abc ve bau cu abc on election

7/25/2019 ABC Ve Bau Cu ABC on Election.

1/204

L KHNH TNG

bu

cABCv

HI P(Sch tham kho)


2/204

Cun sch c thc hin vi s h tr kinh ph ca i S QunNauy ti Vit Nam. Cun sch c vit da trn quan im ca tcgi, khng nht thit phn nh quan im ca i S Qun Nauyti Vit Nam.


3/204

bu

cABCv

HI P(Sch tham kho)


4/2042

LI GII THIU CA TC GI

Teo Ngh quyt ca y ban Tng v Quc hi (14/01/2016), ngy bu ci biu Quc hi kha XIV v i biu Hi ng nhn dn cc cp nhim k2016 - 2021 s din ra vo Ch nht 22/5/2016. y l mt s kin c nghaquan trng trong i sng chnh tr v x hi nc ta.

Cng vi tin trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t, nhiu gi tr v minh bch,trch nhim gii trnh, dn ch v quyn con ngi ngy cng c Vit Nam

quan tm hn. rin khai Hin php 2013, lut bu c mi (Lut Bu c ibiu Quc hi v i biu Hi ng nhn dn 2015) c thng qua, gpphn hon thin hn h thng bu c. rong khi bu c l mt tiu ch quantrng nh gi mc dn ch ca mt quc gia, nhiu kha cnh ca buc vn cha c ngi dn v cn b nh nc nhn thc y . Gp phnph bin php lut v bu c v mt s kin thc cn bn lin quan, chng ti

bin son cun sch nh ny.

Cun sch, c cu trc theo hnh thc cc cu hi - p nhm gip bnc d tip cn, gm hai nhm ni dung chnh: Phn A gii thiu cc hnh thc,yu t cu thnh bu c, cc tiu chun quc t lin quan v bu c ti mt squc gia trn th gii; Phn B, cng vi mt s thng tin v lch s v thc tin,ch yu tp trung gii thiu nhng quy nh trong php lut bu c Vit Namhin hnh.

y l cun th 3 ca lot sch kin thc cn bn ABC (ni tip hai cun

ABC v Hin php, NXB.T gii, 2013 v ABC v cc quyn dn s, chnh trc bn,NXB. Hng c, 2015) m chng ti bin son. c gi trn trng cmn nhng gp ca thy ng Dung v mt s bn i vi bn tho cun schny. Do nhng gii hn v thi gian v kh nng ca ngi bin son, cunsch kh trnh khi nhng thiu st (u thuc v c nhn tc gi), rt mong

bn c lng th v gp chng ti c th hon thin hn trong cc lnti bn sau.

H Ni, thng 3/2016L.K.Tng


5/2043

Mc lc

MC LC

LI GII THIU ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

PHN A. KHI QUT V BU CI. CC YU T CA BU C V CC CHUN MC QUC T

001. Bu c l g? .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................002. Bu c c vai tr nh th no? ...............................................................................................................................

003. Bu c c nhng chc nng g?..........................................................................................................................

004. Tuyn ngn Quc t Nhn quyn nm 1948c cp g n bu c khng? ...........................................................................................................................

005. Bu c quan h nh th no vi quyn tham giachnh tr? ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

006. Cng c quc t v cc quyn dn s, chnh tr(ICCPR, 1966) c t ra nhng yu cu no

i vi cc cuc bu c?....................................................................................................................................................................

007. Quyn bu c v ng c c bo vtrong nhng vn kin quc t no? .......................................................................................................

008. Bu c quan h nh th no vi dn ch? ..................................................................009. C nhng loi bu c no? ...................................................................................................................................................010. Quyn bu c ph thng c t bao gi? .............................................................................011. Ti sao phi b phiu kn? .........................................................................................................................................................

012. Lm sao cng dn nc ngoi c th thc hinquyn bu c ca h? .....................................................................................................................................................................................

013. C nhng tiu ch no nh gi mt cucbu c? .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

014. Cc yu t ca bu c l g? .................................................................................................................................................015. H thng bu c l g? ................................................................................................................................................................................016. Trn th gii c nhng h thng bu c no? ..............................................

017. Qun l bu c l g? ........................................................................................................................................................................................018. H thng t php bu c l g? ...............................................................................................................................019. Gim st, quan st, theo di bu c l g? .......................................................................

2

11121212

13

14

15

16

1718192021

21

22232424

252628


6/2044

29303131

33

33

34

35

35

36

38

38

3840

41

42

43

020. Vic bo m cc quyn con ngi c quan h

nh th no i vi cc cuc bu c?............................................................................................

021. Cc ng chnh tr c vai tr nh th noi vi bu c? ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

022. Bu c gp nhng hn ch hoc thch thc no? .........................023. Gian ln bu c l g? .....................................................................................................................................................................................

II. THC Y BU C T DO V CNG BNG ...............................................................................................................................................

024. Lin Hp quc quan tm nh th non bu c? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................025. Bn cnh Lin Hp quc, c cc t chc lin chnh

ph no hot ng v bu c? ..................................................................................................................................026. T chc Lin minh Ngh vin c vai tr g

thc y bu c? .................................................................................................................................................................................................................027. C cc t chc NGO quc t no hot ng

trong lnh vc bu c?...............................................................................................................................................................................

028. Cc t chc x hi dn s c th ng gp gcho bu c? .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

III. BU C MT S QUC GIA ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................029. Php lut bu c ca cc quc gia thng c

nhng ni dung g? ...............................................................................................................................................................................................

030. Hoa K c nhng loi bu c no? .............................................................................................031. Trung Quc c nhng loi bu c no? ................................................................032. Gn y trn th gii c nhng cuc bu c no

gy nhiu ch ? ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................033. Gn y trong khu vc ASEAN c nhng

cuc bu c no gy nhiu ch ? ................................................................................................................034. Trong nm 2016 trn th gii c nhng quc gia no

t chc bu c? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................


7/2045

Mc lc

PHN B. BU C VIT NAM

I. KHI QUT..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

035. Cuc bu c u tin Vit Nam din rat khi no? .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

036. Trong lch s Vit Nam din ra cc cuc bu cQuc hi no? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

037. Vit Nam trc y c nhng vn bn php lutno quy nh v bu c? ...................................................................................................................................................................

038. Vit Nam hin nay c nhng c quan nh ncno c ngi dn bu ra? .............................................................................................................................................039. Nh nc Vit Nam c nhng cam kt no

v bu c dn ch? ...................................................................................................................................................................................................040. Nh nc Vit Nam c ngha v bo co n cc

c quan LHQ v vic thc hin quyn bu c VitNam khng? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

041. Vit Nam hin nay c vn bn php lut ch yu noquy nh v bu c? .............................................................................................................................................................................................042. Bu c Vit Nam phi tun th

cc nguyn tc no? ............................................................................................................................................................................................043. Cc c quan lin quan ban hnh nhng vn bn

no v vic t chc bu c trong nm 2016? ....................................................044. Nhng ni dung c bn ca Lut Bu c i biu

Quc hi v i biu Hi ng nhn dn (2015)l g? .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

II. QUYN BU C, NG C, CC C QUAN PH TRCH BU C .........................................................045. Cng dn bao nhiu tui th c quyn bu c? .....................................046. Cng dn bao nhiu tui th c quyn ng c? ....................................047. Tiu chun ca ngi ng c i biu Quc hi

l g? .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................048. Tiu chun ca ngi ng c Hi ng nhn dn

l g? .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

45

4646

47

48

49

49

50

51

51

52

54

555555

55

56


8/2046

049. Nhng c quan no c trch nhim chnh

lin quan n t chc bu c?......................................................................................................................................

050. Quc hi c thm quyn g i vi bu c? ........................................................051. Hi ng bu c quc gia c nhng thm quyn

chung g i vi bu c? ......................................................................................................................................................................052. Hi ng bu c quc gia c thm quyn g

trong vic t chc bu c i biu Quc hi? ...............................................053. Hi ng bu c quc gia c thm quyn g

trong vic ch o, hng dn cng tc bu ci biu Hi ng nhn dn? .........................................................................................................................................054. Hi ng bu c quc gia c c cu, t chc

nh th no? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................055. Hi ng bu c quc gia hot ng

theo cc nguyn tc no? .................................................................................................................................................................056. y ban thng v Quc hi c thm quyn g

i vi bu c?...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

057. y ban thng v Quc hi d kins lng i biu Quc hi c bu nm 2016nh th no? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

058. Mt trn T quc Vit Nam c thm quyn g ivi bu c? .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

059. y ban bu c tnh, thnh ph trc thuc

trung ng c thm quyn g i vi bu c? .............................................060. ng trc Hi ng nhn dn c thm quyn g

i vi bu c? ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................061. Ngy bu c phi c cng b vo khi no? .............................................062. S lng i biu Quc hi v HND cc cp

l bao nhiu? .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................063. C quan no c quyn d kin v phn b

s lng i biu Quc hi c bu mi tnh, thnh ph? ............................................................................................................................................................................

5657

57

58

59

60

60

61

61

62

62

6363

64

64


9/2047

Mc lc

064. C quan no c quyn d kin c cu, thnh phn

nhng ngi c gii thiu ng c i biuQuc hi? .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................065. S lng ngi dn tc thiu s c gii thiu

ng c t nht l bao nhiu? ..................................................................................................................................................066. S lng ph n c gii thiu ng c t nht

l bao nhiu? .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................067. C quan no d kin c cu, thnh phn v phn b

s lng ngi c gii thiu ng c i biuHi ng nhn dn? .........................................................................................................................................................................................068. n v bu c l g? .................................................................................................................................................................................................069. Khu vc b phiu l g? ..........................................................................................................................................................................070. Cc t chc ph trch bu c a phng

gm nhng c quan no? .............................................................................................................................................................071. Hot ng ca cc t chc ph trch bu c

a phng theo nhng nguyn tc no?...........................................................

072. Cc t chc ph trch bu c a phngc lp ra nh th no? ..................................................................................................................................................................

073. Trong vic bu c i biu Quc hi, y ban bu cc thm quyn g? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

074. Trong vic bu c i biu Hi ng nhn dn,y ban bu c cc cp c c thm quyn g? ........................................

075. Ban bu c c thm quyn g? ....................................................................................................................................076. T bu c c thm quyn g? .............................................................................................................................................077. Vic lp danh sch c tri phi tun th

nhng nguyn tc no? .........................................................................................................................................................................078. C quan lp danh sch c tri nim yt danh sch

c tri vo lc no v u? .......................................................................................................................................................079. Vic np h s ng c c quy nh nh th no?

080. Vic np h s ng c ca ngi ng c i biu Quc hi c thc hin nh th no? ...............................................................................

64

65

65

666668

68

69

69

70

72

7374

75

7677

77


10/2048

081. Vic np h s ng c ca ngi ng c i biu

Hi ng nhn dn nh th no?................................................................................................................

082. Nhng trng hp no khng c ng c? ..............................................083. T ng c l nh th no? ..........................................................................................................................................................

III. TRNH T BU C ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................084. Hip thng v hi ngh hip thng l g? ........................................................085. Hip thng c quy nh trong lut bu c

Vit Nam t bao gi?.......................................................................................................................................................................................

086. Tin trnh lp danh sch nhng ngi ng ci biu Quc hi phi tri qua nhnggiai on no? .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

087. Tin trnh lp danh sch nhng ngi ng ci biu HND phi tri qua nhnggiai on no? .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

088. Danh sch chnh thc nhng ngi ng ci biu Quc hi c Hi ng bu c quc gialp ra nh th no? ..................................................................................................................................................................................................

089. Danh sch chnh thc nhng ngi ng c i biuHi ng nhn dn c y ban bu c lp ranh th no? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

090. Vic nim yt danh sch ngi ng c phi c

thc hin nh th no? ...........................................................................................................................................................................091. Vn ng bu c phi tun th nhng

nguyn tc no? ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................092. i gian tin hnh vn ng bu c c th ko di

n khi no? .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................093. C nhng hnh thc vn ng bu c no? .......................................................094. Hi ngh tip xc c tri do ai t chc? .........................................................................................

095. Hi ngh tip xc c tri gm nhng ni dungchnh g? .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

787979

8181

82

82

84

85

87

88

88

888889

89


11/2049

Mc lc

096. Kt qu ca hi ngh tip xc c tri c gi

n u?.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

097. Nhng hnh vi no b cm trong vn ngbu c? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

098. Vic b phiu phi tun th nhngnguyn tc no? ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................

099. Vic thng bo v thi gian bu c, ni b phiuc thc hin nh th no? ..........................................................................................................................................

100. i gian b phiu l khong thi gian no?.................................................

101. Vic kim phiu c tin hnh nh th no? .......................................102. Nhng phiu bu nh th no l khng hp l? ...............................103. X l phiu bu khng hp l nh th no? .......................................................104. Bin bn kt qu kim phiu c T bu c lp

nh th no? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................105. Bin bn xc nh kt qu bu c n v bu c

c Ban bu c lp nh th no?.............................................................................................................

106. Vic xc nh ngi trng c theo nhngnguyn tc no? ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................

107. Cc khiu ni v danh sch c tri, v ngi ng c,danh sch ngi ng c c gii quytnh th no? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

108. Cc khiu ni, t co v kim phiu c gii quyt

nh th no? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109. Khiu ni v kt qu bu c do c quan no

gii quyt? ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................110. Ta n hnh chnh c thm quyn xt x loi vic g

lin quan n bu c? ...................................................................................................................................................................................111. Cc hnh vi vi phm quyn bu c, quyn ng c

ca cng dn c th phi chu hnh phtnh th no? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9090

91

92

92939393

93

94

95

96

97

97

98

99


12/20410

PH LC

1. Tuyn ngn Quc t Nhn quyn (UDHR, 1948)(trch on) ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2. Cng c quc t v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr

(ICCPR, 1966) (trch on) ................................................................................................................................................3. Bnh lun chung s 25 ca y ban nhn quyn LHQ

v iu 25 ICCPR ......................................................................................................................................................................................................4. Tuyn ngn v tiu ch bu c t do v cng bng

(IPU, 1994)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Hin php Vit Nam, 2013 (trch on) ............................................................................6. Lut Bu c Bu c i biu Quc hi v i biu Hi ng nhn dn, 2015 ...........................................................................................7 Ghi ch k thut ph thng u phiu ...............................................................................8. Ti liu tham kho ....................................................................................................................................................................................................

100

101

102

103

113120

123191200


13/204

PHN A

KHI QUTV

BU C


14/20412

I. CC YU T CA BU C V CC CHUN MC QUC T

001. BU C L G?Bu c l vic la chn mt hoc nhiu ngi cho mt chc vcng hoc t, t nhiu ng c vin khc nhau. Khng ch linquan n b my nh nc, bu c cn c s dng trong tchc, hot ng ca cc t chc x hi (v d nh trong mtlp hc, trong mt t chc cng on).

Vic bu c thnh lp c quan hoc mt chc danh cngquyn c iu chnh bi hin php v php lut do nhnc ban hnh. ng thng Quc hi (Ngh vin), cc cquan i din ca chnh quyn a phng c thnh lpbng cch t chc bu c. mt s nc, cc v tr, c quannh nc khc nh tng thng, thng c tiu bang, thtrng thnh ph... cng c thnh lp thng qua bu c.

Cc cuc bu c nh k l phng tin kim sot thityu ca cng chng i vi chnh quyn. Bu c l khngnh quyn lc chnh tr xut pht t nhn dn v buc ccchnh tr gia phi chu trch nhim trc nhn dn v hnhvi ca mnh.

Bu c l s la chn (t gc ting Latinh eligere - lachn). ng qua cc cng dn chn ngi, chn ng

y quyn, chn chnh sch gii quyt cc vn ca mt xhi, mang li hnh phc cho c nhn v cng ng. Bu cs mt i ngha nu khng c s t do la chn.

002. BU C C VAI TR NH TH NO?Bu c l phng tin dn ch cng dn la chn trong scc ng c vin cho v tr nht nh trong b my nh nc vtrao quyn cho ngi c bu hnh ng nhn danh cngchng trong nhim k c bu. Trn th gii, cc cuc bu c cp ton quc thng nhm n hai mc tiu:


15/204

PHNA

Khiqutv

bu

c

Cc yu t ca bu c v cc chun mc quc t

13

nht, la chn nguyn th quc gia hoc ngi

ng u hnh php v chnh sch ln m chnh quyns theo ui. hai, la chn cc thnh vin ca c quan lp php

(Ngh vin), nhng ngi s quyt nh v vic lm lutv nhn danh nhn dn gim st chnh ph.

Trong chnh th tng thng (nh Hoa K, Philippin, cc quc

gia Nam M), ni m tng thng ng u chnh ph, hai mctiu ny c phn bit r rng bng hai cuc bu c tngthng v bu c ngh vin khc nhau, cc cuc bu c c thkhng cng thi im. Trong h thng i ngh (nh Anh,c, Nht Bn), mt cuc bu c s thc hin c hai vai tr vcc thnh vin ngh vin s bu ra ngi ng u hnh phptrn c s ngi ng u ng chim a s trong ngh vin.

Ngi ng u ng chim a s s tr thnh tng.

003. BU C C NHNG CHC NNG G?Bu c c ngha quan trng i vi nh nc, x hi v ccthnh vin ca cng ng, bi n c cc chc nng thngc nhc n nh sau: Xc nh tnh chnh ng ca cc c quan quyn lc nh

nc: cho thy c quan nh nc, v tr lnh o cngi dn ng h;

Gip ngi dn thc hin s y quyn v la chn ngicm quyn: nhn dn, ch th ca quyn lc trong ch dn ch, y quyn cho ngi m mnh tin tng s hotng nhm bo v cc li ch ca mnh v x hi;

Gip gii tinh hoa, cc chnh tr gia cng c quyn lc:ngi lnh o hp php ha quyn lc ca mnh;

Chng li s lng hnh ca chnh quyn: bo m ngi khng gi ng li ha, khng c nng lc, lm vic

003


16/20414

km hoc tham nhng s khng th tip tc duy tr quyn

lc v b loi khi v tr; To din n gia cc khuynh hng chnh tr: cc ngli, chnh sch khc nhau, thm ch tri ngc nhau, ctrnh by, tho lun;

Truyn thng chnh tr: thng tin hai chiu gia cc ngc vin v cng chng, cc c quan nh nc hiu thm vcc nhu cu ca c tri, cc vn ca x hi, cc gii php

c th xem xt la chn.1

004. TUYN NGN QUC T NHN QUYN 1948 C CP GN BU C KHNG?Tuyn ngn Quc t Nhn quyn (UDHR - 1948, c LinHp quc thng qua ngy 10/12/1948), bn tuyn ngn ton

cu bo v cc quyn c bn ca mi c nhn, trong cquyn bu c, nu mt s tiu ch ca mt nn dn ch vmt s i hi i vi bu c.

Tip thu t tng dn ch tin b v s cn phi c chpthun, ng thun ca ngi dn (consent of the governed)i vi chnh quyn c nu bi John Locke (1632

Cp nht v tin trnh bu c trn knh truyn hnh ca Hn Quc (nm 2014) v n (nm 2015).

1 Tham kho: Lu Vn Qung, H thng bu c Anh, M v Php: L thuyt v hin thc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia,2009, trang 24-42.


17/204

PHNA

Khiqutv

bu

c


15

1704) v cc tc gi ca Tuyn ngn c lp Hoa K 1776,

Khon 3, iu 21 Tuyn ngn Quc t Nhn quyn khngnh: ch ca nhn dn l c s to nn quyn lc ca chnhquyn.ng thi nu i hi v phng tin biu t ch : ch phi c th hin qua cc cuc bu c nh k,chn thc, c t chc theo nguyn tc ph thng u phiu,bnh ng v b phiu kn, hoc bng nhng th tc bu c tdo tng t.

Bu c to ra s thay i ha bnh, vic tc ot cc quyncon ngi, quyn bu c c nguy c dn n s phn khng,ni dy chng li cc ch c on, bt cng. y cng liu m Tuyn ngn Quc t Nhn quyn lng trc vcnh bo trong Li ni u:Bi l, iu ct yu l quyn conngi cn phi c bo v bi php quyn con ngi khngbuc phi ni dy nh l mt bin php cui cng nhm chng

li s c ti v p bc.

005. BU C QUAN H NH TH NO VI QUYN THAM GIA CHNH TR?C th nhn bu c nh l mt th ch chnh tr, hoc nhnn nh mt phng thc thc thi mt quyn chnh tr quantrng. Trong Cng c quc t v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr

(ICCPR - 1966, Vit Nam gia nhp vo nm 1982), iu25 quy nh v mt s quyn thng c gi chung l ccquyn tham gia chnh tr. Cc ch th c hng nhngquyn ny ch gii hn cc cng dn. im ny khngging hu ht cc quyn khc trong ICCPR m thuc v ttc mi ngi.

Quyn tham gia chnh tr (hay cn c gi l quyntham gia vo i sng chnh tr) u tin c ghi nhn trongiu 21 Tuyn ngn Quc t Nhn quyn (UDHR). iu 25ICCPR ti khng nh v c th ha quy nh ca iu 21

005


18/20416

UDHR, trong nu r: Mi cng dn, khng c bt k s

phn bit no v khng c bt k s hn ch bt hp l no,u c quyn v c hi : a) am gia iu hnh cc cngvic x hi mt cch trc tip hoc thng qua nhng i dindo h t do la chn; b) Bu c v ng c trong cc cuc buc nh k chn thc, bng ph thng u phiu, bnh ngv b phiu kn, nhm m bo cho c tri c t do by t nguyn ca mnh; c) c tham gia cc chc v cng t

nc mnh trn c s bnh ng. y ban Nhn quyn LinHp quc (HRC, c quan c thm quyn gim st vic thcthi ICCPR) gii thch thm mt s kha cnh ca iu 25trong Bnh lun chung s 25 (nm 1996).

006. CNG C QUC T V CC QUYN DN S, CHNH TR ICCPR, 1966C T RA NHNG YU CU NO I VI CC CUC BU C?

iu 25 (b) ICCPR nu cc i hi v tiu chun ca cc cucbu c phi nh k, chn thc, bng ph thng u phiu,bnh ng v b phiu kn. lm r hn, trong Bnh lunchung s 25 (Xem ti Ph lc 3 ca cun sch ny), HRC nuyu cu khng cn tr s la chn t do ca c tri (bu c tdo), hoc khng bp mo qu trnh dn ch bi chi ph khngtng xng gia cc ng c vin hay cc ng phi (on 19),

vic thnh lp mt c quan c lp gim st qu trnh buc (on 20).

V quy nh b phiu kn, HRC i hi cn c nhngbin php bo m yu cu b mt ca vic b phiu, bov cc c tri trc mi s p buc hay cng bc khi bphiu. Cn m bo s b mt c qu trnh kim phiu vvic xem xt li v mt t php hoc bng cc th tc linquan khc cc ng c vin tin tng vo s an ton cacc hm phiu v vic kim phiu. S tr gip cho nhngngi khuyt tt, ngi m, hay m ch cng phi mang


19/204

PHNA

Khiqutv

bu

c


17

tnh c lp. Cc ng c vin cn c thng tin y v

nhng m bo ny (on 20). Mc d Cng c khngquy nh v mt c ch bu c c th no nhng mi cch bu c cc quc gia thnh vin phi ph hp vi ccquyn c ghi nhn ti iu 25 v phi m bo cho c tric t do th hin ch (on 21).

Cng nhm bo m cho cuc bu c thc cht v mangtnh cnh tranh, trong Bnh lun chung s 25, HRC cao vai

tr ca truyn thng (khng c s kim duyt hay hn ch)v cc t chc, ng phi chnh tr. iu 25 cng i hi sth hng, tn trng cc quyn c bo m theo cc iu19, 21 v 22 ca Cng c, gm c quyn t do tham gia cchot ng chnh tr vi t cch c nhn hoc thng qua ccng phi chnh tr hay cc t chc khc, quyn t do tranhlun cc vn cng, t chc cc cuc mt tinh, biu tnh ho

bnh, ch trch, phn i, cng b cc n phm chnh tr, tchc tranh c v cng khai cc quan im chnh tr (on 25,Bnh lun chung s 25).

007. QUYN BU C V NG C C BO V TRONG NHNG VN KINQUC T NO?Khng ch c bo v bi Cng c quc t v cc quyn

dn s, chnh tr (ICCPR, 1966), nhiu cng c v quyn conngi khc cng bo v quyn bu c v ng c. Trong s c: Cng c v quyn chnh tr ca ph n, 1952 (iu 1),

Cng c v xa b mi hnh thc phn bit i x chngli ph n, 1979 (iu 7): bo v cc quyn tham gia chnhtr, bao gm quyn bu c v ng c, ca ph n;

Cng c v xa b mi hnh thc phn bit chng tc,1965 (iu 5): bo v cc quyn tham gia chnh tr, baogm quyn bu c v ng c, ca mi ngi m khng bphn bit i x v chng tc, sc tc;

007


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Cng c v quyn ca ngi khuyt tt, 2007 (iu 29):

bo v quyn tham gia vo i sng chnh tr, gm quynbu c v ng c, tham gia vo cc cuc trng cu dn...,ca ngi khuyt tt bnh ng vi nhng ngi khc;

Bn cnh cc iu c ton cu, cc vn kin nhn quynkhu vc cng u c cc quy nh bo v cc quyn chnhtri, quyn bu c, ng c. Chng hn nh Cng c nhnquyn chu u, 1950 (iu 3), Cng c nhn quyn chu

M, 1969 (iu 23), Hin chng chu Phi v quyn conngi v quyn cc dn tc, 1981 (iu 13), Tuyn ngnnhn quyn ASEAN, 2012 (on 25)...

008. BU C QUAN H NH TH NO VI DN CH?C nhiu quan nim khc nhau v dn ch. V cn bn, dnch bo m cho s tham gia ca cc thnh vin mt cng

ng vo vic hnh thnh cc quyt nh, chnh sch nhhng n i sng ca h, ng thi c s quan tm bo vli ch ca thiu s (c s bnh ng, trnh s c ti ca a s).

Dn ch c hai hnh thc chnh l dn ch trc tip (nhtrng cu dn, sng kin lp php...) v dn ch i din(thng qua ngi i din - c bu ra, c y quyn -ca mnh).

Bu c, mt thnh t quan trng ca dn ch, bo mquyn tham gia ca ngi dn trong vic la chn chnh sch,cng nh la chn ngi trao quyn i din. Cng chnhv vy, trong Tuyn ngn Ph qut v Dn ch, c Linminh Ngh vin (Inter-Parliamentary Union - IPU) thng quavo nm 1997, on 12 c nhn mnh:Yu t quan trng hngu ca thc thi dn ch l vic t chc cc cuc bu c t do v

cng bng theo nh k cho php nhn dn th hin ch camnh. Cc cuc bu c phi c t chc trn c s ph thng,bnh ng v b phiu kn tt c cc c tri c th la chn cc


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19

i din ca h trong iu kin bnh ng, cng khai, minh bch,

khuyn khch cnh tranh chnh tr. Nhm mc ch , cc quyndn s v chnh tr l rt cn thit, v c bit trong s , quynbu c v ng c, cc quyn t do ngn lun v hi hp, tip cnthng tin, quyn t chc ng phi chnh tr v thc hin cc hotng chnh tr. T chc, hot ng, ti chnh, gy qu v o cng phi phi c quy nh mt cch ph hp, khch quan m bo tnh lim chnh ca qu trnh dn ch.

c y bu c t do v cng bng nn c nhn nhntrong tng th cc n lc tng cng, m rng dn ch (songhnh vi vic m rng cc quyn dn s, chnh tr, hon thincc th ch chnh tr, thc y nh nc php quyn, thngtn php lut, cung cp y thng tin v bo m quyntham gia ca cc nhm yu th...).

009. C NHNG LOI BU C NO?C mt s cch phn loi bu c khc nhau: eo v tr, c quan c bu ra, c th chia thnh: bu c

tng thng, bu c ngh vin, bu c hi ng a phng... eo quy m, phm vi bu c, c th chia thnh: tng

tuyn c, bu c s b, bu c gia k, bu c lin bang,bu c a phng...

eo th tc bu c, c th chia thnh: bu trc tip, bugin tip.

Trng cu dn (referendum), cng l mt hnh thc thc thiquyn dn ch, nhng thng lin quan n vic ng h hocphn i mt chnh sch, o lut, hoc xut c th, hn lmt chnh sch chung, hoc mt ng c vin, mt chnh ngnh trong bu c. Cc cuc trng cu dn c th c tchc cng vi bu c hoc t chc ring r, c gi tr bt buchoc ch tham kho.

009


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010. QUYN BU C PH THNG C T BAO GI?

Quyn bu c ph thng (quyn ph thng u phiu) haynguyn tc ph thng u phiu trong bu c c ni dungbo m mi cng dn khng phn bit dn tc, gii tnh,thnh phn x hi, tn ngng, tn gio, ngh nghip, thi hnc tr, n tui trng thnh u c quyn bu c, tr nhngngi b tm thn hay nhng ngi b tc quyn bu c theophp lut. n nay, hu ht hin php v php lut ca cc

nc u tuyn b ph thng u phiu l mt trong nhngnguyn tc c bn ca bu c.Quyn bu c ph thng phi tri qua mt lch s pht

trin thng trm v chm chp mi tr nn ph bin nhngy nay, ngay c Hoa K. Cho n nm 1920, ph n HoaK, cng nh ph n hu ht cc nc khc, khng c quyni b phiu. Trc , rt nhiu bang quy nh ch c nhng

ngi n ng da trng, c hc vn nht nh, c ti sn hocc ng thu thu nhp th mi c quyn i b phiu. Ngin l ng nhin khng th b phiu v h khng bit chv khng c thu nhp. Tuy nhin, sau cuc ni chin BcNam(1861-1865), thi i vi ngi da en c s ci m hn.ng 2/1870, Hiram Rhodes Revels tr thnh ng nghs da en u tin c bu v i din cho bang min Nam

Mississippi ti ng vin Lin bang. Tuy nhin, phi nnm 1965, khi Tng thng Lyndon Johnson k Lut v Quynbu c (Voting Rights Act), trong cm tuyt i vic cn trquyn b phiu ca cc sc dn thiu s th t tr i h mic hng cc quyn b phiu y nh ca ngi da trng.

Php, n nm 1944 ph n mi c quyn b phiu,mun hn nhiu nc khc nh Anh (nm 1918), c (nm1918), hay Sri Lanka (nm 1931).

Ngy nay, do nhng nguyn nhn khch quan v chquan, ti nhiu quc gia, nht l di cc ch qun phit,


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21

c on hoc quc gia ang b chin tranh, quyn ph thng

u phiu ca ngi dn vn cha tr thnh hn thc.011. TI SAO PHI B PHIU KN?

Trc y, nhiu ngi, trong c trit gia ngi Anh JohnStuart Mill, cho rng bu c nn thc hin cng khai trccng chng c tri c th cho ng bo ca mnh bit vcch h b phiu, qua s cn nhc li ch chung hn l li

ch c nhn hp hi. Quan im ny v sau b nhiu ngiph phn. c t, b phiu cng khai li khin cho ngi bphiu d phi chu p lc t nhng ngi c quyn lc (chs dng lao ng, ch t, chc sc tn gio, th trng, cnb nh nc...). Cnh , d c s tham nhng c tnh hthng, chng hn nh vic hi l ca nhng ngi munc bu.

n nay, vic b phiu kn, bo m rng khng c ai khcbit ng c vin no c c tri la chn, c coi nh mtc tnh cn bn ca mi h thng bu c dn ch.

012. LM SAO CNG DN NC NGOI C TH THC HIN QUYN BU CCA H?Ngy nay, nhiu quc gia dn ch thit k nhiu phng thc

to thun li cho cng dn c th thc thi quyn b phiu. Tuynhin, khng phi mi quc gia u c quy nh v vic bphiu t nc ngoi.

B phiu t nc ngoi (voting from abroad) c hiul nhng quy nh, th tc cho php mt s hoc tt c ctri ca quc gia ang tm thi hoc vnh vin nc ngoic thc hin quyn b phiu ca h t bn ngoi lnhth quc gia. Trn th gii, ti khong 100 quc gia, c 5phng thc b phiu khc nhau c s dng cho bphiu t nc ngoi. l:

012


24/20422

B phiu ti cc c quan ngoi giao, cn c qun s hoc

nhng a im c quy nh; B phiu qua bu in; B phiu theo y quyn; B phiu bng th in t; B phiu bng fax.

Tuy nhin, so vi b phiu trong nc, b phiu t nc ngoi

lm pht sinh nhiu vn nh: t chc tn km, kh phnchia khu vc bu c, kh gim st, kh kim phiu... Bi vy,mt s quc gia n gn y mi t chc b phiu t ncngoi, nh Philippin, Afganistan, Iraq (t nm 2004), Lo,Singapore, Mexico, Ecuador (2006), Ghana (2008).2 Nhiuquc gia khc, nh Vit Nam, cn cha c quy nh v vic bphiu t nc ngoi.

013. C NHNG TIU CH NO NH GI MT CUC BU C?Mt s tiu ch c ra nh gi mt cuc bu c ltt hay khng, bao gm: T do; Bnh ng; Cng bng;

Cnh tranh; nh k; c cht; Cng khai; Lim chnh; Dn ch.

2 Andrew Ellis (Ch bin), B phiu t nc ngoi S tay IDEA quc t, Phng Th Phng Tho dch, Nxb. Hngc, 2015.


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3 IPU, Free and Fair Election, 2006, trang 113.4 IDEA, International Obligations for Elections: Guidelines for Legal Frameworks, 2014.

Tuy nhin, cc tiu ch ny rt rng, nh gi xc thc

hn cn phn tch nhiu thnh t, yu t c th ca mtcuc bu c.

014. CC YU T CA BU C L G? nh gi ton din v bu c, nhiu yu t tch bit cnc nh gi. Bu c c th c phn tch thnh 10 yut sau:

1. Php lut v h thng bu c;2. Phn chia khu vc bu c;3. Qun l bu c;4. Quyn b phiu;5. ng k c tri;6. Gio dc cng chng v thng tin cho c tri;7. ng c, cc ng chnh tr, t chc chnh tr v vic ti tr;

8. Chin dch tranh c, bao gm vic tn trng v bo vcc quyn c bn, cc cuc hi hp chnh tr, tip cntruyn thng;

9. B phiu, gim st v xc nh kt qu;10. Khiu ni v gii quyt tranh chp.3

C tc gi cn chi tit hn, chia bu c thnh 21 yu t

ln lt nh gi, ngoi nhng yu t k trn, cn cc yu t:cc ng chnh tr, ti chnh chnh tr, bnh ng gii, bnhng c hi cho cc nhm thiu s v yu th, bnh ng chi cho ngi khuyt tt, quan st vin bu c, chin dchtruyn thng...4

014


26/20424

i vi mi yu t s c cc ch s c th nh gi. Chng

hn nh gi v C quan qun l bu c (EMB), s cn xtn cc vn (checklist): 1) Khun kh php l c bo mcho EMB hot ng c lp khng?; 2) m quyn ca EMBc phi do lut nh khng?; 3) C cc bin php bo m stip cn bnh ng, da trn nng lc vo cc v tr trong EMBkhng?; 4) C cc bin php hn ch xung t li ch, bo man ton v nhim k i vi cc thnh vin EMB khng? 5) C

cc quy nh bo m EMB hot ng minh bch, bo mquyn tip cn thng tin cho cng chng khng?; 6) C ccquy nh v mua sm ca EMB khng?; 7) C cc quy nhv trch nhim gii trnh ti chnh ca EMB khng?; 8) Cc ch c lp, nhanh chng xem xt li v cc quyt nh caEMB khng?5

015. H THNG BU C L G?H thng bu c (electoral system),thng c ng nhtvi h thng b phiu (voting system) l thut ng ch cc quytc cn tun th phiu bu c gi tr v phng thc kimm, tng hp thnh kt qu cui cng.

Ni cch khc, h thng bu c l nhng cch thc chuynha t nhng l phiu ca c tri thnh cc gh trong cc c

quan dn c,

016. TRN TH GII C NHNG H THNG BU C NO?H thng bu c ca cc nc trn th gii rt phong ph va dng, c th chia thnh ba h thng ln:h thng theo a s(plurality/majority systems); h thng t l (proportional systems)v h thng hn hp (mixed systems).

5 IDEA, International Obligations for Elections: Guidelines for Legal Frameworks, 2014, trang 295-296.


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25

H thng theo a s: ng c vin (hoc ng chnh tr) no

thu c nhiu phiu hn s trng c. H thng ny c nmbin th (c thm nhng quy nh b sung) l:- Phng php ai v trc l ngi thng cuc (First Past

e Post - FPTP).- Phng php l phiu khi (Block Vote - BV).- Phng php l phiu khi theo ng chnh tr (Party

Block Vote - PBV).

- Phng php l phiu thay th (Alternative Vote - AV).- Phng php hai vng (Two-Round System - TRS).

H thng i din t l: c p dng bu c quan lp php,trn c s cc ng chnh tr. Cc ng chnh tr nhn c sgh theo t l s phiu bu m ng mnh nhn c. Ba binth ca h thng ny l:

- Phng php i din t l theo danh sch (List ProportionalRepresentation - List PR).- Phng php bu c l phiu duy nht c th chuyn

nhng (Single Transferable Vote - STV).

H thng hn hp: thng l s kt hp gia h thng a svi h thng i din t l. Hai bin th ca h thng ny l:

- Phng php i din t l hn hp (Mixed MemberProportional - MMP).

- Phng php song song (Parallel systems - PR).

017. QUN L BU C L G?Qun l bu c l cc hot ng lin quan n vic iu hnh,t chc ca c quan qun l bu c (Electoral ManagementBodies - EMB).Cc c quan ny c s khc nhau nht nhv vai tr, chc nng, t chc, ngun ti chnh. Ba m hnh cquan qun l bu c (EMB) ph bin trn th gii l:

017


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M hnh EMB c lp (Independent Model EMB);

M hnh EMB ca Chnh ph (Governmental ModelEMB); M hnh EMB hn hp (Mixed Model EMB).

Mi loi m hnh khc nhau c th thch hp cho nhnghon cnh khc nhau. Khng c mt hnh mu l tngchung, tuy nhin, cc c tnh m cc m hnh u cn

hng n l bo m: t do, cng bng, bnh ng, limchnh, minh bch, hiu qu, bn vng, khch quan vtrch nhim gii trnh.

018. H THNG T PHP BU C L G?T php bu c(electoral justice)v h thng t php bu cc vai tr quyt nh bo m s n nh ca h thng chnh

tr, cng nh s tun th khun kh php lut v bu c. Tphp bu c bao gm cc c ch, c quan nhm n hai mcch chnh: Bo m cc hot ng, quyt nh lin quan n tin

trnh bu c u tun th php lut (hin php, lut, cciu c quc t); phng nga cc tranh chp bu c (bngcch to ra s minh bch, bo m quyn tham gia...);

Xem xt khiu ni ca nhng ngi cho rng quyn buc, ng c ca h b vi phm, bo m cc bn c tranhlun trong qu trnh xem xt, a ra kt lun; quyt nhcc bin php khi phc quyn, khc phc hu qu (sai, bi b th tc), quyt nh hnh pht i vi c nhn,c quan vi phm.

Nh vy, h thng t php bu c rng hn v bao hm cch gii quyt tranh chp bu c (Electoral dispute resolutionmechanisms/ system EDRS). C ch gii quyt tranh chp bu


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c c nhiu m hnh, bao gm cc loi: thuc v c quan lp

php (chng hn nh Philippin thit lp Ta Bu c ngvin - Senate Electoral Tribunal); thuc c quan t php (c th lta n thng, ta n hin php, ta n hnh chnh, hoc ta nchuyn trch v bu c); thuc c quan qun l bu c vi thmquyn t php; l c quan lm thi, c th c thnh lp vi stham gia ca quc t. V d: h thng t php bu c ca Brazil,c thit lp bi Lut Bu c 1932, bao gm Ta n Bu c ti

cao(Superior Electoral Court - TSE), cc ta n bu c khu vcti mi tiu bang, qun, khu vc, v cc thm phn v bu c.6Cc phn quyt ca cc c quan trong h thng t php

bu c c th nh hng rt ln lm thay i kt qu ca cucbu c, thm ch phi t chc li bu c. V d: Ta n Ti caoUkraina (vo nm 2004) v Ta n hin php Nh K (vonm 2007) tuyn hy b kt qu bu c tng thng; Ta n

Hin php Moldova, vo nm 2009, yu cu kim li s phiubu c Quc hi...

6 Xem thm: Ta n Bu c ti cao Brazil : http://english.tse.jus.br/

Ta Bu c Thng vin Philippin, vi ch tch l Thm phn Ta n Ti cao Antonio Carpio (ngigia), nghe tranh lun vic n Thng ngh s Grace Poe, ng c vin tng thng, b kin v t cchcng dn ca b ny (thng 9/2015).

018


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019. GIM ST, QUAN ST, THEO DI BU C L G?

Gim st(monitoring)hay theo di (observing) bu c thngdng ch vic quan st mt cuc bu c bi mt hoc nhiut chc c lp, thng l t mt quc gia khc hoc mtNGO, nhm nh gi xem vic trin khai tin trnh bu cc tun th cc quy nh ca php lut quc gia v cc chunmc bu c quc t hay khng.

eo di cn c th mang ni dung rng hn, bao gm

c cc hot ng h tr bu c. eo mt NGO quc t, hotng theo di bu c ti cc quc gia ca h nhm: Chng t s quan tm v h tr ca cng ng quc t

cc cuc bu c p ng cc chun mc quc t nh cth hin trong cc vn kin v tuyn b quc t;

Cng c n lc ca cc t chc gim st v x hi dns trong nc trong tin trnh bu c v tng tin cy

ca h; a ra mt nh gi khch quan v tin trnh bu c, cth a ra cc khuyn ngh hon thin trong cc cucbu c tng lai;

H tr cc c quan iu hnh bu c, cc ng chnh tr vcc nhm x hi dn s pht trin cc cng c v k nng gii quyt ha bnh cc tranh chp, trnh bo lc trong

tin trnh bu c; To nn tng kin to ha bnh v cc sng kin dn ch

ha trong khu vc ln cn v trn th gii.7

eo di bu c l mt cng c quan trng lm tng chtlng ca cc cuc bu c. Cc quan st vin gip lm tngnim tin ca cng chng vo s trung thc ca tin trnh bu

7 The Carter Center, Observing Election.


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c. Ni cc khc, theo di, gim st bu c bo v cc quyn

dn s v chnh tr ca nhng ngi tham gia vo cc cucbu c.Nm 2005, mt s t chc quc t lin chnh ph v phi

chnh ph cng nhau a ra Tuyn b v cc nguyntc theo di bu c quc t (Declaration of Principles forInternational Election Observation).

020. VIC BO M CC QUYN CON NGI C QUAN H NH TH NO I VI CC CUC BU C?

Nhiu quyn con ngi c ngha thit yu i vi bu c,nu chng khng c bo m th khng th c mt cuc

bu c dn ch, thm ch vic t chc bu c l v ngha.Trong s , c bit quan trng l quyn t do ngn lun,tip cn thng tin, t do i li, hi hp v t do hip hi.iu ny cng c khng nh trong Bnh lun chungs 25 ca y ban Nhn quyn Lin Hp quc, Tuyn ngnv Tiu ch Bu c t do v cng bng (1994) (Xem ti Phlc 4 ca cun sch ny) v Tuyn ngn Ph qut v Dnch (1997) ca IPU.

Ti on 3 Tuyn ngn v Tiu ch Bu c t do v cngbng nu yu cu: Mi ngi, mt cch c nhn v cng

C s tham gia ca phi on theo di bu c EU ti cuc bu c tng thng Senegal vo nm 2012.

020


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vi nhng ngi khc, c quyn: By t quan im chnh tr

m khng b can thip; Tm kim, tip nhn, truyn ti thngtin v la chn vi thng tin y ; Di chuyn t do trong cnc vn ng cho cuc bu c; Vn ng trn c s bnhng vi cc ng chnh tr khc, bao gm c ng thnh lpchnh ph hin ti.

Mt s t chc s dng cch tip cn da trn quyni vi bu c (human rights-based approach to elections).

H nhn mnh trch nhim ca nh nc tun th ccngha v theo lut nhn quyn quc t tn trng, bo vv thc y quyn chnh tr v cc quyn con ngi khctrong bu c.

021. CC NG CHNH TR C VAI TR NH TH NO I VI BU C?ng chnh tr (ng phi chnh tr, chnh ng) l cc t

chc t nguyn lin kt nhng ngi c chung li ch vquan im. Cc ng chnh tr, cu ni gia cng dn vinh nc, truyn t cc thng tin v chnh sch t trnxung v cc thng tin v nhu cu, nguyn vng t di ln.

Cc ng thu np, bi dng, o to nhn s, tuyn lacc ng c vin v vn ng cho h c bu vo cc chcv cng. ng thng c s tr thnh ng cm quyn, c c

hi trin khai cc chnh sch, chng trnh ca ng. Ccng tht c s tr thnh ng i lp, nhng h thng chnhtr dn ch s tip tc bo v quyn ngn lun, quyn phphn v hot ng t do ca h. eo thi gian, ng i lps c c hi ti vn ng cho nhng tng, chng trnhca mnh v ginh l phiu ca nhn dn. Trong mt nn dnch, mc ch ti thng ca vic cnh tranh gia cc ngkhng phi v li ch phe nhm, m l cnh tranh phc vnhn dn c tt hn.


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022. BU C GP NHNG HN CH HOC THCH THC NO?

Bn cnh nhng gi tr tch cc, cc h thng bu c ang gpphi nhng yu t cn tr, thch thc nh: s th , khngquan tm ca ngi dn i vi bu c; c nhng gian lntrong qu trnh bu c; hin tng tht ha vi c tri; mc thng mi ha ngy cng tng (cc chi ph cho bu cngy cng cao, s thng c ph thuc nhiu vo s ngn qum ng c vin c c...); truyn thng, qung co v bu c

v cc ng c vin mt chiu, thin lch...

023. GIAN LN BU C L G?Gian ln bu c(electoral fraud) hoc gian ln phiu bu (voterigging) l cc hnh thc can thip mt cch bt hp phpvo quy trnh ca mt cuc bu c. Hnh vi gian ln thngnhm lm nh hng n s lng phiu bu mang li mt

kt qu bu c nht nh, c th bng cch tng t l phiu bucho ng c vin c ng h, hoc gim t l phiu cho ccng c vin i th, hoc c hai. nh ngha gian ln bu ckhc nhau trong lut php cc nc.

Nhiu loi gian ln bu c b cm trong lut bu c,nhng cng c nhng loi l vi phm php lut ni chung,chng hn nh nhng hnh vi cn tr, quy ri bi nh

hoc ph bng.Mc d gian ln bu c l thut ng ch yu dng ch

nhng hnh vi tri php lut, thut ng ny i khi c dng m t nhng hnh vi d l hp php, nhng li tri oc, tri tinh thn ca lut bu c, hoc vi phm cc nguyntc dn ch. Chng hn nh cc cuc bu c trnh din(show elections),trong ch c mt ng c vin c th ginhchin thng, hoc kt qu c bit trc, i khi c coil gian ln bu c, mc d chng c th c thc hin theoquy nh ca php lut.

023


34/20432

Gian ln bu c lm thay i kt qu bu c. Ngay c khi kt

qu khng b nh hng, gian ln vn c th lm gim lng tinca c tri, lm cho nhiu ngi khng chp nhn kt qu buc. V bu c c nhiu cng on, c rt nhiu hnh thc gianln, vi cc mc khc nhau. Mt s hnh thc gian ln buc ph bin l: Phn chia khu vc bu c khng khch quan; Tc quyn bu c ca mt s nhm, c th bng vic t

ra cc iu kin nht nh; Lm phn r cc lc lng, cc ng i lp; Da nt, e da s dng bo lc; Mua phiu, hi l; ng tin sai lch; L phiu c thit k khng r, gy nhm ln; Nhi phiu (b thm nhiu phiu vo thng);

Loi b, hy phiu bu hp l (c th bng cch loi bphiu bng cch coi l khng hp l); nh tro l phiu, hm phiu; C tri mo danh ( cho ngi khng ng l c tri b

phiu); Kim m sai kt qu thc...

hn ch gian ln bu c, c th p dng mt s bin phpnh: it k c quan qun l bu c c lp; Truy t, x pht nghim nhng k gian ln; Ci thin c s vt cht lin quan (chng hn nh dng

hm phiu bng knh hoc nha trng); Mi cc quan st vin trong nc v quc t tham gia tin

trnh bu c...


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Thc y bu c t do v cnh tranh

33

II. THC Y BU C T DO V CNH TRANH

024. LIN HP QUC C QUAN TM NH TH NO N BU C?T khi c thnh lp, vo nm 1945, Lin Hp quc (LHQ) c vai tr quan trng trong vic bo v ha bnh v ccquyn con ngi trn th gii. y ban Nhn quyn (sau ny lHi ng Nhn quyn, k t nm 2006) v cc c quan nhnquyn LHQ gp phn quan trng trong vic xy dng khun

kh php l ton cu bo v cc quyn con ngi, trong ccquyn chnh tr (mt s iu c gii thiu trn y).Tng th k Boutros Boutros-Ghali, trong cc bo co

vi ch Chng trnh ngh s v ha bnh (An Agenda forPeace, 1992) v Chng trnh v Dn ch ha (An Agenda forDemocratization,1996) nhn mnh rng vic phn bit ix, khng c bo m cc quyn l nguyn nhn gy bt

n, cnh , dn ch c nh hng n ha bnh v an ninh,cc nh nc cn to iu kin cho cc cuc bu c t do vcng bng... Trong bo co V nn T do rng ri hn (Inlarger Freedom, 2005), Tng th k Kofi Annan khng nh c s chp nhn ton cu rng dn ch l gi tr ph qut.i hi ng thng qua nhiu ngh quyt vi cc mc tiucng c vai tr ca LHQ trong thc y cc nguyn tc bu

c t do (Ngh quyt 49/190 nm 1994), h tr hiu qu cccuc bu c ti cc quc gia, nht l nhng ni ln u tint chc bu c dn ch (Ngh quyt 52/129 nm 1994, 54/173nm 1999...).

T nm 1992, Tng th k LHQ b nhim mt u minhm h tr cc hot ng bu c, t di thm quyn caPh Tng th k v cc vn chnh tr. Trong cng nm, BanH tr bu c ca V cc vn chnh tr (Electoral AssistanceDivision of the Department of Political Affairs) c thnhlp h tr k thut, xc lp v thc y cc tiu chun ca

024


36/20434

Lin Hp quc v bu c, thit k cc d n h tr bu c

Chng trnh pht trin ca LHQ (UNDP) cng c vai trtch cc trong vic cung cp h tr k thut cho cc hot ngbu c v hp tc cht ch vi Ban H tr bu c LHQ. Nhiuc quan chuyn mn khc ca LHQ cng thc y quynbu c cho cc nhm khc nhau, chng hn UNIFEM h trnhm ph n ti nhiu nc thc thi cc quyn bu c

Trong giai on 1989-1996, c 76 quc gia thnh vin v 2

quc gia khng phi thnh vin (Palestine v Western Sahara) ngh LHQ h tr t chc bu c. LHQ h tr 69 trnghp trong s ny.8

025. BN CNH LIN HP QUC, C CC T CHC LIN CHNH PH NOHOT NG V BU C?Bn cnh Lin Hp quc, c nhiu t chc lin chnh ph

nh T chc Lin minh Ngh vin (IPU), Vin Quc t v dnch v h tr bu c ( International IDEA), y ban chu u(EC), T chc An ninh v hp tc chu U (OSCE)hotng tch cc thc y bu c dn ch.

Do c ngun lc ln, cc t chc ny, t mnh hoc lin ktvi cc t chc khc, trin khai nhiu chng trnh, d n lnh tr bu c dn ch cc lnh vc khc nhau (ph bin kin

thc, tp hun, xut bn n phm, gim st bu c...).Chng hn EC v UNDP duy tr mt trang tin t chc

cc kha o to v bu c (v qun tr bu c, qun tr hthng kt qu bu c, ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong buc...).9International IDEA c nhiu n phm, nghin cu vthit k bu c, h tr bu c, cng nh c c s d liu v buc trn ton th gii.

8 Guy S.Goodwin-Gill, Free and Fair Elections: New expanded editions, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2006, trang 22.9 Trang tin: http://elearning.ec-undp-electoralassistance.org/


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c


35

026. T CHC LIN MINH NGH VIN C VAI TR G THC Y BU C?

K t khi thnh lp vo nm 1889, T chc Lin minh Nghvin (Inter-Parliamentary Union - IPU), bn cnh vic l mtdin n ca cc ngh s v ngh vin, tch cc nng caonhn thc ca cng chng v cc th ch i din v cng ccc th ch . IPU, vi vn phng ti Geneva, y S, tphp thng tin, thc hin nghin cu, h tr k thut v nngcao nng lc cho cc Ngh vin.

Nm 1993, trong mt nghin cu v cc h thng bu c,IPU nu cc quan im ca mnh v bu c dn ch. Nm1994, Hi ng Lin minh Ngh vin (Inter-ParliamentaryCouncil)ti phin hp ln th 154 thng qua Tuyn ngnv tiu ch bu c t do v cng bng (Xem trong Ph lc 4cun sch ny).

Nm 1997, IPU thng qua Tuyn ngn Ph qut v

Dn ch, trong nhn mnh vai tr thit yu ca cccuc bu c t do i vi dn ch. Nm 1998, IPU xutbn B Quy tc ng x trong Bu c (Codes of Conductfor Elections).y l b quy tc mu cp n cc thnht lin quan n bu c nh ch php quyn, cc ngchnh tr, ng c vin, vn ng chin dch, quyn vtrch nhim ca truyn thng, qun l bu c, gii quyt

tranh chp...

027. C CC T CHC NGO QUC T NO HOT NG TRONG LNH VCBU C?Mt s t chc, mng li NGO quc t hot ng tchcc trong lnh vc bu c l International Foundation forElectoral Systems (IFES), Carter Center, Electoral Institutefor Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA), Asian Networkfor Free Elections (ANFREL)... ANFREL c thnh vin l ccNGO v bu c t rt nhiu quc gia chu nh Afghanistan,

027


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Bangladesh, Campuchia, Indonesia, Philippines, n , Nht

Bn, Hn Quc, Mng C...Cc t chc ny c cc hnh thc hot ng chnh l h trbu c, cung cp thng tin, gio dc cng chng v bu c, trgip cc nhm yu th tham gia tin trnh bu c, quan st,theo di bu c...

Chng hn, t chc IFES thit lp v duy tr trang tin int ElectionGuide cung cp, cp nht thng tin v cc cuc

bu c trn khp th gii. Hay nh Mng li tri thc v Buc ACE (ACE Electoral Knowledge Network) l mt d nhp tc gia mt nhm gm 9 t chc IDEA, EISA, ElectionsCanada, National Electoral Institute of Mexico (INE), IFES,Carter Center, UNDP v UNEAD.10

028. CC T CHC X HI DN S C TH NG GP G CHO BU C?

Do c u im l gn gi i sng cng dn v c s c lpvi nh nc, vic tham gia ca cc t chc x hi dn s vobu c l rt cn thit. S tham gia c th nhiu giai onkhc nhau ca chu trnh bu c (xem thm S di y).Nhng hnh thc hot ng ca cc NGO, cc hi on qucgia v quc t c th l:- rc bu c:vn ng hon thin php lut v bu c;

gio dc, nng cao nhn thc ca cng chng bng cchnh thc truyn thng, bo ch, xut bn; vn ng c triquan tm, h tr vic ng k c tri; cung cp thng tincho cc bn quan tm trong nc v quc t; o to, tphun nhng ngi t chc bu c; vn ng, thc y sbnh ng gia cc ng c vin, cc ng trong vn ngtranh c...

10 Trang tin: http://aceproject.org.


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bu

c


37

- rong bu c: h tr cc nhm thiu s, nhm yu th

thc hin quyn bu c; gim st, theo di bu c, hotng ca cc t chc v cn b qun l bu c; h tr cpnht thng tin; thu thp bng chng, t gic cc hnh vigian ln bu c...

- Sau bu c: kim chng kt qu; thu thp d liu, phntch, nh gi cc kha cnh ca cuc bu c (bnh nggii, vai tr truyn thng...), a ra cc khuyn ngh hon

thin; gim st vic thc hin li ha ca cc ng c vin...

Mt s v chu trnh bu c, gm 3 giai on chnh: 1) Trc bu c, c cc hot ng: ln k hochv ngn sch, lch trnh; o to; thng tin; ng k ng, ng k c tri...; 2) Trong bu c, c cchot ng: c, vn ng tranh c, b phiu, kim phiu; 3) Sau bu c c cc hot ng: nh

gi, kim ton; ci cch h thng bu c, c quan qun l bu c...; ln chin lc kt ni mng li,cng c th ch, tng cng nng lc... 11

11 ACE Electoral Knowledge Network: http://aceproject.org/ero-en/topics/electoral-management/electoral%20cycle.JPG/view

028


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III. BU C MT S QUC GIA

029. PHP LUT BU C CA CC QUC GIA THNG CNHNG NI DUNG G?

Php lut bu c ca cc quc gia bao gm nhiu ngunkhc nhau: t cc quy nh trong hin php, cc lut do Quchi ban hnh, cc n l ca ta n lin quan n bu c...Mt squc gia c o lut ring v bu c, mt s quc gia gp chung

bu c vi mt s vn khc trong mt o lut (nh Anhc Lut v ng chnh tr, bu c v trng cu dn nm 2000).Cc ni dung sau y thng c php lut cc quc gia

iu chnh: c quan qun l bu c (y ban, Hi ng buc), ng k c tri, iu kin, th tc ng c, ti tr bu c, vnng tranh c, truyn thng, b phiu, kim phiu, gii quyttranh chp...

030. HOA K C NHNG LOI BU C NO?Hoa K theo h thng lin bang vi 50 tiu bang, cp linbang c cc cuc bu c chnh sau: Bu c Tng thng (nhim k 4 nm, khng qu 2 nhim

k): 4 nm mt ln; Bu c H vin (435 thnh vin, nhim k 2 nm): 2 nm

mt ln; Bu c ng vin (100 thnh vin, nhim k 6 nm): 2

nm bu li 1/3;

Vic bu Tng thng c chia thnh hai giai on: Bu c sb la chn ng c vin ca ng ra tranh c; v cc ngc vin chin thng trong Bu c s b s i din cho ngra tranh c trong cuc Tng tuyn c. Trong cuc Tng tuync, c tri s a ra quyt nh cui cng, da trn danh schcc ng c vin c tn trn danh sch l phiu. Trn l phiu


41/204

PHNA

Khiqutv

bu

c

Bu c mt s quc gia

39

c th c c tn ca ng c vin c lp (khng thuc ng

no). c tn trong danh sch ny, ng c vin c lp phitrnh ra mt s lng ch k ng h nht nh, ch khngtheo phng thc bu c s b truyn thng.

50 tiu bang, cc cuc bu c rt a dng, gm c: buc ng c bang, bu c Ngh vin bang, bu c hi nga phng, bu c th trng, bu cnh st trng... Mt sbang cn t chc bu ra thm phn ta n (chng hn nh 9

thm phn Ta n Ti cao bang Texas l c c tri bang bura). Nhng hu ht cc bang ca Hoa K, cng nh hu htcc quc gia trn th gii, thm phn khng do dn bu ra, mc b nhim bo m tnh c lp ca t php.

030

Mt minh ha cho tin trnh bu c Tng thng Hoa K (nh: Vietnamplus).


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031. TRUNG QUC C NHNG LOI BU C NO?

Cng dn Trung Quc trn 18 tui c quyn bu c v ngc lm i biu i hi i biu nhn dn (Quc hi vHND cc cp) (theo iu 34 Hin php 1982). TrungQuc, i biu i hi i biu nhn dn cp hng (x) vhuyn c nhn dn trc tip bu ra, i biu i hi ibiu nhn dn cc cp khc (tnh v ton quc) c nhndn bu c gin tip.

i hi i biu Nhn dn ton quc (Quc hi), hin c2.987 i biu (kha 2013-2018), mi nm ch c mt k hp,c bu ra vi nhim k 5 nm thng qua mt h thng buc nhiu cp. Cc i biu ca i hi c cc i hi ibiu cp tnh bu ra, cc i hi cp tnh ny li c cp ditnh bu ra, c nh th cho n cp hnh chnh thp nht dongi dn bu ra.

Cng dn Trung Quc c trc tip bu ra trng thn(village), cp thp nht trong h thng chnh quyn 5 cp (tnh,a khu, huyn, hng v thn) (theo Lut nm 1987, sa inm 1998). n khng phi l cp chnh quyn chnh thc,ch l t chc t qun ca cng ng dn c, nhng nhiuni do a bn rng ln khng th qun l ht c nn thn c trao nhiu quyn hnh chnh. Bu c trng thn rt

c cc nh quan st quc t quan tm nh mt ch du timnng v dn ch quc gia rng ln ny.

eo quy nh ca Lut C bn c khu hnh chnh MaCao, chc v Trng c khu (Hnh chnh trng quan)do U ban bu c, i din cho cc tng lp Ma Cao, bura. Tng t, cho n gn y, theo Lut C bn ca HngKng, Trng c khu c bu chn bi y ban bu c vikhong 1.200 thnh vin, ngi dn khng c quyn trc tipbu. Vic chnh quyn Bc Kinh mun ci cch theo hng trhon khng cho bu trc tip Trng c khu gy ra ln


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c

Bu c mt s quc gia

41

032

sng phn i mnh m bi nhiu nh lp php Hng Kng,

ngi dn v c bit l gii tr trong cc nm 2014 v 2015.032. GN Y TRN TH GII C NHNG CUC BU C NO

GY NHIU CH ?Trong nm 2015, nhiu quc gia trn th gii t chcbu c nh ti Anh (bu c H vin ngy 7/5), Hi Lp (buc Quc hi ngy 20/9), Nh K (bu c Quc hi ngy

1/11), Venezuela (bu c Quc hi ngy 6/12), Ty Ban Nha(bu c Quc hi ngy 20/12)...Ti Anh, ng Bo th ca tng David Cameron

thnh cng ln trong cuc bu c H vin ngy 7/5, vi vicginh c 329 gh ti H vin gm 650 gh, cao hn mcqu bn (326 gh) c th ng ra thnh lp chnh ph mim khng cn lin minh vi ng no khc nh trong cuc

bu c nm 2010. Trong khi , Cng ng ch c 232 gh.Nay tng Cameron c c hi nm quyn thm mtnhim k na thc hin cc mc tiu ra trong cnglnh tranh c, trong c ct gim thm ht ngn sch, tothm vic lm v u t mnh m cho dch v y t cng v htng giao thng...

Ti Venezuela, trong cuc bu c Quc hi ngy 6/12, lin

minh i lp on kt dn ch (MUD) ginh c 2/3 s gh(99/167 gh) ti c quan lp php nc ny (trong khi ngX hi ch ngha thng nht (PSUV) cm quyn ch c 46gh). iu ny cho php phe i lp c th thc hin nhngthay i su rng, y l kt qu ti t nht i vi phong trox hi ch ngha do Hugo Chavez thnh lp t nm 1999.

u nm 2016, ngy 16/01, ti i Loan, ng vin ngi lp Dn Tin, b i Anh Vn (Tsai Ing Wen) ginhchin thng p o (56% phiu bu, gn gp i so vi 31%phiu bu m i th Chu Lp Lun nhn c) v tr thnh


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n Tng thng u tin. Sau 8 nm yn tnh ca quan h hai

b eo bin i Loan, chin thng vang di ca ng Dn Tintrc Quc Dn ng cm quyn v s xut hin ca tn lnho i Loan khin tnh hnh an ninh trong khu vc c th cnhng chuyn bin bt ng.

Ti Iran, vo ngy 26/2/2016, bu c chn c 290i biu Quc hi v 88 thnh vin Hi ng chuyn gia (cquan c quyn b nhim Lnh t ti cao tng lai). Cc ng

minh ca Tng thng Rouhani thng ln, c bit ti th Tehran. Kt qu ny c li cho nhng ngi ng h cicch ti Iran v theo ui chnh sch n ha hn vi phngTy, tri vi thin hng bo th ca Lnh t ti cao Iran, ngAnyatollah Ali Khamenei.

033. GN Y TRONG KHU VC ASEAN C NHNG CUC BU C

NO GY NHIU CH ?Ti Myanmar, cuc tng tuyn c ngy 8/11/2015 c ngha lch s, l du mc quan trng trong tin trnh dnch ha v quyt nh tng lai ca quc gia ny. Cuc buc c t chc sau 4 nm chnh ph qun s chuyn giaoquyn hnh cho mt chnh ph dn s di s lnh oca Tng thng ein Sein, ngi a ra mt s ci cch

nhm chm dt tnh trng b c lp ca Myanmar. Hn 90ng tham gia tranh c trong cuc tng tuyn c t do nhtsau 25 nm ti Myanmar.

Chin thng ngon mc thuc v Lin on quc giaDn ch (NLD), do Aung San Suu Kyi lnh o, vi 886 gh(77,4%) c ba cp (225 gh ti H vin, 135 gh ng vin,496 gh ti ngh vin bang v cp vng). Trong khi ng Linminh on kt v Pht trin (USDP) cm quyn ch c 118gh (10%), trong tng s 1.150 gh ( gm 323 gh H vin, 168gh ng vin, 659 gh ngh vin bang v cp vng). NLD


45/204

PHNA

Khiqutv

bu

c

Bu c mt s quc gia

43

034

c quyn thnh lp mt chnh ph c lp, nm quyn c

H vin v ng vin. Tuy nhin, Suu Kyi khng th cbu lm Tng thng v b kt hn vi ngi nc ngoi.Trong cuc tng tuyn c Singapore ngy 11/9/2015, ng

Nhn dn Hnh ng (PAP) cm quyn ca tng LHin Long ginh c 83 gh trong Quc hi 89 gh. Sugh cn li thuc v ng i lp ln nht ng Cng nhn(WP). Vi kt qu ny, PAP c quyn thnh lp chnh ph

mi. K t nm 1965 n nay, PAP lun ginh thng li trongcc cuc tng tuyn c ti Singapore v y l ln th 12. Vicginh chin thng trong cuc tng tuyn c ny cho thy sng h tip tc ca ngi dn, cng nh chnh sch cai trkho lo, hiu qu ca ng ny.

034. TRONG NM 2016 TRN TH GII C NHNG QUC GIA NO T CHCBU C?Trong nm 2016, khng ch Vit Nam, c nhiu quc gia tchc bu c, bao gm: Peru, vo ngy 10/4, bu c Tng thngv H vin 130 gh; Macedonia, vo ngy 24/4, bu c 123 ghNgh vin theo h thng hn hp; Zambia, vo ngy 20/9, buc Tng thng, Ngh vin, hi ng a phng; Ghana, vongy 7/11, bu c Tng thng theo h thng 2 vng v 275 gh

Aung San Suu Kyi n thm mt im b phiu; cng khai kim m phiu trc s gim st ca

ngi dn ti Rangoon, Min in vo ngy Ch nht, 8/11/2015 (nh: The Star).


46/20444

Ngh vin mt vin theo h thng ngi v trc thng. Cnh

, bu c cng din ra ti Iran, Uganda, Sri lanka, Georgia,Libya, Morocco...Trong khu vc ng Nam , vo ngy 9/5, Philippin t

chc bu c Tng thng v ngh vin quc gia, cng nh cquan i din cc a phng. V tr Tng thng v ph tngthng c bu ring r, c th t hai ng khc nhau. ngkim Tng thng Benigno Aquino khng c ti c v cm

quyn 2 nhim k. Tnh n thng 3/2016, ch cn c 5 ng cvin lt vo vng trong tranh c gh Tng thng. gii c bit ch n cuc bu c Tng thng ti

Hoa K s din ra vo ngy 8/11. Cng trong ngy ny, c triHoa K s bu ra 469 gh trong Quc hi (34 gh ngvin v ton b 435 gh H vin). Kh nng ln u tin cmt n Tng thng, hoc c mt Tng thng xut thn l t

ph khin cho cuc bu c ny c th i vo lch s. ngCng ha cn n lc duy tr s thng lnh c hai vinQuc hi.


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PHN B

BU C

VIT NAM


48/20446

I. KHI QUT

035. CUC BU C U TIN VIT NAM DIN RA T KHI NO?Ngy 3/9/1945, mt ngy sau khi c bn Tuyn ngn clp khai sinh ra Nh nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ha, tiphin hp u tin ca Chnh ph lm thi, Ch tch HCh Minh ngh mt trong nhng nhim v cp bchcn phi thc hin ngay l t chc cng sm cng hay cuc

tng tuyn c vi ch ph thng u phiu bu raQuc hi.Ngy 8/9/1945 Sc lnh s 14 c ban hnh n nh

sau 2 thng s m cuc tng tuyn c. Ngy 26/9/1945, Uban d tho th l Tng tuyn c c thit lp. U banny son bn d tho Chnh ph chnh thc ban hnhSc lnh s 51 ngy 17/10/1945 v l Tng tuyn c,

km theo l Bng n nh s i biu cc tnh v thnhph c bu. Ngy 2/12/1945, Chnh ph quyt nh sai, b sung th tc ng c, b sung s i biu c bucho mt s tnh nng tng s i biu Quc hi ln 330i biu.

to iu kin cho nhng ngi c nguyn vng ng cc thi gian ng c v vn ng tuyn c, ngy 18/12/1945,

Chnh ph ban hnh Sc lnh s 76 quyt nh hon cucTng tuyn c n ngy 6/1/1946. Tuy nhin, ti mt s aphng, do thng tin khng n kp, vic b phiu vn dinra vo ngy 23/12/1945 nh k hoch ban u.

Nh vy, cuc Tng tuyn c ngy 6/1/1946 l cuc buc u tin ti Vit Nam, din ra ch sau hn 4 thng ncnh c c lp. Cuc Tng tuyn c bu c 333 ibiu, trong 57% s i biu thuc cc ng phi khcnhau, 43% khng ng phi, 10 i biu n, 34 i biu ccdn tc thiu s.


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BucVitNam

Khi qut

47

036. TRONG LCH S VIT NAM DIN RA CC CUC BU C QUC HI NO?Ti Vit Nam c cc cuc bu c Quc hi sau:1. Bu c Quc hi kha I (1946-1960): t chc ngy 6 thng

1 nm 1946.2. Bu c Quc hi Kha II (1960-1964): t chc ngy 8

thng 5 nm 1960, bu 362 i biu (gp vi 91 i biu

kha I ca Min Nam c lu nhim).3. Bu c Quc hi Kha III (1964-1971): t chc ngy 26thng 4 nm 1964, bu 366 i biu c bu (gp vi 87i biu kha I ca Min Nam c lu nhim).

4. Bu c Quc hi Kha IV (1971-1975): t chc ngy 11thng 4 nm 1971, bu 420 i biu.

5. Bu c Quc hi Kha V (1975-1976): t chc ngy 6

thng 4 nm 1975, bu 424 i biu.6. Bu c Quc hi Kha VI (1976-1981), Quc hi u tin

ca nc Vit Nam thng nht: t chc ngy 25 thng 4nm 1976, bu 492 i biu.

7. Bu c Quc hi Kha VII (1981-1987): t chc ngy 26thng 4 nm 1981, bu 496 i biu.

8. Bu c Quc hi Kha VIII (1987-1992): t chc ngy 19thng 4 nm 1987, bu 496 i biu.

9. Bu c Quc hi Kha IX (1992-1997): t chc ngy 19thng 7 nm 1992, bu 395 i biu.

Nhn dn mt s a phng vn ng v b phiu trong cuc Tng tuyn c nm 1946(nh t liu TTXVN).

036


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10. Bu c Quc hi Kha X (1997-2002): t chc ngy 20

thng 7 nm 1997, bu 450 i biu.11. Bu c Quc hi Kha XI (2002-2007): t chc ngy 19thng 5 nm 2002, bu 498 i biu.

12. Bu c Quc hi Kha XII (2007-2011): t chc ngy 20thng 5 nm 2007, bu c 493 i biu. Quc hi khoXII rt ngn thi gian hot ng 1 nm tin hnh buc Quc hi kho XIII cho cng thi gian vi cuc bu c

i biu HND cc cp nm 2011.13. Bu c Quc hi Kha XIII (2011-2016): t chc ngy 22thng 5 nm 2011, ln u tin bu c Quc hi v bu cHND cc cp c t chc vo cng mt ngy.

037. VIT NAM TRC Y C NHNG VN BN PHP LUT NOQUY NH V BU C?

Tng ng vi cc bn Hin php trc y (1945, 1959,1980 v 1992), c cc o lut v bu c Quc hi cban hnh l: Sc lnh s 51 v l Tng tuyn c, 1945; Lut bu c i biu Quc hi, 1959 (sa i 1964); Lut bu c i biu Quc hi, 1980; Lut bu c i biu Quc hi, 1992;

Lut bu c i biu Quc hi, 1997 ( c sa i, bsung nm 2001 v 2010).

Cc php lnh, lut v bu c Hi ng nhn dn: Php lnh v bu c i biu Hi ng nhn dn cc cp,

1961 (sa i nm 1981); Lut bu c i biu Hi ng nhn dn cc cp, 1983; Lut bu c i biu Hi ng nhn dn, 1994; Lut bu c i biu Hi ng nhn dn, 2003 ( c

sa i, b sung nm 2010).


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PHNB

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Khi qut

49

038. VIT NAM HIN NAY C NHNG C QUAN NH NC NO

C NGI DN BU RA?Quc hi v Hi ng nhn dn cc cp (ba cp tnh, huyn vx) c gi chung l cc c quan i din hay c quan quynlc nh nc, c c tri bu ra.

V mt php l, Quc hi l c quan i biu cao nht caNhn dn, c quan quyn lc nh nc cao nht ca ncCng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam. Quc hi thc hin

quyn lp hin, quyn lp php, quyt nh cc vn quantrng ca t nc v gim st ti cao i vi hot ng caNh nc (iu 69 Hin php 2013).

Hi ng nhn dn l c quan quyn lc nh nc aphng, i din cho ch, nguyn vng v quyn lm ch caNhn dn, do Nhn dn a phng bu ra, chu trch nhimtrc Nhn dn a phng v c quan nh nc cp trn.

Hi ng nhn dn quyt nh cc vn ca a phng dolut nh; gim st vic tun theo Hin php v php lut aphng v vic thc hin ngh quyt ca Hi ng nhn dn(iu 113 Hin php 2013).

039. NH NC VIT NAM C NHNG CAM KT NO V BU C DN CH?Vit Nam, mt thnh vin ca Lin Hp quc t nm 1977,

gia nhp, ph chun 7 trong tng s 9 cng c quc t cbn v quyn con ngi. Vi vic tr thnh thnh vin cngc, nh nc cam kt thc thi cc ngha v tn trng, bo vv bo m cc quyn chnh tr ca ngi dn, trong ccquyn v bu c, ng c.

L thnh vin, nh nc Vit Nam c cc ngha v theocc cng c sau y: Cng c v cc quyn dn s v chnhtr, 1966(c bit l iu 25 v cc quyn chnh tr), Cng cv xa b mi hnh thc phn bit i x chng li ph n, 1979(c bit l iu 7 v quyn chnh tr ca ph n), Cng c v

039


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xa b mi hnh thc phn bit chng tc, 1965 (c bit l iu

5 v quyn chnh tr ca cc nhm thiu s v sc tc), Cngc v quyn ca ngi khuyt tt, 2007 (c bit l iu 29 vquyn chnh tr ca ngi khuyt tt)

Hin php Vit Nam 2013 cng xc nh nhiu nguyn tcquan trng v dn ch, bao gm: tt c quyn lc nh ncthuc v Nhn dn(iu 2), nhn dn thc hin quyn lc nhnc bng dn ch trc tip, bng dn ch i din thng qua

Quc hi, HND(iu 6)Cc nguyn tc bu c c Hin php 2013 xc nhbu c i biu Quc hi v i biu HND c tin hnhtheo nguyn tc ph thng, bnh ng, trc tip v b phiukn (Khon 1, iu 7). Hin php bo m quyn ca cngdn 18 tui tr ln c quyn bu c v 21 tui tr lnc quyn ng c vo Quc hi, HND (iu 27).

040. NH NC VIT NAM C NGHA V BO CO N CC C QUAN LHQV VIC THC HIN QUYN BU C VIT NAM KHNG?L thnh vin ca Cng c quc t v cc quyn dn s vchnh tr (ICCPR, 1996) t nm 1982, nh nc Vit Nam cngha v nh k bo co cho y ban Nhn quyn LHQ, cquan c thm quyn gim st vic thc thi Cng ng ny, v

vic bo m cc quyn dn s v chnh tr, trong c quynbu c, ng c (theo iu 40 Cng c).

Cnh , theo c ch kim im nh k ph qut (UPR)ca Hi ng nhn quyn LHQ, nh nc Vit Nam c nghav bo co nh k (khong 4,5 nm/ln) v vic thc thi ttc cc quyn con ngi c bn, bao gm quyn bu c, ng cti Vit Nam.


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Khi qut

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041. VIT NAM HIN NAY C VN BN PHP LUT CH YU NO

QUY NH V BU C?Hin php 2013, vn bn php l cao nht ca quc gia, quynh v quyn bu c, ng c ca cng dn; cc nguyn tcbu c; cc c quan c bu ra, nhim k ca chng; Hing bu c quc gia...

Cng vi Hin php, th Lut Bu c i biu Quc hi vi biu Hi ng nhn dn (2015) l vn bn php lut quan

trng nht quy nh v bu c hin nay.

042. BU C VIT NAM PHI TUN TH CC NGUYN TC NO? Vit Nam, vic bu c c thc hin da trn 4 nguyn tc,c khng nh ti iu 7 Hin php nm 2013, bao gm: Nguyn tc ph thng u phiu: cng dn 18 tui tr

ln c quyn bu c v 21 tui tr ln c quyn ng c

vo Quc hi v Hi ng nhn dn, m bo tt c micng dn khng b phn bit thnh phn dn tc, tn gio,tn ngng, a v... u c quyn bu c.

Nguyn tc bnh ng: c th hin mt s kha cnhnh mi c tri khng phn bit u c s ln b phiu nhnhau; gi tr l phiu ca tng c tri u nh nhau; s lngdn c nh nhau c bu s lng i biu bng nhau.

Nguyn tc trc tip: c tri c trc tip b phiu vothng phiu khng qua ngi trung gian; c tri trc tipla chn ngi mnh b phiu; khng c nh ngikhc bu h; khng bu c bng phng php gi th.

Nguyn tc b phiu kn: ch c tri bit v s la chnca mnh th hin trn l phiu, nhm m bo quyn tdo th hin ch ca c tri, to iu kin qu trnh lachn ca mi c tri khng b tc ng nh hng ca ccc nhn hay t chc.

042


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043. CC C QUAN LIN QUAN BAN HNH NHNG VN BN NO

V VIC T CHC BU C TRONG NM 2016?Tip theo Ngh quyt s 105/2015/QH13 ca Quc hi vNgy bu c BQH kha XIV v i biu HND cc cpnhim k 2016-2021; thnh lp Hi ng bu c quc gia,trong nm 2016, nhiu vn bn c cc c quan nh nc,ng Cng sn Vit Nam v Mt trn T quc Vit Nam banhnh lin quan n bu c, bao gm:

1. Ch th s 51-CT/TW ngy 04/01/2016 ca B Chnh trv lnh o cuc bu c BQH kha XIV v bu c ibiu HND cc cp nhim k 2016- 2021

2. Ch th s 01/CT-TTg ngy 13/01/2016 ca tngChnh ph v t chc cuc bu c BQH kha XIV vi biu HND cc cp nhim k 2016- 2021

3. Ngh quyt s 1129/2016/UBTVQH13 ngy 14/01/2016

ca y ban thng v Quc hi cng b Ngy bu cBQH kha XIV v i biu HND cc cp nhim k2016- 2021

4. Ngh quyt s 1132/NQ-UBTVQH13, ngy 16/01/2016ca y ban thng v Quc hi hng dn vic xc nhd kin c cu, thnh phn v phn b s lng ngic gii thiu ng c i biu HND cc cp nhim k

2016- 20215. Ngh quyt s 1134/2016/UBTVQH13, ngy 18/01/2016

ca y ban thng v Quc hi quy nh chi tit, hngdn v vic t chc Hi ngh c tri; vic gii thiu nging c i biu HND cp x thn, t dn ph...

6. Ngh quyt s 1135/2016/UBTVQH13 ngy 22/01/2016ca y ban thng v Quc hi d kin s lng, c cu,thnh phn BQH kha XIV

7. Ngh quyt s 41/NQ-HBCQG ngy 29/01/2016 caHi ng bu c quc gia quy nh cc mu vn bn trong


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cng tc bu c; hng dn v h s ng c v thi hn

np h s ng c BQH kha XIV v i biu HNDcc cp nhim k 2016- 20218. Phn cng s 04/PC-HBCQG ngy 15/12/2015 ca

Hi ng bu c quc gia v thnh vin Hi ng bu cquc gia

9. K hoch s 40/KH-HBCQG ngy 29/01/2016 ca Hing bu c quc gia trin khai cng tc bu c i biu

Quc hi kha XIV v i biu Hi ng nhn dn cccp nhim k 2016 - 202110. ng tri s 07/TTr-MTTW-BTT ngy 28/01/2016 ca

Ban ng trc y ban Trung ng Mt trn T qucVit Nam v vic Mt trn T quc Vit Nam tham giacuc bu c BQH kha XIV v i biu HND cc cpnhim k 2016- 2021

11. Hng dn s 38-HD/BTCTW ngy 31/01/2016 caBan T chc Trung ng v cng tc nhn s BQH khaXIV v i biu HND cc cp nhim k 2016- 2021

12. Hng dn s 20-HD/UBKTTW ngy 12/01/2016 cay ban Kim tra Trung ng thc hin vic gii quytt co, khiu ni v bu c BQH kha XIV v i biuHND cc cp nhim k 2016- 2021 ca cc cp y, t

chc ng, y ban Kim tra cc cp13. Hng dn s 169-HD/BTGTW ngy 15/01/2016 ca

Ban Tuyn gio Trung ng tuyn truyn cuc bu cBQH kha XIV v i biu HND cc cp nhim k2016- 2021

14. K hoch s 151/KH-BTTTT ngy 15/01/2016 ca Bng tin v Truyn thng thng tin, tuyn truyn cucbu c BQH kha XIV v i biu HND cc cpnhim k 2016- 2021

15. ng t s 06/2016/TT-BTC ngy 14/01/2016 ca B

043


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Ti chnh hng dn vic lp d ton, qun l, s dng v

quyt ton kinh ph bu c BQH kha XIV v i biuHND cc cp nhim k 2016- 202116. Hng dn s 82/HD-BTKT ngy 20/01/2016 ca Ban

i ua- Khen thng Trung ng thc hin cng tc thiua, khen thng trong t chc bu c BQH kha XIVv i biu HND cc cp nhim k 2016- 2021

17. ng t s 02/2016/TT-BNV ngy 01/02/2016 ca B

Ni v hng dn nghip v cng tc t chc bu c ibiu Quc hi kha XIV v i biu Hi ng nhn dncc cp nhim k 2016- 2021

044. NHNG NI DUNG C BN CA LUT BU C I BIU QUC HIV I BIU HI NG NHN DN 2015 L G?Lut Bu c i biu Quc hi v i biu Hi ng nhn dn

nm 2015 (gi tt l Lut Bu c 2015) c Quc hi khaXIII thng qua ngy 25/6/2015, c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy01 thng 9 nm 2015.

Lut Bu c 2015 thay th cho Lut bu c i biu Quchi nm 1997 ( c sa i, b sung nm 2001 v 2010)v Lut bu c i biu Hi ng nhn dn 2003 ( c sai, b sung nm 2010).

Lut Bu c 2015 quy nh mt s ni dung chnh sau: Nhng quy nh chung v bu c D kin v phn b s lng i biu Quc hi, i biu

Hi ng nhn dn n v bu c, khu vc b phiu Hi ng bu c quc gia v t chc ph trch bu c a

phng Danh sch c tri ng c, hip thng, gii thiu ngi ng c Tuyn truyn, vn ng bu c


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Quyn bu c, ng c, cc c quan ph trch bu c

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047

B phiu, xc nh kt qu bu c

Bu c b sung X l vi phm.

II. QUYN BU C, NG C, CC C QUAN PH TRCHBU C

045. CNG DN BAO NHIU TUI TH C QUYN BU C?Tnh n ngy bu c c cng b, cng dn nc CHXHCNVit Nam 18 tui tr ln c quyn bu c (iu 27 Hinphp 2013 v iu 2 Lut Bu c 2015).

046. CNG DN BAO NHIU TUI TH C QUYN NG C?Tnh n ngy bu c c cng b, cng dn nc CHXHCN

Vit Nam 21 tui tr ln c quyn ng c vo Quc hi,Hi ng nhn dn cc cp (iu 27 Hin php 2013 v iu2 Lut Bu c 2015).

047. TIU CHUN CA NGI NG C I BIU QUC HI L G?Ngi ng c i biu Quc hi phi p ng cc tiu chunca i biu Quc hi quy nh ti Lut t chc Quc hi. C

th, theo iu 22 Lut t chc Quc hi (2014), cc tiu chunca i biu Quc hi bao gm:1. Trung thnh vi T quc, Nhn dn v Hin php, phn

u thc hin cng cuc i mi, v mc tiu dn giu,nc mnh, dn ch, cng bng, vn minh.

2. C phm cht o c tt, cn, kim, lim, chnh, ch cngv t, gng mu chp hnh php lut; c bn lnh, kinquyt u tranh chng tham nhng, lng ph, mi biuhin quan liu, hch dch, ca quyn v cc hnh vi viphm php lut khc.


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3. C trnh vn ha, chuyn mn, c nng lc, sc

khe, kinh nghim cng tc v uy tn thc hin nhimv i biu Quc hi.4. Lin h cht ch vi Nhn dn, lng nghe kin ca Nhn

dn, c Nhn dn tn nhim.5. C iu kin tham gia cc hot ng ca Quc hi.

048. TIU CHUN CA NGI NG C HI NG NHN DN L G?

Ngi ng c i biu Hi ng nhn dn phi p ng cctiu chun ca i biu Hi ng nhn dn quy nh ti Lutt chc chnh quyn a phng. C th, theo iu 7 ca Lutt chc chnh quyn a phng (2015), cc tiu chun cai biu Hi ng nhn dn bao gm:1. Trung thnh vi T quc, Nhn dn v Hin php,

phn u thc hin cng cuc i mi, v mc tiu

dn giu, nc mnh, dn ch, cng bng, vn minh.2. C phm cht o c tt, cn, kim, lim, chnh,ch cng v t, gng mu chp hnh php lut; cbn lnh, kin quyt u tranh chng tham nhng,lng ph, mi biu hin quan liu, hch dch, caquyn v cc hnh vi vi phm php lut khc.

3. C trnh vn ha, chuyn mn, nng lc, sc

khe, kinh nghim cng tc v uy tn thc hinnhim v i biu; c iu kin tham gia cc hotng ca Hi ng nhn dn.

4. Lin h cht ch vi Nhn dn, lng nghe kin caNhn dn, c Nhn dn tn nhim.

049. NHNG C QUAN NO C TRCH NHIM CHNH LIN QUAN N

T CHC BU C?eo Lut Bu c 2015, nhng c quan c trch nhim chnhlin quan n t chc bu c gm:


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Quyn bu c, ng c, cc c quan ph trch bu c

57

Quc hi

Hi ng bu c quc gia y ban thng v Quc hi Mt trn T quc Vit Nam y ban bu c tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng ng trc Hi ng nhn dn cc cp.

050. QUC HI C THM QUYN G I VI BU C?

Quc hi quyt nh ngy bu c ton quc i vi cuc buc i biu Quc hi, bu c i biu Hi ng nhn dn cccp; quyt nh vic bu c b sung i biu Quc hi trongthi gian gia nhim k; quyt nh, thnh lp Hi ng buc quc gia.

051. HI NG BU C QUC GIA C NHNG THM QUYN CHUNG G

I VI BU C?Hi ng bu c quc gia t chc bu c i biu Quchi; ch o v hng dn cng tc bu c i biu Hing nhn dn cc cp. eo iu 14 Lut Bu c 2015,nhim v, quyn hn chung ca Hi ng bu c quc giabao gm:1. T chc bu c i biu Quc hi.

2. Ch o, hng dn cng tc bu c i biu Hi ngnhn dn cc cp.

3. Ch o cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn v vn ng buc.

4. Ch o cng tc bo v an ninh, trt t, an ton x hitrong cuc bu c.

5. Kim tra, n c vic thi hnh php lut v bu c.6. Quy nh mu h s ng c, mu th c tri, mu phiu bu

c, ni quy phng b phiu, cc mu vn bn khc s dngtrong cng tc bu c.

051


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052. HI NG BU C QUC GIA C THM QUYN G TRONG VIC T CHC

BU C I BIU QUC HI?eo iu 15 Lut Bu c 2015, nhim v, quyn hn ca Hing bu c quc gia bao gm:1. n nh v cng b s n v bu c i biu Quc hi,

danh sch cc n v bu c v s lng i biu Quc hic bu mi n v bu c.

2. Nhn v xem xt h s ca ngi c t chc chnh tr,

t chc chnh tr-x hi, t chc x hi, lc lng v trangnhn dn, c quan nh nc trung ng gii thiu ngc i biu Quc hi; nhn h s v danh sch ngi ngc i biu Quc hi do y ban bu c tnh, thnh phtrc thuc trung ng gi n.

3. Gi danh sch trch ngang l lch, bn sao tiu s tm ttv bn k khai ti sn, thu nhp ca nhng ngi

abc ve bau cu abc on election

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