abrahamic faiths, ethnicity and ethnic conflicts

8/20/2019 ABRAHAMIC FAITHS, ETHNICITY AND ETHNIC CONFLICTS

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CULTURAL HERITAGE AND CONTEMPORARY CHANGE

SERIES 1. CULTURE AND VALUES, VOLUME 7

ABRAHAMIC FAITHS, ETHNICITY

and ETHNIC CONFLICTS

edited by

Paul Peachey

George F. McLean

John Kromkowski

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

Foreword

Introduction

PART I. ETHNICITY AND CONFLICT IN THE WORLD TODAY

C!"te# I. $e%ie&, Et'i(ity, !'d N!ti)'!%i*+

by David Little

C!"te# II. $e%ie& Et'i(ity !'d N!ti)'!%i*+. Te C!*e )& -d!i*+

by idney chwar!

C!"te# III. Pe)"%e* !'d N!ti)'* )& G)d Re*")'*e t) D!/id Litt%e

by Ale" F. #. $e%ster

C!"te# IV. Et'i(ity !'d I*%!+i( M)de#'i0!ti)'

by Musta&a Malik

C!"te# V. Libe#!% I'ti+!ti)'* )& T#!'*(e'de'(e

by David $alsh

PART II. THE CALL OF A$RAHAM 2GO . . . A LAND THAT I WILL SHOW YOU2

C!"te# VI. Ab#!!+i( F!it C!%%i'3 !'d Re*")'*e i' e4i* N!##!ti/e Te)%)3y

by Michael Kogan

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/acknowledgement.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/acknowledgement.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/foreword.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/introduction.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_i.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_i.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_ii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_iii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_iv.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_v.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_ii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_vi.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/acknowledgement.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/foreword.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/introduction.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_i.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_i.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_ii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_iii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_iv.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_v.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_ii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_ii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_vi.htm


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C!"te# VII. O& F%e* !'d F!it

by 'heodore Pulcini

C!"te# VIII. Ib#!i+ A F!+i%y P)#t#!it

by (usu& 'alal DeLoren!o

PART III. THE SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF ETHNICITY AND PRIMORDIAL SOLIDARITIES

C!"te# I5. Et'i(ity, C-%t-#e !'d P#i+)#di!% S)%id!#itie*

by George McLean

C!"te# 5. Re*")'*e t) Ge)#3e M(Le!'

by )enri M. (aker

C!"te# 5I. Re*")'*e t) Ge)#3e M(Le!'

by Jose*h G. Donders

A $#ie& Re*")'*e

by George F. McLean

C!"te# 5II. Et'i(ity !'d C)++-'ity i' I*%!+

by #haura +ourdouh

PART IV. TRANSCENDENCE OF GOD VERSUS A$SOLUTI6ING TENDENCIES AMONG

MONOTHEISTIC PEOPLES

C!"te# 5III. Mi"'e D!#(e S!%)+ T#!'*(e'di'3 $)-'d!#ie* i' P-#*-it )& Pe!(e

by Jack Lu"em%urg

C!"te# 5IV. Di*t!'(e !'d $e%)'3i'3

by Miroslav ,ol&

C!"te# 5V. S(#i"t-#!% F!it !'d Et'i(ity S)+e Le**)'* )+ te I*%!+i( E"e#ie'(e

by ulayman -yang

PART V. A SOCIOPOLITICAL ANALYSIS OF RELIGION AND MODERNI6ATION

C!"te# 5VI. S(#i"t-#!% F!it* !'d te S)(i!% P#)(e**

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_vii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_viii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_iii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_ix.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_x.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xi.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/a_brief_response.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_iv.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_iv.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xiii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xiv.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xv.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_v.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xvi.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_vii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_viii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_iii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_ix.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_x.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xi.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/a_brief_response.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_iv.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_iv.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xiii.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xiv.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xv.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_v.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/part_v.htmhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/chapter_xvi.htm


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by John Kromkowski

C!"te# 5VII. H!%!8!, Mit0/! !'d I'di/id-!% Libe#!%i*+

by +ernard #oo*erman

C!"te# 5VIII. Te Ne4 N!ti)'!%i*+ !'d te G)*"e% Wit'e**

by ,igen Guroian

PART VI. THE VOCATION OF THE MONOTHEISTIC FAITHS IN A CONFLICTUAL WORLD

C!"te# 5I5. Te V)(!ti)' )& -d!i*+ i' ! C)'&%i(t-!% W)#%d

by Jack Moline

C!"te# 55. Te V)(!ti)' )& C#i*ti!'ity i' ! C)'&%i(t-!% W)#%d

by #harles $est

C!"te# 55I. Te V)(!ti)' )& I*%!+ i' ! C)'&%i(t-!% W)#%d

by Khalid Duran

E"i%)3-e. Ab#!!+i( F!it !'d Et'i(ity i' Lie- )& ! C)'(%-*i)'

by Paul Peachey

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A t#eed!y *y+")*i-+ 4it C#i*ti!', I*%!+i( !'d e4i* *()%!#* 4!* e%d !t te C!t)%i( U'i/e#*ity)& A+e#i(! i' -'e, 199:, )' te te+e, S(#i"t-#!% F!it*, Et'i(ity !'d Et'i( C)'&%i(t. T4e'ty)'e

!**i3'ed "!"e#* 4e#e "#e*e'ted !'d di*(-**ed. Te te+e 4!* te !""!#e't "!#!d) t!t te t#ee

*(#i"t-#eb!*ed &!it* de*(e'ded )+ Ab#!!+ C#i*ti!'ity, I*%!+ !'d -d!i*+ t)-3 "#)(%!i+i'3

/i*i)'* )& -'i/e#*!% *!%)+, te+*e%/e* ()'ti'-e !t ti+e* t) be()+e "!#tie* t) et'i( ()'&%i(t !'d

/i)%e'(e. Wy i* ti*; W!t (!' 4e %e!#' )+ "!*t &!i%-#e* i' ti* #e3!#d, !'d )4 (!' te e!%i'3

")te'ti!% )& )-# *e/e#!% t#!diti)'* be #e!%i0ed i' te t#!'*&)#+!ti)' )& ()'&%i(t;

P!#ti(i"!'t* i'(%-ded te)%)3i!'* !'d "i%)*)"e#* !* 4e%% !* *)(i!% !'d ")%iti(!% *(ie'ti*t*. Te)%)3i!'*

4e#e !*8ed t) #e*")'d i' te#+* )& tei# #e*"e(ti/e *(#i"t-#e*, te Heb#e4 $ib%e, te Ne4 Te*t!+e't, !'d

te


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Te !""#)!(e* &)-'d i' ti* 4)#8 !#e te' t4)&)%d. O'e %))8* t) te ")%iti(!% )#de# i' 4!y* 4i(

*e"!#!te et'i(ity !'d #e%i3i)' )+ "-b%i( ")%i(y, !'d *e!#(e* &)# #e*")'*e* t) et'i( ()'&%i(t i' te#+* )&

te i*)%!ti)' !'d)# #ed-(ti)' )& et'i( !'d #e%i3i)-* ide'titie*. Te )te# %))8* &)# i'*i3t i't) te '!t-#e

)& et'i(ity, "!#ti(-%!#%y !* ti* i* #))ted i' *(#i"t-#!% &!it*, !'d te ")**ibi%itie* te*e "#)/ide &)#

-'de#*t!'di'3 ! ()e*i/e di/e#*ity )+ 4iti' ! dee"e# -'ity.

I' ti* %i3t *)+e )& te +!i' te+e* )& ti* *t-dy )& 2Ab#!!+i( F!it*, Et'i(ity !'d Et'i( C)'&%i(t2+i3t be )#de#ed !%)'3 ! t#!Je(t)#y +)/i'3 )+ te %e/e% )& ")%iti(!% *t#-(t-#e*, t) te "!tte#' )& (i/i%

*)(iety, t) et'i( 3#)-"*, t) #e%i3i)', !'d te'(e #et-#'i'3 i'/e#*e%y t) et'i(ity !'d (i/i% "e!(e )'(e

!3!i'.

Political tructures I' te N)#t At%!'ti( #e3i)' ! %ibe#!%, (!"it!%i*t )-t%))8 !* *!"ed "-b%i( %e3i*%!ti)'

!'d &-'di'3, te ()-#t* !'d te +edi!. Ti* &)(-*e* -")' te -+!' "e#*)' !* !' i'di/id-!% *-bJe(t )&

#i3t*? !%% i* #e%!ted !d/e#*!#i!%%y, e*"e(i!%%y i' te#+* )& te i'di/id-!%=* !(>-i*iti)' )& "#)"e#ty. Te *)(i!%

)#de# i* ()'*tit-ted )& te ()+"#)+i*e* #e>-i#ed i' )#de# t) "#)+)te !'d "#)te(t ti* #i3t )& te +-%ti"%e

i'di/id-!%*, 4i( i* te (ie& t!*8 )& te ")%iti(!% )#de# e'd)4ed 4it ()e#(i/e ")4e#. Te 'e(e**!#y

()+"#)+i*e* )& "e#*)'!% eed)+ !#e ()'*ide#ed t)%e#!b%e i& b!*ed -")' &-%% !'d e>-!% !**e't, 4i(, i'

t-#', be()+e* te )/e##idi'3 *e'*e )& eed)+ !'d te (e'te# )& "#)i+!te ()'(e#'.

Wit #e3!#d t) #e%i3i)', )' te *-"")*iti)' )& )'e /!#i!'t t!t ti* i* ! "-#e%y i'di/id-!% +!tte#, !'d

()'(ei/i'3 te di&&e#e't &!it ()++it+e't* !%*) t) be #e%!ted !d/e#*!#i!%%y, e>-!% "!#ti(i"!ti)' i' *)(iety

i* *ee' t) #e>-i#e t!t #e%i3i)' be (!#e&-%%y *e"!#!ted )# 24!%%ed )&&2 )+ te *t!te. C)'/e#*e%y, te *t!te

i* t) be i'di&&e#e't t) #e%i3i)' !'d t) !**-#e t!t !%% !'d )'%y *e(-%!# ()'(e#'* !/e #e()3'i0ed *t!'di'3!'d !#e "#)+)ted i' it* d)+!i'. A* *)(iety be()+e* +)#e ()+"%e !'d te ")%iti(!% di+e'*i)' e"!'d*,

i' #e!%ity, !* ')te*, R!bbi !(8 M)%i'e i' C!"te# 55 be%)4, #e%i3i)' ()+e* t) be #e%!ti/i0ed !'d

+!#3i'!%i0ed. It i* ()'*ide#ed )'%y !* te *e#/!'t )& *e(-%!# ()'(e#'* &)# e>-!%ity i' ()+"etiti/e'e**,

4i( "#e*-+e t) J-d3e ! G)d(e'te#ed !""#)!( i' te#+* )& 4ete# it +eet* ti* te*t )& %ibe#!%

()##e(t'e**.

P#)b%e+* 4e#e ')ted 4it ti* +)#e 'e3!ti/e /ie4

1 it* et')(e't#i( (!#!(te# t!t it i* ()'*t#-(ted )' te b!*i* )& te i'di/id-!%i*ti( "#eJ-di(e*

(!#!(te#i*ti( )& te ')+i'!%i*t A'3%)S!)' (-%t-#e, ! di()t)+y )& "-b%i( /* "#i/!te, !'d ! "!#ti(-%!#

te)%)3y )& #e%i3i)' !* ! "-#e%y "#i/!te +!tte#.

it* ide)%)3y )& !33#e**i/e *e(-%!#i*+ *ed-%)-*%y #e+)/i'3 te ()'*ide#!ti)' )& G)d !'d #e%i3i)' )+

!%% t!t t)-(e* -")' "-b%i( %i&e? !'d

3i/e' te "#e*e't i+")#t!'(e, )' te )'e !'d, )& te *t!te !'d i'te#'!ti)'!% )#3!'i0!ti)'* i' "-b%i(

%i&e, !'d, )' te )te# !'d, )& #e%i3i)' !* te b!*i* )& (-%t-#e, ite+* @1 !'d @ ()+bi'e t) 3e'e#!te !

"-b%i( ")%i(y 4i( i* ()'*i*te't%y 'e3!ti/e 4it #e3!#d t) (-%t-#!% di*ti'(ti/e'e** !%)'3 4it #e%i3i)',et'i(ity t)) +-*t be #e%e3!ted t) te "#i/!te *"e#e. I' ti* i'di/id-!%i*t !'d !d/e#*!#i!% ide)%)3y

et'i(ity (!' be -'de#*t))d )'%y 'e3!ti/e%y !* &-'d!+e't!%%y !33#e**i/e, !'d e'(e, %i8e !%% (#e!ti/eeed)+, +-*t be *-bJe(ted t) te ")%iti(!% ()'(e#'* )& te G#!'d I'>-i*it)#.

I' ()'t#!*t, D!/id W!%*=* !'!%y*i* )& D)*t)e/*8i=* (%!**i( "!**!3e ")i't* t) te &)#3)tte' b-t e**e'ti!%

'eed )& te %ibe#!% /ie4 &)# ! ")*iti/e #e%i3i)-* ()'tet

Te *e(-%!#i0!ti)' )& te C#i*ti!' &!it i' te t#!'*(e'de't /!%-e )& eed)+ (!'')t *-#/i/e te %)** )&

&!it i' te "!#ti(i"!ti)' )& t#!'*(e'de't #e!%ity. $y it*e%& te %ibe#!% &!it i' te -'()'diti)'!% 4)#t )& te

"e#*)', tei# ee d)'!ti)' )& *e%& i' %)/e, (!'')t be *-*t!i'ed. . . . Wit)-t ! #e()3'iti)' )& -+!'


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)"e''e** t) te #e!%ity t!t i* bey)'d !%% #e!%ity, te ")%iti(!% e"#e**i)' i' te "#e*e#/!ti)' )& i'!%ie'!b%e

#i3t* be()+e* ! )%%)4 *e%%. . . . O'(e &!it i' t#!'*(e'de't #e!%ity i* &i#+%y #eJe(ted, &!it i' te

t#!'*(e'de'(e )& -+!' '!t-#e (!'')t *-#/i/e.

Ti* *-33e*t* t!t ! +)#e ")*iti/e !""#)!( t) te i**-e )& #e%i3i)', et'i(ity !'d "e!(e be e"%)#ed.

#ivil ociety Te di&&i(-%tie* i' te !b)/e !#i*e )+ te *-"")*iti)' t!t te )'%y #e!%ity i* te i'di/id-!%-+!' bei'3, !'d t!t !%% *)(i!% #e%!ti)'* !#e "-#e%y ()'t#!(t-!% )'e* bet4ee' ()'&%i(ti'3 i'di/id-!%* &)#

-ti%it!#i!' "-#")*e*. He'(e, te &i#*t *te" )& ! #e*")'*e i* t) #e*t)#e te *e'*e )& te i'e#e't%y *)(i!%

'!t-#e )& -+!'8i'd.

Ti* ()-%d be3i' i' &!it )+ te #e()3'iti)' t!t -+!' bei'3* !* (#e!ted by te )'e G)d !#e by '!t-#e

*)(i!%. $-t &)# t)*e 4) (!' ()'*ide# !%%, e/e' &!it, )'%y i' !' !d/e#*!#i!% "e#*"e(ti/e it i* *-&&i(ie't t)

#e()3'i0e t!t "e#*)'* (!' be b)#' )'%y )&, !'d i't), ! *)(i!% -'i)', !'d t!t tei# )4' *-#/i/!% de"e'd*

-")' te ()'(e#' )& )te#*, 4i( +-*t be +-t-!%. Ti* *)(i!% *e'*e i+"%ie* ! #e()'(e"ti)' )& te "-b%i(

)#de#. It +-*t be *ee' ') %)'3e# !* e(%-*i/e%y &)# i'di/id-!% 4e%&!#e, b-t &)# te ()++)' 3))d )& !%%, !'d

!* i'(%-di'3 ')t )'%y i'di/id-!% "e#*)'*, b-t te /!#i)-* i'te#+edi!te *)%id!#itie* tey &)#+ bet4ee' te

i'di/id-!% !'d te *t!te. C)'(#ete%y !'d &)-'d!ti)'!%%y, te*e i'(%-de te /!#i)-* et'i( !'d #e%i3i)-*

3#)-"i'3*. A* 4e +)/e bey)'d te ()'&%i(t )& ()%d 4!# ide)%)3ie* 4i( de*t#)yed "e#*)'!% !'d *)(i!%%i&e, it i* i' te #e()'*t#-(ti)' )& ti* i'te#+edi!te (i/i% *)(iety t!t )"e &)# "#)3#e** )' te i**-e )&

et'i(ity !'d *(#i"t-#!% &!it* +-*t (e'te#.

thnic Grou*s A* e!( *)(i!% 3#)-" !* it* )4' *e%&-'de#*t!'di'3 !'d ide'tity, -'de#*t!'di'3 !'d#e*")'di'3 t) et'i( 3#)-"* be()+e* e**e'ti!%. He#e te &)(-* *i&t* )+ te i'di/id-!% !* te *-bJe(t )&

e+"i#i(!% )b*e#/!ti)' !'d di**)(i!ti/e !'!%y*i*, t) ! "e)"%e=* (-%t-#e !* ! di*ti'(ti/e 3#!*" )& te +e!'i'3

)& %i&e !'d ! ()++it+e't t) ! di*ti'(ti/e +)de )& it* #e!%i0!ti)'. Ti* i+"%ie* ! *et )& /!%-e* !* !

"#e&e#e'ti!% )#de#i'3 bet4ee' ")**ib%e 3))d*, !'d ! *et )& /i#t-e* !* de/e%)"ed (!"!bi%itie* &)# !(ti'3

!(()#di'3 t) t)*e /!%-e*. A* /!%-e* !'d /i#t-e* de/e%)" )+ 3e'e#!ti)' t) 3e'e#!ti)' tey (#e!te !

(-%t-#e !'d, !* ti* i* !'ded )' t) *-b*e>-e't 3e'e#!ti)'*, ! t#!diti)'. Ti* ()'*tit-te* te *e%&-'de#

*t!'di'3 b)t )& "e#*)'* !'d )& "e)"%e*, !'d i'deed )& et'i(itie* !* %)(!% 3#)-"* 4i( *!#e ! (-%t-#e.

0eligion Ti* t!8e* -*, i' t-#', t) #e%i3i)' !* te de"t di+e'*i)' )# 4e%%*"#i'3 )& (-%t-#!% !'d et'i(

ide'tity. C#)')%)3i(!%%y, )+ te be3i''i'3 it ()'*tit-ted te -'iti/e (e'te# )& +e!'i'3 !* te b!*i(

i'te3#!ti'3 /i*i)' !'d ()++it+e't )& te e!#%ie*t "e)"%e*. O/e# te !3e* ti* e/)%/ed -'de# te

P#)/ide'(e )& G)d? te /!#i)-* *(#i"t-#!% &!it* !#e *!"ed ()'ti'-!%%y by #e#e!di'3 !'d #ei'te"#et!ti'3

te 4#itte' !(()-'t )& ti* P#)/ide'(e !'d it* te!(i'3. T#)-3 tei# 3e'eti( #e%!ti)', I*%!+, -d!i*+ !'d

C#i*ti!'ity !%% *!#e te +)de% )& Ab#!!+ !'d S!#! !* ! *etti'3 )-t )+ )'e=* )4' "e)"%e !'d e'(e)"e'i'3 t) )te#*, !'d i' *) d)i'3 ()'ti'-i'3 )'e=* "#)"e# e#it!3e i' 'e4 4!y*.

Te 3#e!t S!(#ed S(#i"t-#e* )& A*i! !%*) !#e 4!y* i' 4i( di/i'e P#)/ide'(e !* bee' "#e*e't t)

-+!'8i'd. It i* ')t *-#"#i*i'3 te' t!t te ,edanta utras I 1, *t!te t!t $#!+! i* 2t!t )+ 4i(,i' 4i( !'d i't) 4i( !%% !#e.2 Pi%)*)"i(!%%y, ti* i* te +)de% )& "!#ti(i"!ti)' )& te +!'y )+, i'

!'d i't) te O'e 4i( !* bee' te (e'te# )& P%!t)'i( t)-3t t#)-3 te !3e*.

S-( ! +)de% !%%)4* &)# +-%ti"%e !'d -'i>-e -'&)%di'3* )& te +e!'i'3 )& te Ab*)%-te, !'d e'(e &)#

di/e#*ity !'d "%-#!%i*+. It e*(!"e* te d!'3e# )& )'e=* !b*)%-te ()++it+e't t) te Ab*)%-te be()+i'3

e(%-*i/e )& !%% )te#* !'d "#)/ide* i'*te!d ! #e!% b!*i* &)# ()+"%e+e't!#ity bet4ee' &!it* b!*ed -")'

te !bi%ity t) de"!#t !'d yet #e+!i'.

Ti* (!' be ()'*ide#ed )' t4) %e/e%*. O'e i* te e#+e'e-ti( !4!#e'e** t!t &!it&-%'e** t) )'e=* )4'

t#!diti)' (!' be()+e *t!ti( !'d #e"etiti)-* -'%e** 8e"t !%i/e by !' !(ti/e >-e*ti)'i'3 !'d e"%)#!ti)' )&


7/203

it* +e!'i'3. F)# ti*, !(ti/e e'3!3e+e't 4it di&&e#e't #e%i3i)-* e"e#ie'(e* i* i+")#t!'t. T) %))8 -")'

)te# &!it* *i+"%y !* !%ie' )#, 4)#*e, 4it i'di&&e#e'(e d)e* ')t e'!b%e te+ t) >-e*ti)' -*. I&, )4e/e#,

tey !#e *ee' !* #e!% +)de* )& #e%!ti'3 t) G)d, !'d e'(e !* !t %e!*t ")te'ti!%%y ()+"%e+e't!#y, te' te

+-%ti"%e #e%i3i)-* t#!diti)'* (!' e'te# i't) ! dy'!+i( !'d (#e!ti/e i'te#!(ti)' !'d te#eby -'&)%d* 'e4

+e!'i'3 &)# e!( 3e'e#!ti)'.

A'y #e%!ti/ity "e#t!i'* ')t t) te di/i'e i' it*e%& 4i( i* i'&i'ite, ete#'!% !'d t#!'*(e'de't, b-t t) te/!#i)-* -+!' ")i't* )& !4!#e'e**. Ti*, )4e/e#, +!y ')t te%% te 4)%e *t)#y, &)# i& G)d i* te G)d ')t

)& te de!d b-t )& te %i/i'3, te' te %i/i'3 &!it* !#e /it!% +)de* )& i'te#!(ti)' bet4ee' G)d !'d Hi*

"e)"%e*. Ti* i* te ete#'!% %i/i'3 i' ti+e, te !b*)%-te i' )-# 4)#%d )& (!'3e, e'd)4i'3 !%% )-# !(ti)'*,

3#e!t !'d *+!%%, 4it !b*)%-te +e!'i'3 !'d i'*"i#i'3 *e%&*!(#i&i(i'3 ()++it+e't.

F-#te#, i& #e%i3i)' i* te b!*i* )& (-%t-#e 4i(, i' t-#', i* te b!*i* )& et'i( ide'tity, te' te !ttit-de )&

te Ab#!!+i( &!it* t) tei# +-t-!% di&&e#e'(e* !'d ")te'ti!% #e%!ted'e** i* )& te +)*t &-'d!+e't!%

i+")#t!'(e &)# te #e%!ti)' bet4ee' /!#i)-* et'i( 3#)-"*. T) ()'*ide# te*e !* +-t-!%%y -'#e%!ted,

e(%-*i/e )# e/e' !d/e#*!#i!% )'e t) !')te# %e!/e* te+ !/!i%!b%e &)# +!'i"-%!ti)' !'d e+"%)y+e't &)#

")%iti(!% "-#")*e*. T)d!y +!'y ()'*ide# *-( +!'i"-%!ti)' t) be te b!*i* )& te /!#i)-*

&-'d!+e't!%i*+*. N)# d) 4e 'eed t) #e!( &!# i't) te "!*t t) &i'd te (%!**i(!%%y 3)d%e** "#)"!3!'d!

+!(i'e )& Hit%e# !tte+"ti'3 t) +)bi%i0e "e)"%e t) !tt!(8 te E!*t -'de# te "#ete'*e )& +)-'ti'3 ! 'e4(#-*!de.

0eligion1 thnicity and #ivil Peace I' ()'t#!*t, it i* ")**ib%e ')4 t) !""#e(i!te te /!#i)-* +!J)#

#e%i3i)'*, i' tei# "#)3#e**i/e%y +)#e *e%&!4!#e (-%t-#!% !'d et'i( &)#+*, !* #i( !'d ()+"%e+e't!#y-'&)%di'3* )& di/i'e %i&e !'d P#)/ide'(e i' )-# 4)#%d. Ti* %!y* te b!*i* &)# +-t-!% ())"e#!ti)', #!te#

t!' #eJe(ti)'? it i+"%ie* ')t ! #ed-(ti)' )& et'i( !'d #e%i3i)-* di&&e#e'(e*, b-t #!te# *eei'3 te*e

di&&e#e'(e* !* te b!*i* )& ()+"%e+e't!#ity bet4ee' "e)"%e*.

Ti* i* &)-'ded i' ! dee" ()'/i(ti)' t!t te S"i#it i* "#e*e't i' !%%, 3-idi'3 !%% "e)"%e* i' te i+!3e )&

I*!i! )' tei# "i%3#i+!3e t) te H)%y M)-'t!i'. It i+"%ie* !' !ttit-de bet4ee' et'i( 3#)-"* ')t )&

()'&%i(t, b-t )& +-t-!% !""#e(i!ti)' !'d !d+i#!ti)', )& ()++)' )"e !'d ()'(e#', !'d )& 4i%%i'3'e** t)

e%" )te#* )' tei# "!t -'de# te P#)/ide'(e )& G)d by *!#i'3 4!t )'e !* #e(ei/ed i' te S"i#it.

Ti* i'/ite* ! t#-e ()'/e#*i)' )' te "!#t )& te Ab#!!+i( &!it* t) ! dee"e# *e%&-'de#*t!'di'3, 4i( !t

te *!+e ti+e )"e'* 'e4 ")**ibi%itie* &)# 3#e!te# -'i)' 4it G)d !'d 4it )te# "e)"%e*.

tructure o& the ,olume I' )#de# t) *t-dy ti* "#)3#e**i/e%y !'d i' ! *y*te+!ti( +!''e# ! *i "!#t

i'te#(!'3e 4!* e%d bet4ee' +e+be#* )& te t#ee Ab#!!+i( &!it. Te*e !#e te *i "!#t* )& ti*/)%-+e, e!( 4it it* )4' i't#)d-(ti)' t) it* "#)"e# !#3-+e't. A* ! 4)%e tey -'&)%d i' te &)%%)4i'3

*e>-e'(e.

P!#t I i't#)d-(e* te i**-e )& #e%i3i)', et'i(ity !'d ()'&%i(t i' te 4)#%d t)d!y. T) ()'&%!te te t#ee4)-%d, )& ()-#*e, be "#eJ-di(i!% !'d i' "%!''i'3 te *t-dy it 4!* te e"%i(it i'te't ')t t) d) *). F)# i&

#e%i3i)' i* !t te #))t )& et'i( !'d (-%t-#!% ide'titie* te' it i* e**e'ti!% t) *ee )4 it (!' ()'t#ib-te !%*),t)-3 ')t *)%e%y, t) te ()'*t#-(ti)' )& "e!(e #!te# t!' )& ()'&%i(t.

P!#t II "#e*e't* ! &i#*t #e*")'*e t) ()'&%i(t by t-#'i'3 t) te S(#i"t-#!% (!%% t) Ab#!!+ !'d S!#! t) 3)

&)#t, t) e'te# i't) di/e#*ity !'d yet t) #et!i' tei# dee" -'i&yi'3 #e%i3i)-* #))t*. Ti* (!%%* &)# ete'ded

#e&%e(ti)' 4i( i* te ()'te't )& te &)%%)4i'3 t#ee "!#t*.

P!#t III be3i'* ti* #e&%e(ti)' by ! "i%)*)"i(!% !'d !'t#)")%)3i(!% e!+i'!ti)' )& te '!t-#e !'d

-+!' *i3'i&i(!'(e )& et'i(ity !'d (-%t-#e !* "#i+)#di!% *)%id!#itie*.


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P!#t IV -'de#t!8e* ! "#i+!#i%y te)%)3i(!% e"%)#!ti)' )& )4 te t#!'*(e'de'(e )& G)d *)-%d ee#(i*e !

()##e(ti/e "-%% bey)'d !'y !b*)%-ti0i'3 te'de'(ie* )' te "!#t )& +)')tei*ti( #e%i3i)'*.

P!#t V #e/ie4* te*e te+e* i' #e%!ti)' t) !tte+"t* t) &)#+ ! ")%iti(!% )#de# !de>-!te t) te i'(#e!*i'3 "%-#!%i*+ )& #e(e't ti+e*, !'d *-#"!**i'3 te et#e+e* )& e'%i3te'+e't #!ti)'!%i*+ 4it it* !b*t#!(t

-'i/e#*!%i*+, )' te )'e !'d, !'d ! #e!(ti)'!#y &-'d!+e't!%i*t "!#ti(-%!#i*+, )' te )te#.

P!#t VI #e/ie4* te t#ee +)')tei*ti( Ab#!!+i( &!it* 4it ! /ie4 t) ide'ti&yi'3 4!t e!( (!' b#i'3 t)

te #e*)%-ti)' )& "#e*e't ()'&%i(t*.

I' *-+, ti* *t-dy i* di#e(ted t)4!#d te (#e!ti/e *e'*e )& #e%i3i)' #ee+e#3i'3 4it te 'e4 *e'*e )&

eed)+ 4i( %ed t) !'d &)%%)4ed te e'd )& te ()%d 4!#. It i'(%-de* ! #ede+"ti/e #e%i3i)-* #e*")'*e )&

#e()'(i%i!ti)' t) te 'e3!ti/e te'*i)'* te d!#8 *ide )& eed)+ 4i( !%*) !/e e+e#3ed bet4ee'

"e)"%e* !t te "#e*e't *t!3e )& te -+!' "i%3#i+!3e. $ey)'d ti* it !%*) %!y* te &)-'d!ti)' &)#

(!%%e'3i'3 t!*8 )& ()'*t#-(ti'3 te #e%i3i)-* 3#)-'d* &)# 'e4 "!t* )& 3%)b!% i'(%-*i)' !'d !#+)'y &)#

te ()+i'3 +i%%e''i-+.

INTRODUCTION

CONFLICTS AND APORIAS IN ABRAHAMIC MONOTHEISM

PA2L PA#)(

R)%%i'3 Rid3e St-dy Ret#e!t C)++-'ity

(ahweh said to A%ram1 3Leave your country1 your kindred and your &ather4s house &or a country which I

shall show you5 and I shall make you a great nation1 I shall %less you and make your name &amous5 you

are to %e a %lessing6

I *!%% b%e** t)*e 4) b%e** y)-,

!'d *!%% (-#*e t)*e 4) (-#*e y)-,

!'d !%% (%!'* )' e!#t

4i%% b%e** te+*e%/e* by y)-.=

Ge'e*i* 11 @Ne4 e#-*!%e+ $ib%e

Te C!%% )& Ab#!!+, t!8e' i' it* )4' te#+*, b#)8e te *i%e'(e )& te -'i/e#*e. Te#eby te Deityi'te#/e'ed i' te "#e/i)-*%y(#e!ted ()*+)*, ! ()*+)* !%#e!dy e'd)4ed 4it it* )4' (!#te#. A'd 4i%e,

!* be(!+e e/ide't, te G)d 4) (#e!te* !'d %!te# (!%%* i* *ee' !* ide'ti(!%, (#e!ti'3 !'d (!%%i'3 !#e-+!'%y e"e#ie'(ed !* di&&e#i'3 t)-3 #e%!ted di/i'e modi o*erandi. He'(e te >-e*ti)' i* ti*

*"e(i!% C!%% t) be -'de#*t))d !* !' i'te#/e'ti)' i' te (#e!ted )#de#, eite# t) #e+)de% )# ()+"%ete )#, t)

i'/)8e ! ()'te+")#!#y +et!")#, #!te# +)#e !* !' i'&%i3t ()##e(ti)' )& !' e##!'t *"e(ie*; H!d te

)#i3i'!% (#e!ti)' bee' i'()+"%ete )# de&e(ti/e, 'eedi'3 )'%y )'e +)#e ()+")'e't t) +!8e it 4)#8 !

te+"%e, ! (!ted#!%, )# ! +)*>-e )# did te C!%% )& Ab#!!+ +)/e )' ! di&&e#e't "%!'e;

A(()#di'3 t) te !b)/e tet, ti* e'i3+! 4!* b-i%t i't) te i'iti!% C!%%. W!t !""e!#ed )te#4i*e !*

"#i+)#di!% @)#de# )& (#e!ti)', !'d e'(e i'/i)%!b%e, '!+e%y te b)'d t) 2()-'t#y, 8i'd#ed !'d &!te#=*


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)-*e,2 4!* e"#e**%y *-b%!ted, e'(e #e%!ti/i0ed, i' t!t C!%%. Te#eby -+!' ei*te'(e be(!+e i' *)+e

*e'*e bi&-#(!ted. F)# te #e(i"ie't )& te (!%%, te "-t!ti/e *!(#ed -'ity )& te ()*+)* 4!* b#)8e'. T)

i'/)8e !')te# i'!de>-!te +et!")#, 2'!t-#e2 @(#e!ti)' !'d 23#!(e2 @te 'e4 C!%% ')4 &)#+ t4) &)(i

4iti' !' e%%i"*e )'e G)d, t4) *et* )& i'*t#-(ti)'*. Te'*i)'*, !')+!%ie*, i'deed !")#i!*, #e*-%ted,

4i(, !* te *t)#y -'&)%d*, !#e *)%-b%e )'%y i' ! #e+)te !'d e"e#ie'ti!%%y *-bJ-'(ti/e e*(!t)'.

C)*+i( #e()'*tit-ti)' )# i'&%i3t @-+!' ()##e(ti)'; M-( )& te i*t)#y )& te t#ee 2Ab#!!+i(2 &!it()++-'itie* #e"#e*e'ted i' ti* *y+")*i-+ !#i*e* !* )*(i%%!ti)' bet4ee' te t4) ")%e* 4iti' ti*

e%%i"*e. I'deed, )'e +i3t *"e!8 )& *e/e#!% e%%i"ti(!% &)#+*. Fi#*t, te C!%% @23#!(e2 *)+e)4 t#!'*(e'd*

C#e!ti)' )# 2'!t-#e2 @2. . . &!te#=* )-*e2. Se()'d, 4i%e "#)+i*i'3 4!t +i3t be *ee' !* ! 'e4 2. . .

&!te#=* )-*e,2 t!t i*, ! 'e4 *articularity, ti* 'e4 2'!ti)'2 e+b)die* !'d ()'*tit-te* ! 'e4

universality, ! "!#ti(-%!# b%e**i'3 )' be!%& )& !%% '!ti)'*. F#)+ Ab#!!+ i* t) i**-e ! >-!%it!ti/e%y

di&&e#e't "e)"%e))d, yet 4it)-t #e*(i'di'3 t!t 4i( it *-#+)-'t*. Te'(e &)#4!#d, Ab#!!+ *t!'d*

-'de# ! d-!% +!'d!te '!t-#e !'d 3#!(e, ! "!#ti(-%!# -'i/e#*!%ity. De*"ite, !'d !t ti+e* *ee+i'3%y

be(!-*e )& ti* 2i'&%i3t ()##e(ti)',2 i*t)#y ()'ti'-e* )' it* t-#b-%e't 4!y. A* 4e !%% 8')4, !(()#di'3 t)

te *t)#y i' 4i( te Ab#!!+i( C!%% i* e+bedded, te !#+)'y )& te ()*+)* !d &i#*t bee' di*#-"ted

by -+!' #ebe%%i)'. Te C#e!ti)', "#)')-'(ed 3))d !t te )-t*et, i'deed, 4it te !""e!#!'(e )& te

-+!', "#)')-'(ed /e#y 3))d, !d bee' "%!(ed i' *)+e i'dete#+i'!te t)-3 %i+ited +!''e# !'d

+e!*-#e -'de# -+!' t-te%!3e. Witi' %i+it*, t-*, te -'&)%di'3 )& te Di/i'e (#e!ti/e /e't-#e !d byde*i3' bee' +!de )*t!3e t) -+!' (!"#i(e.

A(()#di'3 t) te "#e(edi'3 *t)#y @Ge'e*i* 11, t!t "#)Je(t )& 4)#%d (#e!ti)' +i*(!##ied, "#)/)8i'3

e/e't-!%%y ! &%))d t!t 4)-%d "e#+it ! 'e4 be3i''i'3, !'d 4e' te *e()'d be3i''i'3 +i*&i#ed, !*(!tte#i'3 )& -+!'* @$!be%, e&&e(ti/e%y "%!(i'3 'e4 %i+it* )' -+!' !(ti)'. E/e' t!t 4!* ')t e')-3.

S) ')4, ! ti#d, !'d +)#e ")*iti/e, i'te#/e'ti)', te C!%% t) Ab#!!+. Ti* i'te#/e'ti)' (!' be de*(#ibed

!* ! 'e4 e'!b%i'3 yet 4it)-t "#eJ-di(e t) te )#i3i'!% C#e!ti)'. Te te%)* )& ti* i'te#/e'ti)' i* #e*t)

#!ti/e #!te# t!' di*J-'(ti/e. Yet 4i%e ! t)t!% #e"#i*ti'!ti)' i* "%!(ed i' e/e't-!% "#)*"e(t, te Ab#!!+i(

C!%% !t te )-t*et i* "!#ti(-%!# !'d i'(i"ie't, #!te# t!' -'i/e#*!% )# #e!%i0ed.

W!te/e# te 3)!% )# te%)* )& te 'e4 e'!b%i'3, t-*, it i* !(ie/ed )'%y i' *t!3e*. It be3i'* i'!-*"i(i)-*%y

4it te 4!'de#i'3 )& ! *i'3%e )-*e)%d, it*e%& ')t -'-*-!% i' ! ')+!di( e#!. Fi#*t, b)t (#)')%)3i(!%%y!'d 3e'e#i(!%%y, ()+e* te &)#+!ti)' )& ! *"e(i!% "e)"%e d#!4' !'d *et !"!#t )+ !%% )te#*. Ti* 'e4

"e)"%e (!' be de*(#ibed !* +et!"y*i(!%%y ()'*tit-ted.1 A *"e(i!% 'e4 ()/e'!'t i* i'*tit-ted 4iti' te

()/e'!'t t!t i* 3e'e#!% t) te (#e!ti)'. H)4e/e# te #e*-%ti'3 )#i0)' i* ()'(ei/ed )'t)%)3i(!%%y )#

te)%)3i(!%%y, 4iti' te ()'t)-#* )& Ab#!!+i( &!it, te #e*")'de't*, Ab#!!+ !'d t)*e 4) &)%%)4 i'

i* t#!i', te#e!&te# *t!'d -'de# ! d-!% +!'d!te te )#de#* )& (#e!ti)' !'d )& 3#!(e, 3#!(e !* !

()/e'!'ti'3 C!%% !'d e+")4e#+e't, !'d -%ti+!te%y !* te %!*t 4)#d. 2G) )+ y)-# . . . &!te#=* )-*e.2

T)-3 *ti%% *-bJe(t t) te %!4* )& C#e!ti)', Ab#!!+ !'d S!#! ')4 +!#( by )te# +-*i(. A'd !* te

*t)#y -'&)%d* )/e# *-((eedi'3 3e'e#!ti)'*, /ie4ed ete#'!%%y, te C!%% !* ! 'e4 di#e(ti/e be()+e* !'

!dditi)'!% !')+!%y i' ! -+!' e'te#"#i*e !%#e!dy )&& b!%!'(e. T) i'/)8e !')te# (#-de *i+i%e, te 3#)4t)& 'e4 ti**-e be'e!t te "-t#e&!(ti)' )& !' )%d 4)-'d (!' be te+")#!#i%y i##it!ti'3.

Ti* *y+")*i-+ !dd#e**e* te "!#!d) te te%)* )& te Ab#!!+i( (!%% i* te %lessing )& !%% -+!'*, b-t

te i+"%e+e't!ti)' )& t!t (!%% *ee+i'3%y !* )&te' +e!'t, )# bee' !(()+"!'ied by, b!'e. He'(e te

>-e*ti)'* ()')'ti'3 te 4#ite#* i' ti* *y+")*i-+ t) 4!t ete't, i& !'y, i* te C!%% i'e#e't%y

()'&%i(t-!%; T) 4!t ete't i* te ()'&%i(t *-##)-'di'3 te Ab#!!+i( e'te#"#i*e #!'d)+ )# !((ide't!%,

#))ted #!te# i' te &!%%e''e** @!'d)# &i'it-de; )& te -+!' ()'diti)' t!t )((!*i)'ed te C!%% i' te

&i#*t "%!(e; O# ()-%d it be t!t di*"!#ity bet4ee' te ei*ti'3 )#de# !'d te dy'!+i(* t#i33e#ed by te C!%%

i* i't#i'*i(!%%y ()'&%i(t e'3e'de#i'3; W!te/e# te !'*4e#, i& shalom i* te t#-e '!t-#e !'d de*ti'y )& te

C!%% @2tey *!%% *it e/e#y +!' -'de# i* /i'e . . . !'d ')'e *!%% +!8e te+ !!id2 Mi(! , 4!t (!'


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4e %e!#', e!( )+ )-# )4' t#!diti)'=* ()'&%i(ted "!*t %e!#'i'3 t!t 4i%% e'!b%e -* t)3ete# t) !(ie/e

e!%i'3 !'d !#+)'y i' te &-t-#e, te e!%i'3 !'d !#+)'y t!t !""e!#* t) be te te%)* )& te C!%%; Gi/e'

te !((e%e#!ti'3 3#)4t )& 3%)b!% e'()-'te# i' )-# e#!, te*e >-e*ti)'* be()+e i'(#e!*i'3%y -#3e't.

THE ABRAHAMIC CALL AS CONFLICTED METAPHOR

W!te/e# te *!"e )& te )#i3i'!% Ab#!!+i( e/e't, te C!%% be(!+e !' e+b#y)'i(, yet !+bi3-)-*,+et!")# i' te e'*-i'3 +!#( )& i*t)#y. O' te )'e !'d te C!%% !""e!#* !* ! &-'d!+e't!% (!%%e'3e

t) '!t-#e3#)-'ded -+!' i*t)#y. C)-'t#y, 8i'd#ed !'d &!te#=* )-*e !#e -+!' ()'*t#-(t*, !#i*i'3

)+ te ()'*t#!i't* !'d ")**ibi%itie* i'e#e't i' te dete#+i'i*+* )& '!t-#e. A* !%#e!dy i'ti+!ted, te

C!%% t#!'*(e'd* !'d t-* #e%!ti/i0e* te*e '!t-#!%, (#e!ti)'3#)-'ded tie*. Yet te#e i* ') *-33e*ti)' t!t

te (#e!ti)'3#)-'ded &!+i%i!% )#de# i* bei'3 di**)%/ed. Ab#!!+ +!i't!i'* i* )4' )-*e)%d, !'d i*

de*(e'd!'t* !#e )#3!'i0ed by &!+i%y, (%!', !'d t#ibe !* !#e te *-##)-'di'3 "e)"%e*. I' !'y (!*e, te

De(!%)3-e e'*#i'e* te i'/i)%!bi%ity )& b)t te ()'J-3!% !'d te b%))d tie.

Pe#!"*, te', te C!%% t) Ab#!!+ 4!* ! -'i>-e e/e't, +e#e%y te be3i''i'3 )& ! 'e4 b%))d%i'e; Te

#e(-##e't !'d !(ti/e i'te#/e'ti)' )& G)d i' te e'*-i'3 i*t)#y *-#e%y #-%e* )-t t!t )"ti)'. It i*

i'*t#-(ti/e t) ')te t!t ! *i+i%!# ')te i* *)-'ded 4e' e*-* be3i'* i* "-b%i( +i'i*t#y @M!#8 119? 1

:. R!te# t!' di*"%!(e+e't )# di**)%-ti)' )& ()-'t#y, 8i'd#ed !'d )-*e)%d, te C!%% *i3'!%* tei#*-b%!ti)' i' ! t#!'*(e'de't /i*i)'. Yet )4 (!' t!t /i*i)' be i+"%e+e'ted 3i/e' te ')4 i''!te

di**)'!'(e 4iti' te ()*+)*;

We !#e t-* %e&t 4it te >-e*ti)' d)e* te C!%% ()'*tit-te e(%i"*e, )# d)e* it +e#e%y +!8e +)#e e"%i(it(%!i+* t!t 4e#e !%#e!dy i+"%i(it i' te *(e+e )& ti'3*; I& te &)#+e#, i& i' e&&e(t it #e"#e*e't* ! 'e4 *et

)& i'*t#-(ti)'*, di&&e#i'3 )+ te )#i3i'!% )#de#, 4e (!' )'%y ()'(%-de t!t te "#i(e )& te C!%% i* !

()##e*")'di'3 de3#ee )& di**)'!'(e i' -+!' ei*te'(e, *!y, &!it ()++-'ity /e#*-* '!t-#!%

()++-'ity. I& te %!tte#, #e'de#i'3 e"%i(it 4!t ite#t) 4!* )'%y i+"%i(it, te C!%% +e#e%y -'de#*()#e* )#

#eite#!te* te di#e(ti/e* !%#e!dy 3i/e'. I' e&&e(t, %itt%e, i& !'yti'3, !* (!'3ed. Hi*t)#y ()'ti'-e* )' it*

'!t-#eb!*ed ()-#*e )& b!tt%e &)# ()-'t#y, 8i'd#ed !'d &!+i%y.

A PEOPLE SET APART

Te )#i3i'!% C!%%, )4e/e#, %!-'(ed ! 'e4 !'d di*ti'(t "e)"%e, ! "e)"%e 4it ! +i**i)' t) )te# "e)"%e*,

i'deed t) !%% "e)"%e*. Ti* 4!* ! "e)"%e !"!#t, b-t ! "e)"%e ')'ete%e**. P#e(i*e%y !* *"e(i!%, !* ()*e', it

4!* e'd)4ed 4it !' i'de%ibi%ity, !' i'/i)%!bi%ity, ')t *!#ed by )te#*. He#e, t)), te#e i* !+bi3-ity !'d

"!#!d). Te C!%% ")*it* ! -'i/e#*!%ity )& -+!' de*ti'y t!t #e%!ti/i0e* !%% ()'&%i(te'3e'de#i'3

"!#ti(-%!#ity. Ti* t#!'*&)#+!ti)' i* +!'i&e*t "!#!di3+!ti(!%%y by ! ()/e'!'t!% &)#+!ti)' t!t t#!'*(e'd*!'d #e%!ti/i0e* te et'i( &!b#i( Go &rom your country1 kindred and &ather4s house. . . . Yet i#)'i(!%%y

ti* 'e4 et')* be()+e* ! ()'&i3-#!ti)' t!t !b*)%-ti0e* it* )4' "!#ti(-%!#ity. I' te "#)(e** it -"#))t*

!'d di*"%!(e* )te# "e)"%e* t) e*t!b%i* it* )4' ide'tity !* ! te##it)#i!%%y)#3!'i0ed "e)"%e. Mutatis

mutandis, ti* "!#!d) (!#!(te#i0e* e!( )& te t#ee "#i'(i"!% Ab#!!+i( t#!diti)'*.

O-t4!#d%y, te #i*e )& te Ab#!!+i( "e)"%e* *ee+i'3%y "e#"et-!te* te i'te#3#)-" *t#-33%e &)#*-"#e+!(y t!t 3e'e#!%%y !* (!#!(te#i0ed -+!' i*t)#y e#et)&)#e. Te dy'!+i(* t!t "e#+it te

!*(e'd!'(y )& ! #e3i+e )# "e)"%e )/e# )te#* /!#y e'd%e**%y. A'y *-( !*(e't i* #e!di%y ide)%)3i0ed by

*)+e &)#+ )& ()*+i( !""e!%. I' te i'*t!'(e )& te Ab#!!+i( "e)"%e*, te +)')tei*ti( !'d -'i/e#*!%

'!t-#e )& te ide)%)3i(!% (%!i+ te'd* by *) +-( t) #ei'&)#(e te (%!i+ /i*!/i* )te#*. It i* !#d%y

*-#"#i*i'3 t!t )te# "e)"%e* *)-%d #e*e't ti* Ab#!!+i( "#ete'ti)'.

T-* it 4i%% !#d%y d) t) !tt#ib-te te ()'&%i(t t!t !* "%!3-ed te J)-#'ey* t#)-3 i*t)#y )& te

Ab#!!+i( "e)"%e* *i+"%y t) te "e#/e#*ity )& )te#* bey)'d te "!%e )& te C!%%. I' !'y e/e't te


11/203

i'e#e't !+bi3-ity )& te Ab#!!+i( "#)Je(t i* *)+e)4 !(8')4%ed3ed i' te -'&)%di'3 *t)#y. I' te

e!#%y *t!3e*, te ()'&%i(t 4it te "e)"%e* 4) !#e di*"%!(ed i* %it-#3i(!%%y de&i'ed G)d &i3t* te

Ab#!!+i( b!tt%e*. De&e!t, )# !t ti+e* e/e' te ei3e'(y )& %ite#!% b!tt%e, #e*-%t* )+ Ab#!!+i(

di*)bedie'(e. I' te e'd, halom #!te# t!' ()'>-e*t )# *-bJ-3!ti)' i* di*(%)*ed !* te #e!% te%)* )& te

C!%%.

De*"ite te )-t4!#d *i+i%!#ity )& te Ab#!!+i( 2'!ti)'2 t) "e)"%e* 4it tei# ()'&%i(t*, te di*ti'(ti)' bet4ee' t!t '!ti)' !'d !%% )te#* 3%i++e#* t#)-3 te !3)'y *-##)-'di'3 te e*t!b%i*+e't )&

+)'!#(y @I S!+-e% . I' "#i'(i"%e, "#i)# t) t!t ti+e, te Ab#!!+i( '!ti)' 4!* te)(#!ti(!%%y

()'*tit-ted !'d *) @*e%& -'de#*t))d. $-t "#e(i*e%y )4 4!* *-( #-%e t) )"e#!te e+"i#i(!%%y; T!t

*ee+i'3%y 4!* ')t &-%%y (%e!#, !'d "e#!"* by te '!t-#e )& te (!*e, it ()-%d be 'eite# (%e!# ')#

"#edi(t!b%e. T) te "e)"%e te #e*-%ti'3 /-%'e#!bi%ity )& ti* *"e(i!% '!ti)' t) te ()'>-e*t )& )te#*

be(!+e i't)%e#!b%e @)*-!, -d3e*, I S!+-e%. $y 4!y )& te di!%)3-e i'iti!ted i' te C!%% t) Ab#!!+,

tey de+!'ded ! 8i'3. Citi'3 te i##ed-(ibi%ity )& te di/i'e #-%e t) te et'i( "%!'e, S!+-e%, te

"#)"eti( *te4!#d )& te C!%%, #e&-*ed. S-#"#i*i'3%y, te LORD yie%ded, -'de#(-tti'3 te "#)"et, 4i%e

')'ete%e** ()+i'3 t) i* *-"")#t. Sti%%, bei'3 *e't i+*e%& t) !')i't S!-%, te *)' )& Ki*, !* 8i'3, e

4!* &)#(ed t) 2e!t (#)4.2

T) +)/e t) te C#i*ti!' *!3!, t)-3 (#)')%)3y !'d )te# "!#ti(-%!#* di&&e# 4ide%y )+ te I*#!e%ite "#e(ede't, te "!#!%%e%* bet4ee' te I*#!e%ite !'d e4i* +)'!#(ie* !'d C#i*te'd)+ !""e!# ")4e#&-%%y

#e/e!%i'3. Re&e##i'3 t) te &)-#t (e't-#y @CE !d)"ti)' )& C#i*ti!'ity by te R)+!' e+"i#e, Ge)#3e

Me'de'!%%, !' O%d Te*t!+e't *()%!# )& )-# )4' e#!, !* de*(#ibed Ki'3 D!/id !* te 2O%d Te*t!+e't

C)'*t!'ti'e2 @4i%e ete'di'3 te (!'/!** t) i'(%-ded ! *i+i%!# +-t!ti)' i' te +e**!3e )& 6!#!t-*t#! byte %!te# A(!e+e'id* 7t, t (e't-#ie* $CE. Me'de'!%% )b*e#/e* t!t 2!%% t#ee (!*e* !#e e'ti#e%y

!'!%)3)-*, i%%-*t#!ti'3 @t) "-t it !* "#)/)(!ti/e%y !* ")**ib%e the dissolution o& religion into *olitics. At

te *!+e ti+e, te b!*i* )& *)%id!#ity 4!* ') %)'3e# te ()/e'!'t, b-t te +yt )& de*(e't )+ ! ()++)'

!'(e*t)#.2

Wi%e I !+ &!# %e** &!+i%i!# 4it te I*%!+i( *t)#y, it i* +y i+"#e**i)' t!t te#e t)), !* i' !'(ie't I*#!e%

!'d i' C#i*te'd)+, 2te di**)%-ti)' )& #e%i3i)' i't) ")%iti(*2 !* !t ti+e* )((-##ed. De*"ite ! *t#)'3

-'i/e#*!%i*t i+"-%*e i' te I*%!+i( "#i+)#di-+, ') +)#e t!' i' it* -d!i( !'d C#i*ti!' !'te(ede't*, !*t!t "#i+)#di-+ bee' *e%&3-!#!'teei'3. O'(e ! *-&&i(ie't de3#ee )& #e%i3i)-* +)')")%y "#e/!i%*, te

i+"-%*e t) i'/)8e te Ab#!!+i( *!'(ti)' &)# C#e!ti)'3#)-'ded )#de# be()+e* !%% b-t i##e*i*tib%e. Te

C!%% t!t #ede&i'e* ")"-%!# ()e*i)' )+ 4iti', )# 2)+ be%)42 @ shalom, i* t-#'ed i't) ! #!ti)'!%e &)#

ete#'!% *-bJ-3!ti)' 2)+ !b)/e2 @ *a"i&i(!ti)'.

I' e&&e(t, te Ab#!!+i( 2'!ti)'2 !* i' !%% t#ee i'*t!'(e* #e/e#ted t) te "#eAb#!!+i( "%!'e. T)d!y te3)*t )& C#i*te'd)+ !'3* )/e# te &)#+e# Y-3)*%!/i!. Ab*e't te #e%i3i)-* +!#8e#* E!*te#' /*.

We*te#' C#i*ti!'ity /*. I*%!+ te #e*"e(ti/e 2(!-*e*2 )& te 4!##i'3 "!#tie* +i3t 4e%% ()%%!"*e. I' te

J!#3)' )& te *)(i!% *(ie'(e*, 4i%e 2#e%i3i)'2 i' ti* i'*t!'(e i* !#d%y ! su&&icient 2(!-*e2 &)# ()'&%i(t, it

i* ')'ete%e** ! 'e(e**!#y ()+")'e't. Te C!%% 4)*e te%)* i* te *-b%!ti)' )& te et'i( i+"-%*e, teid)%!t#y )& 2()-'t#y, 8i'd#ed !'d &!te#=* )-*e,2 i* *-b/e#ted i't) te #ei'&)#(e+e't )& te /e#y i+"-%*e

it 4!* de*i3'ed t) *-#+)-'t.

HISTORY AS REVELATION?

Te &)#e3)i'3 !'!%y*i* i* )b/i)-*%y ! *i+"%i&i(!ti)'. Te !tte+"t e#e t) te!*e )-t te i''e# %)3i( )& te

*t)#ied C!%% i3')#e* te ti(8et )& i**-e* i*t)#i(!%, %i'3-i*ti(, e"i*te+)%)3i(!%, te)%)3i(!%, et(. t!t

*-##)-'d te Ab#!+i( *t)#y. Yet 3i/e' te t-+-%t )& i'>-i#ie* i't) t!t ti(8et, te i''e# %)3i( )& b)t te

i'iti!% (!%%, !'d it* -'&)%di'3, te'd* t) 3et t#!+"%ed. Ad+itted%y, t)yi'3 4it ! "!#!3#!" i' Ge'e*i*


12/203

(!"te# 1 !""e!#* !* te##! &i#+! ()+"!#ed t) te t#!(i'3 )& te i''e# *t#e!+ !* it &%)4* !'d 3!te#*

+)+e't-+ d)4' t#)-3 te +i%%e''i!.

Te &)#e3)i'3 ()3it!ti)' t-#'* )' te e+b#y)'i( ")te'ti!% )& te C!%% !* )#i3i'!%%y #e()#ded, 4it

*(!tte#ed 3%!'(e* !t %!te# *t!3e* i' it* "#)3#e**i)'. Gi/e' te e+b#y)'i( (!#!(te# )& te C!%%, t#!(i'3 t!t "#)3#e**i)' i* (#iti(!% t) it* ()+"#ee'*i)'. T#!(i'3 t!t e/)%-ti)' i* ! t!*8 4e%% bey)'d te *+!%% #e!(

)& ti* e**!y. A &e4 b#)!d b#-* *t#)8e* +-*t *-&&i(e.

Ab)/e I ')ted te i*t)#i(!% te'*i)' bet4ee' te 2!%#e!dy2 !'d te 2')t yet2 di+e'*i)'* )& te C!%%. He#e,

t)), te#e i* i'()'3#-ity. O-# *e/e#!% e*(!t)%)3i(!% #e!di'3* @e4i*, C#i*ti!', I*%!+i( ")*it b)t

%i'8!3e !'d di*()'ti'-ity bet4ee' te*e t4) di+e'*i)'*. F!te i' te e#e!&te#, te 2')t yet,2 t-#'* )'

di*")*iti)' i' te e#e !'d ')4, te 2!%#e!dy.2 Te *t)#y !* ! "%)t. It be3i'*, "#)(eed* !'d e'd*. Yet te

e'd, te e#e!&te#, i* >-!%it!ti/e%y di*()'ti'-)-* 4it te e#e !'d ')4, !'d t-* (!' i' ') 4!y be

te+")#!%%y !(ie/ed. Te e'd e+e#3e* )+ b)t te be3i''i'3 !'d te #e!%i0!ti)' )& te J)-#'ey, !'d yet

-%ti+!te%y i* ')t +e#e%y tei# "#)d-(t.

P#i)# t) )# !"!#t )+ t!t e'd, ti* e'i3+! i* ')t *)%/ed. Wi%e i' te e'd, !* "#)"et* !'')-'(e, 2te

%i)' *!%% e!t *t#!4 %i8e te ),2 i* diet !* bee' ()'*ide#!b%y +)#e (!#'i/)#)-* )/e# te (e't-#ie* i' te

()-#*e )& 4i( 4)%e "e)"%e* !/e bee' 4i"ed )-t. F)# te+ it 4!* )& %itt%e ()+&)#t t!t te "#)"et*4e#e t) !'')-'(e ! 'e4 i*t)#i(!% e#! i' 4i( i'di/id-!% #e*")'*ibi%ity 4)-%d *-((eed -")' !e)'* )&

()%%e(ti/e 3-i%t. $-t ') +)#e *!%% te *)' 2*-&&e# &)# te i'i>-ity )& te &!te#, ')# te &!te# *-&&e# &)# te

i'i>-ity )& te *)',2 ! "#)"et !'')-'(e*. 2Te *)-% t!t *i'* *!%% die2 @E0e8ie% 1.

T!t t#!'*&)#+!ti)' *%)4%y 3!te#ed +)+e't-+ )/e# te (e't-#ie*, e+e#3i'3 &i#*t i' te 4e*te#' 4)#%d.

Te ()##e*")'di'3 ()'(e"ti)' )& i'di/id-!% di3'ity i* ')4 *"#e!di'3 4)#%d 4ide, e*"e(i!%%y by 4!y )&

te -'i/e#*!% (!+"!i3' &)# 2-+!' #i3t*.2 H)4e/e# i'!de>-!te te &)#+-%!ti)' !* yet te

()##e*")'di'3 ')ti)'* )& d-ty, #e*")'*ibi%ity !'d *)%id!#ity !#e 4)e&-%%y %!33i'3 te !d/!'(e !""e!#* t)

be, !t %e!*t i' *)+e +e!*-#e, i##e/e#*ib%e.

Yet i' t4) i+")#t!'t #e*"e(t* ti* !d/!'(e !""e!#* t#)-b%i'3. Wi%e d)-bt%e** !tt#ib-t!b%e i' "!#t t) te

i+"!(t )& te Ab#!!+i( C!%% )' te ()-#*e )& i*t)#y, te C!%% it*e%& 4!* i+"%e+e'ted by +e!'* )& tee/i%* it 4!* t) -"#))t, te di*"%!(e+e't )& "e)"%e* t) +!8e 4!y &)# te "e)"%e )& te C!%%. Se()'d%y, te

*t!t-* )& te i+"#)/e+e't bey)'d te "!%e )& te C!%% i* -'(%e!# i& ')t ()'&-*i'3. I'*)&!# !* te C!%% i*

i+"%e+e'ted, t!t i*, 2*e(-%!#i0ed,2 i* it ')4 )b/i!ted; L)3i(!%%y, d)e* te C!%% "e#t!i' )'%y t)

de&i(ie'(y; I* te C!%% +e#e%y #e+edi!%; D)e* ! &-%%y J-*t *)(iety *ti%% 'eed 2#e%i3i)';2 W!t i* te

)'t)%)3i(!% *i3'i&i(!'(e )& -+!' #e&)#+;

It !* bee' *-33e*ted t!t te 3%)b!% t#!'*&)#+!ti)'* ')4 b#e!tt!8i'3%y -'de# 4!y *-#e%y ")**e**

e*(!t)%)3i(!% *i3'i&i(!'(e, yet /)i(e* i'&)#+ed by te C!%% !#e *(!#(e%y !-dib%e i' ti* #e3!#d. Te

*e"!#!ti)' )& (-#( !'d *t!te, &)# e!+"%e, t)-3 "#)&)-'d%y i+"%i(it i' te Ab#!!+i( *t)#y, i* +)#e

*t#)'3%y !**e#ted by te e")'e't* )& C#e!ti)' @*t!te )# *)(iety t!' by e")'e't* )& te C!%% @(-#(.I'deed te %!tte# te'd t) *ee8 #e()-#*e t) te +e!'* )& te &)#+e# t) "#)+)te te *4!y )& te %!tte#

Te*e "#)b%e+* !#e (ited, ')t be(!-*e tey (!' be *)%/ed e#e, b-t tey i%%-*t#!te te i+")#t!'(e )& te

2!%#e!dy ')t yet2 e")( i' te *t)#y )& te C!%%. It i* e#e t!t te i+")#t!'(e )& te di*ti'(ti)' bet4ee'

te Di!*")#! !'d te t#i-+"!%i*t "!#!di3+* )-t%i'ed be%)4 be()+e* "e#ti'e't. F)# te &)#+e# di*!/)4*

!* (i+e#i( te /e#y 3)!% t!t te %!tte# "-#*-e*. Te *!%/i&i( *eed i* di*"e#*ed. F)# te *!8e )& te &!it&-%

&e4, ')t te d)+i'!'t +!'y, ! (ity, ! 4)#%d, i* *!/ed @Ge'e*i* 1.

Fi'!%%y !' !*t)'i*i'3 !*"e(t )& te 2!%#e!dy ')t yet2 i'te#i+ i* !d-+b#!ted i' te #i*e )& te Heb#e4

+)'!#(y ')ted !b)/e. Te *)&te'i'3 )& te di/i'e ")*iti)' !t ti* ")i't i't#)d-(e* ! (#iti(!%%yi+")#t!'t


13/203

di+e'*i)' )& te Ab#!!+i( *t)#y. T!t *t)#y "#)(eed* by 4!y )& te "#)/e#bi!% two ste*s &orward1 one

ste* %ackward . I' #e()3'iti)' )& te -+!' "#edi(!+e't @2F)# e 8')4* )-# !+e? e #e+e+be#* t!t

4e !#e b-t d-*t2 P*!%+ 11, e!( e"i*)de )# *t!3e i* !+ed by ! %)&ty ")**ibi%ity, !'d ! "!#ti!%%y

&!i%ed #e*")'*e. Te#e-")' te LORD "i(8* -" te "ie(e*, !* it were, !'d !((e"t* te #e*-%t !* ! *t!3i'3

/e'-e &)# te 'et !d/!'(e.

I' te %)'3 #-', 4e +!y 4e%% !*8 4ete# S!+-e%=* +i*3i/i'3* 4e#e ')t J-*ti&ied. M)'!#(y !'d te+"%ee*t!b%i*+e't !""!#e't%y &!i%ed. Te 'e4 *te" &)#4!#d i'()#")#!te* ei%e !'d Di!*")#!. Re"#i*ti'!ti)'

be()+e* i'(#e!*i'3%y +e**i!'i( !'d e*(!t)%)3i(!%, e'(e i' *)+e +e!*-#e, di*()'ti'-)-* 4it te +)*t

t!t i*t)#y (!' !(ie/e. I' ! *e'*e, t-*, te "%)t )'%y ti(8e'*. Te i*t)#i(!% "!(e >-i(8e'*, yet te

%i8e%i))d )& te !(ie/e+e't )& e3e+)'i( Ab#!!+i( &!it *-( !* e#*t4i%e Heb#e4 +)'!#(y )#

C#i*te'd)+ #e(ede*. S)#t )& +e**i!'i( &i'!%ity, Di!*")#! !""e!#* !* 2te '!+e )& te G!+e.2

SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

Te C!%% t) Ab#!!+ i* G)d=* )/e#t-#e t) ! -+!'ity t!t ()'ti'-)-*%y !b-*e* it* e!%ted de*ti'y i' te

C#e!ti)'. H-+!'%y "e#(ei/ed, 3i/e' t!t &i!*(), G)d ()')'t* ! di%e++!. Eite# G)d +-*t *(#!" te

"#)Je(t @!* i' te F%))d 4it N)! )# *)+e)4 ()'t!i' te d!+!3e. O"ti'3 &)# te %!tte#, te C!%% i* te

di/i'e *)%-ti)'. Te C#e!ti)', !'d 4it it te -+!' e'te#"#i*e, ()'ti'-e* )' it* !%%)tted ()-#*e. $-t i'Ab#!!+, G)d !dd#e**e* te -+!' *"i#it i' ! *"e(i!% ()++-'i(!ti/e +!''e#, 4it)-t "#eJ-di(e t) te

()/e'!'t )& (#e!ti)' )# e/e' te +!te#i!% *t!t-* )& te -+!' 4iti' (#e!ti)'. I' *)#t, te i'te#/e'ti)'

#e+!i'* *t#i(t%y 2+et!"y*i(!%,2 e'3!3i'3 te -+!' *"i#it, 4it)-t i'i'3i'3 )' te (#e!ti)'3#)-'ded

!'i+!%ity )+ 4i( t!t *"i#it e+e#3e*. A* te)%)3i!'* !/e ')ted, te C!%% ()'*tit-te* ! 2*"e(i!%2#e/e%!ti)' 4iti' )# !%)'3*ide te 3e'e#!% #e/e%!ti)' t!t i* i+"%i(it i' (#e!ti)'. Ti* *"e(i!% 3e*t-#e

()'*i*t* )& b)t J-d3+e't !'d #e'e4!%. $-t 4i%e ti* i'te#/e'ti)' "e#+it* te "#)Je(t t) 3) &)#4!#d, &-%%

#e*t)#!ti)' 4i%% be #e!%i0ed )'%y i' ! t#!'*i*t)#i(!% ()*+i( (%i+!.

E!( )& te t#ee Ab#!!+i( t#!diti)'* !* it* "!#ti(-%!# e*(!t)%)3y, it* "!#ti(-%!# ()'(e"ti)' )& te

bey)'dti+e +y*te#y. N)'ete%e**, &)# !%% t#ee te 3#!(e "#)&&e#ed i' te C!%% i* i' *)+e +!''e# ! t4)

*t!3e "#)(e**, ! d)4' "!y+e't, !* it 4e#e, t) be &)%%)4ed by &i'!% *ett%e+e't. Te C!%% t-* "%!(e*

be%ie/e#* i' ! &ie%d )& te'*i)' bet4ee' te 2!%#e!dy2 !'d te 2')t yet2 +)+e't* )& te 'e4 di/i'e-+!'()/e'!'t. Te Ab#!!+i( "e)"%e* %i/e i' te -'*ett%ed "e#i)d bet4ee' te t4) e#!*.

A%!*, b)t te ti+i'3 !'d te *!"e )& te &i'!% *ett%e+e't !#e /!3-e%y de&i'ed. P#e*-+!b%y te d)4'

"!y+e't i* *-b*t!'ti!% e')-3 t) i'*"i#e ()'&ide'(e i' te e/e't-!% *ett%e+e't. O&te', )4e/e#, te %)3i(

i* #e/e#*ed. Te "#)*"e(t )& &-t-#e 3%)#y i* i'/)8ed t) *)#e -" ()'&ide'(e i' te d)4' "!y+e't. At t!t

")i't, &)%8 4i*d)+ !**e#t* it*e%&. A bi#d i' te !'d i* 4)#t t4) i' te b-*. C!t( !* (!t( (!'. Te*)-'d )& te C!%% i* d#)4'ed i' te di'.

H)4 te', !&te# te*e t#ee )# &)-# +i%%e''i!, d) 4e #e*")'d t) te C!%% %!-'(ed 4it Ab#!!+; C!' 4e

di*(e#' !'y ')#+!ti/e 3-ide%i'e*; Witi' te i*t)#ie* !'d t#!diti)'* #e&e#e'(ed !b)/e, )'e +i3t di*(e#'t#ee ")**ib%e "!#!di3+* te &i#*t +!y be de*(#ibed !* kaleidosco*ic, i*t)#y t!8e' !* it ()+e*, )' ! t#i!%

!'d e##)# b!*i*, 4it)-t "!tte#' )# "#i'(i"%e. Te *e()'d +!y be de*(#ibed !* trium*halism, te ")**ibi%ityt!t te Ab#!!+i( ()/e'!'t 4i%% (!##y te d!y, 4i%e te ti#d /ie4* Dias*ora !* te 2')#+!%2 ")*t-#e )&

!' Ab#!!+i( "e)"%e i' te !%#e!dy')t yet &ie%d )& te'*i)' t!t (!#!(te#i0e* te ")*t Ab#!!+i( e#!.

T)-3 !t %e!*t )' te *-#&!(e te*e t#ee te'de'(ie*, e/e' "!#!di3+*, (!' be di*ti'3-i*ed /!#i)-*%y i'

te i*t)#y )& te t#ee "e)"%e*, e!( !* it* )4' (%!i+ t) /!%idity. Te 8!%eid)*()"i( "!#!di3+ !(()#d*

4it b)t te &%- !'d te /!#i!bi%ity )& i*t)#y, )' te )'e !'d, !'d te i'e&&!bi%ity )& te Di/i'e, )' te

)te#. It !(()#d* !* 4e%% 4it te "#)"eti( di*()/e#y t!t de*"ite te i+")#t!'(e )& "e)"%e !'d '!ti)'* i'


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te Ab#!!+i( *(e+e, 2te *)-% t!t *i'* *!%% die.2 N) %)'3e# *!%% it be *!id, 2Te &!te#* !/e e!te'

*)-# 3#!"e*, !'d te (i%d#e'=* teet !#e *et )' ed3e.2

Wit #e3!#d t) te trium*halist "!#!di3+, ti* i* *ee+i'3%y i+"%i(it i' te "#)+i*e )& -'i/e#*!% b%e**i'3

t!t i* b-i%t i't) te "#i+)#di!% (!%%. W!t (!' *-#"!** ! S)%)+)'i( #ei3', ! E-#)"e !* C#i*te'd)+, )# "e)"%e* -'de# I*%!+i( #-%e; S)-%d 4e ')t *t#i/e &)# ! "-b%i( )#de# 4)*e i'*tit-ti)'* !#e Ab#!!+i(!%%y

3#)-'ded !'d 3-ided; A'd t)d!y, *)-%d 4e ')t +i'i+!%%y *ee8 t) -")%d, )# +i'i+!%%y t) #et!i',4!te/e# 2e*t!b%i*+e't2 #e*id-e )& t)*e e#!* t!t *ti%% #e+!i'; Yet !%+)*t i'e/it!b%y, te +)#e 'e!#%y

i*t)#y !""#)i+!te* te trium*halist "!#!di3+, te i3e# te "#)b!bi%ity t!t te Ab#!!+i( &!it i*

t!8e' (!"ti/e by te 2()-'t#y, 8i'd#ed !'d &!te#=* )-*e2 it i* de*i3'ed t) t#!'*+-te !'d t#!'*(e'd.

A%)'3*ide, )# i' te 4!8e )& te*e t4) "!#!di3+*, ! ti#d )"ti)' !* e+e#3ed , (!#!(te#i0ed !* Dias*ora

@dis*ersion. O-t4!#d%y te Dias*ora "!#!di3+ #e*e+b%e* te 8!%eid)*)()"e i'*)&!# !* it ei*t*

!%)'3*ide )te# ()'&i3-#!ti/e +)de*. Hi*t)#i(!%%y, )4e/e#, it !""e!#* !* ! ti#d*t!3e e+e#3e't,

!""e!#i'3 "#i'(i"!%%y !&te# te 8!%eid)*()"i( !'d t#i-+"!%i*t *t!3e*. Dias*ora i* ! *e+i'!% ()'(e"t,

e/)8i'3 te i+!3e )& *(!tte#ed *eed, i' ti* i'*t!'(e, te *(!tte#i'3 )& *!%/i&i( ")te'ti!%, #e!dy t) *"#i'3 -"

4e#e/e# it &!%%* i't) #e(e"ti/e *)i%. E'/i*i)'ed i' ! /!#iety )& i+!3e* i' Heb#e4 "#)"e(y, ti* i+!3e#y

#e*)-'d* i' te /!#i)-* %)3)i )& e*-* !'d &i'd* "!#!%%e%* !* 4e%% i' te


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#-%e 4!* te )'%y )#de#+!i't!i'i'3 !%te#'!ti/e t) te i*t)#i( *-((e**i)' e+b)died i' te P!"!(y. We'

ti* b#)-3t te+")#!% #-%e @te +!3i*t#!(y i't) te d)+!i' )& te 2(-#(,2 te 2#!di(!%*2 "#)(eeded )'

te b!*i* t!t C#i*t=* "#e*e'(e i' te 3!te#i'3 )& be%ie/e#* i* *e%&!-te'ti(!ti'3, ')t tied t) i*t)#i(!% )#

*!(#!+e't!% +edi!ti)'.

PART I

ETHNICITY AND VIOLENCE IN THE WORLD TODAY

An Overve! "# $%e Pr"&'e(

Te ")%iti(!% *!%ie'(e )& et'i(ity !* ! &!(t)# i' te 3%)b!% ()++-'ity. Te '!t-#e !'d ()'diti)'* )&

et'i(!%%yi'*"i#ed )# e!(e#b!ted /i)%e'(e. P#e%i+i'!#y ')te* )' te #e%i3i)-* di+e'*i)' )& et'i(ity

!'d et'i( ()'&%i(t? !'d )& ()'&%i(t !/)id!'(e !'d #e*)%-ti)'. S)+e #e"#e*e't!ti/e (!*e* !'d i**-e*.

P#e%i+i'!#y ()'(%-*i)'*.1

Editorial Introduction

thnicity is a *lastic1 variegated1 and originally ascri*tive trait that1 in certain historical and so7cioeconomic circumstances1 is readily *olitici!ed. uch &ertile circumstances a%ound in modern and

transitional 9moderni!ing: societies.

)*e" R)t*(i%d

We be3i' 4it ! 3%i+"*e !t ! &e4 #e"#e*e't!ti/e et'i(!%%ye't!'3%ed ()'&%i(t* !#)-'d te 4)#%d t)d!y.

F)#t-'!te%y te *y+")*i-+ 4!* !b%e t) d#!4 )' 4)#8 i' "#)3#e** !t te U'ited St!te* I'*tit-te )& Pe!(e

@USIP )' 2Re%i3i)', N!ti)'!%i*+ !'d I't)%e#!'(e,2 4it ! "#e*e't!ti)' by D!/id Litt%e, di#e(t)# )& t!t

P#)Je(t. A #e*")'*e &)%%)4* by !' i'de"e'de't *()%!# )+ e!( )& te t#ee &!it* &)# -d!i*+, Sid'ey

S(4!#0? &)# C#i*ti!'ity, A%e F. C. Web*te#? !'d &)# I*%!+, M-*t!&! M!%i8. Fi'!%%y, i' ti* *e(ti)', i' !

"!"e# )#i3i'!%%y "#e*e'ted i' !')te# *e**i)' )& te *y+")*i-+, D!/id W!%* (!%%e'3e* te *e(-%!#

#e!di'3 )& te %ibe#!% "!#!di3+ )&&e#ed !* *)%-ti)' by Litt%e by -'"!(8i'3 te 2i'ti+!ti)'* )&t#!'*(e'de'(e2 i+"%i(it i' t!t "!#!di3+.

Te*e 4#ite#* #e!di%y !3#ee t!t #e%i3i)' !* *-( i* ')t di#e(t%y )# i'e#e't%y ()'&%i(t-!%, t!t #e%i3i)' !*

*-( d)e* ')t di#e(t%y 2(!-*e2 ()'&%i(t. $-t ti* i* t#-e )& et'i(ity !* 4e%%. $)t !#e i3%y ()+"%e

#e!%itie*, &-'d!+e't!%%y di&&e#e't )+ e!( )te#, yet )/e#%!""i'3. T-* 4i%e #e%i3i)-* !'d et'i( (%!i+*

+!y ()'&%i(t 4it e!( )te#, +)#e ()++)'%y tey ()!%e*(e !3!i'*t ()+"eti'3 et'i( !'d)# ")%iti(!%@'!ti)'!% (%!i+*.

A""#)"#i!te%y e')-3, et'i(ity !* bee' de*(#ibed !* 8i'*i" 4#it %!#3e, !'d '!ti)'!%i*+ i' t-#' (!' be

de*(#ibed !* et'i(ity 4#it %!#3e. T#!'*iti)' )& te &i#*t t4) t) te 'et i3e# %e/e% i* *it-!ti)'i'te#!(ti/e%y dete#+i'ed. A'd J-*t !* 8i'*i" 3#)-"* !#e &!# +)#e '-+e#)-* !#)-'d te 4)#%d t!' et'i(

3#)-"i'3*, *) te %!tte# 3#)-"i'3* !#e &!# +)#e '-+e#)-* t!' '!ti)'*. Additi)'!%%y, 4i%e *t!te))d i*%i'8ed t) '!ti)'))d i' te +)de#' e"e#ie'(e, ')t !%% '!ti)'* !/e bee' "e#+itted t) !(ie/e *t!te))d

i' te +)de#' ()'tet.

$e3i''i'3, !* it 4e#e, !t te e!#t, #e%i3i)' i' *)+e &)#+ !* bee' ! &)#+!ti/e e'e#3y !+)'3 !%% "e)"%e*.

A* %!#3e# 3#)-"i'3* t#!'*(e'ded e%e+e't!#y &!+i%y 3#)-"i'3*, !dditi)'!% #e%i3i)-* (%!i+* *e#/ed tei#

()'*)%id!ti)'. A* e+"i#e* !'d &ede#!ti)'* 4e#e &)#+ed, e+b#!(i'3 !'d t#!'*(e'di'3 %e**e# 3#)-"i'3* )&

8i'*i", et'i(ity, !'d "%!(e @#e3i)', #e%i3i)-* (%!i+* ()-%d 4e%% ()+e i't) ()'&%i(t. E/e't-!%%y, i' te


16/203

We*te#' e"e#ie'(e, te *)%-ti)' t) *-( ()'&%i(t 4!* *)-3t i' te di*e'3!3e+e't )& #e%i3i)' )+ te

")%iti(!% ()+"!(t.

Te di*e'3!3e+e't )& #e%i3i)' )+ te ")%iti(!% ()+"!(t i* ! 8i'd )& d)-b%eed3ed *4)#d. It +e!'*, )'

te )'e !'d, t!t te ()+"!(t it*e%& +-*t e(%-de !'y "!#ti(-%!# #e%i3i)-* *!'(ti)', 4i%e te "!#ti(i"!'t*i' t!t ()+"!(t, !#e #e>-i#ed, !* it 4e#e, t) "!#8 tei# #e%i3i)' !t te d))# 4e' tey e'te# te ")%iti(!%

!#e'!. T) 4ide%y /!#yi'3 de3#ee*, +)*t +)de#' ")%itie* @*t!te* !#e 2"%-#!%i*ti(?2 t!t i*, tey e+b#!(e b)t et'i( !'d #e%i3i)-* di/e#*ity. T-* 2t)%e#!'(e2 )& *-( di/e#*ity i* !' e**e'ti!% &e!t-#e )& (iti0e'*i"

i' +)de#' *t!te*, !'d by ete'*i)', i'te#'!ti)'!%%y !'d 3%)b!%%y !* 4e%%.

A* D!/id Litt%e #e()-'t* !t te )-t*et, te U'ited N!ti)'* i' 191 i**-ed ! Declaration on the

limination o& All Forms o& Into7lerance and Discrimination +ased on 0eligion and +elie& . C)##e*

")'di'3%y te USIP I't)%e#!'(e "#)Je(t &)(-*e* )' 2te *et )& -+!' #i3t* ')#+* t!t 3-!#!'tee te

eed)+ )& #e%i3i)' )# be%ie&.=2 T-* 2#e%i3i)-*%y#e%!ted et'i( ()'&%i(t*2 i' te !%& d)0e' ()-'t#ie* i'

te USIP "#)Je(t !#e !'!%y0ed !3!i'*t te t)%e#!'(e ')#+* t-* !#ti(-%!ted. E&&e(ti/e%y te UN De(%!#!ti)'

*ee8* t) -'i/e#*!%i0e te di*e'3!3e+e't )& #e%i3i)' )+ te ")%iti(!% ()+"!(t t!t e+e#3ed i' te

We*te#' e"e#ie'(e.

Litt%e ')'ete%e** -'de#*()#e* te ()+"%eitie* !'d !+bi3-itie* t!t !#i*e. I' !'y e/e't e ide'ti&ie* t4)#!te# di*ti'(t +)de* )& '!ti)'!%i*+, 2%ibe#!%2 !'d 2i%%ibe#!%,2 ! di*ti'(ti)' %)'3 ')ted i' ! /!#iety )&

te#+*. I' te &)#+e# i'*t!'(e te ()'(e"ti)' )& '!ti)' i* b!*ed )' (iti0e'*i", !'d t-* e&&e(ti/e%y )'

i'di/id-!%* #!te# t!' )' 3#)-"*. Te '!ti)'!% 24)%e2 i* i' t!t #e*"e(t +e#e%y !' i'()e#e't

!33#e3!ti)' )& i'di/id-!% (iti0e' e>-!%*. I' te %!tte# i'*t!'(e te '!ti)', !t %e!*t 3e'e#i(!%%y, "#e(ede* te*t!te )& 4i( it be()+e* te /ei(%e. Te *t!te i* ide!%i0ed !* te e+b)di+e't )& te "#eei*ti'3 '!t-#!%

()++-'ity. I'*)&!# !* #e%i3i)' !'d et'i(ity !#e %itt%e di&&e#e'ti!ted )# ')t !t !%%, t)%e#!'(e te'd* t) be i'

*)#t *-""%y.

O' )'e %e/e% et'i(ity d)e* &)# -+!' !33#e3!te* 4!t #e%i3i)' d)e* ()*+)%)3i(!%%y, '!+e%y "#)/ide

()e#e'(e, +e!'i'3 !'d )#de# i' te &!(e )& -'"#edi(t!bi%ity !'d (!)*. I'deed, -+!' !##!'3e+e't*

!""e!# !* +yti(!%%y 3#)-'ded i' te ()*+)*. T)-3 2'!t-#!%2 !'d 2&)-'ded2 #e%i3i)'* di&&e#

i+")#t!'t%y, )'(e e*t!b%i*ed, &-'(ti)'!%%y te %!tte# i3%y #e*e+b%e te &)#+e#. I'te%%e(t-!%%y, teE'%i3te'+e't, !'d ()'*tit-ti)'!%%y, te *e"!#!ti)' )& (-#( !'d *t!te @te A+e#i(!' "!#!di3+,

di*e'3!3e !'y "!#ti(-%!# #e%i3i)' )+ te ")%iti(!% ()+"!(t. T!t di*e'3!3e+e't, )4e/e#, e't!i%*

-'e!*i'e** &)# b)t #e%i3i)' !'d ")%iti(*. St!te* (!'')t *-#/i/e 4it)-t +yt, !'d #e%i3i)' e(%-ded )+

")%iti(!% de*ti'y !""e!#* e+!*(-%!ted. $e(!-*e )& 4!t *)+eti+e* !* bee' (!%%ed 2A+e#i(!'

e(e"ti)'!%i*+,2 te USA )&te' i* e&&e(ti/e%y /ie4ed !* te "!#!di3+!ti( 2%ibe#!%2 '!ti)'. At te e'd )&

R!d)J!' G!'di=* 199: #ynthia $edel Lecture !t Te C-#(e Ce'te# &)# Te)%)3y !'d P-b%i( P)%i(y i'W!*i'3t)', DC, 4e' !*8ed 4!t di*ti'3-i*e* te A+e#i(!' *y*te+, G!'di #e"%ied 2N!ti)' 4it)-t

te b%))d %i'e?2 t!t i*, 2%ibe#!%2 '!ti)'!%i*+. Wi%e te#e +!y be #e!*)' t) %!-d te !(ie/e+e't* )& te

F)-'di'3 F!te#* )& te A+e#i(!' *y*te+, i*t)#i(!% (i#(-+*t!'(e )# !((ide't +!y !/e bee' +)#e

de(i*i/e.

E/e' *), te ")t )& te A+e#i(!' e"e#i+e't i' te *e"!#!ti)' )& (-#( !'d *t!te ()'ti'-e* t) b)i%. A'dte #e*")'*e* )+ te t#ee 2Ab#!!+i( &!it2 t#!diti)'* i'di(!te 4y t!t i* te (!*e. $ey)'d t!t, i&

)'e !**-+e* t!t te *e"!#!ti)' )& (-#( !'d *t!te i* ! "#e()'dit)' t) *)(iet!% !'d i'te#*)(iet!% "e!(e,

te J)-#'ey t) t!t de*ti'!ti)' !* *(!#(e%y be3-' i' +!'y %!'d*. Te #!"id%y 3#)4i'3 3%)b!%

i'te#de"e'de'(e )b/i)-*%y !((e%e#!te* te &%)4 )& i*t)#y. He'(e "#edi(ti)'* !* t) )-t()+e*, 4ete#

"e**i+i*ti( )# )"ti+i*ti(, !#e e**e'ti!%%y *"e(-%!ti/e. I' !'y (!*e, d)-bt* !""e!# t#)-3)-t ti* /)%-+e !*

t) te /i!bi%ity )& te A+e#i(!' *)%-ti)', e/e' i& it 4e#e 3e'e#!%i0!b%e.


17/203

It i* !t ti* J-'(t-#e t!t te i't#)d-(ti)' )& D!/id W!%*=* "!"e#, 2Libe#!% I'iti+!ti)'* )& T#!'*(e'de'(e,2

i* )& *e+i'!% i+")#t!'(e. I' ! *e'*e, ti* "!"e# t-#'* te %ibe#!% E'%i3te'+e't /i*i)' )' it* e!d.

E&&e(ti/e%y, W!%* +!i't!i'* t!t te /e#y t#!'*(e'de't (%!i+ t!t *e(-%!# %ibe#!%i*+ be%ie/e* t) !/e *-#

+)-'ted +!8e* te %ibe#!% /i*i)' ")**ib%e.

W!%*=* te*i* )&&e#* ! *t#i8i'3 "!#!%%e% t) E+i%e D-#8ei+=* J)-#'ey i't) i* *t-dy )& te 2di/i*i)' )&

%!b)#2 i' *)(iety. Di*ti'3-i*i'3 bet4ee' t#!diti)'!% !'d +)de#' *)(ietie* @2+e(!'i(!%2 !'d 2)#3!'i(2*)%id!#ity i' i* te#+*, D-#8ei+ "#)(eeded i'iti!%%y )' te !**-+"ti)' t!t te %!tte# 4)-%d *-""%!'t te

&)#+e#, )'%y t) di*()/e# e'#)-te t!t i' #e!%ity te %!tte# 4!* i' &!(t de"e'de't i' *)+e +!''e# )' te

&)#+e#. T!t i*, +)de#' 2()'t#!(t2b!*ed )#3!'i0!ti)' "#e*-"")*e* *)+e de3#ee )# +)de* )& 2"#e()'

t#!(t-!%2 *)%id!#ity, "e#!"* 4!t !+e* S. C)%e+!' +)#e #e(e't%y !* (!%%ed te 2i'&)#+!% *)(i!%

(!"it!%2: t!t ()'t#!(tb!*ed *)(i!% )#3!'i0!ti)' te'd* t) di**)%/e.

W!%*, )4e/e#, *)+e4!t *-#"#i*i'3%y (iti'3 D)*t)e/*8y, t-#'* i' !')te# di#e(ti)'. He %i'8* 2&!it i'

te t#!'*(e'de't /!%-e )& eed)+2 t) 2&!it i' te "!#ti(i"!ti)' i' t#!'*(e'de't #e!%ity.2 W!%*

"#e*-+!b%y i* ')t )&&e#i'3 t#!'*(e'de'(e !* !' !'*4e# t) 4!t 4e +i3t (!%% D-#8ei+=* "#)b%e+, b-t

#!te# (!%%* !tte'ti)' t) !')te# "))#%y -'de#*t))d !*"e(t )& te t#!'*&)#+!ti)' 4e (!%% +)de#'i0!ti)'.

E#'*t T#)e%t*(, 4#iti'3 ! 3e'e#!ti)' %!te# t!' D)*t)e/*8y, !'d i' ! di&&e#e't +i%ie- !'d idi)+,

-'de#*()#ed te *!+e ")i't.

Te C#i*ti!' Et)* @e#e 4e 'i3t *-b*tit-te 2Ab#!!+i( F!it !%)'e ")**e**e*, i' /i#t-e )& it*

"e#*)'!%i*ti( Tei*+, ! ()'/i(ti)' )& "e#*)'!%ity !'d i'di/id-!%ity, b!*ed )' +et!"y*i(*, 4i( ')

N!t-#!%i*+ !'d ') Pe**i+i*+ (!' di*t-#b. T!t "e#*)'!%ity 4i(, #i*i'3 !b)/e te '!t-#!% )#de# )& %i&e, i*)'%y !(ie/ed t#)-3 te -'i)' )& 4i%% !'d te de"t* )& bei'3 4it G)d, !%)'e t#!'*(e'd* te &i'ite, !'d

!%)'e (!' de&y it. Wit)-t ti* *-"")#t, )4e/e#, e/e#y 8i'd )& i'di/id-!%i*+ e/!")#!te* i't) ti' !i#.

Paul Peachey

R)%%i'3 Rid3e St-dy Ret#e!t C)++-'ity

NOTES

1. O#i3i'!% !**i3'+e't t) Litt%e, S(4!#0, Web*te# !'d M!%i8.

. )*e" R)t*(i%d, thno*olitics8 A #once*tual Framework @Ne4 Y)#8 C)%-+bi! U'i/e#*ity P#e**,

191, ". 1.

. Te ')ti)' t!t A+e#i(! @te USA i* -'i>-e )# *)+e)4 2()*e'2 !#)*e e!#%y i' te A+e#i(!'

e"e#ie'(e. Sey+)-# M!#ti' Li"*et #e(e't%y *-bJe(ted te ()'(e"t t) -"d!ted !'!%y*i* i' ! b))8 e'tit%ed

American "ce*tionalism8 A Dou%le7dged word @Ne4 Y)#8 W. W. N)#t)', 199.

. 'he Division o& La%or in ociety @Ne4 Y)#8 Te F#ee P#e** )& G%e'()e, 19? )#i3i'!% 19, 4it

*-b*e>-e't #e/i*ed editi)'*.

:. !+e* S. C)%e+!', 2Te R!ti)'!% Re()'*t#-(ti)' )& S)(iety,2 American ociological 0eview :.1

@Feb#-!#y, 199.

. 'he ocial 'eachings o& the #hristian #hurches, t#. O%i/e Wy)' @Ne4 Y)#8 H!#"e# T)#(b))8, 19

1911, II, 11:.

CHAPTER I


18/203

BELIEF, ETHNICITY, AND NATIONALISM)

DA,ID LI''L

U'ited St!te* I'*tit-te )& Pe!(e

INTRODUCTION

It i* e>-e't%y !**e#ted t!t te#+* %i8e 2#e%i3i)-* '!ti)'!%i*+2 )# 2#e%i3i)-*et'i( ()'&%i(t,2 )4e/e#

+-( i' /)3-e tey +!y be, !#e >-ite +i*%e!di'3. Tey !#e *), it i* *!id, be(!-*e tey +i*t!8e'%y *-33e*t

*)+eti'3 i'*e"!#!b%e !'d e**e'ti!% !b)-t te ()''e(ti)' bet4ee' #e%i3i)', et'i(ity !'d '!ti)'!%i*+, !*

t)-3 #e%i3i)-* be%ie& 4e#e te *)-#(e )& te*e ti'3*. $-t &!# )+ bei'3 te *)-#(e, te !#3-+e't #-'*,

#e%i3i)' i* i' !(t-!%ity -*-!%%y ! 2t))%2 )# 2/ei%2 &)# "#i)# !'d -%te#i)# et'i( )# '!ti)'!%i*t i'te#e*t*.

A(()#di'3 t) W!%8e# C)'')#, '!ti)'!% !'d #e%i3i)-* ide'tity )-3t ')t be ()'&-*ed? i' &!(t, i' #e3!#d t)

4!t +!8e* &)# i'te'*e !'d e'd-#i'3 *)(i!% %)y!%ty, 2te 4e%%*"#i'3* )& '!ti)'!% ide'tity !#e +)#e

"#)&)-'d t!' !#e t)*e !**)(i!ted 4it #e%i3i)'. . . .21

It i* t#-e te #)%e )& #e%i3i)' (!' be )/e#*t!ted !'d +i*-'de#*t))d. Et'i(ity !'d '!ti)'!%i*+ !#e i3%y()+"%i(!ted !'d /!#i!b%e "e')+e'! t!t #e*i*t *i+"%e di!3')*e* )& !'y 8i'd, i'(%-di'3 t)*e i'/)%/i'3

#e%i3i)'. M)#e)/e#, )' !'y #e!*)'!b%e !(()-'ti'3, #e%i3i)-* be%ie& !'d "#!(ti(e !* it be!#* )' et'i( !'d

'!ti)'!% ide'tity i* it*e%& ty"i(!%%y *!"ed !'d i'&%-e'(ed i' ! ")4e#&-% 4!y by "!#ti(-%!# i*t)#i(!%

(i#(-+*t!'(e*. Se'*iti/ity t) *-( ()+"%eity i* -#3e't%y #e>-i#ed i' *t-dyi'3 te *-bJe(t.

Sti%%, i' &!(e )& e!33e#!ti)' !'d *-"e#&i(i!%ity, it i* ")**ib%e t) )/e##e!(t by )/e#*i+"%i&yi'3 i' te

)"")*ite di#e(ti)'. H)4e/e# (!#e&-% 4e +-*t be i' d#!4i'3 ()'(%-*i)'* !b)-t it, te#e i* *)+eti'3

i'te#e*ti'3 !'d 4)#t e!+i'i'3 !b)-t te #e(-##i'3 ()##e%!ti)' )& #e%i3i)-* be%ie& 4it et'i(ity !'d

'!ti)'!%i*+. I& #e%i3i)' i* !%% t!t i'(ide't!% ! &!(t)#, 4y d)e* et'i( ()'&%i(t !'d te *t#-33%e )/e#

'!ti)'!% ide'tity i' *) +!'y "%!(e* i' S-d!', S#i L!'8!, Tibet !'d Ci'!, I*#!e%, I'di!, Ni3e#i!,

Leb!')', N)#te#' I#e%!'d, et(. !/e *-( ! ()'*"i(-)-* !'d e'd-#i'3 #e%i3i)-* ()+")'e't; E/e' i&

#e%i3i)' i* -*ed )# +!'i"-%!ted &)# -%te#i)# "-#")*e*, 4y, e!(t%y, i* it #e%i3i)' t!t #e"e!ted%y 3et* -*ed&)# et'i( !'d '!ti)'!%i*t "-#")*e*;

T) "-t it !')te# 4!y, 4y d)e* te !**e#ti)' )& et'i( !'d '!ti)'!% ide'tity *) e>-e't%y i'/)%/e, !* it

)b/i)-*%y d)e*, i't)%e#!'(e !'d di*(#i+i'!ti)' i' #e3!#d t) #e%i3i)-* !'d )te# &)#+* )& &-'d!+e't!%

be%ie&; Wy, &)# e!+"%e, !#e '!ti)'!%i*t* *) #e!di%y i'(%i'ed t) &!/)# ! 2#e"#e**i/e ide)%)3y de+!'di'3

*t#i(t !de#e'(e t) te !-t)#ity )& te )&&i(i!% e+b)di+e't* )& '!ti)'!% t#!diti)',2 !'d te#eby t) t#y t)()+"e% !'d ()'t#)% ')t )'%y be!/i)# b-t !%*) be%ie&; I' *)#t, 4!t, "#e(i*e%y, i* te ()''e(ti)' bet4ee'

be%ie&, et'i(ity, !'d '!ti)'!%i*+;

Te "!#ti(-%!# "e#*"e(ti/e )+ 4i( te*e >-e*ti)'* 4i%% be !dd#e**ed i* de/e%)"ed i' ! *e#ie* )& #e")#t* bei'3 "-b%i*ed -'de# te !-*"i(e* )& te U'ited St!te* I'*tit-te )& Pe!(e @USIP. We' ()+"%eted, te

*e#ie* 4i%% ()'*i*t )& *t-die* )& *e/e' ()-'t#ie* )# #e3i)'* U8#!i'e, S#i L!'8!, Leb!')', S-d!', Ni3e#i!, Tibet, !'d I*#!e%, *t-die* )#3!'i0ed -'de# te 3e'e#!% tit%e, 2Re%i3i)', N!ti)'!%i*+, !'d

I't)%e#!'(e.2 Te*e "!#ti(-%!# (!*e* 4e#e *e%e(ted )-t )& +!'y ")**ib%e e!+"%e* )& #e%i3i)-*%y#e%!ted

et'i( ()'&%i(t be(!-*e )& te (-%t-#!%, #e%i3i)-*, ")%iti(!%, !'d 3e)3#!"i(!% di/e#*ity tey #e"#e*e't.

Re")#t* )' U8#!i'e, S#i L!'8! !'d Tibet !/e !%#e!dy bee' "-b%i*ed, !'d te *t-dy )' S-d!': i*

'e!#i'3 ()+"%eti)'.

Te &)(-* )& te USIP *t-dy @I't)%e#!'(e P#)Je(t i* te *et )& -+!' #i3t* ')#+* t!t 3-!#!'tee 2te

eed)+ )& #e%i3i)' )# be%ie&.2 Tey !#e )& t4) *)#t* Te#e !#e te !#ti(%e* e'*#i'ed i' te i'te#'!ti)'!%


19/203

i'*t#-+e't* t!t "#)te(t %e3iti+!te #e%i3i)-* i'te#e*t*, *-( !* eed)+ )& be%ie& !'d ()'*(ie'(e, !* 4e%% !*

te eed)+ t) +!'i&e*t be%ie& i' 2te!(i'3, "#!(ti(e, 4)#*i", !'d )b*e#/!'(e.2 I' !dditi)', te#e !#e te

!#ti(%e* t!t "#)ibit di*(#i+i'!ti)' b!*ed )' #e%i3i)-* be%ie& )# !&&i%i!ti)'.7

Te -+!' #i3t* t) ee ee#(i*e !'d t) eed)+ )+ di*(#i+i'!ti)' !#e e%!b)#!ted i' te &i#*t t4)!#ti(%e* )& te )& te UN Declaration on the limination o& All Forms o& Intolerance and Dis7crimination

+ased on 0eligion or +elie& . Te #e+!i'i'3 *i !#ti(%e* )& t!t de(%!#!ti)' &-#te# *"e(i&y te "#)te(ti)'*!'d "#)ibiti)'* t!t &)%%)4 )+ te*e t4) &-'d!+e't!% #i3t*.9 Te De(%!#!ti)' !3!i'*t i't)%e#!'(e

de&i'e* te #i3t* )& ee ee#(i*e !'d eed)+ )+ di*(#i+i'!ti)' !* &)%%)4*

Ar$*'e +

1. E/e#y)'e *!%% !/e te #i3t t) eed)+ )& t)-3t, ()'*(ie'(e !'d #e%i3i)'. Ti* #i3t *!%% i'(%-de

eed)+ t) !/e ! #e%i3i)' )# 4!te/e# be%ie& )& )'e=* ()i(e, !'d eed)+, eite# i'di/id-!%%y )# i'

()++-'ity 4it )te#*, !'d i' "-b%i( )# "#i/!te, t) +!'i&e*t )'e=* #e%i3i)' )# be%ie& i' 4)#*i",

)b*e#/!'(e, "#!(ti(e, !'d te!(i'3.

. N) )'e *!%% be *-bJe(t t) ()e#(i)' 4i( 4)-%d i+"!i# )'e=* eed)+ t) !/e ! #e%i3i)' )# be%ie& )&

)'e=* ()i(e.

. F#eed)+ t) +!'i&e*t )'e=* #e%i3i)' )# be%ie&* +!y be *-bJe(t )'%y t) *-( %i+it!ti)'* !* !#e "#e*(#ibed

by %!4 !'d !#e 'e(e**!#y t) "#)te(t "-b%i( *!&ety, )#de#, e!%t )# +)#!%* )# te &-'d!+e't!% #i3t* !'d

eed)+* )& )te#*.

Ar$*'e -

1. N) )'e *!%% be *-bJe(t t) di*(#i+i'!ti)' by !'y St!te, i'*tit-ti)', )# 3#)-" )& "e#*)'* )# "e#*)' )' te

3#)-'d* )& #e%i3i)' )# be%ie&.

. F)# te "-#")*e* )& te "#e*e't De(%!#!ti)', te e"#e**i)' i't)%e#!'(e !'d di*(#i+i'!ti)' b!*ed )'

#e%i3i)' )# be%ie&= +e!'* !'y di*ti'(ti)', e(%-*i)', #e*t#i(ti)' )# "#e&e#e'(e b!*ed )' #e%i3i)' )# be%ie&!'d !/i'3 !* it* "-#")*e )# !* it* e&&e(t '-%%i&i(!ti)' )# i+"!i#+e't )& te #e()3'iti)', e'J)y+e't )#

ee#(i*e )& -+!' #i3t* !'d &-'d!+e't!% eed)+* )' !' e>-!% b!*i*.

Te 3e'e#!% ide! )& te USIP I't)%e#!'(e P#)Je(t i* t) e!+i'e !'d e%!b)#!te -")', by +e!'* )& (!*e

*t-die*, te t4i' "#e+i*e* )& te de(%!#!ti)' t!t 2te di*#e3!#d !'d i'i'3e+e't . . . )& te #i3t t)

eed)+ )& t)-3t, ()'*(ie'(e, #e%i3i)', )# 4!te/e# be%ie&, !/e b#)-3t, di#e(t%y )# i'di#e(t%y, 4!#* !'d3#e!t *-&&e#i'3 t) -+!'8i'd,2 !'d, ()'/e#*e%y, t!t #e*"e(t &)# !'d e'()-#!3e+e't )& 2eed)+ )&

#e%i3i)' !'d be%ie& *)-%d . . . ()'t#ib-te t) te !tt!i'+e't )& te 3)!%* )& 4)#%d "e!(e, *)(i!% J-*ti(e !'d

ie'd*i" !+)'3 "e)"%e*. . . .21

M)#e "#e(i*e%y, te I't)%e#!'(e P#)Je(t !* t4) b!*i( !'d #e%!ted )bJe(ti/e* O'e i* t) e*t!b%i* te de3#ee

t) 4i( &)#+* )& i't)%e#!'(e t!t /i)%!te ei*ti'3 -+!' #i3t* *t!'d!#d* ()'t#ib-te t) ()'&%i(t, !* 4e%% !*)4 e&&)#t* t) +)di&y )# e%i+i'!te t)*e /i)%!ti)'* ()'t#ib-te t) "e!(e. Te *e()'d i*, t) (%!#i&y te

*)-#(e* )# (!-*e* )& t)%e#!'(e !'d i't)%e#!'(e, i'(%-di'3, i' "!#ti(-%!#, te #)%e )& #e%i3i)' !'d *i+i%!#

be%ie&*. I' #e*"e(t t) te &i#*t )bJe(ti/e, it i* ')t di&&i(-%t t) e*t!b%i* t!t /i)%!ti)'* )& te #i3t* )& ee

ee#(i*e !'d ')'di*(#i+i'!ti)' i'te'*i&y ()'&%i(t i' di/ided +-%tiet'i( *)(ietie*, ')# t) "#)Je(t 4it

#e!*)'!b%e ()'&ide'(e t!t te )b*e#/!'(e !'d i+"%e+e't!ti)' )& t)*e ')#+* 4i%% *e#/e t) #ed-(e

()'&%i(t.


20/203

I' te (!*e* )& S-d!' !'d Tibet (!*e* )& *e/e#e (i/i% ()'&%i(t %!#3e '-+be#* )& #e%i3i)-* be%ie/e#*

!/e bee' *y*te+!ti(!%%y i'te#&e#ed 4it !'d e>-e't%y "e#*e(-ted. I' S-d!' !'d Tibet, !* 4e%% !* i' S#i

L!'8! !')te# e!+"%e )& )'3)i'3 (i/i% *t#i&e +i')#ity ")"-%!ti)'* !/e bee' *e#i)-*%y

di*(#i+i'!ted !3!i'*t be(!-*e )& +!J)#ity !ttit-de* !'d be%ie&* t!t !/e te'ded, #e*"e(ti/e%y, t) d)+i'!te

te 3)/e#'+e't* )& t)*e "%!(e*. At te *!+e ti+e, i' !%% t#ee )& te*e (!*e*, #e*"e(t!b%e "#)")*!%* &)##e*)%/i'3 ()'&%i(t "#)+i'e't%y i'(%-de #e&e#e'(e* t) #e*"e(t &)# te #i3t* )& ee ee#(i*e !'d

')'di*(#i+i'!ti)'. I' *)#t, i't)%e#!'(e i* >-ite )b/i)-*%y ! *i3'i&i(!'t "!#t )& te ()'&%i(t i' te*e @!'d+!'y )te# (!*e*, !'d it* e%i+i'!ti)' i* 4ide%y !'d #e!*)'!b%y #e3!#ded !* !' i+")#t!'t i'3#edie't )&

"e!(e.

N)'e )& ti* i* "!#ti(-%!#%y "#)b%e+!ti(. Ti'3* 3et +)#e ()+"%i(!ted, )4e/e#, 4e' it ()+e* t)

()'*ide#i'3 te >-e*ti)' )& te *)-#(e* )# (!-*e* )& i't)%e#!'(e @!'d t)%e#!'(e, i'(%-di'3 te #)%e )&

be%ie& !'d it* ()''e(ti)' t) #e%i3i)'.

MA. WEBER ON ETHNICITY AND NATIONALISM

Te &i#*t "!#t )& !' !'*4e# t) te *)-#(e* )# (!-*e* )& i't)%e#!'(e &)%%)4* )+ !' e!+i'!ti)' )& te

+e!'i'3 )& te te#+*, 2et'i(ity2 !'d 2'!ti)'!%i*+.2 M! Webe#=* di*(-**i)' #e+!i'* !+)'3 te +)*t

"e'et#!ti'3 4e !/e.11 F)# i+, te de&i'iti)'* )& 2et'i( 3#)-"2 !'d 2'!ti)'2 !#e /e#y (%)*e, t)-3 ')t>-ite e>-i/!%e't. A' et'i( 3#)-" i*, !t b)tt)+, ! 2"e)"%e21 t!t )%d* 2! *-bJe(ti/e be%ie& i' tei#

()++)' de*(e't.2 Tei# ide'tity i* 2"#e*-+ed,2 4i( +e!'* t!t it i* 2!#ti&i(i!%%y2 )# 2!((ide't!%%y2

!**)(i!ted 4it ! *et )& (!#!(te#i*ti(* *-( !* "y*i(!% !""e!#!'(e, (-*t)+*, ()++)' +e+)#ie*,

%!'3-!3e, #e%i3i)', et(.1 2A%+)*t !'y 8i'd )& *i+i%!#ity )# ()'t#!*t )& "y*i(!% ty"e !'d )& !bit*,2 *!y*Webe#, 2(!' i'd-(e te be%ie& t!t !&&i'ity )# di*!&&i'ity ei*t* bet4ee' 3#)-"* t!t !tt#!(t )# #e"e% e!(

)te#.21 Ti* 4!y )& "-tti'3 it, -'de#*()#e* te &!(t t!t te di*()-#*e )& et'i(ity !t )'(e )+)3e'i0e*

!'d di&&e#e'ti!te*.1: Te /e#y !#ti&i(i!%%y *e%e(ted et'i( i'di(!t)#* t!t (#e!te 2!&&i'itie*2 !+)'3 i'*ide#*

*i+-%t!'e)-*%y (#e!te 2di*!&&i'itie*2 4it )-t*ide#*.

Li8e4i*e, te ide! )& 2'!ti)',21 *!y* Webe#, 2i* !"t t) i'(%-de te ')ti)'* )& ()++)' de*(e't !'d )& !'

e**e'ti!%, t)-3 e>-e't%y i'de&i'ite, )+)3e'eity.217 Te ()'(e"t !%*) 2be%)'3* i' te *"e#e )&

/!%-e*,21 !'d i* !#ti&i(i!%%y ()'*t#-(ted )# i'/e'ted, 4it te *!+e ()'*)%id!ti'3 !'d di&&e#e'ti!ti'3e&&e(t* t!t et'i(ity i'/)%/e*. N!ti)'* !#e *e%&de&i'i'319 2"e)"%e*2 i' te 4!y et'i( 3#)-"* !#e. I'

te*e #e*"e(t*, ! '!ti)' i* %i8e !' et'i( 3#)-".

Yet, Webe# 3)e* )', 2te *e'ti+e't )& et'i( *)%id!#ity d)e* ')t by it*e%& +!8e ! '!ti)'.=2 Te#e !#e

t4) di*ti'3-i*i'3 &e!t-#e*. N!ti)'* !#e (-%t-#!%%y +)#e *e%&()'*(i)-* !'d !**e#ti/e, +)#e ()'(e#'ed

4it 2(-%t-#!% "#e*ti3e2 t!' et'i( 3#)-"*. 2Te *i3'i&i(!'(e )& ! '!ti)'= i* -*-!%%y !'()#ed i' te*-"e#i)#ity, )# !t %e!*t te i##e"%!(e!bi%ity, )& te (-%t-#e /!%-e* t!t !#e t) be "#e*e#/ed !'d de/e%)"ed

)'%y t#)-3 te (-%ti/!ti)' )& te "e(-%i!#ity )& te 3#)-".2 It i* i' t!t *e'*e t!t '!ti)'* !#e ty"i(!%%y

!**)(i!ted 4it %e3e'd* )& ! 2"#)/ide'ti!% +i**i)',21 !'d, ') d)-bt, 4it !' i'te'*i&ied i+!3e )&

te+*e%/e* !* ! 2()*e' "e)"%e.2 Se()'d, '!ti)'* !#e +)#e *e%&()'*(i)-* !'d !**e#ti/e ")%iti(!%%yTey '!t-#!%%y 4!'t !' 2!-t)')+)-* ")%ity,2 te#eby ee#(i*i'3 4!t tey #e3!#d !* tei# %e3iti+!te #i3t

)& *e%&#-%e.

Ti+e !'d !3!i' 4e &i'd t!t te ()'(e"t '!ti)'= di#e(t* -* t) ")%iti(!% ")4e#. He'(e, te ()'(e"t

*ee+* t) #e&e# . . . t) ! *"e(i&i( 8i'd )& "!t)* 4i( i* %i'8ed t) te ide! )& ! ")4e#&-% ")%iti(!% ()+

+-'ity )& "e)"%e 4) *!#e ! ()++)' %!'3-!3e, )# #e%i3i)', )# ()++)' (-*t)+*, )# ")%iti(!% +e+)#ie*?

*-( ! *t!te +!y !%#e!dy ei*t )# it +!y be de*i#ed. Te +)#e ")4e# i* e+"!*i0ed, te (%)*e# !""e!#* t)

be te %i'8 bet4ee' '!ti)' !'d *t!te. O#, ! +)de#' '!ti)' i* ! ()++-'ity 4i( ')#+!%%y te'd* t)

"#)d-(e ! *t!te )& it* )4'.:


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22/203

"#e**-#e i' b)t di#e(ti)'*, i'(%i'i'3 t)4!#d )'e ty"e )& '!ti)'!%i*+ )# te )te# de"e'di'3 )'

(i#(-+*t!'(e*. I'deed, it i* "e#!"* ()##e(t t) *-33e*t t!t '!ti)'!%i*+ i* be*t -'de#*t))d !*

&-'d!+e't!%%y !+bi/!%e't !* bet4ee' te %ibe#!% !'d te i%%ibe#!% ty"e*, !'d t!t te i'di/id-!% 2*t)#y2 )&

e!( (!*e )& '!ti)'!%i*+ +!y be*t be de*(#ibed !* ! dy'!+i( #e*")'*e t) te ()-'te#/!i%i'3 te'de'(ie*

#e"#e*e'ted by te t4) ty"e*.

F)# )4e/e# ()++itted t) 2(i/i(,2 2-'i/e#*!%i*ti(,2 2%ibe#!%2 ')#+* ! 3i/e' &)#+ )& '!ti)'!%i*+ +!y be,'!ti)'!%i*+ i* !t b)tt)+, !* Webe# *!4, b)t !' )+)3e'i0i'3 !'d ! di&&e#e'ti!ti'3 +)de )& di*()-#*e.

N!ti)'!%i*t di*()-#*e e/e' )& te %ibe#!% *)#t d#i/e* t)4!#d (-%t-#!% *t!'d!#di0!ti)' 4iti' te '!ti)',

4i( +!8e* it !#d t) *-*t!i' 3e'-i'e%y +-%tiet'i( !'d +-%ti'!ti)'!% e"#e**i)'. At te *!+e ti+e, !

'!ti)' &!/)#* (%e!# te##it)#i!% b)-'d!#ie* t!t di*ti'3-i* it )+ 2&)#ei3'e#*2 !'d 2!%ie'*.2 I' &!(t,

*)/e#ei3'ty )/e# ! *!#"%y (i#(-+*(#ibed ()++-'ity )& i'!bit!'t* !'d ! *!#"%y (i#(-+*(#ibed te##it)#y

i* )'e )& te !%%+!#8* )& te +)de#' 2'!ti)'*t!te.2

M)#e)/e#, te *-bJe(ti/e be%ie& i' ()++)' de*(e't t!t i* (!#!(te#i*ti( )& %ibe#!% '!ti)'!%i*+ i* ty"i(!%%y

!+bi/!%e't 4it #e*"e(t t) )4 t)t!% it* ()++it+e't t) -'i/e#*!%i*ti( ')#+* #e!%%y i*. I' te A+e#i(!'

(!*e, &)# e!+"%e, te#e i* ! ')t)#i)-* !+bi3-ity i' te t)-3t )& te 2&)-'di'3 &!te#*,2 )+ 4)+

A+e#i(!' (iti0e'* be%ie/e te+*e%/e*, i' ! *"i#it-!% *e'*e, t) be de*(e'ded.7 O' te )'e !'d, te#e i* !

*t#)'3 !'d e>-e't%y e#!%ded ()++it+e't t) te -'i/e#*!%i*ti( "#i'(i"%e* )& e>-!% #i3t* &)# !%%,t)%e#!'(e !'d ')'di*(#i+i'!ti)', !'d 3)/e#'+e't by te ()'*e't )& e/e#y (iti0e'. O' te )te# !'d,

te#e i* te &!+i%i!# !'d -'+i*t!8!b%e e/ide'(e )& #!(i*+ !'d *ei*+ i' b)t te -tte#!'(e* !'d te %!4*

)& te &)-'di'3 "e#i)d. Ti* dee" '!ti)'!% *(i0)"#e'i! !""#)"#i!te%y (!%%ed 2te A+e#i(!' di%e++!2

)b/i)-*%y -'de#%ie* +!'y )& te +!J)# te'*i)'* !'d ()'&%i(t* t!t !/e !""e!#ed t#)-3)-t A+e#i(!'i*t)#y.

$y te *!+e t)8e', )4e/e# 2i%%ibe#!%2 ! 3i/e' (!*e )& '!ti)'!%i*+ +!y be, )4e/e# ()++itted it +!y be

t) te ")%iti(!% "#i)#ity !'d "#ee+i'e'(e )& )'e #!(i!%, #e%i3i)-*, )# %i'3-i*ti( 3#)-" )/e# )te# 3#)-"* i'

te *!+e *)(iety, i%%ibe#!% '!ti)'!%i*+ i* *ti%%, !* 4e *!4, ! 2+)de#'2 "e')+e')', !'d i' it* )4' 4!y, !*

+-( ! "#)d-(t )& te -'i/e#*!%i0i'3 te'de'(ie* )& +)de#' e()')+i(, ")%iti(!% !'d (-%t-#!% %i&e, !* i*

%ibe#!% '!ti)'!%i*+. E/e' Hit%e#=* Ge#+!'y ")**e**ed ! ()'*tit-ti)', !'d *)-3t %e3iti+!(y !t %e!*t i'

te e!#%y * t#)-3 de+)(#!ti( e%e(ti)'* !'d "!#%i!+e't!#y "#)(ed-#e*.

It i* )& ()-#*e t#-e t!t te N!0i /e#*i)' )& ! *-bJe(ti/e be%ie& i' ()++)' de*(e't te +yt* !b)-t #!(i!%

*-"e#i)#ity !'d *) )' 4e#e #e%e't%e**%y i%%ibe#!%. $-t t!t )'%y "#)/e*, i' ! 'e3!ti/e 4!y, )4 ")te't !'d

i'e*(!"!b%e ! t#e!t %ibe#!% be%ie&* !#e "e#(ei/ed t) be by "#)")'e't* )& i%%ibe#!% '!ti)'!%i*+. Si+i%!#%y,

()'te+")#!#y e!+"%e* )& i%%ibe#!% '!ti)'!%i*+ i' "%!(e* %i8e S#i L!'8! !'d S-d!' 3i/e *t#)'3 e/ide'(e

)& ! ()'ti'-i'3 *t#-33%e bet4ee' te i+"e#!ti/e* )& ()'*tit-ti)'!% de+)(#!(y !'d te dee" !'d !bidi'3 "#e**-#e &)# ")%i(ie* )& (-%t-#!% !'d et'i( "#e&e#e'(e !'d di*(#i+i'!ti)'.

I%%ibe#!% &)#+* )& '!ti)'!%i*+ !""e!#, te', t) be "!#!*iti( -")' +)de#' %e3!%#!ti)'!% )#3!'i0!ti)', !'d

tey !#e #e>-i#ed t) 4)#8 )-t *)+e 8i'd )& ()+"#)+i*e 4it t)*e )#3!'i0!ti)'!% ')#+*, )4e/e# +-(tei# be%ie&* +!y ()'t#!di(t te ide!%* )& +)de#' %ibe#!%i*+. I' t!t #e*"e(t, it (!' "e#!"* be *!id t!t te

#e>-i#e+e't* )& te +)de#' *t!te di(t!te te b!*i( te#+* )& '!ti)'!%i*t di*()-#*e.

A(()#di'3%y, Webe#=* !'!%y*i* *-33e*t* t4) ()''e(ti)'* bet4ee' be%ie&, et'i(ity !'d '!ti)'!%i*+. O'e i*

te )b/i)-* ")i't t!t et'i( !'d '!ti)'!%i*t ide'tity #e*t*, !&te# !%%, -")' ')ti'3 +)#e t!' 2*-bJe(ti/e

be%ie&.2 I& it i*, !* Webe# *!y*, &i'!%%y be%ie& !'d ')t 2)bJe(ti/e &!(t)#*2 t!t "#)/ide* te &)-'d!ti)'* &)#

3#)-" ide'tity, te' it i* (%e!# 4y te be%ie& e%d i' ()++)' 4)-%d it*e%& be()+e te *"e(i!%, e/e'

2*!(#ed,2 &)(-* )& 3#)-" !tte'ti)' !'d ()'*(i)-*'e**, !'d 4y ()'*ide#!b%e e&&)#t 4)-%d be e"e'ded i'

*)#i'3 -" t!t be%ie& !'d i' "#)te(ti'3 it !3!i'*t t#e!t* )& "e#/!*i/e d)-bt !'d di*!&&e(ti)'. I&, !* !

+!tte# )& &!(t, te &ee%i'3 )& *)%id!#ity, te &ee%i'3 )& be%)'3i'3'e**, t!t -'de#3i#d* et'i( !'d '!ti)'!%


23/203

ide'tity, !* 4e%% !* te *"i#it )& '!ti)'!%i*+, e"#e**e*, !t b)tt)+, ! dee" e+)ti)'!% !tt!(+e't, te' it

i* e!*y t) -'de#*t!'d 4y (!%%e'3e* t) te &-'d!+e't!% be%ie&* !**)(i!ted 4it et'i(ity !'d '!ti)'!%i*+

4)-%d be #e*i*ted i' *-( !' i'te'*e !'d "!**i)'!te 4!y.

Se()'d, '!ti)'!%i*+ @!'d, i'(i"ie't%y, et'i(ity !#e #e%!ted t) be%ie& i'*)&!# !* '!ti)'!%i*+ ()'*tit-te* !te)#y )& ")%iti(!% %e3iti+!(y. F)# Webe#, ")%iti(!% %e3iti+!(y, !* !' e!+"%e )& *)(i!% !-t)#ity, i'/)%/e*

! 2be%ie&2 i' te ei*te'(e )& ! /!%id )# J-*ti&ied ")%iti(!% )#de#.9 P#e*-+!b%y, te '!ti)'!%i*t, i' J-*ti&yi'3! (%!i+ t) *t!te !-t)#ity, 4)-%d !d/!'(e b!*i( '!ti)'!% be%ie&* !* 4)#ty )& ")%iti(!% e"#e**i)' !'d

e'&)#(e+e't.

N)4 te i+"%i(!ti)' )& ti* &)# te *t-dy )& i't)%e#!'(e i* t!t i'*)&!# !* !%% '!ti)'!%i*t* %ibe#!% !'d

i%%ibe#!% !#e %)y!% t) "!#ti(-%!# (-%t-#!% !'d te##it)#i!% ()++-'itie*, tey 4i%% !/e ! (e#t!i' "#)b%e+

()+"%yi'3 ()'*i*te't%y 4it -'i/e#*!%i*ti( ')#+*, *-( !* !#e e"#e**ed i' i'te#'!ti)'!% -+!' #i3t*

d)(-+e't*.

At te *!+e ti+e, %ibe#!% '!ti)'!%i*t* 4i%% d) #e%!ti/e%y bette# t!' te i%%ibe#!% '!ti)'!%i*t* i'

!(()++)d!ti'3 !'d #e*"e(ti'3 di/e#*e be%ie&*, !'d t-* "#)+)ti'3 t)%e#!'(e !'d "e!(e. T!t i* be(!-*e

%ibe#!% '!ti)'!%i*+ i*, by de&i'iti)', +)#e ()++itted t) "#)te(ti'3 te #i3t* )& ee ee#(i*e !'d

')'di*(#i+i'!ti)' t!' i%%ibe#!% '!ti)'!%i*+. A +-%tiet'i( ")%iti(!% *etti'3 4e#e "#e/!i%i'3 '!ti)'!%i*t be%ie&* e(%-de )# de+e!' +i')#ity ")"-%!ti)'* !'d tei# be%ie&* i* ! *etti'3 %i!b%e &)# *e#i)-* ()'&%i(t,

e*"e(i!%%y 4e#e te d)+i'!'t be%ie&* !#e t#!'*%!ted i't) %!4. I' t!t *e'*e, i%%ibe#!% &)#+* )& et'i(ity !'d

'!ti)'!%i*+ ()'*tit-te ! *"e(i!% *)-#(e )# (!-*e )& i't)%e#!'(e.

RELIGION AND NATIONALISM

Wi%e Webe#=* e+"!*i* )' te 2!#ti&i(i!%2 !'d 2!((ide't!%2 (!#!(te# )& be%ie&* !b)-t et'i( !'d

'!ti)'!%i*t ide'tity i* 4!##!'ted !'d i+")#t!'t, t!t e+"!*i* +-*t ')t be !%%)4ed t) )b*(-#e *)+e

*"e(i!% !&&i'itie* bet4ee' #e%i3i)' !'d '!ti)'!%i*+, !&&i'itie* t!t !#e !%*) #e%e/!'t t) )te# &)#+* )&

&-'d!+e't!% be%ie&.

Te ")i't by ')4 *)-%d be )b/i)-* I& et')'!ti)'!% 3#)-"* !#e !t b)tt)+ ()'*tit-ted by 2! *-bJe(ti/e be%ie& i' tei# ()++)' de*(e't,2 ! be%ie& t!t '!t-#!%%y be()+e* 2te *"e(i!%, e/e' *!(#ed= &)(-* )& 3#)-"

!tte'ti)',2 te' 4e !/e !%#e!dy be3-' t) de*(#ibe *)+eti'3 /e#y (%)*e t) 2#e%i3i)-* be%ie&.2 Te

()''e(ti)' bet4ee' #e%i3i)' !'d +yt* )& -+!' )#i3i' i* 4e%%8')4'. A* te !'t#)")%)3i*t,

M!%i')4*8i, !'d )te#* !/e *)4', *-( +yt* e'()-#!3e !'d *-"")#t (-%t-#!% !'d *)(i!% *e%&

()'*(i)-*'e** by /!%id!ti'3 !'d !&&i#+i'3 4!t !#e be%ie/ed t) be te "#i+)#di!% te#+* )& -+!' ide'tity.

Add t) t!t, te *t#)'3 #e%i3i)-* #i'3 )& ide!* !**)(i!ted 4it et'i(ity !'d '!ti)'!%i*+ ! 2()*e' "e)"%e2

4it ! 2"#)/ide'ti!% +i**i)',2 ! be%ie& i' 2te *-"e#i)#ity, )# !t %e!*t te i##e"%!(e!bi%ity, )& te 3#)-"=*

"e(-%i!# (-%t-#e /!%-e*,2 !'d te #i3t t) &)#+ !' !-t)')+)-* ")%ity i' te '!+e )& !d/!'(i'3 ! )%y

+i**i)'. Heb#e4 S(#i"t-#e, 4ete# i'te#"#eted by e4* )# C#i*ti!'*, te


24/203

CAUSAL COMPLE.ITIES/ SOME E.AMPLES

Te*e )b*e#/!ti)'* +i3t %e!d -* t) ()'(%-de t!t *i'(e #e%i3i)' i* *) dee"%y i'te#()''e(ted 4it et'i(

!'d '!ti)'!%i*t ide'tity, #e%i3i)' dete#+i'e* '!ti)'!%i*+. $-t, )& ()-#*e, ti'3* !#e +)#e ()+"%i(!ted t!'t!t. Webe#=* 3e'e#!% ()++e't !b)-t (!-*!ti)' i' *)(i!% %i&e i* i3%y "e#ti'e't

I& 4e *et )-t te (!-*!% %i'e* )& *)(i!% be!/i)#, 4e *ee te+ #-' )'e +)+e't )+ te te('i(!% t) te

e()')+i( !'d te ")%iti(!%, !t te 'et +)+e't )+ te ")%iti(!% t) te #e%i3i)-* !'d te' te e()')+i(,

!'d *) )'. N)4e#e i* te#e !'y #e*ti'3 ")i't.1

O' te )'e !'d, it i* te te't!ti/e ()'(%-*i)' )& te *t-die* *) &!# "#)d-(ed by te I't)%e#!'(e P#)Je(t

t!t 2&-'d!+e't!% be%ie&,2 )& eite# ! #e%i3i)-* )# ide)%)3i(!% *)#t, "%!y* !' i+")#t!'t #)%e i' *!"i'3 te

&)#+* )& '!ti)'!%i*+ t!t ei*t, &)# e!+"%e, i' S#i L!'8!, S-d!', !'d Tibet.

Te *"e(i&i( #)%e )& #e%i3i)' !'d #e%!ted (-%t-#!% &!(t)# i' te S#i L!'8!' ()'&%i(t i* (%e!#%y *i3'i&i(!'t.

Wi%e '!ti)'!%i*+ i* ! #e%!ti/e%y +)de#' i'/e'ti)' i' S#i L!'8!, it 'e/e#te%e** d#!4* )' !'d "-t* t) -*e

t#!diti)'!% #e%i3i)-* 4!##!'t*. Si'!%! $-ddi*t 2#e/i/!%i*t*2 )& te %!te 'i'etee't !'d t4e'tiet (e't-#ie*

!/e !#t&-%%y +!'i"-%!ted !'(ie't %e3e'd* ()'(e#'i'3 $-dd!=* !%%e3ed !**)(i!ti)'* 4it S#i L!'8!, !*4e%% !* te "!tte#'* )& ())"e#!ti)' !'d +-t-!% *-"")#t bet4ee' 8i'3 !'d +)'!*te#y t!t !#e "!#t )& te

i*%!'d=* i*t)#y. Te*e !""e!%* !/e d)'e +-( t) +)bi%i0e *-"")#t &)# Si'!%! '!ti)'!%i*+ !+)'3 te

+)'8* !'d %!ity, !'d t) "#)/ide te +)/e+e't 4it *!(#ed !-t)#ity. Te !""#)"#i!ti)' by T!+i%

'!ti)'!%i*t* )& #e%i3i)-* !'d (-%t-#!% !""e!%* i* !%*) i+")#t!'t, t)-3 te *-bJe(t !* ')t bee' !* &-%%yi'/e*ti3!ted !* !* te Si'!%! *ide.

W!t i* +)*t +e'!(i'3 !b)-t te ty"e )& #e%i3i)-* !'d et'i( '!ti)'!%i*+ t!t !* !""e!#ed i' S#i L!'8!

i* "#e(i*e%y it* +)#e )# %e** *y*te+!ti( i'()+"!tibi%ity 4it te #i3t )& ')'di*(#i+i'!ti)'. Te e+i'e't

S#i L!'8!' i*t)#i!', K.M. de Si%/! !* ")i'ted )-t t!t te Si'!%! $-ddi*t #e/i/!%i*t* !d ') ti+e &)#

*-( ')#+* 2I' te Si'!%! %!'3-!3e, te 4)#d* &)# '!ti)', #!(e !'d "e)"%e !#e "#!(ti(!%%y *y')'y+)-*,

!'d ! +-%tiet'i( )# +-%ti()++-'!% '!ti)' )# *t!te i* i'()+"#ee'*ib%e t) te ")"-%!# +i'd. Te

e+"!*i* )' S#i L!'8! !* te %!'d )& te Si'!%! $-ddi*t* (!##ied !' e+)ti)'!% ")"-%!# !""e!%,()+"!#ed 4it 4i( te ()'(e"t )& ! +-%tiet'i( ")%ity 4!* ! +e!'i'3%e** !b*t#!(ti)'.2 Te *!+e

()-%d be *!id &)# te +)#e #!di(!% &)#+* )& T!+i% '!ti)'!%i*+.

A* i' te S#i L!'8! e!+"%e, te i'te#'!% *t#i&e t!t !* di/ided S-d!' *i'(e it* i'de"e'de'(e i' 19: !*

dee" #e%i3i)-* #))t*. Te !*(e'*i)' t) ")4e# )& te N!ti)'!% I*%!+i( F#)'t i' 199 #e&%e(t* b)t te

i'&%-e'(e )& I*%!+ )' te ")%iti(!% (-%t-#e i' S-d!' !'d te !bi%ity )& I*%!+i( ()'*e#/!ti/e* t) *!"e tedeb!te i' S-d!', de*"ite te de%ete#i)-* e&&e(t* )' te ()-'t#y.

I*%!+ !* %)'3 "%!yed ! 8ey #)%e i' &)#+i'3 te ')#te#' S-d!'e*e ide'tity !'d i' "#)/idi'3 ")%iti(!%

%e3iti+!(y t) )"")*iti)' "!#tie* !'d 3)/e#'+e't* !%i8e. Te M!di*t #e/)%-ti)' i' te %!te 'i'etee't(e't-#y *)%idi&ied te %i'8 bet4ee' #e%i3i)' !'d ")%iti(*, !'d de&i'ed !' ide'tity i' ')#te#' S-d!' t!t

t#!'*(e'ded t#!diti)'!% %)y!%tie*. Te ")*ti'de"e'de'(e e#! *!4 ! ()'ti'-!ti)' )& te*e t#e'd*. Te4itd#!4!% )& $#iti* ()%)'i!% #-%e !&te# 19: "#)/ided !' )"")#t-'ity &)# te M-*%i+ +!J)#ity i' te

')#t t) e*t!b%i* *)+e &)#+ )& I*%!+i( #-%e. Fe!#i'3 d)+i'!ti)' by te ')#te#'e#*, te *)-te#'

S-d!'e*e )"")*ed I*%!+i( #-%e.

S)-te#' &e!#* !#e !#)-*ed by te "#)*"e(t )& di*(#i+i'!t)#y t#e!t+e't i+")*ed )' +i')#itie* -'de# *t#i(t

I*%!+i( #-%e. 2Te !tte+"t by te ')#t ')t )'%y t) de&i'e te ide'tity )& S-d!' !* A#!b !'d I*%!+i(, b-t

t) *t#-(t-#e !'d *t#!ti&y te %i&e !'d #)%e )& (iti0e'* !%)'3 t)*e %i'e* !* bee' !' -'de#%yi'3 (!-*e )& te

(i/i% 4!#.2: Wi%e ')#te#'e#* *ee te+*e%/e* !* M-*%i+*, *)-te#'e#* t)-3 di/ided !%)'3 t#ib!%


25/203

%i'e* *!#e ! ()++)' ide'tity )& bei'3 ')'M-*%i+*. Te *)-t=* i't#)d-(ti)' t) I*%!+ 4!* !**)(i!ted

4it !' ete'*i/e *%!/e t#!de d-#i'3 te 'i'etee't (e't-#y, !' e#! (!#!(te#i0ed by e()')+i( e"%)it!ti)'

!'d +i%it!#y d)+i'!ti)'. A""e!%* by ')#te#' ")%iti(i!'* &)# !' I*%!+i( ()'*tit-ti)' !t te ti+e )&

i'de"e'de'(e e/)8ed &e!#* !+)'3 *)-te#'e#* )& ! #et-#' t) ti* e!#%ie# *t!3e )& #e%!ti)'*.

Te !(ti)'* )& te ')#t *i'(e i'de"e'de'(e !/e d)'e %itt%e t) !%%e/i!te te*e &e!#*. S)+e ')#te#'e#*

*i'(e#e%y &ee% t!t S-d!' (!' )'%y be -'ited t#)-3 #e%i3i)-* !'d (-%t-#!% -'i&)#+ity, !'d !/e te#e&)#e*-"")#ted e&&)#t* t) I*%!+i0e te *)-t. Te +i%it!#y )&&e'*i/e* ()'d-(ted by M!J)# Ge'e#!% Ib#!i+

Abb)-d i' te %!te &i&tie* !'d e!#%y *itie*, !'d te i+"%e+e't!ti)' )& te *!#i=!b!*ed 2Se"te+be#

%!4*2 -'de# te #e3i+e )& C)%)'e% !=&!# M-!++!d N-+!i#i @4i( %ed t) ! #e*-+"ti)' )& te (i/i% 4!#

!&te# ! b#ie& #e"#ie/e b!*ed -")' te Addi* Ab!b! A3#ee+e't )& 197 !#e e!+"%e* )& te #e(-##i'3

!tte+"t* t) -'i&y S-d!' t#)-3 e'&)#(ed I*%!+i0!ti)'. F!# )+ !(ie/i'3 te de*i#ed -'ity, )4e/e#,

te #e*-%t !* bee' ()'ti'-ed (i/i% 4!#.

Re%i3i)-* #e/i/!%i*+, 4ete# i' S#i L!'8! )# S-d!', te', !* "#)/ided te #e*)-#(e* &)# +)bi%i0i'3 !

*t#)'3 &)#+ )& i%%ibe#!% '!ti)'!%i*+ t!t !* )+ ti+e t) ti+e i'*"i#ed i't)%e#!'(e !'d di*(#i+i'!ti)'

2b!*ed )' #e%i3i)' )# be%ie&.2

Te #e%!ti)' bet4ee' #e%i3i)-* be%ie& !'d et')'!ti)'!%i*+ i' te (!*e )& Tibet i* *)+e4!t di&&e#e't. TeTibet!' "e)"%e !/e &)# ! %)'3 ti+e ide'ti&ied *t#)'3%y 4it tei# #e%i3i)-* t#!diti)'. $-ddi*+ "e#+e!ted

Tibet!' (-%t-#e !'d *)(iety t) *-( !' ete't t!t 2te i*t)#y )& Tibet . . . i* !%+)*t te *!+e !* te

i*t)#y )& te i+")#t!ti)' )& $-ddi*+ i't) Tibet.27 Te (e't#!%ity )& Tibet!' $-ddi*t ide'tity

#e+!i'ed *t#)'3 i' te &!(e )& te i'iti!% Ci'e*e i'/!*i)' )& Tibet i' 199:. A' !33#e**i/e (!+"!i3' t)e#!di(!te $-ddi*t (-%t-#e 4!* -'de#t!8e' %!#3e%y be(!-*e 2te Ci'e*e !-t)#itie* /ie4ed #e%i3i)' !* te

"#i'(i"!% )b*t!(%e t) tei# ()'t#)% )& Tibet.2 O/e# +)'!*te#ie* 4e#e de*t#)yed, !""#)i+!te%y 1.

+i%%i)' Tibet!'* 4e#e 8i%%ed, +!'y )te#* 4e#e &)#(ed i't) ei%e @i'(%-di'3 te D!%!i L!+!, !'d !'

i'&%- )& Ci'e*e *)%die#*, !d+i'i*t#!t)#* !'d *ett%e#* t#!'*&)#+ed te #e3i)'.

Te Ci'e*e (!+"!i3' 4!* i'*"i#ed by ! ()+bi'!ti)' )& M!)i*t ide)%)3y !'d H!' Ci'e*e '!ti)'!%i*+.

C)'/i'(ed )& it* +i**i)' !* te !3e't )& "#)3#e** !'d )& te %ibe#!ti)' )& 2b!(84!#d2 Tibet!'*, te

Ci'e*e 3)/e#'+e't ()'*ide#ed it*e%& J-*ti&ied i' ()'t#)%%i'3 !'d #e()'*t#-(ti'3 Tibet!' *)(iety.Re*i*t!'(e 4!* b!*ed )' te Tibet!'*= 2de*i#e t) "#)te(t tei# #e%i3i)-* !'d (-%t-#!% t#!diti)'*,29 !'d

#e%i3i)' (!+e t) #e"#e*e't &)# te Tibet!'* te "#i'(i"!% e"#e**i)' )& '!ti)'!%i*t *e'ti+e't.:

I' #e!(ti)' t) Ci'e*e '!ti)'!%i*+, 4i( i* di*ti'(t%y i%%ibe#!%, Tibet!' '!ti)'!%i*+ !*, &)# te +)*t "!#t,

t!8e' ! ')'/i)%e't &)#+, !'d !* e"#e**ed it*e%& i' %ibe#!% te#+*. Tibet=* ')ted %e!de# !'d "#i'(i"!%

*")8e*"e#*)', te D!%!i L!+!, !* #e"e!ted%y (!%%ed &)# ! %ibe#!ted Tibet dedi(!ted t) "!#%i!+e't!#yde+)(#!(y !'d t) te "#i'(i"%e* )& -+!' #i3t*, i'(%-di'3 te #i3t* )& ee ee#(i*e !'d

')'di*(#i+i'!ti)'. I'deed, te D!%!i L!+! !* 3)'e *) &!# !* t) !d/)(!te te *e"!#!ti)' )& (-#( !'d

*t!te. S-( ! *y*te+, e *!y*, i* d-%y #e*"e(t&-% )& te #i3t* )& #e%i3i)-* !'d )te# +i')#itie* i' ! 4!y t!t

!* ')t )((-##ed -'de# Ci'e*e #-%e, ')#, &)# t!t +!tte#, -'de# te t#!diti)'!% "!tte#' )& Tibet!'3)/e#'+e't.:1

$-t i& #e%i3i)' "%!y* !' i+")#t!'t #)%e i' *-( (!*e*, >-e*ti)'* *ti%% #e+!i'. Wy, e!(t%y, !* #e%i3i)'

t!8e' te *!"e it !* i' +)de#' S#i L!'8! )# S-d!' )# Tibet, !'d yet !* ')t t!8e' te *!+e *!"e

e%*e4e#e; Wy d)e* #e%i3i)-* )# ide)%)3i(!% be%ie& 3) t)3ete# 4it *-( ! )*ti%e &)#+ )& '!ti)'!%i*+ i'

S#i L!'8! )# S-d!' )# !+)'3 te H!' Ci'e*e %e!de#*i", !'d ')t e/e#y4e#e; M)#e "#e(i*e%y, 4y d)e*

$-ddi*+ t!8e te *!"e it d)e* i' S#i L!'8! )# Tibet, !'d I*%!+ t!8e te *!"e it d)e* i' S-d!'; T) #!i*e

te >-e*ti)'* i* t) *-33e*t t!t te (!-*!% ()''e(ti)'* !#e ')t !%% i' )'e di#e(ti)'.

8/20/2019 ABRAHAMIC FAITHS, ETHNICITY AND ET

abrahamic faiths, ethnicity and ethnic conflicts

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