about ocean

8/12/2019 About Ocean

1/14

Ocean 1

Ocean

Surface of the Atlantic ocean meeting the Earth's planetary

boundary layer and troposphere. Waves on an ocean coast.

This animation uses Earth science data from a variety of sensors on

NASA Earth observing satellites to measure physical oceanography

parameters such as ocean currents, ocean winds, sea surface height

and sea surface temperature.

Earth'soceans Arctic

Pacific

Atlantic

Indian

Southern

World Ocean

v

t e[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Five_oceans&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Five_oceanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Five_oceanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oceanus.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AThe_Ocean_-_a_driving_force_for_Weather_and_Climate.ogvhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AWaves_on_Ocean_Coast.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AClouds_over_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundary_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundary_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_ocean


2/14

Ocean 2

An ocean (from Ancient Greek (Okeanos); the World Ocean of classical antiquity) is a body of saline

water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions

of the World Ocean, which occupies two-thirds of planet's surface. These are, in descending order by area, the

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with

"ocean" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the World

Ocean) that land partly or fully encloses.

Earth is the only planet that is known to have an ocean (or any large amounts of open liquid water). Saline water

covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6x108km

2) and is customarily divided into several principal

oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of the Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97%

of the Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total

volume is approximately 1.3 billion cubic kilometres (310 million cu mi) with an average depth of 3,682 metres

(12,080 ft).

The ocean principally comprises Earth's hydrosphere and therefore is integral to all known life, forms part of the

carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much

of the ocean's depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of

Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are believed to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been theimpetus for the emergence of life.

Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large

stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of

oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had

large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered

by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as

salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in

extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of

many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is believed to have over twice the water

volume of Earth. The Solar System's gas giant planets are also believed to possess liquid atmospheric layers of yet to

be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid

water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface

completely covered with liquid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circumstellar_habitable_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exomoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exoplanethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmospherichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_gianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europa_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runaway_greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_ocean_hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakes_of_Titanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abiogenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_water_on_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_water_on_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_%28ocean%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_on_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saline_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saline_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_language


3/14

Ocean 3

Earth's global ocean

Divisions

Various ways to divide the World Ocean

Though generally described as several separate oceans,

these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of

salt water sometimes referred to as the World Ocean orglobal ocean.[2] This concept of a continuous body of

water with relatively free interchange among its parts is

of fundamental importance to oceanography.

The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the

continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria. See

the table below for more information; note that the table

is in descending order in terms of size.

Rank Ocean Notes

1 Pacific Ocean Separates Asia and Oceania from the Americas

2 Atlantic Ocean Separates the Americas from Eurasia and Africa

3 Indian Ocean Washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia

4 Southern

Ocean

Sometimes considered an extension of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, which encircles Antarctica

5 Arctic Ocean Sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic, which covers much of the Arctic and washes upon northern North America

and Eurasia

The Pacific and Atlantic may be further subdivided by the equator into northern and southern portions. A smaller

region of the ocean can be called other names, such as sea, gulf, bay, and strait.

Physical properties

The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1,400,000,000,000,000,000 metric tons (1.51018

short tons) or 1.41021

kg, which is about 0.023 percent of the Earth's total mass. Less than 3 percent is freshwater; the rest is saltwater,

mostly in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is 361 million square kilometres (139 million square miles), and

its volume is approximately 1.3 billion cubic kilometres (310 million cu mi). This can be thought of as a cube of

water with an edge length of 1,111 kilometres (690 mi). Its average depth is 3,790 metres (12,430 ft), and its

maximum depth is 10,923 metres (6.787 mi). Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3,000 metres

(9,800 ft) deep. The vast expanses of deep ocean (anything below 200 metres (660 ft)) cover about 66% of the

Earth's surface. This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea.

The bluish color of water is a composite of several contributing agents. Prominent contributors include dissolved

organic matter and chlorophyll.[3]

Sailors and other mariners have reported that the ocean often emits a visible glow, or luminescence, which extends

for miles at night. In 2005, scientists announced that for the first time, they had obtained photographic evidence of
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sailorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sailorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_of_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seawaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Headlands_and_bayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarcticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_%28continent%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AWorld_ocean_map.gif


4/14

Ocean 4

this glow. It is most likely caused by bioluminescence.

Zones and depths

The major oceanic divisions

Oceanographers divide the ocean into

different zones by physical and

biological conditions. The pelagic zoneincludes all open ocean and comprises

further regions of depth and light

abundance. The photic zone falls

two-hundred meters below the oceanic

surface and is where photosynthesis

can occur and therefore the most

biodiverse. Plants require

photosynthesis: deeper life relies on

material sinking from above (see

marine snow) or another energy

source. Hydrothermal vents are the

primary source in what is known as the

aphotic zone (depths exceeding

200 m). The pelagic part of the photic

zone is known as the epipelagic.

The pelagic part of the aphotic zone comprises regions that descend in vertical order according to temperature. The

mesopelagic is the uppermost region. Its lowermost boundary is at a thermocline of 12 C (54 F), which, in the

tropics generally lies at 7001,000 metres (2,3003,300 ft). Next is the bathypelagic lying between 10 and 4 C (50

and 39 F), typically between 7001,000 metres (2,3003,300 ft) and 2,0004,000 metres (6,60013,100 ft) Lyingalong the top of the abyssal plain is the abyssopelagic, whose lower boundary lies at about 6,000 metres (20,000 ft).

The last zone includes the deep oceanic trench, and is known as the hadalpelagic. This lies between 6,00011,000

metres (20,00036,000 ft) and is the deepest oceanic zone.

The benthic zones are aphotic and correspond to the three deepest zones of the deep-sea. The bathyal zone covers the

continental slope down to about 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). The abyssal zone covers the abyssal plains between 4,000

and 6,000 m. Lastly, the hadal zone corresponds to the hadalpelagic zone, which is found in oceanic trenches. The

pelagic zone comprises two subregions: the neritic zone and the oceanic zone. The neritic encompasses the water

mass directly above the continental shelves whereas the oceanic zone includes all the completely open water.

Whereas the littoral zone covers the region between low and high tide and represents the transitional area between

marine and terrestrial conditions. It is also known as the intertidal zone because it is the area where tide level affects

the conditions of the region.

The ocean can be divided into three density zones: the surface zone, the pycnocline, and the deep zone. The surface

zone, also called the mixed layer, refers to the uppermost density zone of the ocean. Temperature and salinity are

relatively constant with depth in this zone due to currents and wave action. The surface zone contains ocean water

that is in contact with the atmosphere and within the photic zone. The surface zone has the ocean's least dense water

and represents approximately 2% of the total volume of ocean water. The surface zone usually ranges between

depths of 500 feet to 3,300 feet below ocean surface, but this can vary a great deal. In some cases, the surface zone

can be entirely non-existent. The surface zone is typically thicker in the tropics than in regions of higher latitude. The

transition to colder, denser water is more abrupt in the tropics than in regions of higher latitudes. The pycnoclinerefers to a zone wherein density substantially increases with depth due primarily to decreases in temperature. The

pycnocline effectively separates the lower-density surface zone above from the higher-density deep zone below. The
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pycnoclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intertidalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littoral_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continental_shelveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neritic_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bathyal_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep-seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benthichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadal_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_trenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abyssal_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abyssal_plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bathypelagichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermoclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopelagichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epipelagichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aphotic_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrothermal_ventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodiversehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photic_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelagic_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AOceanic_divisions.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioluminescence


5/14

Ocean 5

pycnocline represents approximately 18% of the total volume of ocean water. The deep zone refers to the lowermost

density zone of the ocean. The deep zone usually begins at depths below 3,300 feet in mid-latitudes. The deep zone

undergoes negligible changes in water density with depth. The deep zone represents approximately 80% of the total

volume of ocean water. The deep zone contains relatively colder and stable water.

If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in temperature with depth, it contains a thermocline. The tropical thermocline

is typically deeper than the thermocline at higher latitudes. Polar waters, which receive relatively little solar energy,are not stratified by temperature and generally lack a thermocline since surface water at polar latitudes are nearly as

cold as water at greater depths. Below the thermocline, water is very cold, ranging from -1C to 3C. Since this deep

and cold layer contains the bulk of ocean water, the average temperature of the world ocean is 3.9C If a zone

undergoes dramatic changes in salinity with depth, it contains a halocline. If a zone undergoes a strong, vertical

chemistry gradient with depth, it contains a chemocline.

The halocline often coincides with the thermocline, and the combination produces a pronounced pycnocline.

Exploration

Map of large underwater features (1995, NOAA)

Ocean travel by boat dates back to

prehistoric times, but only in modern

times has extensive underwater travel

become possible.

The deepest point in the ocean is the

Mariana Trench, located in the Pacific

Ocean near the Northern Mariana

Islands. Its maximum depth has been

estimated to be 10,971 metres

(35,994 ft) (plus or minus 11 meters;

see the Mariana Trench article fordiscussion of the various estimates of

the maximum depth.) The British naval

vessel, Challenger II surveyed the

trench in 1951 and named the deepest part of the trench, the "Challenger Deep". In 1960, the Trieste successfully

reached the bottom of the trench, manned by a crew of two men.

Much of the ocean bottom remains unexplored and unmapped. A global image of many underwater features larger

than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) was created in 1995 based on gravitational distortions of the nearby sea surface.[citation

needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bathyscaphe_Triestehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Challenger_Deephttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariana_Trenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Mariana_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Mariana_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariana_Trenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AOcean_gravity_map.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NOAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemoclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haloclinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermocline


6/14

Ocean 6

Climate

A map of the global thermohaline circulation; blue

represent deep-water currents, while red represent

surface currents

Ocean currents greatly affect the Earth's climate by transferring

heat from the tropics to the polar regions. Transferring warm or

cold air and precipitation to coastal regions, where winds may

carry them inland. Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global

density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulation part oflarge-scale ocean circulation. It plays an important role in

supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.

Changes in the thermohaline circulation are thought to have

significant impacts on the Earth's radiation budget. In so far as the

thermohaline circulation governs the rate at which deep waters

reach the surface, it may also significantly influence atmospheric

carbon dioxide concentrations.

For a discussion of the possibilities of changes to the thermohaline circulation under global warming, see shutdown

of thermohaline circulation.It is often stated that the thermohaline circulation is the primary reason that the climate of Western Europe is so

temperate. An alternate hypothesis claims that this is largely incorrect, and that Europe is warm mostly because it

lies downwind of an ocean basin, and because atmospheric waves bring warm air north from the subtropics.

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current encircles that continent, influencing the area's climate and connecting currents in

several oceans.

One of the most dramatic forms of weather occurs over the oceans: tropical cyclones (also called "typhoons" and

"hurricanes" depending upon where the system forms).

Biology

The ocean has a significant effect on the biosphere. Oceanic evaporation, as a phase of the water cycle, is the source

of most rainfall, and ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns that affect life on land. Life within the

ocean evolved 3 billion years prior to life on land. Both the depth and the distance from shore strongly influence the

biodiversity of the plants and animals present in each region.[4]

Lifeforms native to the ocean include:

Fish;

Radiata, such as jellyfish (Cnidaria);

Cetacea, such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises;

Cephalopods, such as octopus and squid;

Crustaceans, such as lobsters, clams, shrimp, and krill;

Marine worms;

Plankton; and

Echinoderms, such as brittle stars, starfish, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sand_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_cucumberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starfishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brittle_starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echinodermshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planktonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shrimphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crustaceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cephalopodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porpoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cetaceahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cnidariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jellyfishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_cyclonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subtropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Density_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AThermohaline_Circulation_2.png


7/14

Ocean 7

Gases

Characteristics of Oceanic Gases [5][6][7]

Gas Concentration of Seawater, by Mass (in parts per million), for

whole Ocean

% Dissolved Gas, by Volume, in Seawater at

Ocean Surface

Carbon dioxide

(CO2)

64 to 107 15%

Nitrogen (N2) 10 to 18 48%

Oxygen (O2) 0 to 13 36%

Solubility of Oceanic Gases (in terms of mL/L) with Temperature at salinity of 33 and

atmospheric pressure[8]

Temperature O2

CO2

N2

0C 8.14 8,700 14.47

10C 6.42 8,030 11.59

20C 5.26 7,350 9.65

30C 4.41 6,600 8.26

Ocean Surface

Generalized Characteristics of Ocean Surface by Latitude [9][10][11]

Characteristic Oceanic Waters in Polarregions

Oceanic Waters in Temperateregions

Oceanic Waters in Tropicalregions

Precipitation vs. evaporation P > E P > E E > P

Sea Surface Temperature in Winter -2C 5 to 20C 20 to 25C

Average Salinity 28 to 32 35 35 to 37

Annual Variation of Air

Temperature

40C 10C < 5C

Annual Variation of Water

Temperature

< 5C 10C < 5C

Mixing Time

Residence Time = The amount of the element in the ocean The rate at which that element is added to (or removed

from) the ocean

The mean oceanic mixing time (residence time) is thought to be approximately 1,600 years. If a given element in the

ocean stays in the ocean, on average, longer than the oceanic mixing time, then that element is assumed to be

homogeneously spread throughout the ocean. As a result, since the major salts have a residence time that is longer

than 1,600 years, the ratio of major salts is thought to be unchanging across the ocean. This constant ratio is often

referred to as Forchhammer's principle or the principle of constant proportions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Residence_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_surface_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precipitation


8/14

Ocean 8

Mean Oceanic Residence Times for specific Constituents [12]

Constituent Residence Time (in years)

Iron (Fe) 200

Aluminum (Al) 600

Manganese (Mn) 1,300

Water (H2O) 4,100

Silicon (Si) 20,000

Carbonate (CO3

2-) 110,000

Calcium (Ca2+

) 1,000,000

Sulfate (SO4

2-)

11,000,000

Potassium (K+) 12,000,000

Magnesium (Mg2+

) 13,000,000

Sodium (Na+)

68,000,000

Chloride (Cl-) 100,000,000

Salinity

A zone of rapid salinity increase with depth is called a halocline. The temperature of maximum density of seawater

decreases as its salt content increases. Freezing temperature of water decreases with salinity, and boiling temperature

of water increases with salinity. Typical seawater freezes at around -1.9C at atmospheric pressure. If precipitation

exceeds evaporation, as is the case in polar and temperate regions, salinity will be lower. If evaporation exceeds

precipitation, as is the case in tropical regions, salinity will be higher. Thus, oceanic waters in polar regions have

lower salinity content than oceanic waters in temperate and tropical regions.

Salinity can be calculated using the chlorinity, which is a measure of the total mass of halogen ions (includes

fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) in seawater. By international agreement, the following formula is used to

determine salinity:

Salinity (in) = 1.80655 x Chlorinity (in)

The average chlorinity is about 19.2, and, thus, the average salinity is around 34.7

Absorption of light

Absorption of Light in Different Wavelengths by Ocean

Color: Wavelength (nm) Depth wherein 99 percent of wavelength is absorbed (in meters) Percent absorbed in 1 meter of water

Ultraviolet (UV): 310 31 14.0

Violet (V): 400 107 4.2

Blue (B): 475 254 1.8

Green (G): 525 113 4.0

Yellow (Y): 575 51 8.7

Orange (O): 600 25 16.7

Red (R): 725 4 71.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salinity%23Seawaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halocline


9/14

Ocean 9

Infrared (IR): 800 3 82.0

Economic value

The oceans are essential to transportation. This is because most of the world's goods move by ship between the

world's seaports. Oceans are also the major supply source for the fishing industry. Some of the more major ones are

shrimp, fish, crabs, and lobster.

Waves

The motions which first present themselves to our notice are partial and alternate rising and falling of the surface is

known as undulations or waves.

Extraterrestrial oceans

See alsoExtraterrestrial liquid water

Two models for the composition of Europa

predict a large subsurface ocean of liquid water.

Similar models have been proposed for other

celestial bodies in the Solar System

While Earth is the only known planet with large stable bodies of liquid

water on its surface and the only one in our Solar System, other

celestial bodies are believed to possess large oceans.

Planets

The gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, are thought to lack surfaces and

instead have a stratum of liquid hydrogen, however their planetary

geology is not well understood. The possibility of Uranus and Neptune

possessing hot, highly compressed, supercritical water under their thick

atmospheres has been hypothesised. While their composition is still not

fully understood, a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz et al. ruled out the

possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune, though some

studies have suggested that exotic oceans of liquid diamond are

possible.

The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface

of Mars was once covered by water, though the water on Mars is no

longer oceanic. The possibility continues to be studied along with

reasons for their apparent disappearance. Astronomers believe that

Venus had liquid water and perhaps oceans in its very early history. If

they existed, all later vanished via resurfacing.

Natural satellites

A global layer of liquid water thick enough to decouple the crust from the mantle is believed to be present on Titan,

Europa and, with less certainty, Callisto, Ganymede and Triton. A magma ocean is thought to be present on Io.

Geysers have been found on Saturn's moon Enceladus, though their origins are not well understood. Other icy moons

may also have internal oceans, or have once had internal oceans that have now frozen.

Large bodies of liquid hydrocarbons are thought to be present on the surface of Titan, though they are not large

enough to be described as oceans and are sometimes referred to as lakes or seas. The CassiniHuygens space

mission initially discovered only what appeared to be dry lakebeds and empty river channels, suggesting that Titan

had lost what surface liquids it might have had. Cassini's more recent fly-by of Titan offers radar images that

strongly suggest hydrocarbon lakes exist near the colder polar regions. Titan is thought to have a subterranean water
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassini%E2%80%93Huygenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titan_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enceladus_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geyserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Io_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triton_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callisto_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europa_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titan_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Venushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmosphere_of_Venushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neptunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planetary_geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planetary_geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquid_hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_gianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEuropaInterior1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crabshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shrimphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishing_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seaporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ship


10/14

Ocean 10

ocean under the ice and hydrocarbon mix that forms its outer crust.

Dwarf planets and trans-Neptunian objects

Diagram showing a possible internal structure of

Ceres

Ceres appears to be differentiated into a rocky core and icy mantle and

may harbour a liquid-water ocean under its surface.

Not enough is known of the larger Trans-Neptunian objects to

determine whether they are differentiated bodies capable of possessing

oceans, although models of radioactive decay suggest that Pluto, Eris,

Sedna, and Orcus have oceans beneath solid icy crusts at the

core-boundary approximately 100 to 180 km thick.

Extrasolar

Rendering of a hypothetical large extrasolar

moon with surface liquid-water oceans

Some planets and natural satellites beyond the Solar System are likely

to possess oceans, including possible water ocean planets similar to

Earth in the habitable zone or "liquid-water belt". The detection of

oceans, even through the spectroscopy method, however is likely to

prove extremely difficult and inconclusive.

Theoretical models have been used to predict with high probability that

GJ 1214 b, detected by transit, is composed of exotic form of ice VII,

making up 75% of its mass, making it an ocean planet.

Other possible candidates are merely speculated based on their mass

and position in the habitable zone include planet though little is

actually known of their composition. Some scientists speculate Kepler-22b may be an "ocean-like" planet. Models

have been proposed for Gliese 581 d that could include surface oceans. Gliese 436 b is speculated to have an ocean

of "hot ice". Extrasolar moons orbiting planets, particularly gas giants within their parent star's habitable zone may

theoretically possess surface oceans.

Terrestrial planets will acquire water during their accretion, some of which will be buried in the magma ocean but

most of it will go into a steam atmosphere, and when the atmosphere cools it will collapse on to the surface forming

an ocean. There will also be outgassing of water from the mantle as the magma solidifies - this will happen even for

planets with a low percentage of their mass composed of water, so "super-Earth exoplanets may be expected to

commonly produce water oceans within tens to hundreds of millions of years of their last major accretionary

impact."

Non-water surface liquids

Oceans, seas, lakes, etc., can be composed of liquids other than water: e.g. the hydrocarbon lakes on Titan. The

possibility of seas of nitrogen on Triton was also considered but ruled out. [13] Underneath the thick atmospheres of

Uranus and Neptune it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of

water, ammonia and other volatiles. The gaseous outer layers of Jupiter and Saturn transition smoothly into oceans of

liquid hydrogen. There is evidence that the icy surfaces of the moons Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Titan and

Enceladus are shells floating on oceans of very dense liquid water or waterammonia. Earth is often called the ocean
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enceladus_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enceladus_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enceladus_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europa_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callisto_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neptunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triton_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titan_%28moon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extrasolar_moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gliese_436_bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gliese_581_dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kepler-22bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_VIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GJ_1214_bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habitable_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AUpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extrasolar_moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extrasolar_moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=90482_Orcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=90377_Sednahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eris_%28dwarf_planet%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pluto_%28dwarf_planet%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-Neptunian_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mantle_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Core_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planetary_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceres_%28dwarf_planet%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACeres_Cutaway.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceres_%28dwarf_planet%29


11/14

Ocean 11

planet because it is 70% covered in water.[14]

The atmosphere of Venus is 96.5% carbon dioxide and at the surface

the pressure makes the CO2

a supercritical fluid. Extrasolar terrestrial planets that are extremely close to their parent

star will be tidally locked and so one half of the planet will be a magma ocean. It is also possible that terrestrial

planets had magma oceans at some point during their formation as a result of giant impacts.[15]

Where there are

suitable temperatures and pressures, volatile chemicals which might exist as liquids in abundant quantities on planets

include ammonia, argon, carbon disulfide, ethane, hydrazine, hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide,

methane, neon, nitrogen, nitric oxide, phosphine, silane, sulfuric acid, and water.[16]Hot Neptunes close to their star

could lose their atmospheres via hydrodynamic escape, leaving behind their cores with various liquids on the

surface.[17]

References

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index. php?title=Template:Five_oceans&action=edit

[2] " Distribution of land and water on the planet (http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/background/

seemore1.html)". UN Atlas of the Oceans(http://www.oceansatlas.com/)

[3] Paula G. Coble "Marine Optical Biogeochemistry:The Chemistry of Ocean Color" Chemical Reviews, 2007, volume 107, pp 402418.

[4] Biology: Concepts & Connections. Chapter 34: The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth's Diverse Environment. (sec 34.7)

[5] http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/courses/OCN623/Spring2012/Non_CO2_gases.pdf

[6] http://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/GenChem1/L23/web-L23.pdf

[7] Composition of seawater (http://www.seafriends.org. nz/oceano/seawater.htm)

[8] http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-742-marine-chemistry-fall-2006/lecture-notes/

lec_11_gas_exch.pdf

[9] 5.6 Synthesis - AR4 WGI Chapter 5: Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level (http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/

ar4/wg1/en/ch5s5-6.html)

[10] Annual mean (http://www.ecmwf.int/research/era/ERA-40/ERA-40_Atlas/docs/section_B/charts/B12_LL_YEA. html)

[11] Ocean Stratification (http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/o_strat.html)

[12] http://www.gly. uga.edu/railsback/3030/3030Tres.pdf

[13][13] Page 485, Encyclopedia of the solar system By Lucy-Ann Adams McFadden, Paul Robert Weissman, Torrence V. Johnson

[14] Irrigating Crops with Seawater (http://www.sciamdigital.com/index. cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&

ISSUEID_CHAR=639198AF-0E70-4121-9F4C-465C7C35B05&

ARTICLEID_CHAR=86FB36E4-843C-4DC5-AA23-DFCA681FBB2);August 1998; Scientific American

[15] Fluid Dynamics of a Terrestrial Magma Ocean (http://geophysics.nmsu. edu/slava/publications/OEM. pdf), V. S. Solomatov, 2000

[16] Tables 3 and 4 in Many Chemistries Could Be Used to Build Living Systems (http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~meech/a281/handouts/

Baines_astrobio04.pdf), WILLIAM BAINS, ASTROBIOLOGY, Volume 4, Number 2, 2004

[17] Atmospheric Loss of Sub-Neptunes and Implications for Liquid Phases of Different Solvents on Their Surfaces (http://meetingorganizer.

copernicus.org/EPSC2009/EPSC2009-542.pdf), J.J. Leitner (1), H. Lammer (2), P. Odert (3), M. Leitzinger (3), M.G. Firneis (1) and A.

Hanslmeier (3), EPSC Abstracts, Vol. 4, EPSC2009-542, 2009, European Planetary Science Congress

Further reading

Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003.Regional Oceanography: an Introduction. (see the site (http://

www.

es.flinders.

edu.

au/

~mattom/

regoc/

)) Pope, F. 2009. From eternal darkness springs cast of angels and jellied jewels. inThe Times. November 23. 2009

p. 1617.

External links

Oceans (http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Environment/Water_Resources/Oceans) on the Open Directory

Project

Smithsonian Ocean Portal (http://ocean.si.edu)

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ocean (http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html)

Ocean :: Science Daily (http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/o/ocean.htm)

Ocean-bearing Planets: Looking For Extraterrestrial Life In All The Right Places (http://www.sciencedaily.

com/releases/2008/12/081215091011.htm)
http://ocean.si.edu/http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.htmlhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/o/ocean.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215091011.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215091011.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215091011.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215091011.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215091011.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/o/ocean.htmhttp://www.noaa.gov/ocean.htmlhttp://ocean.si.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Directory_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Directory_Projecthttp://www.dmoz.org/Science/Environment/Water_Resources/Oceanshttp://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/regoc/http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/regoc/http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2009/EPSC2009-542.pdfhttp://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2009/EPSC2009-542.pdfhttp://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~meech/a281/handouts/Baines_astrobio04.pdfhttp://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~meech/a281/handouts/Baines_astrobio04.pdfhttp://geophysics.nmsu.edu/slava/publications/OEM.pdfhttp://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ISSUEID_CHAR=639198AF-0E70-4121-9F4C-465C7C35B05&ARTICLEID_CHAR=86FB36E4-843C-4DC5-AA23-DFCA681FBB2http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ISSUEID_CHAR=639198AF-0E70-4121-9F4C-465C7C35B05&ARTICLEID_CHAR=86FB36E4-843C-4DC5-AA23-DFCA681FBB2http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/3030/3030Tres.pdfhttp://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/o_strat.htmlhttp://www.ecmwf.int/research/era/ERA-40/ERA-40_Atlas/docs/section_B/charts/B12_LL_YEA.htmlhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch5s5-6.htmlhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch5s5-6.htmlhttp://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-742-marine-chemistry-fall-2006/lecture-notes/lec_11_gas_exch.pdfhttp://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-742-marine-chemistry-fall-2006/lecture-notes/lec_11_gas_exch.pdfhttp://www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/seawater.htmhttp://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/GenChem1/L23/web-L23.pdfhttp://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/courses/OCN623/Spring2012/Non_CO2_gases.pdfhttp://www.oceansatlas.com/http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/background/seemore1.htmlhttp://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/background/seemore1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Five_oceans&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrodynamic_escapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_Neptunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_cyanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_disulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrestrial_planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supercritical_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmosphere_of_Venus


12/14

Ocean 12

Titan Likely To Have Huge Underground Ocean | Mind Blowing Science (http://mindblowingscience.com/

latest-news/titan-likely-to-have-huge-underground-ocean/)

Origins of the oceans and continents (http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/howoceanswereformed2/

originsofoceans/originofocean2jte.html)". UN Atlas of the Oceans(http://www.oceansatlas.com/).
http://www.oceansatlas.com/http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/howoceanswereformed2/originsofoceans/originofocean2jte.htmlhttp://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/howoceanswereformed2/originsofoceans/originofocean2jte.htmlhttp://mindblowingscience.com/latest-news/titan-likely-to-have-huge-underground-ocean/http://mindblowingscience.com/latest-news/titan-likely-to-have-huge-underground-ocean/


13/14

Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsOcean Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean Contributors: 0alx0, 10metreh, 1836311903, 2fort5r, 2toy mora, 334a, 36624844, 5JJJJJ, 7sharks, 808caTFish, 8justin88,

9258fahsflkh917fas, 999ktill1m, A8UDI, Abdullais4u, Abeg92, Acalamari, Achristl, Acroterion, Adfectio, Adilch, AdjustShift, Aff123a, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Ajcounter, Alai, Alan Liefting,

Alansohn, Ale jrb, AlexiusHoratius, Alienlifeformz, Allstarecho, Aloha4aly, Alsandro, Altenmann, Amy12345654321, Andreas Brakoulias, Andrewman327, Andrewmc123, Andy120, Anetode,

Angela, Angrysockhop, Aniten21, Anna512, Antandrus, Anthonymorris, Antonio Lopez, Aoidh, Apokryltaros, Ardara, Arjun01, Art LaPella, Artaxiad, Arthur Rubin, Astral, Astredita,

Astropithicus, Asukite, AtticusX, AussieLegend, AutomaticStrikeout, Avatar 06349, Avenged Eightfold, Aviator703, Avicennasis, Avsa, Awickert, Aymdaman777, B jonas, BD2412, BRG,

BSATwinTowers, BW52, Baa, Babak902003, Baiji, Bandit543, Barbiedol103, Bardsandwarriors, Barek, Basawala, BatManFascination, BbyLetsFakInMyRoom, Beeawwb, Belovedfreak, Ben

Arnold, Ben Ram, Berserkerz Crit, Betacommand, Bgwhite, Bhadani, Big Adamsky, BillWSmithJr, Bimlyttle, Biosci01, Black Cat Claws, BlaiseFEgan, Blanchardb, Blaxthos, BlueResistance,Bluemask, Bob A, Bob rulz, Bob101123, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca, Bogey97, Bokitopower, Bonadea, Bongwarrior, BorgQueen, Bosonic dressing, Bovlb, Bratzgrl11, Brion VIBBER, Bryan

Derksen, Buaidh, Bubba hotep, Bwrs, C.Fred, Caknuck, Calabe1992, Calliopejen1, Calltech, Calmer Waters, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadian-Bacon, CanadianCaesar,

CanadianLinuxUser, Cantus, Capitocapito, Capricorn42, CardinalDan, Carlosguitar, Catgut, Cenarium, Century0, Cessator, Chadems, Che829, Ched, Chikaqu013, Chris 73, Chris Croy, Chris

huh, Chriso5591, Christian List, Christian75, Chun-hian, Chzz, Civil Engineer III, Ckatz, Closedmouth, Cnstaggs, Coemgenus, Colenso, Computerjoe, Conversion script, Cool3, Corpx, Cosmic

Latte, Cougar17, Courcelles, Crabsoneyes, Crash carry, Creidieki, Cremepuff222, Crownjewel82, Crusadeonilliteracy, Curlypaco, Curps, Cx360, Cxz111, D, D. Recorder, DJ Clayworth,

DLJessup, DMacks, DR04, DVD R W, DVdm, Dacapprio1233, Dale4sail, Daleyj, Damirgraffiti, Damnreds, Dan D. Ric, Danana123456789, Daniel Collins, Daniel Olsen, Daniel5127,

Danieloke, Darkwind, Darrenhusted, DaveeBlahBlah, Davewild, DavidMCEddy, Davidiad, Davish Krail, Gold Five, Dbachmann, Dbigwood, DeadEyeArrow, Debouch, Debresser, Denelson83,

Deor, DerHexer, Dgw, Diagonalfish, Diannaa, Dimitris, Discospinster, Dislexiccat, Dittaeva, DiverDave, Djcam, DocRuby, Dogposter, DonPMitchell, Donarreiskoffer, Doniago, Donner60,

Dpcs6, Dragons flight, Dragunovak, Drmies, Duxwing, Dycedarg, Dysepsion, E. Ripley, E2eamon, Eb Oesch, Ed Halter, EdC, Edgar181, Edmundgreen, El C, Elassint, Elastic Testicle,

Electriccatfish2, Elemesh, ElinorD, Ellie Pat Norcross, Elockid, Eltonhercjohn, Ember of Light, Emersoni, Emolotricity, Enquire, EoGuy, Epbr123, Epictechy, Epipelagic, Eregli bob, Eric

Kvaalen, Eric119, Erica.Harper, Erin babers, Esoxid, Esperant, Estebandoebolas, Eu.stefan, Eukesh, EvenGreenerFish, Everyking, Excirial, Exert, Extransit, Eyeball kid, FF2010, Facts707,

FaerieInGrey, Failsafehacker, Falconkhe, Fausts, FayssalF, Fedayee, Feelingshafts, Felsir, Fetchcomms, Feydey, FileMaster, Finlay McWalter, Fishdecoy, Flyer22, Flyguy649, Fox1, Fraggle81,

Frankie0607, Free Bear, Freemasonx, Frosted14, Furado, G9altowolf, GDonato, GG GARCIA, GHe, Gail, Gaius Cornelius, Garethfoot, Geographer, Gerfboy, Gerhke69, Giftlite, Gilgamesh,

Gilliam, Ginkgo100, Gjd001, Glenn, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Golgofrinchian, Gondi, GorillazFanAdam, Gragox, Grasshopperboy, GrouchyDan, Gscshoyru, Guldenat, Gulliveig, Gurch,

Gurpreet007, Gvogas, Gwaz, Gwen-chan, Gwernol, GwydionM, H0mEiN, Hadal, Hagedis, Hahahohohehe, HalfShadow, HamburgerRadio, Hamdhi, Hamtechperson, Happysailor, Hasek is the

best, Hashem sfarim, Haymaker, Helix84, Hellerick, Henrygb, Hergilfs, Heron, Heshwa, Hgrobe, Hhavens79, Hmains, Husseinsaid1273, Hveziris, IGeMiNix, Ian13, Igoldste, Ihatethisgame,

Illogicalpie, Imerilai, InformativeBob, Inwind, Iridescent, IronGargoyle, Ishmaelblues, Islander(Scandinavia), Itsmine, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, J04n, JAndrewCombs, JForget, JHunterJ, JNW, JTN, Ja

62, JaWeWe, Jack.Pundi, Jagun, James in Sweden, JamesBWatson, JasonAQuest, Jasonuhl, Jasper Deng, Jaw959, Jclemens, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, JeremyA, Jersey emt, Jhenderson777, Jhinman,

Jim.henderson, Jimp, Jiy, Jkahn81, Joanjoc, John Carter, John Yesberg, John of Reading, Johnbod, Johnnase, JohnnyB256, Jojhutton, Jolly Janner, Jon Nevill, Jonadin93, Jonas Poole, JorisvS,

Jose77, Josve05a, Jrockley, Jsharpminor, Jsnyder, Junglecat, Jusdafax, Jusjih, Jwratner1, K. Aainsqatsi, KC109, KPH2293, Kanetoad, Katalaveno, Kbh3rd, Keep your eyes peeled, son, Keilana,

Keithkml, Kevin Hayes, Kevin29sdfsdfg, King of Hearts, Kingbob2009, Kingdon, Kingking4, Kingpin13, Kirananils, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kntrabssi, Kokoriko, Konstable, Korkymann, Kozuch,

Kralizec!, Ksearing, Kungfuadam, Kuru, Kwamikagami, LEXsample, Labfab, Lakemirror, Lanilion, Lanov, Lao commando, Larry Sanger, Larry_Sanger, Las amigas, Ld100, Len Raymond,

Leobh, Leuqarte, Lexor, Lfstevens, Lichtspiel, Lightmouse, Lights, Lilac Soul, Limingda007, Littlechip89, Ljw2012, Lngdnlrn, LollyBear12, Lollypop01, Longhair, Looxix, Lotje, Louhibonus,

M.M.S., M.O.X, M22mongiello, M9318, MECU, MER-C, MPerel, Macedonian, Mackerm, Magioladitis, Maha ts, Mahusha, Malhonen, Malicay587, Mandarax, Mandel, Manfi, Mani1,

Maniac18, Marek69, Mark, Mark Arsten, Markrr, MarsRover, Marshall Williams2, Marshman, Martial75, Martin Mets., Materialscientist, Mattthecat, Maurreen, MaxEnt, Maximaximax,

Mayooranathan, Mbalelo, Mboverload, Me, Myself, and I, Mean as custard, MeegsC, Megan.pinkus, Mehrunes Dagon, Mejor Los Indios, Mentifisto, Metiscus, MetsFan76, Mgiganteus1,

Michael K. Edwards, Mifter, Mike Rosoft, Mike V, Mike4ty4, MikeLynch, Mikeyoo32, Mild Bill Hiccup, Millermk, Mini-Geek, Minimac, Minimac's Clone, Misos, Mkdw, Mmi7593, Moeron,

Mojo Hand, Molerat, Montrealais, Monty845, Moonlight Mile, Morgandrew, MrBoo, Mrt3366, Mrtrey99, Ms.Puppet, MuZemike, Mumia-w-18, Mutinus, MyHumpMyLovelyLadyHumps,

Myanw, Nagualdesign, Nappateemu, Nasnema, Natfair, Nattashha, NatureA16, NawlinWiki, Nayvik, NeilN, NellieBly, NeoChaosX, Neuropuff, Never give in, Neverquick, Nick, NickBush24,

Nickykittykat, Nids1234, Nihiltres, Niten, Nivix, Njaelkies Lea, Nk, Nknight, Northamerica1000, NotAnonymous0, Nousernames3, Novalis, Novangelis, Nqayyum, NuclearWarfare,

Nuttycoconut, ObiwanLostToBarney, Ocean Music, Oceann, Oceanswig, Octaazacubane, Oda Mari, Ogeh, Ohnoitsjamie, Ojaskula, Okiefromokla (old), Olivialion, Omicronpersei8,

Omnipaedista, Onceuponabulldozer, Onehundredtrillion, Originalwana, Oroso, OverlordQ, Oxymoron83, Party, Pasky, Pat Payne, Patrick, Pb30, Pearle, PegArmPaul, Penikett, Persian Poet Gal,

Petri Krohn, Pgk, Pharos, Philip Trueman, Photoguy2801, Piano non troppo, Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, Pit, Piter devries, Pixel ;-), PlanetEditor, PlanetStar, Plasma Twa 2, Plastikspork, Plumbago,

Pmcalduff, Pollinator, Polluxian, Popham123, Porqin, Possum, Poucquerl, Preetty101, Professor Glasses, Pseudomonas, Psychonaut, Puddhe, Pwnproof, Python eggs, Qaddosh, Quadell,

Quarender, Quintote, QuiteUnusual, Quizimodo, Qxz, R'n'B, R. fiend, R000t, RA0808, RCX, RED3000, RJBurkhart, Racerx11, Radagast83, Radon210, Rama, Ranveig, Rashaani, Ravneet kaur

23, Raymond arritt, Rbs, Reach Out to the Truth, Reatlas, Red Director, RedWolf, Redlad07, Remember the dot, Renaissancee, RenamedUser01302013, Renato Caniatti, Researcher360,

Rettetast, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Richard001, Rjwilmsi, Robert Will, Roentgenium111, Roge 20, Roman Soldier, Romanlezner, Romanm, Ron Ritzman, Ronbo76, Ronhjones, Rosshawk11,Rphansalkar, Rracecarr, Rrmcinty, Runescape351, Runningonbrains, Ryan Postlethwaite, Ryan Vesey, SD5, SEALmaster415, SEWilco, SJP, SMC, SP-KP, SWAdair, Saippuakauppias, Salvio

giuliano, Sander123, SandyGeorgia, Sango123, Saoco77, Sarahj2107, Sarient, Sarwicked, SatuSuro, Savant13, Schauble Geochem, SchfiftyThree, Schlggell, SchreiberBike, Scientus, Scilit,

Sct5333, Scwlong, Scyndeye, Seagull76, Seaphoto, Seb az86556, Secret (r enamed), Seegoon, Seglea, Shadowjams, Shanes, ShawntheGod, Shinpah1, Shobhit cool, SiliconDioxide,

Silverdragonus, SiobhanHansa, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Sjakkalle, Sk8awn970, Skizzik, Sky jets, Sluzzelin, Sm8900, Smokefoot, Snalwibma, Snowmanradio, SoCalSuperEagle,

Sonicology, SpaceFlight89, SparrowsWing, Spiffy sperry, Spitfire, SpuriousQ, StaticVision, Steel, Stemonitis, Stephenb, SteveSims, Stewartadcock, Stuffhappens1112, Sue coo, Suffusion of

Yellow, Sugarfan2007, SuleeeOuh, SuperHamster, Suppyyuppy, Swagmachine, Symane, Synchronism, Syphondu, T, TAKASUGI Shinji, TBH, Tahir mq, TaintedMustard, Takeaway, Tanmoy

Panigrahi, Tanzania, Tarawneh, Tarquin, Tbhotch, Tempodivalse, Tgeairn, Tgwena, Thabonch, Thatguyflint, Thatwarpedpenialarea, The Anome, The Article Creator, The High Fin Sperm

Whale, The Rationalist, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheFeds, Thebestofall007, Theda, Themfromspace, Thingg, Thirdmainroad, Thjrsa, Thomas Larsen, Thue, Thugpit5, Thundermaker, Tide

rolls, TimBentley, Timir Saxa, Tinton5, Tizio, Tkinias, Tmopkisn, Toadboss, Tofergofer, Tonderai, Tony Fox, Tpbradbury, Tresiden, Tseno Maximov, Tslocum, Twinxor, Tycho Magnetic

Anomaly-1, Tymyyyy, UNEPGRID-Arendal, UberScienceNerd, Ubiquinoid, Uhai, Ukexpat, Ultraviolet scissor flame, Umalee, UncleDouggie, Undead Herle King, Unholydoom99,

UnicornTapestry, United States Man, Unschool, Urhixidur, Utcursch, VI, Valley2city, Van helsing, Vanished user 39948282, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, VegaDark,

Vegasprof, Velella, Versus22, Vetemmy, Vipinhari, Volcanoguy, Vossman, Vs64vs, Vsmith, WATTAMELLIN, WOSlinker, WackyWiiZ, WadeSimMiser, Waggers, Waldir,

Wantsomedrowninglessons, Warniats, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, Web-aerodynamics, Weetoddid, Weinerheadshaboom, Weirdy, Werdna, Weregerbil, Weyes, White Shadows, White Trillium,

Widr, Wiebermensch, WikHead, Wiki alf, Wiki clip, Wiki13, WikiLaurent, Wikidenizen, Wikijens, Wikipediarules2221, Wikipelli, WildernessForever, Willito76, Willking1979, Wimt, Wk

muriithi, Wonder al, Woohookitty, Wtmitchell, X!, XXdavoXx, Xaosflux, Xchbla423, Xompanthy, Yamakiri, Ybbor, Yidle, Youssefsan, Zaf, Zagalejo, Zenlax, Zondor, Ztobor, Zygomorph,

Zzyzx11, , ,, 2072 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Clouds over the Atlantic Ocean.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Clouds_over_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0

Contributors: Tiago Fioreze

File:Waves on Ocean Coast.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Waves_on_Ocean_Coast.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Adrignola, Kri, Northamerica1000

File:The Ocean - a driving force for Weather and Climate.ogv Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Ocean_-_a_driving_force_for_Weather_and_Climate.ogvLicense:

Public Domain Contributors: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

File:Oceanus.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oceanus.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Serg!o

Image:World ocean map.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_ocean_map.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Quizimodo

Image:Oceanic divisions.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oceanic_divisions.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Chris huh (Original text : K. Aainsqatsi) / K.

Aainsqatsi

Image:Ocean gravity map.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ocean_gravity_map.gif License: unknown Contributors: NOAA

Image:Thermohaline Circulation 2.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Robert Simmon,

NASA. Minor modifications by Robert A. Rohde also released to the public domain

Image:EuropaInterior1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EuropaInterior1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Latitude0116 aten.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded by RP88 at en.wikipedia. (Original text : JPL)

File:Ceres Cutaway.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ceres_Cutaway.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: NASA, ESA, and A. Feild (STScI)


14/14

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 14

File:UpsilonAndromedae D moons.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0

Contributors: Lucianomendez

License

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

about ocean

Documents