25% Small Land Holders-SLH and vice versa. (Figure-38)


43

Figure 38 Composition of Participating Families

Project also promoted seeding of Cenchrus grass (50 Quintals seeds) for developing

vegetative barriers and stabilization of bunds. Project used a standard of 20 gram seeds/RM

of bund. Project also promoted grass and legume seeding on earthen bunds at farmers’ field

(398 Kg dhaman, 67 Kg Kumath and 33 Kg Khejari).

6.6.2 Construction of Loose Stone Check dam

In SWC, critical aspect was safe disposal of excess runoff, therefore project implemented 113

LSCD in Pundalu, Beetan, Harsolav, Karvasaro ki Dhani, Tarnau and Khanwar village

.(Figure-39 and 40)

Figure 39 LSCD

Figure 40 LSCD

6.6.3 Construction of Waste Weir (Anicut)

Project worked on some seasonal streams and created waste weirs to harvest runoff in village

Rohina, Pundalu, Beetan and Harsolav, in nalla. Figure-41 and 42 shows waste weirs.

Figure 41 Waste weir service the Purpose

Figure 42 Waste weir at Beetan

6.7 Pastureland Rehabilitation on Common Land

In arid and semi-arid regions two most common land use categories are pasture-land and

revenue wastelands. Due to lack of protection and timely interventions such lands remain


44

unused or underused, which otherwise can provide support to livestock centered livelihoods.

Table–14 present summary of management styles of these four units and work done.

Table 14 Work done under rehabilitation of Pastureland

Particulars Harsolav Rohina Pundalu Bhatiyon Ki

Dhani

Area (Ha) 30 10 5.6 2.11

Ownership Revenue

gauchar

Designated

gauchar

Panchayat

gauchar

Common land

Soil Type Sandy soil

CPT (cum) 1080 2880 1440 864

Wires fencing – Mr. Yes 2300 210

Watch & Ward Yes Yes Yes

Earthen Bund cum 2720

Contour Gravois cum 550

Contour Furrows (cum) 600 672 253

Khejari, Neem, Ber-Nos. 3985 3500 3740 1550

Teak Plantation 1150

Seed Dhaman &

Kumath

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Surface WHS 10 cum & 20 cum 10 cum 10 cum

Drip Irrigation Yes Yes Yes Yes

WHS Waste weir LSCD Nil Nil

Organic Manure NADEP NADEP

Ditch cum bund Ridge formation at LRD Plantation

Figure 43 Various Interventions in Rejuvenating Pastures

6.7.1 Plantation of Khejari , Kumath and Marwar teak

Project provided saplings of fodder trees like Acacia, Khejari etc. on field bunds or

agriculture boundaries (100 forestry plants per farmers) of order to promote 39000 plants

distributed to 2100 farmers. Table-15 presents village wise details on this component.


45

Table 15 Fodder trees Saplings distributed for afforestation on field boundaries

Name of cluster Tarnau

cluster

Khanwar Harsolav

cluster

Lamba jatan Total

Village covered Tarnau,

Dehari and

Rohina

Khanwar

Somna and

Ratanga

Harsolav ,

KKD &

BKD

Beetan ,

Pundalu and

Lamba jatan

All

Farmers benefitted 560 650 435 455 2100

Neem & Khejari

plants distributed

12000 12500 5250 5250 35000

Marwar Teak plants

distributed

Nil Nil 1500 2500 4000

6.8 Enhancing Human Capital

Within enhancing human capital main focus was on the building community knowledge with

respect to approach, techniques and package of practices that are promoted under the LCLI

pilot. This was done through awareness brochure, exposures, training, farmer’s field days,

and interaction meetings.

Exposure visit Trainings Farmers Field Day

Exposure visit Trainings Farmers Field Day


46

Capacity building Programme Achievement

Institutional management

Exposure visit to newly formed groups within district 36 Group

Exposure visit to newly formed groups outside district 20 Group

Training on SHG management 160 Group Trainings

Integrated fodder cultivation and management

Capacity building of farmers on IFM (30 participant) 5 Trainings

Capacity building of farmers on improved PoP for forage crops cultivation 5 Trainings

Horti-Silvi culture Development

Capacity building of farmers on Familiarization of technological practices of main

horticulture crops and vegetables (30 participant)

6 Trainings

Capacity building of farmers on advance work , plantation and post management

activities during afforestation activities (30 participant)

8 Trainings

WRD Development

Capacity building of farmers on familiarization with improved low cost micro

irrigation techniques (30 participant)

2 Trainings

Capacity building of farmers of users groups on management of low cost

WHS,rainwater harvesting, farm ponds, percolation tank (30 participant)

10 Trainings

Pasture Land Development

Capacity building of farmers of users groups on pasture land development and post

management(30 selected participant)

16 Trainings

Soil Moisture Conservation

Capacity building of farmers of SHGs on micro planning, measures designing,

execution, monitoring, and post management issues for SWC work (30 selected

participant)

12 Trainings

7 Study Processes

This livestock centric livelihood intervention study project tried following processes and

methods.

SSeelleeccttiioonn ooff pprroojjeecctt bblloocckkss,, pprroojjeecctt vviillllaaggeess aanndd ffoorrmmiinngg pprroojjeecctt cclluusstteerrss

Socio-economic profile of villages and target community households.

BBuuiillddiinngg rraappppoorrtt wwiitthh ccoommmmuunniittiieess..

Baseline on existing crop and livestock production system in the villages and clusters

Selection of participating families

Create and strengthen community institution

Listing issues and problems existing in LAPS and identify potential option for

improvement of livelihood

Experiment appropriate model of Silvi-horti pasture for enhancing livestock fodder

Rehabilitate local community pasture land with suitable intervention

Fodder tress and grasses on field boundaries and increase in fodder

Socio - Economic Profile was an important part of study to know the status of the people of

various societies in project villages. Hence it was carried out to analyses socio-economic


47

condition, and identifies gaps in existing LAPS and brings out steps to address the problems.

Socio-economic profiling applied participatory process it also helped in creation of awareness

and insight among community members. Detailed household survey format were collected

from 895 households of project villages and mostly responses were taken from family head.

Survey collected demographic data, land use pattern, livelihood, LAPS related information,

access to social, education, health and livelihood services, physical and financial soundness.

Once villages were identified project initiated regular village meetings so as to develop

activities. The benefit assessment process is through sample survey to know the various

processes underwent in this study project, key intervention, processes involved, outputs and

outcomes of each interventions and their interplays. To capture these information sample

matrix survey was carried out using various formats. The data thus collected were analyzed

with respect to specific and overall objectives of pilot study project and the problem/issues

they planned to address. How these interventions have affected socio-economic condition of

participating families in order to improve LAPS. Table-16 shares how this sample for this

survey were identified and selected. This survey also helped in capturing community insight

about various interventions carried out within the preview of pilot study focusing on LAPS.

The process of developing this Project Completion Report included following

Detailed household survey format were collected from 895 households of studies

villages.

Study of Concept Proposal and follow-up project documents

Collection and analysis of secondary information about the livelihood systems of

district Nagaur, various blocks, villages and Area.

Analysis of baseline socio-economic profile of villages and target community

Beneficiaries Profile and work carried out

Annual reports submitted by GVT to NRAA

Project Progress presentations

Data captured through monitoring and periodic review reports

Analysis of sample collected on various interventions, output, outcome and impact

Linking problems in LAPS and outputs observed for improvement of livelihood

Assessing situation on community and private pasture and intervention carried out

Linkage between SWC (earthen bunds, contour trenches, check dam vegetative

barriers) and LAPS

Water Harvesting (water reservoirs like farm ponds, percolation tank rainwater

harvesting) and LAPS

The analysis thus carried out is presented here in relation with overall project goal

and objectives.


48

Table 16 Plan v/s Actual in Sample Matrix for Primary Data Collection

S.

N

Activities

Ca

st w

ise

No

. o

f B

enef

icia

ries

No

. o

f S

tru

ctu

res

50

% o

f t

ota

l co

nst

ruct

ed/

dev

elo

ped

Planning Actual survey done

Merta

block

Jayal

block

To

tal

Merta

block

Jayal

block

To

tal

La

rge

farm

ers

Sm

all

fa

rmer

s

La

rge

farm

ers

Sm

all

fa

rmer

s

La

rge

farm

ers

Sm

all

fa

rmer

s

La

rge

farm

ers

Sm

all

fa

rmer

s

1 Micro

irrigation

system

OBC 87 43 11 11 11 10 43 13 7 19 0 39

SC 5 3 1 1 1 0 3 2 2 2 0 6

Gen 8 4 1 1 1 1 4 2 0 1 0 3

Total 100 50 13 13 13 11 50 17 9 22 0 48

2 Sprinkler

system

OBC 155 77 20 19 19 19 77 30 9 34 2 75

SC 18 9 3 2 2 2 9 2 4 1 3 10

Gen 15 8 2 2 2 2 8 3 0 4 0 7

Total 188 94 25 23 23 23 94 35 13 39 5 92

3 Compost

pit/NADEP

OBC 343 85 22 21 21 21 85 20 24 34 6 84

SC 47 12 3 3 3 3 12 2 5 5 1 13

Gen 42 11 3 3 3 2 11 2 4 5 0 11

Total 432 108 28 27 27 26 108 24 33 44 7 108

4 Rainwater

Harvesting

OBC 69 35 9 9 9 8 35 6 11 5 11 33

SC 16 8 2 2 2 2 8 2 2 1 3 8

Gen 16 8 2 2 2 2 8 3 3 1 2 9

Total 101 51 13 13 13 12 51 11 16 7 16 50

5 Forage

Crop

OBC 560 140 35 35 35 35 140 62 68 95 14 239

SC 120 30 8 7 8 7 30 6 31 10 4 51

Gen 120 30 8 7 8 7 30 19 11 21 4 55

Total 800 200 51 49 51 49 200 87 110 126 22 345

6 Soil Water

Conservati

on

OBC 1680 168 42 42 42 42 168 51 31 68 6 156

SC 360 36 9 9 9 9 36 21 13 13 14 61

Gen 360 36 9 9 9 9 36 9 8 17 1 35

Total 2400 240 60 60 60 60 240 81 52 98 21 252

Grant total 4021 743 190 185 187 181 743 255 233 336 71 895


49

8 Observation and Analysis

8.1 Social Mobilization

As main premise for the study project was involvement of farmers in research study,

therefore social mobilization was key motivation activities resulted on following aspects

Altogether 3000 cattle could get access to safe drinking water in the form of water

trough created at 12 locations as part of rapport building component. Later during

various interactions community reflected that LCLI should incorporate safe drinking

water for livestock as part of integrated LAPS. Later regular motivation helped

community to develop to ultimately mobilize community resources towards creation

of 100 number of water troughs in different hamlets. This has prevented deprived

animals from scarcity of drinking water particularly during summer months.

The animal health camps which were organized during study projects were attended

by 6441 animals belonging to 469 families. These camps motivated participating

families to analyze benefits of taking animals to such camps and consequently project

families started participating in various camps organized by animal husbandry

department and even demanding for specific medicines and treatments.

Project included cash crops trials with improved varieties and raised farmer’s interets

towards certified seeds and therfore it became easy to motivte them to participate in

fodder crop demonstration and move towards fodder based cropping pattern.

Seed minikit distribution of vegetable was another mobilization component,

particularly varieties which were not practiced earlier in the area. Around 12.17 Qtl

seeds of improved Pea, Spinach, Radish, Brinjal, Carrot, Tomato, Onion, Garlic and

were distributed to 2292 HH from 12 project villages. This component provided green

vegetable for eight to ten months for 15000 individuals directly and 10000 indirectly.

8.2 Green Forage Crop Promotion

Before taking-up study project more and more number of families in the area were moving

towards cash crops like cotton, isabgol, cumin, fenugreek, etc. which was affecting forage

cultivation and also overall LAPS in the area. Therefore this study project included this

component of promoting green forage crop as front line demonstrations. This was to make

community realize benefits in terms of availability and affordability to improve milk

production and income level. Consequently study project could re-establish forage crops of

Barley, Leelari Jwar, Rijka Bajari and Lucerne-Alamdar within Livestock-Agriculture

Production System (LAPS) of the area. Participating 4000 families have allocated at least one

bigha (average 1.5 bigha land), under green fodder ultimately adding 6000 tons additional

production of green fodder. It helped in reorienting of production systems in the study area

from cash crop orientation to forage crop orientation thus strengthening Livestock-

Agriculture Production System. Some of the outcomes of this component are given below:

As indicated by table-18; Alamdar lucerne has yielded best results to increase milk yield

in all three cattle, but barley and Rijka bajari resulted better for cows. In many project

villages, Marketable surplus milk has been increased after use of green forage by project

participants (approximately 10-15 %) which are high-quality indicator towards

establishing a viable model of livestock production system in project area.


50

Table 17 Milk Production increase with different green forage crop and different milch animals

Crop Buffalo Cow Goat

Lucerne-Alamdar 2.09 1.63 0.67

Leeladi Jowar 1.7 0.51 0.5

Rizaka Bajari 1.153 0.818 0.136

Barley RD varieties 1.53 0.88 0.28

By chopping, average 5 Kg per day per cattle mixed with locally available dry fodder

were given and it resulted in milk production enhanced by 15-20 % as reported by

responded project beneficiaries. Grain of this variety was also used in concentrated

animal feed. Though 26.67% families did not noticed increase in milk yield, but 51.59%

families recorded daily milk yield increase up to 2 liter. (Figure-44)

Figure 44 Observation on consolidated increase of milk due to all four forage crops

Some families have also indicated income from selling of green forage of lucerne @ Rs

3/Kg to other farmers and getting average income of 2000 to 4000 for 2-3 months.

In case of Barley (RD 2052) large percent of beneficiary families have stored seeds

(96.92%) and same is the case of Leelari Jwar (90.20%), while in case of AL and RB only

51.77 to 59.09% families respectively stored seeds. (Figure-45)

In case of Leelari no one shared seeds with others as they felt these seeds were available

easily to others also. Similarly 95.04% participants have not shared seeds with others.

(Figure-46)

41.54% farmers shared seeds of RD2052 with others and 55.68% shared seed of RB.

Figure 45 Different Forage crops and participants

action on seed storage for next season

Figure 46 Different fodder crops and seed sharing

status by beneficiaries


51

8.2.1 Green Forage - Barley Promotion

Barley is a very adoptable and widely grown crop in semi-arid part of Rajasthan in Rabi

season. Moreover, Barley is grown as source of fodder as well as feed of livestock. GVT had

distributed total of 11910 kg (RD-2052, 2503 & 2035) to 400 farmers (30 Kg/Farmers).

Figure-2 indicates that majority 81.53% fm cultivated less than 2 bigha while 29.23% fm

cultivated in 1 bigha and 52.3% in 2 bigha, only 9.23% cultivated above 4 bigha (Figure-47).

Average seed rate of Barley cultivation in the project community was 23.12 kg/bigha

Figure 47 Area cultivated for Barley

69.23% families cultivated Barley as dry feed, while 30.77% used it as green fodder and

each month made two cutting at an interval of 35-45 days for each cutting they received

158.5 kg/bigha. The performance and growth can be seen in Figure 48.

Total additional milk production for families undertook barley cultivation as fodder

worked out to 4.71 liters/family and average production increase was 1.53 liters/buffalo;

0.88 liters/cow while that of 0.28liters/goat.

Figure 48 Barley cultivation

8.2.2 Green Forage – Leelari Jowar Promotion

Leelari Jwar is a fodder specific dual purpose variety and is very adoptable and widely grown

crop. GVT had distributed a total of 1410 (Leelari Jwar) in four project clusters of Nagaur.

This is tall variety with medium sized round seed semi loose and long panicle , to know its

performance in semi-arid ecosystem being dual purpose variety maturity days is 109 days

with grain yield 3.0 to 3.5 ton/ha and fodder yield 13-14 ton/ha.


52

Data shows that average productivity of sorghum is 127 kg/bigha and fodder is 387 kg has

been reported in the project area. In the case of moth bean average grain productivity is 60

kg/bigha and average fodder productivity in a bigha is 55 kg. Project has observed a better

grain and fodder productivity in green gram is 151 kg and 94 kg/ bigha, respectively.

Farmers of the project area have obtained an average income of Rs. 2108 from sorghum,

Rs 1646 from Moth bean as well as Rs. 3780 from green gram respectively. Therefore it is

evident from the data that mean income realized by farmers was Rs.3780 which is 230%

higher than moth bean. Above interpretation clearly indicate to go for green gram

cultivation for better income realization than sorghum or moth bean.

Figure 49 Green Forage – Gwar cultivation and Chaff Cutting

8.2.3 Green Forage – Rijka (Lucerne – Alamdar-51) Promotion

The Component of Lucerne (Alamdar) cultivation as green forage crop was implemented

with 622 farmers and provided 5kg seeds/family.

79.43% families cultivated green fodder in less than 1 a bigha and 17.02 cultivated in 2

bigha, seed rate varies between 5 kg/bigha to 8kg/bigha (Figure-50 and 51)

85.11% families followed cutting at every 25 to 35 days interval and each farmer has

taken average 5-6 cutting (Figure-52).

On an average, farmers harvested 65 to 70 kg of green fodder in a onetime cutting from

average 1.0 bigha plot size. (Figure-53)

Beneficiary indicated that average feeding of lucerne per cattle was 15-18 Kg per day.

Average milk production at family level increased to average of 2 liters/day for 1000

families’ yields for 200 days, total of 400000 liters, worth Rs 12 million per annum.

Figure 50 Cultivated Land for Lucerne (Alamdar) Figure 51 Percent Families vis-a-vis Alamdar Rijka


53

Figure 52 Percent Families and Cutting Gap Figure 53 Green Production in Quintals

8.2.4 Green Forage – Rijka Bajari Promotion

Each farmers cultivated 5 Kg seeds for one bigha. It yielded around 20 Qtl per bigha and

likewise sorghum, it is as used as fodder crop at the interval of 35-50 days from date of

sowing (by chopping into small pieces mixed with local dry fodder). Feeding @ 5-8 kg per

day per cattle, enhanced milk productivity by 10-15% was reported by beneficiaries. As

indicated in figure-30 Rijka Bajari farmers reported increase ranging from 1 to 5 liters/family.

(Figure-54)

Figure 54 Observed increase in milk production with beneficiary families of Rijka Bajari

Figure 55 Pearl millet HHB-67 Growth and production of Dual purpose Bajra


Earlier a large number of farmers were simply dumping crop residue and cow dungs without

proper compaction as a result proper decomposition was not taking place. All together project

created NADEP (110) with installed capacity of 231 cubic feet (Cft) and compost pit (382)

with installed capacity of 600 cubic feet (Figure-56). Since it is low cost model of aerobic

decomposition and it is masonry wall rectangular well aerated honey come structure with


54

inner volume of 180cuf volumes, farmers suggested that capacity of structure should be

accorded as per quantum of raw input/no of cattle. Figure-57 shows spillover in NADEP pit

Figure 56 Frequency of production under NADEP and Compost Pit method

200 families associated with project constructed 110 NADEP structures produced 677.2

tons of quality FYM worth Rs. 13,544,00/- annually @ nominal rate of Rs. 2/kg. The

production from first year was mainly applied to fodder crop.

Figure-56 reflects that incase of NADEP most families either produce once and twice but

in case of CP some families also produced three times in a year. Most of responding

participants produced around 6 ton FYM. Altogether 110 structures created by project

produce 660 tons of quality FYM which is worth Rs. 13,20,000/- every year

Each farmer NADEP (10 X 6X 4 feet) obtains around 8 ton FYM (2-3 tractor trolley) at

an interval of six months, which is sufficient for at least 2-3 bigha land. Project supported

382 CPs produces 6112 tons FYM worth Rs. 12,224,000 (at a nominal rates of Rs.2 Kg).

Some participating farmers used polythene sheet to cover NADEP structure to ensure

proper compaction, decomposition and moisture retention within pit.

Mostly FYM was used in Rabi season crops like Wheat, Barley and Bajra (Kharif).

Figure-58 shares information on percent families who applied composts to different crops;

wheat (45%), Bajra (43%), Cotton (18%) and Green Gram (17%) and for remaining crops

< 15% families. While application of NADEP produced compost was little different;

wheat (66%), green gram (26%), Bajra (23%) families for other crops less than 9%

families applied crops.

Figure 57 % Fm with application of compost produced in NADEP and CP to different-different crops


55

Figure-58 and 59 indicate observation with regards to bajra, barley, green-gram, wheat

and mustard. Most farmers observed increase in crop production to the tune of 25%

additional followed by 26-50% additional.

Although, NADEP is costlier than usual compost pit, the quality of FYM was found far

better than that of compost pit (fine textured).

Figure 58 Percent changes due to use of CP and NADEP compost

Figure 59 per bigha grain production situation

As shown in figures-60 indicates that changes due to NADEP are much more in case of

wheat, bajra, GG, wheat straw and GG fodder. Compost prepared through normal pit

method resulted better in case of Bajra fodder, Mustard and Cotton. Production of Jwar

and Bajra is comparatively lower.

Figure 60: Comparative Fodder Production Situation


56

Few farmers also applied this manure to areas facing crop retardation due to soil salinity,

they reflected some improvement in soil health, but this needs further in-depth study.

Outcome of application of compost prepared using NADEP and CP technology 127

number of farmers in nearby also adopted this technology. Normally farmers applied

quality FYM @ of 2 ton/bigha. (Figure-62)

On other hand FYM preparation through NADEP technology also helped in improving

cleanliness in Cattle shed.

Figure 61 Percent Families and number of replicating families with each beneficiary

8.4 Water Resource Development

8.4.1 Drip Irrigation System

Drip irrigation system helped out fruit saplings in attaining their vegetative growth in wadi

through precise use of irrigation water, to keep them healthy with good foliage development.

Figure 62 Frequency of watering in a month using Drip System

While interaction with 29 wadi beneficiaries, 76% participants informed that they were

exposed to drip technology for the first time. 54.17% families provided water four times,

while 33.33 percent irrigated thrice and 10.42% twice, only 2% families used it for once

in a month (Figure-63)


57

Biomass generated due to application of drip irrigation system is not yet reflected in terms

of production. Farmers observed 15-20 % additional survival and 40% greater vegetative

growth in fruit plants in wadi through precise use of irrigation water and keep them

healthy with good foliage development. (Figure-64)

Drip irrigation is seen as water saving device by nearly 98% families to the tune of 50%

and above (up to 87.5%), Only 2% families found that water saving was less than 50%

(Figure-65)

In all 100 wadi units equipped with drip irrigation system, mortality of saplings has been

considerably decreased (75-80 % plant survived).

Figure-66 indicates that 2% families do not find any change in time saving, but 52.08%

families found it 25-50% time saving.22.92% families found it 50to75% time saving

approach. Figure-4 shares that 60.42% families observed no problems in application of

drip irrigation but 37.5% families noticed chocking of drips as problem issue. 2.08%

families found it more labour intensive as they have to wind the pipes now-and-then.

(Figure-67)

Figure 64 Water Saving Figure 65 Time Saving

Figure 63 Foliage developments in Ber


58

Figure 66 Precent Families finding problems in drip irrigation

8.4.2 Sprinkler Irrigation System

Figure-68 presents very interesting findings mainly on account of increase in area under

cropping which presents that maximum families 52.7% participants cultivated additional

26 to 50% extra land, while 28% participants cultivated 1 to 25% extra land. On extreme

sides 9.7% have not changed the cultivated area while 8.6% added beyond 51to75% land

under cultivation.

1800 bigha additional land was brought under irrigation through sprinkler system under

this pilot study project at an average of 12 bigha additional irrigated land for 150 families.

During whole cropping season sprinkler system was used on an average 6-8 times for

irrigating field in comparison to average use of flooding system (4-5 times).

Figure 67 Various Changes reported due to sprinkler System

On account of change in productivity 86% participants observed increase from 1 to

20.31%, while 12.9% participants could not register change in productivity per bigha.

It has been revealed while interacting with farmers that water losses during flow from

source to irrigation plot were significantly reduced using pipe of sprinkler system in

compare to making water channel (Locally called “Dhora”) in flood irrigation system.


59

Out of overall additional average 23.16 quintals/family production average 17.4

quintals/family i.e. 75.13% added towards saleable produce, but productivity increased

from 2.19 quintal/bigha to 2.29 quintals/bigha which is 4.81 additional

Water use efficiency of the targeted participants has been enhanced by 25-30% which

itself is an evidence of significant achievement of this intervention. Average electric

power time (pump operational time) per family is reduced by 12.73 hours indicating an

average 23.50% reduction in power consumption.

Figure 68 Number of Additional Crop after introduction of Sprinkler System

62.37% families took one additional crop and 26.88% cultivated two additional crops

while 10.75% have not taken additional new crop. (Figure-68)

Project beneficiaries, indicated that in field crops of wheat, lucerne etc., 25-30% irrigation

water has been saved using overhead type of sprinkler system in compare to conventional

irrigation system( flooding method) as well as manpower has been also saved. (Figure-69)

While taking additional crop 1st preference for 52.62% families was that of Cotton while

34.48% opted for oil seed, remaining 3.45% each for Jeera/Saunf and Onion/Veg. In case

of second crop choice was on Jeera/Saunf (44%) and Lucerne/Barley (36%). (Figure-70)

Figure 69 Demonstration of sprinkeler in Wheat field & Conveyance pipe


60


On time saving 2% families do not find any change, but 52.08% families found it 25-50%

time saving.22.92% families found it 50to75% time saving approach. (Figure-71)

Figure 71: Time Saving in Sprinkler Systems

Saleable production presents a complete spectrum from no changes to >200% changes.

For 65.6% people 25 to 100% additional bring in cash income for family. Definitely for

33.4% families changes were not much in terms of saleable products rather overall

production.

Figure 72 Precent Families and reflections on Problems or issues


61

Figure-72: shares that 2.15% have not responded and 49.46 indicated no problems,

51.61%. 17.2% families hinted that it requires more labour and 1.08% each says that this

system is not suitable for tall crops and result in soil hardness. 4.30% families observed

problems in Nozzles, 17.2% demanded more pipes and 7.53% demanded for more number

of Nozzles. More or less, people seem to be satisfied with this low-cost sprinkler system.

8.4.3 Roof Water Harvesting Structure

Drinking water requirement for human being is less than 60 liters for 92% families, but cattle water

requirement in the community is higher as 76% families requires between 50 to 200 liters. Drinking

water requirements for 82% families is less than 200 liters. Various graphs shown in Figure-73

Figure-74 shares percent families and storage capacities generated. It was found that these

tanka helping in drinking water need of human and cattle, it was found with.

Figure 73 Different Drinking Water Requirements of Beneficiaries

Figure-74 shares the findings which indicate that for 80% families three to nine months

requirements are fulfilled, but for 20% families it is less than three months. HP fitted on

Tanka is also helping in preventing water from contamination.

Figure 74 Water Requirement fulfilment duration in months through RWHS


62

Only 28% families have indicated that they are also using water for kitchen garden; while

66 families are using RWHS water for both human and cattle drinking purpose. 94%

families feel that RWHS has helped in reducing drudgery and 66% indicated after RWHS

construction more animals are brought to family. (Figure-75, 76 and 77)

Figure 75 Response over benefits of RWHS

Figure 76 Tanka before fitting of HP

Figure 77 Tanka before fitting of suction nozzle HP

8.4.4 Dugout Ponds

Six farm ponds created through project had harvested additional quantity of 60000 cum water

which is equivalent to Rs. 600000 annually even at the rate of one paisa/liter. But the main

outcome is helping 2155 cattle for accessing safe drinking water for additional three months

beyond monsoon months. Data collected through project gives following information

Three farm ponds developed in agriculture lands have provided fresh drinking water

for 1350 cattle for two to three months following rains

Similarly three ponds in common property provided drinking water for 805 cattle

(550(C), 115 (B) and 140 (G))

Almost all beneficiaries have reflected need for increasing harvesting capacity for

these ponds to the tune of 10000 cum.

Two families whose tube wells are located near the ponds have indicated that

pumping duration have increased by 25-30% i.e. 2-3 hours every time, besides one

family could have one extra irrigation due to this dugout pond


63

These dug-out ponds are also working as bathing place of cattle

8.5 Soil Water Conservation on Cultivable land through SMC measures

8.5.1 Field bunds and their results

Figure-78 presents interesting findings mainly on account of increase in area under cropping

presents that maximum families 52.7% participants cultivated additional 26 to 50% extra

land, while 28% participants cultivated 1 to 25% extra land. On extreme sides 9.7% have not

changed the cultivated area while 8.6% added beyond 51 to 75% land under cultivation.

Figure 78 Land Treatment and Land Use in association with SWC work

Due to this additional 2.13 bigha/family land is brought under cultivation. This has helped

in changing the scenario as earlier 56.13% families were cultivating less than 10 bigha

land but now this percent has reduced to 45.06; while people who are cultivating land

between 11-20% and 21-30% have increased jointly by 8.69%.

Figure 79 Crop taken up in SWC areas

People followed SWC work area mostly preferred wheat crop (47.43%) followed by Bajra crop

(13.44%) Figure-79.

In case of Bajra, Barley, Green Gram, Wheat and Mustard majority farmers have observed

increase to varying tunes mainly in crop production. Figure-80 shares crop wise increased

and percent families observed those increase.

Farmers have reflected that water use efficiency of the targeted participants has been

enhanced by 25-30% which itself is an evidence of significant achievement of this


64

intervention. Sprinklers are also used for ploughing for land preparation and saving 40-

50% water as compared to conventional method.

With an average additional land of 16.20 bigha treated with soil and moisture

conservation altogether 2348 families could treat a total of 3705 ha and brought under

production of dual purpose crop of Bajra.

Changes in fodder production presents slightly different picture. Higher numbers of

families have reflected 26-50% addition in fodder production in case of wheat, green

gram and Barley crops. Percent change in fodder production in case of Jwar and Bajra

crops is comparatively lower.

Figure 80 Number of Additional Crop after introduction of Sprinkler System

As per Figure-81: 39.92% farmers have not replicated it, but 46.25% farmers indicated

replication by one to five members and 9.49 indicated replication by 6 to 10 members.

4.35% farmers indicate even higher replication.

Figure-82 shares that 2.15% have responded to this question and 49.46 indicated no

problems together they are 51.61%. 17.2% families hinted that it requires more labour and

1.08% each says that this system is not suitable for tall crops and result in soil hardness.

4.30% haves observed problems in Nozzles, but 17.2% demands for more pipes and

7.53% demanded for more number of Nozzles. More or less people seem to be satisfied.



65

Figure 82 Precent Families and reflections on Problems or issues

Farmers indicated that in field crops like Wheat, Lucerne etc., 25-30% irrigation water has

been saved using overhead type of sprinkler system in comparison to conventional

irrigation system (flooding method) as well as manpower has been also saved.

Some people used sprinklers at pre-ploughing for land preparation (for moistening) in this

case 40 to 50% irrigation water has been saved on compare to conventional method.

With increase (10-15%) in cultivable area after optimum use of irrigation water from

sprinkler, crop production of wheat and other field crops has been relatively enhanced.

Responded farmers also suggested that according to capacity of tube well (HP), diameter

of main pipe and lateral pipe may be considered and 75 MM diameter HDPE pipe for 5-15

HP tube well and 90 MM for 15-35 HP tube well.

During whole cropping season, average use of sprinkler system was used 6-8 times for

irrigating field in comparison to average use of flooding system (4-5 times).

Cost of irrigation per bigha were also calculated from both systems i.e. sprinkler and flood

irrigation and found that sprinkler irrigation was found more cost effective (Rs 13.20/- per

bigha) as compared to flood irrigation system (Rs 20.98/- per bigha) due to less electric

consumption of tube well and increased irrigated area, resulted per unit irrigation cost

declined in case of use of sprinkler system.

8.5.2 Khadin and their results

The project team observed the reflection of beneficiaries of all the four Khadins on account

of area of cultivation, crop type and productivity changes. Table-18 shares benefits from

each Khadin. Some of the tangible results of the component are as given below

Four khadins have brought additional 74 bigha fallow lands under cultivation with

productivity of 3 quintal/bigha and it produced 222 quintals of Baja worth Rs.

266400/- @ Rs. 1200/quintals. Besides it helped to increase 31.28 % yield in grain

and 27.27% increase fodder.

All the seven participating farmers have reflected 31.28% to 38% increase in crop and

27.27 to 68.75% rise in fodder production.

All the four Khadins have tube well in nearby vicinity (3 have own while one have

tube well in nearby area) they have indicated changes in operational period and also

reduction in irrigation times.

Four farmers in the nearby area tried to develop large size bunds in their fields.


66

Table 18 Benefits reflected by participants of Khadin component

Identification Rohina-

Gopal Ji

Somna-

Likhmaram

LJN-Sukhram HRS-

Jethusingh

Increased Soil

Fertility

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Becoming Black Yes No Response No Response No Response

Moisture Increased Increased Increased Increased

Increased organic

matter

No Response No Response Yes Yes

Changed texture Yes Yes Yes Yes

Water Situation Slowed

Runoff

Slowed Runoff Increased

Holding

Increased

Holding

Reduced alkalinity No Response No Response Yes No Response

Change in Water

level

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Change in Crop

Cycle

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Area improved

(Bigha)

17 7 30 40

Vegetation Increased Increased Increased Increased

8.6 Pasture land Rehabilitation on common land

8.6.1 Results from Sant Bhuriya Baba Gaushala (SBBG)

Activites at SBBG land included an integrated approach resulted in cultivation of forage

crops in pasture land by SBBG indicated an increase of Production

In silvipasture plot of 10 ha, 5000 fodder plants were grown with good foliage and all

plants attained average height 3-4 feet and supported 60 tons of dried dhaman

production which is worth Rs.60000 in its 1st year itself. It is expected that within 5

years production will reach to 300 tons (worth Rs. 300000 at the rates of Rs1/kg).

Production of Jwar grain increased from 5 qtl to 13 qtl while fodder from 30 at to 40 at;

Barley grain from 15 at to 40 at and fodder from 30 at to 80 at.

Every day green fodder availability (Lucerne) increased from 1 at to 3 at

Gaushala also took cotton in 10 bigha land and produced 30 at which was used for

procuring concentrate feed for cattle

In silvipasture plot of 5 ha, out of 3985 forestry plants of Neem, Kumath, desi babul,

Khejari and desi ber, 3000 plants are growing with good foliage and all plants attained

average height attained 3-4 feet and good green cover developed in 10 bigha land.

Drip irrigation also helped in good survival of orchard in the gaushala.

SWC measures in the form of CVB and earthen bunds helped in checking runoff and

intern resulting in good vegetation


67

Dugout ponds in SBBG, Harsolav pasturelands indicated that it helps in 25-30% extra

biomass generation in vegetation in nearby vicinity. This pond holds water for extended

duration of 2 to 3 months and providing drinking water for more than 800 cattle.

Figure 83 Visible Changes in SBBG (Pasture land)

Seeding of Dhaman yielded in 120 at of dried good quality grass in the protected area,

which is sufficient for 20 cows for a period of 2 months, which was not there earlier.

Milk yield in Gaushala increased from 2lit/cows/day to 3lit/cow/day which in local

breeds cows, which is a significant increase.

8.6.2 Results from Rup Rajat Gaushala (RRG), Pundalu

The interventions carried out in RRG also included an integrated approach

In silvipasture plot of 5 ha, out of 3300 forestry plants of Neem, Rohida, Khejari and

desi ber, 3000 plants are growing with good foliage and all plants attained average

height attained 3-4 feet and good green cover developed in 3 bigha land.



resulting in rejuvenation of 3000 plants from rootstock and vegetation has increased.

It is helping in growth of Dhaman grass. Seeding of Dhaman yielded in 60 at of dried

grass in the protected area, which is cut every 40 days. Milk yield in Gaushala increased

from 2lit/cows/day to 3lit/cow/day for indigenous cows, which is a significant increase

and in five year production is expected to reach to 60 tons annually.

Figure 84 Pre & post condition of Pundalu CPR after Rehabilitation of degraded agor

8.6.3 Results from Pastureland at Rohina

Activities carried out at Rohina pasture (15ha) included dug-out pond, drip irrigation,

protection, SWC measures, plantation and grass seeding in an integrated manner.


68

The component of dugout ponds in pasturelands indicated that vegetation in nearby

vicinity shows good greenery, nearly 30% extra biomass generation and additional

drinking water for two to three extra months providing drinking water to 140 cattle.



nearly 4000 plants are rejuvenated from existing rootstock and vegetation has increased.

It is also helping in Dhaman growth. Seeding of Dhaman yielded in 60 at of dried good

quality grass in the protected area, which is cut every 40 days and provide quality grass

for 300 cattle. Milk yield in Gaushala increased from 7lit/cows/day to 9 lit/cow/day; 9

lit/buffalo/day to 13 lit/buffalo/day and 1lit/goat/day to 3 lit/goat/day which is a

significant increase.

Figure 85 before and after situation of biomass generation at Rohina Pasture

Figure 86 View of well-developed CPR at Rohina (with drip irrigation system)

8.7 Afforestation on Privateland

As reflected in previous section around 39000 plant saplings were distributed to anticipating

families who have planted them in different categories of land of their choice varying from

fallow land, beed, farm boundary, home stead area etc. Survival is reported around 60-65%.


69

8.8 Pasture land Rehabilitation on Common pasture land

CPR on gochar land (nearly 2 ha on beed) of farmers Mr. Shakti Singh s/o Govind Singh R/o

Bhatio ki Dhani as common land was also developed and following interventions had taken

place. Contour Furrows (253cum) , Ditch cum Bund (864cum), one rain water harvesting

with diesel engine, 1150 Marwar teak plants, cenchrus grass on ditch cum bund, barbed wire

fencing were provided for better management of private pasture land.

In brief we can say that project could lay foundation for rejuvenating appropriate

Livestock-Agriculture Production System (LAPS) in 12 villages of four cluster with the

specific components of soil water conservation (SWC), forage crops, fodder plants,

fodder saving, water saving, animal health care, water harvesting, etc. (Figure-87)

Figure 87 condition and post condition of Bhation ki Dhani site under Silvipasture programme

8.9 Training and Exposure visit

In this project main focus of capacity building work was on knowledge on various

components implemented under pilot project. Therefore all the result of 224 training and 56

exposure visit are being reflected and noticed in terms of the success of related interventions.

Main results observed due to training and exposures are as listed below.

Proper production of Composting using NADEP and Compost pit method

Increasing technical know-how on recommended PoP of cereals and pulses crops,

forage crops, ber fruit crops, vegetable and medicinal plant cultivation

Proper maintenance of sprinkler and drip irrigation helped in effectiveness of MIS.

Adoption of mineral nutrient mixture, mineral block, and fodder blocks after

exposure.

Proper management of rainwater harvesting system, farm pond

Increased technical skills in management and rehabilitation of degraded land.

9 Results and Conclusions

All the observations made during the study project implementation, sample survey and FGD

were analyzed against the problem issues and project objectives. The analysis helped in

deciding up on the results and concluding the study findings. Figure-89 presents the

summary of result findings which are discussed one by one in coming paragraphs as

against the anticipated project objectives.


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Output-1: Appropriate livestock agriculture production system developed with cluster

approach

9.1 Social mobilization

In the study most critical anticipated outcome was mobilized community adapting to

integrated scientific approach for improving livestock-agriculture production system.

Project organised 526 members in the form of 48 CIGs and 555 farmers in the form of 82

SHGs. These groups regularly discussrd issues to strengthen LAPS. It is observed that

homogenous groups are more active as compared to heterogeneous groups.

9.2 Institutional development

An appropriate livestock agriculture production system (LAPS) for arid and semi-arid

area includes all short and long term interventions and technologies those can help in

natural resources management (land, water, energy, diversity). It should adopt optimizing

productivity of reach resource and can create employment round the year and also

provide consistent income opportunity.

Involving CIGs can play critical role in institutionalizing livestock centric initiatives and

for up scaling it should be part of Livestock-Agriculture Production System (LAPS).

9.3 Re-orient crop production systems in the study area for Green forage

As far as crop production system in the project area is concern the component of distribution

of seed in the form of minikit within rapport building and also demonstration of cultivation of

fodder crops has helped in building on thinking processes mainly focusing on dual crops

(Grain and fodder). Following are some of the results obtained in this study project.

As per observations made through sample survey and FGD carried out with

beneficiaries of forage cultivation demonstrations, it has come out very specifically

that approach of forage cultivation ensures availability of green fodder which is

important element for bringing sustainability in LAPS.

Saving nutrient in

FYM through CP &

NADEP

Fodder saving

through chaff

cutting, feed

mangers

Trained and

empowered

community on LAPS

25-30% extra

biomass in existing

plants

39000 fodder and

other plants

Additional forage

crop area for 2292

families

Safe Drinking water

through RRWHS

harvesting through

Water harvesting

through dugout

ponds

Water saving

through Sprinklers

and drip irrigation

Revival of LAPS


71

In Jayal block earlier farmers were cultivating cotton, but FLD on forge crops and

subsequent green fodder feeding to milch cattle could convince a good number of

farmers to apportion average 0.8 to 1.0 bigha lands towards forage crops. Provision of

minikit of different forage crops and training on PoP enhanced green fodder and milk.

Providing improved seeds of pea, spinach, radish, brinjal, carrot, tomato, onion, and

garlic to 2292 farmers resulted in extended availability of green vegetables for the

participating families, particularly those having low income. This component has

improved food security and income generation situation of resource poor farmers.

Wadi component with improved varieties of Ber (Gola and Sev) and seeding of farm

boundary with forestry plants like Marwar Teak, Khejari, Shisham, Su-babul, Neem,

Ardu and Karonda, laid foundation for increased availability of leaf based fodder (ber

leaf, Khejari loom) and fruits (ber), vegetables (sangri). It also helped in establishing

importance of technologies like drip and sprinklers as water saving mechanism for

adopting irrigation in fodder crops and improved survival of plants.

Perennial Alamdar variety of lucerne proved as good source of balance nutrients.

FGD with families involved in front line demonstration of fodder cultivation reflected

that feeding of green lucerne to milch animals increased average additional milk

production of 10 to 15 percent. Consequently almost all the participating beneficiaries

have adapted to green fodder cultivation as part of their LAPS.


Both the methods NADEP and CP promoted under project and application of compost in

different crops by participating families and production enhancement results observed so far

has emphasized that composting is an important and critical step in revival of LAPS in arid

regions. To address low productivity in arid districts composting can lay foundation for

improving soil texture and in-turn addressing gap in production economic of farmers.

NADEP offers viable technology for quality improvement in FYM. NADEP structure of

10’ * 6’ * 4’ or 6.796 cum can produce 50 quintal good quality manure every six months.

Considering six years as active life for 12 cycles can help in preparing 600 quintals of

FYM worth a total of Rs.12000 in six years at a nominal cost of Rs.2/kg. Investment of

Rs.7900 for NADEP unit is recoverable after six year. Altogether 200 families associated

with 110 NADEP structures constructed through project funds produced 660 tons of

quality FYM in 1st year worth Rs.13,20,000 @ rate of Rs. 2/kg.

Regularly maintained CP provided economically viable technology for quality

improvement at cheaper cost. A compost pit of 15’x10’x6’i.e. 900 cft capacity can

produce 16 tons/year and considering 10 cycles of FYM. It can help in preparing 80

tons at an investment of Rs1530 only. Altogether 382 units of CP can produce

approximately 3056 tons of FYM worth Rs. 6,112,000.

Farmer’s reported comparatively higher increase due to application of NADEP as

compared to application of compost produced in CP, but difference between two could

not be quantified in the study. It requires further study within more control conditions and

application with scientific base. A separate study project focusing on “composting


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methods, organic content and fodder production” can provide better learning and also

foundation for shift from Ukeda6 to proper compost pit and NADEP.

In arid regions wastage of nutrient Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is not affordable, thus

NADEP and pit technologies of composting were critical element for reviving

sustainability of Livestock-Agriculture Production System (LAPS).

Improved compost in different crops and production enhancement results observed so far

has emphasized that composting is an important and critical step for revival of LAPS in

semi-arid and arid regions. Promotion of these structures can help in improving soil

texture, addressing productivity gap and improve production economic of farmers.

Contribution of livestock towards total family income has increased appreciably. Main

increase is due to increased sale of milk,

which is indicative of the employment

generated by improved LAPS for

participating families.

Due to application of drip irrigation

system, farmers reported 15-20 %

additional survival and nearly 40% higher

vegetative growth in fruit plants in wadi.

Altogether 1800 bigha additional land was

brought under irrigation through sprinkler system, while 75% families found 25-75% time

saving.

It is observed that through different interventions and additional land created with project

activities participant families could average additional grain production of 23.16

quintals/annum. Of this 17.4 quintals/family (75.13%) is saleable surplus.

In terms of data reflected productivity increased from 2.19 quintal/bigha to 2.29

quintals/bigha which is 4.81% additional.

In field crops like wheat, lucerne etc., irrigation water saved accounts for 25-30%, this

could be possible through use of overhead type of sprinkler system.

9.5 Enhance productivity of livestock through better feeding systems

Chaff cutting is one of the most efficient technologies which can be useful for improving

LAPS in any area. In this study project regular interaction were carried out over feeding

practices including chaff cutting, feed mangers, feed concentrate etc. Adaptation to these

measures has been encouraging, but demands for more in-depth interaction between

project community and research teams.

9.6 Increased Water Availability - appropriate water conservation

Water was one of the limiting factors in Livestock-Agriculture Production System (LAPS) in

this arid regions; works carried out under water resources development provide policy issues

for water management in Livestock Centric Livelihood Initiatives (LCLI).

6 Local term used for traditional pit place where people pile up farm, cattle shed and household waste

Figure 89 Outcome of Khadin


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Tanka is applied for access to safe drinking water for human and cattle. It was again

proved by protecting community from saline ground water. Various capacities of

tanks from 7100 liters to 49960 liters and water use mechanism emphasized more

awareness for using tanka water mainly for drinking purpose and water from other

sources to take care of other uses. Need for construction of double chamber storage

tank was felt to keep rainwater and ground water separately.

Project supported six farm ponds harvested 60000 cum of water worth Rs. 600000

annually at the nominal rate of one paise/liter. These ponds helped 2155 cattle to

access safe potable water for additional three months.

In gentle slope regions of arid and semi-arid area Khadins can provide opportunity for

maintaining soil properties, fertility, production, productivity and support Livestock-

Agriculture Production System. This learning comes from the experience of nine

participating families of four Khadins. Following are the listed benefits

Increased crops production in submergence area as compared to other.

Better yield from the wells/tube well in the close vicinity

Runoff of water checked during rainy months

pH value of soil is reported to improve from 9 to 8 in two khadins

Field to field treatment of cultivated land through Enhanced cropping area after

earthen bund SWC measures resulted in situ consideration

Earthen bunds upon cultivable field reduced the velocity of runoff water and

controlled drain formation. Data captured on earthen bunds formed on 3705 ha arable

land of 2343 families proved that crop productivity increased by 20-35 % with

significant changes in cropping pattern.

Fixing of drip irrigation in Ber orchard indicated its worth in the form of higher

survival even with 66% less water. According to farmers, 80 percent time/manpower

was saved. It had been observed that, in water scarcity regions like this, low cost drip

technology was very useful for farmers in establishing family and group level

horticulture-cum-fodder wadi in arid and semi-arid regions like this.

860 numbers of irrigation pipes distributed to 53 farmers resulted in increased

irrigation efficiency and helped in saving water losses to the tune of 20-25%. These

farmers could save water to irrigate 40 ha additional fodder crops.

Dug-out pond created overall water harvesting capacity of 10000 cum and provided

drinking water for 2155 animals for additional two to four months beyond monsoon.


74

The Nadi which were developed in grazing lands provided drinking water to animals

during grazing and supported increased biomass production in plants of nearby area.

It is difficult to establish relationship between dugout ponds and ground water

recharge, but farmers from two locations whose tube wells are located in close

vicinity have shown increased pumping duration by 2 to 3 hours.

Learning captured from 150 farmers on sprinklers and results on account of increased

area and increased production has given way for further scaling-up. In case of 75 mm

diameters pipes unit was Rs.16000/- of which farmers shared Rs.3300, while project

provided Rs.12700. While incase of 90 mm diameter pipes family shared Rs5500 and

project contributed Rs.15000 to make a unit cost of Rs.20500.

Water saving through overhead sprinklers, cost of production and income through

increased area under production indicated potential for further scaling-up of

component of sprinklers in fodder crops.

In arid and semi-arid regions, owing limited water availability, establishment of fruit

orchard is a real challenge. Installation of drip irrigation systems in 100 wadis

indicated its worth in the form of higher survival and better foliage.

Farmer’s reported chocking of emitters (drippers) as major problem associated with

drips irrigation systems, but lower cost may motivate other farmers to adopt.

Average 66% irrigation water was saved through use of drip system, compared to

conventional flood irrigation method. Farmers also reflected that time/manpower

saved through use of drip irrigation system was nearly 80%.

As per FGD with women and men beneficiaries of RWHS, the component of fixing

suction nozzle HP has helped in reducing drudgery of lifting water on one hand and

also reducing contamination of stored water due to use of rope and bucket.

Waste weirs constructed in seasonal streams at village Rohina, Pundalu, Beetan and

Harsolav resulted in improvement of ground water recharge in the area.

9.7 Soil Water Conservation on Cultivable land

In the project area soil in cultivated land are sandy loam with poor organic matter and

low water holding. Land is sloping and most rain water runoff without productive use.

Pilot project intervened on SWC in the form of earthen bunds on arable land. Land of

2343 farmers was provided with 741252.5 meter length with 0.63 sqm cross section

(4.67 lakh cum earthwork). This activity helped in development of 3705 hectare land.

The work has proven that through this kind of interventions, crop productivity

definitely enhanced by 20-35 % with significant changes in cropping pattern and

intensity. Earthen bunds on cultivable field considerably reduced the velocity of

runoff water and controlled drain formation.

This area is nearly flat with seasonal streams to drain excess runoff generated during

extreme precipitation. Pilot study project has created 113 loose stone check dams.

Focus group discussions have strengthened importance of such low cost decentralized

measures for water harvesting and intern fodder production within seasonal streams.


75

In village Rohina, Pundalu, Beetan and Harsolav there are some seasonal streams

which are parts of catchments of stream passing through the area. To harvest runoff

from small streams and improve ground water recharge in the area, waste weirs are

constructed in micro catchment area.

9.8 Silvipasture in ccommon grazing areas

The approach of rehabilitation of common lands in all the three units were developed as

pastureland through protection, soil water conservation, regular watch, grass seeding and

plantation has helped to improve biomass production in the area. Timely interventions in

unused and underused can play important in strengthening LAPS.

Trees canopy development upto 6-8 feet in Better canopy development of fodder tree

Silvipasture plot of Pundalu after 2 years at Harsolav silvipasture plot

The approach of ridge to valley and use of soil and moisture conservation measures

increased sub-surface moisture in upper soil strata for extended period of 5-10 days

after intermittent rains and one month after rainy season. It has contribution to

enhance yield of different crops. These bunds checked surface runoff and protected

productive soil its nutrients and organic carbon.

Goat rearing is one among the key components within Livestock-Agriculture

Production System (LAPS) of small livestock holders. Traditionally they were

following free grazing. In this pilot study element of “Ber orchards” including drip

irrigation, proved its worth such that growth has been quite high (8 to 10 feet) within

short span of four years with average biomass production of 80-100 kg of quality leaf

fodder. Project farmers have reflected that precise use of water through drip irrigation

resulted in better survival. Farmers were further encouraged to follow mulching

practices for reducing moisture losses in basin of plants.

9.9 Plantation of Khejari and Marwar teak

Distribution of Khejari and its plantation on field boundaries has helped to break

community myth that Khejari cannot be planted. It has helped in realizing that issue

of reduced fodder availability, erosion of fields and low organic matter in land all

three can be addressed through plantation drives particularly Khejari Lagao Muhim.

This study project has also indicated that this component need sensitizing and skill

building community on post plantation management of forestry saplings.


76

Forage crop cultivation and routine feeding to dairy animals supported that feeding

leaves of Lucerne, Khejari and other tree species provides protein and mineral and

result in increased milk yield.

9.10 Value addition and market linkages

Organizing project farmers as common interest group and linkages with marketing

facilities like formation of primary milk cooperative as village level could help them

to have access to remunerative prices.

Installation of bulk coolers also helped farmers to get linked to state owned

marketing channel in the form of “saras dairy”

9.11 Enhancing Human Capital

All the outcome and impacts of this component are reflected through success of major

component of forage crops, compost making, soil moisture conservation, water harvesting

and water saving all leading to increase milk production. Above all in this project main focus

of capacity building work was on knowledge on various components implemented under pilot

project. Therefore all the result of training and exposure are being reflected and noticed in

terms of the success of related interventions. Altogether a pool of around 400 rural farmers

created equipped with knowledge on production of composting using NADEP and Compost

pit method, recommended package and practices of cereals and pulses crops, forage crops,

ber fruit crops, vegetable and medicinal plant cultivation, maintenance work of sprinkler and

drip irrigation system fir increasing effectiveness of MIS, adopting mineral nutrient mixture

and mineral block, fodder blocks, management of rainwater harvesting system, farm pond

and technical skills in management and rehabilitation of degraded land.

Women participation in FFD Afforestation Programme at CPR Rohina

DM Mr S.S.Bissa Visiting CPR Harsolav DDG ICAR Dr Sharda opening Pratical Manual

Developed by Dr Rajesh Sharma- PI


77

Lessons Learnt and Recommendation

This study project undertaken in 12 villages of four clusters gives following learning for

replication and improvement in livestock-agriculture production system for wider community

benefits in the district of Nagaur and other similar regions. Based on the findings made by the

study, following recommendations would be beneficial for replication and improving

livelihood of community not only in the district of Nagaur but also for strengthening overall

livestock-Agriculture Production System (LAPS) in arid and semi-arid areas.

The project study provided sufficient evidences that livestock development initiatives

can never be done in isolation and it has to be seen as integral part of Livestock-

Agriculture Production System (LAPS). In this conncetion families involved in

small ruminants should be promoted with concept of Agri-forestry using ber,

neem, khejari etc. which can provide fruits also. While families rearing milch

animal cows, buffaloes can be provided support for dual purpose crops of

Sorghum, Bajra, wheet and Barley hand and green fodder cultivation like

Lucerne (Alamdar), Jai (Oats) etc.

LAPS provide risk coping strategyand continuous flow of income throughout the year

for small land holders in rain fed areas. Therefore it is recommended that state should

promote Integrated Farming Systems in rain fed areas. (Figure-90)

Fodder & Shelter

Nutrient Enhancement

Human Consumption/

Economic Gain

Areas of Human Input

Grain & Fruits, Nutrition,

Medicines production

Pasture and Agriculture

Production System Livestock Production

System

Nutrition & other

Produces

Human Consumption/

Economic Gain

Breed Management, Health care

and vaccination, Local Expert,

Fodder Savings and Feed

management, SHGs, Investment,

Credit and Grant Fodder Wadi,

Khejari Promotion, Forage Crops,

Areas of Intervention

for Integrated LAPS

Fodder Wadi, Silvi-pasture, Agro-

forestry, Quality FYM, WRD, Water

Saving, Crop Cycle, Farmer’s Club,

knowledge building, Institutional

building

Areas of Human Input

LIVESTOCK CENTRIC LIVELIHOOD INITIATIVES-LCLI

Soil enrichment and

ecological sustainability

Energy Requirement

Pest Management

Figure 90: Livestock-Agriculture Production System


78

In Semi-arid and arid regions water scarcity is one of the limiting factors for

Livestock-Agriculture Production System (LAPS). Therefore it is recommend that

khadins, dugout ponds, roof water harvesting, should be included as support

component in all livestock development programs.

During the study the village community raised issue of “safe drinking water for

livestock”. It is recommended that all states should consider drinking water need of

livestock. Plans must be developed in consultation with state animal husbandry

department to provide drinking water to livestock at each village.

There is need for investments for developing irrigation network. State government

should formulate specific micro irrigation plans for rain fed areas on long term basis.

In this project roof water harvesting tanka was used as drinking water sources for

cattle. But it was observed that once harvested rain water was over, families filled

them using tanker water from distant ground sources which contained high dissolved

solids. Farmers noticed that this affects animal health. Therefore, it is recommended

that tanka should be constructed with two chambers, one is strictly rain water

harvesting for drinking water purpose only and second one to store both harvested and

stored water for domestic and other purpose.

Application of low cost irrigation sprinklers systems demonstrated better water

efficiency in fodder crop and produced more green fodder, for two to three months. It

is recommended to promote micro-irrigation like sprinklers and drip irrigation for

water management in rain fed areas. Special incentives or subsidy should be given to

small and marginal farmers for purchasing of micro irrigation system.

It is also recommended to promote use of green-net and poly house cultivation of

fodder was not the part of activity in taking of another pilot study for “fodder crop

cultivation in green-net and poly-houses” and increase water use efficiency to benefit

families with limited water sources.

Farmers’ common interest groups should be promoted in rainfed areas.

Training programs on micro irrigation such drip and sprinkler irrigation, improved

varieties of dual purpose fodder plants and pasture grasses, improved fodder

production technology etc. should be imparted to such CIGs.

It is recommended to adapt concept of wadi (orchard) focusing on dual purpose plants

in which main outputs would to be fodder, while by-product may be either fruit, cash

or timber values especially in rain fed areas.

It is recommend that state should develop special package or incentivized programs

focusing on forage crop cultivation in rain fed areas.

Integrated watershed development projects under integrated watershed management

and other programs should also be targeted to strengthen Livestock-Agriculture

Production System in all the states. There is need to allot more additional funds for

fodder development interventions within watershed programs.

Activities such as dairy, goat husbandry, usage of compost manure in crops, agro-

horticulture, pasture development etc. assumes critical importance in supplementing

the farm income of small and marginal farmers. There is a need to effective linkages


79

of villagers in cluster mode so that limited resources are utilized in better way and

will provide holistic development of

farming system.

Cluster can result better utilization of

common resources. It will facilitate

assembling of interested stakeholders for

the purpose of joint planning,

implementation, utilization, value addition

and marketing of their products etc.

Seeding of improved variety of grasses as

part of Silvipasture plots for bund

stabilization and creating vegetative barriers

demonstrated additional grass production in

project areas.

Therefore, it is suggested that there should

be good network of seed producers and

sellers for easy accessibility of improved

varieties seeds for fodder crops and grasses.

It would be appropriate to promote the

usage of compost and organic manure to increase

fodder yield, which is cost-effective for small and

marginal farmers.

In rainfed areas, specific provisions should be made for the availability of credit at

low interest rate to small livestock holders for purchase of chaff cutters, micro

irrigation systems, seeds of improved varieties of grasses and fodder crops, cemented

pit for compost manuring and cemented tanka construction etc.

State government should introduce integrated development schemes specific to

rainfed agriculture focusing on LAPS components.

Improved grasses and fodder seeds should be made available at each Panchayat level

well before monsoon season. Provide training for fodder crop production technique.

Farmers should be made aware about short duration drought resistant varieties of

fodder in arid and semi-arid areas.

The state should facilitate extensively the propagation of fodder threes e.g. Khejari,

Ardu etc. in desert and rain fed areas with association of SHGs, NGOs etc. Figure-92

reminds the ancient event of Khejari Bachao as multipurpose tree, discussion within

SHG, village level leaders, plantation of Khejari through saplings and seeding has

sown seeds of “Khejari Lagavo Jeevan Badavo”.

Figure 91 Amrita Devi and

Khejari Bachao

abbreviation used - nraanraa.gov.in/pdf/project completion report_nraa project by gvt 201… ·...

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