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Citation: Wani SP, Sahrawat KL, Sarvesh KV, Baburao Mudbi, and Krishnappa K (eds.) 2011. Soil Fertility Atlas for Karnataka, India. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 312 pp. ISBN 978-92-9066-543-4. Order code: BOE 055.
Abstract
use of fertilizers supplying various nutrient elements. This Atlas comprises of results from
productivity of rain-fed systems in the state of Karnataka by adopting science-led approach with technical backstopping from ICRISAT-led consortium. The recommendations on nutrient
Following a soil sampling methodology standardized earlier, 92904 soil samples were collected from 30 districts of Karnataka in India. The soil samples were processed and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) as a measure of salts, organic carbon (as a proxy for available nitrogen), and available phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, boron and zinc using standard methods.
Soil samples were prepared showing the category of soil sample per nutrient or soil fertility
results at the Taluka or Block level of each of the 30 districts.
The results showed that soil reaction was in the neutral range with a few soil samples in the acid
results on available sulfur, boron and zinc were most revealing. Considering the mean values of
or farmers. The results presented in the maps are made web-based for easy access and practical
© International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 2011. All rights reserved.
ICRISAT holds the copyright to its publications, but these can be shared and duplicated for non-commercial purposes. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part(s) or all of any publication for non-commercial use is hereby granted as long as ICRISAT is properly cited. For any clari cation, please contact the irector of Communication at [email protected]. ICRISAT’s name and logo are registered trademarks and may not be used without permission. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice.
Soil Fertility Atlas for Karnataka, India
Department of AgricultureGovernment of Karnataka
Bengaluru 560 001, Karnataka, India
Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
Editors
Suhas P Wani, KL Sahrawat, KV Sarvesh, Mudbi Baburao, and K Krishnappa
ii
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the Government of Karnataka for its bold and innovative initiative to adopt science-led approach for development in the state. This is possible largely because of examplery leadership shown by the leaders and policy makers in the state. We sincerely acknowledge support of Mr Sandeep Dave, Commissioner of Watershed and currently Principal Secretary, Principal Secretary to Government, Department of Agriculture, who initiated the soil fertility mapping in six districts of Karnataka under Sujala-ICRISAT initiative at the pilot for scaling-up productivity enhancement measures to cover 3700 ha. Based on the results of the pilot initiative in 2009, Dr KV Raju, Economic Advisor to Hon. Chief Minister of Karnataka, Additional Chief Secretary and Development Commissioner
Directors of Agriculture - Organic Farming, Crop Development and Planning; Joint Directors of Agriculture - Inputs, Development; Deputy Directors of Agriculture - Soil Health and Food Crops; All District Joint Directors of Agriculture; All Assistant Director of Agriculture;
Universities; ICRISAT, Patancheru; NBSS&LUP, Nagpur; Farm Facilitators and Farmers).
assistance provided by the Government of Karnataka to ICRISAT is gratefully acknowledged.
ICRISAT who undertook the analysis and Soil analytical laboratory in the state of Karnataka who have undertaken the analysis. We also acknowledge ICRISAT’s GIS Lab, Communication
iii
List of Project Team
Project Leader
Suhas P Wani
Resilient Dryland Systems, ICRISAT
Members
Additional Chief Secretary and Development Commissioner, Govt. of KarnatakaAdditional Directors of Agriculture - Organic Farming, Crop Development and Planning, GoK
All Agriculture Assistants of ICRISAT and Govt. of Karnataka
All Assistant Directors of Agriculture, Govt. of Karnataka All District Joint Directors of Agriculture. Govt. of Karnataka Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Govt. of KarnatakaDeputy Directors of Agriculture - Soil Health and Food Crops, Govt. of Karnataka Director of Agriculture, Commissionerate of Agriculture, Govt. of KarnatakaEconomic Advisor to Hon’ble Chief Minister, Govt. of Karnataka Farm Facilitators and Farmers
Joint Directors of Agriculture - Inputs, Development, Govt. of Karnataka Kishnappa K, Visiting Scientist, Resilient Dryland Systems, ICRISAT
Principal Secretary to Government, Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Karnataka
Sahrawat KL, Consultant, Resilient Dryland Systems, ICRISATVice Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka Vice Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, KarnatakaVice Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka
Contents
Messages ........................................................................................................................ vii-xiv
Introduction ............................................................................................................................1
...........................................................1
References ...............................................................................................................................2
Karnataka Soil Fertility Status at a Glance .........................................................................3
District-wise Soil Status Maps ............................................................................................23
Appendix: Chemical characteristics of Karnataka soils ...............................................265
vii
Message
Agriculture is the main stay for survival of all civilization as it is the
Therefore, the fertility of our soils is an indicator of the health condition of the
Krishi Karman Award
viii
William D DarDirector GeneralICRISAT
Message
The Soil Fertility Atlas of Karnataka
ix
Message
x
Message
xi
Message
Intensive agriculture has led to increasing removal of secondary and
xii
Message
Commissioner, Watersheds
xiii
Message
xiv
Message
1
Introduction
soils. However, it is a commonly held belief that at relatively low yields of crops in the
crop production systems. It is duly recognized and emphasized that the productivity of SAT soils is low due to water shortage. Apart from water shortage, low fertility is also an issue because low fertility constrains crop productivity in the SAT regions of India, but in practice
Moreover, the inputs of major nutrients to dryland production systems are meager. Also, due to low productivity of the dryland, it is generally assumed that the mining of micronutrient reserves in soils is much less than in irrigated production systems.
Our past research showed that the SAT soils of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh
states are widespread; and the productivity of these soils can be sustainably enhanced through balanced nutrient management. Our research also demonstrated that soil testing
al. 2010). This report further uses soil testing to cover entire SAT districts of Karnataka and
management in pursuit of sustainable enhancement of agricultural productivity in rain-fed areas of Karnataka.
To characterize the fertility status of soils, 92904 soil samples were collected from farmers’
arable land in watersheds varied along with land holding size and cropping systems. Soil sampling strategy was based on taking samples to represent the entire watershed. The soil
2
sampling units were decided on the basis of crop, area covered by the crop and number of
category. For soil sampling, we randomly selected 20% farmers in each position on the
sample.
The soil samples were air-dried and powdered with wooden hammer to pass through a 2-mm sieve. For organic carbon analysis, the soil samples were ground to pass through a 0.25-mm sieve. Prepared samples were analyzed for various fertility characteristics using methods
using soil to water ratio of 1:2 organic carbon was determined using the Walkley-Black method. Exchangeable or available potassium was determined using the ammonium acetate
2) as an extractant;
3) test. Available zinc was extracted by DTPA reagent and available boron was extracted by hot water.
References
Sahrawat KL, Rego TJ, Wani SP and Pardhasaradhi G. 2008. Stretching soil sampling to watershed: Evaluation of soil-test parameters in a semi-arid tropical watershed. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39:2950-2960.
Sahrawat KL, Wani SP, Pardhasaradhi G and Murthy KVS. 2010. Diagnosis of secondary and
semi-arid tropics. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 41:346-360.
Karnataka Soil Fertility Status at a Glance
5
Figure 1. Soil orders of Karnataka state
➣
N
Source: NBSS&LUP, Nagpur, India
6
Figure 2. pH status of Karnataka soils
➣
N
7
Figure 3. Electrical conductivity status of Karnataka soils
➣
N
8
Figure 4. Organic carbon status of Karnataka soils
➣
N
9
Figure 5. Available phosphorus status of Karnataka soils
➣
N
10
Figure 6. Available potassium status of Karnataka soils
➣
N
11
Figure 7. Available sulphur status of Karnataka soils
➣
N
12
Figure 8. Available zinc status of Karnataka soils
➣
N
13
Figure 9. Available boron status of Karnataka soils
➣
N
14
Figure 10. Karnataka soil status - pH
3958
2
15
Figure 11. Karnataka soil status - Electrical conductivity
96
3
C
C
16
Figure 12. Karnataka soil status - Organic carbon
5248
D
17
Figure 13. Karnataka soil status - Available phosphorus
4159
D
18
Figure 14. Karnataka soil status - Available potassium
23
77
D
19
Figure 15. Karnataka soil status - Available sulfur
5248
D
20
Figure 16. Karnataka soil status - Available zinc
5545
D
21
Figure 17. Karnataka soil status - Available boron
6238
D
District-wise Soil Status Maps
24
Figu
re 1
8. p
H s
tatu
s in
Bag
alko
t dis
tric
t
➣
N
25
Figu
re 1
9. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in B
agal
kot d
istr
ict
➣
N
26
Figu
re 2
0. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in B
agal
kot d
istr
ict
➣
N
27
Figu
re 2
1. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Bag
alko
t dis
tric
t
➣
N
28
Figu
re 2
2. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Bag
alko
t dis
tric
t
➣
N
29
Figu
re 2
3. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in B
agal
kot d
istr
ict
➣
N
30
Figu
re 2
4. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in B
agal
kot d
istr
ict
➣
N
31
Figu
re 2
5. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s Ba
galk
ot d
istr
ict
➣
N
32
Figure 26. pH status in Bengaluru Urban district
➣
N
33
Figure 27. Electrical conductivity status in Bengaluru Urban district
➣
N
34
Figure 28. Organic carbon status in Bengaluru Urban district
➣
N
35
Figure 29. Available phosphorus status in Bengaluru Urban district
➣
N
36
Figure 30. Available potassium status in Bengaluru Urban district
➣
N
37
Figure 31. Available sulphur status in Bengaluru Urban district
➣
N
38
Figure 32. Available zinc status in Bengaluru Urban district
➣
N
39
Figure 33. Available boron status in Bengaluru Urban district
➣
N
40
Figure 34. pH status in Belgaum district
➣
N
41
Figure 35. Electrical conductivity status in Belgaum district
➣
N
42
Figure 36. Organic carbon status in Belgaum district
➣
N
43
Figure 37. Available phosphorus status in Belgaum district
➣
N
44
Figure 38. Available potassium status in Belgaum district
➣
N
45
Figure 39. Available sulphur status in Belgaum district
➣
N
46
Figure 40. Available zinc status in Belgaum district
➣
N
47
Figure 41. Available boron status in Belgaum district
➣
N
48
Figu
re 4
2. p
H s
tatu
s in
Bel
lary
dis
tric
t
➣
N
49
Figu
re 4
3. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in B
ella
ry d
istr
ict
➣
N
50
Figu
re 4
4. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in B
ella
ry d
istr
ict
➣
N
51
Figu
re 4
5. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Bel
lary
dis
tric
t
➣
N
52
Figu
re 4
6. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Bel
lary
dis
tric
t
➣
N
53
Figu
re 4
7. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in B
ella
ry d
istr
ict
➣
N
54
Figu
re 4
8. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in B
ella
ry d
istr
ict
➣
N
55
Figu
re 4
9. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Bel
lary
dis
tric
t
➣
N
56
Figu
re 5
0. p
H s
tatu
s in
Ben
galu
ru R
ural
dis
tric
t
➣
N
57
Figu
re 5
1. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in B
enga
luru
Rur
al d
istr
ict
➣
N
58
Figu
re 5
2. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in B
enga
luru
Rur
al d
istr
ict
➣
N
59
Figu
re 5
3. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Ben
galu
ru R
ural
dis
tric
t
➣
N
60
Figu
re 5
4. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Ben
galu
ru R
ural
dis
tric
t
➣
N
61
Figu
re 5
5. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in B
enga
luru
Rur
al d
istr
ict
➣
N
62
Figu
re 5
6. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in B
enga
luru
Rur
al d
istr
ict
➣
N
63
Figu
re 5
7. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Ben
galu
ru R
ural
dis
tric
t
➣
N
64
Figu
re 5
8. p
H s
tatu
s in
Bid
ar d
istr
ict
➣
N
65
Figu
re 5
9. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in B
idar
dis
tric
t
➣
N
66
Figu
re 6
0. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in B
idar
dis
tric
t
➣
N
67
Figu
re 6
1. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Bid
ar d
istr
ict
➣
N
68
Figu
re 6
2. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Bid
ar d
istr
ict
➣
N
69
Figu
re 6
3. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in B
idar
dis
tric
t
➣
N
70
Figu
re 6
4. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in B
idar
dis
tric
t
➣
N
71
Figu
re 6
5. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Bid
ar d
istr
ict
➣
N
72
➣
N
73
➣
N
74
➣
N
75
➣
N
76
➣
N
77
➣
N
78
➣
N
79
➣
N
80
Figu
re 7
4. p
H s
tatu
s in
Cha
mar
ajan
agar
dis
tric
t
➣
N
81
Figu
re 7
5. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in C
ham
araj
anag
ar d
istr
ict
➣
N
82
Figu
re 7
6. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in C
ham
araj
anag
ar d
istr
ict
➣
N
83
Figu
re 7
7. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Cha
mar
ajan
agar
dis
tric
t
➣
N
84
Figu
re 7
8. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Cha
mar
ajan
agar
dis
tric
t
➣
N
85
Figu
re 7
9. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in C
ham
araj
anag
ar d
istr
ict
➣
N
86
Figu
re 8
0. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in C
ham
araj
anag
ar d
istr
ict
➣
N
87
Figu
re 8
1. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Cha
mar
ajan
agar
dis
tric
t
➣
N
88
Figu
re 8
2. p
H s
tatu
s in
Chi
kaba
llap
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
89
Figu
re 8
3. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in C
hika
ball
apur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
90
Figu
re 8
4. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in C
hika
ball
apur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
91
Figu
re 8
5. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Chi
kaba
llap
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
92
Figu
re 8
6. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Chi
kaba
llap
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
93
Figu
re 8
7. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in C
hika
ball
apur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
94
Figu
re 8
8. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in C
hika
ball
apur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
95
Figu
re 8
9. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Chi
kaba
llap
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
96
Figu
re 9
0. p
H s
tatu
s in
Chi
kam
agal
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
97
Figu
re 9
1. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in C
hika
mag
alur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
98
Figu
re 9
2. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in C
hika
mag
alur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
99
Figu
re 9
3. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Chi
kam
agal
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
100
Figu
re 9
4. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Chi
kam
agal
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
101
Figu
re 9
5. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in C
hika
mag
alur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
102
Figu
re 9
6. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in C
hika
mag
alur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
103
Figu
re 9
7. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Chi
kam
agal
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
104
Figure 98. pH status in Chitradurga district
➣
N
105
Figure 99. Electrical conductivity status in Chitradurga district
➣
N
106
Figure 100. Organic carbon status in Chitradurga district
➣
N
107
Figure 101. Available phosphorus status in Chitradurga district
➣
N
108
Figure 102. Available potassium status in Chitradurga district
➣
N
109
Figure 103. Available sulphur status in Chitradurga district
➣
N
110
Figure 104. Available zinc status in Chitradurga district
➣
N
111
Figure 105. Available boron status in Chitradurga district
➣
N
112
Figu
re 1
06. p
H s
tatu
s in
Dak
shin
a K
anna
da d
istr
ict
➣
N
113
Figu
re 1
07. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in D
aksh
ina
Kan
nada
dis
tric
t
➣
N
➣
N
114
Figu
re 1
08. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in D
aksh
ina
Kan
nada
dis
tric
t
➣
N
115
Figu
re 1
09. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Dak
shin
a K
anna
da d
istr
ict
➣
N
116
Figu
re 1
10. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Dak
shin
a K
anna
da d
istr
ict
➣
N
117
Figu
re 1
11. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in D
aksh
ina
Kan
nada
dis
tric
t
➣
N
118
Figu
re 1
12. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in D
aksh
ina
Kan
nada
dis
tric
t
➣
N
119
Figu
re 1
13. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Dak
shin
a K
anna
da d
istr
ict
➣
N
120
Figure 114. pH status in Davangere district
➣
N
121
Figure 115. Electrical conductivity status in Davangere district
➣
N
122
Figure 116. Organic carbon status in Davangere district
➣
N
123
Figure 117. Available phosphorus status in Davangere district
➣
N
124
Figure 118. Available potassium status in Davangere district
➣
N
125
Figure 119. Available sulphur status in Davangere district
➣
N
126
Figure 120. Available zinc status in Davangere district
➣
N
127
Figure 121. Available boron status in Davangere district
➣
N
128
Figu
re 1
22. p
H s
tatu
s in
Dha
rwad
dis
tric
t
➣
N
129
Figu
re 1
23. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in D
harw
ad d
istr
ict
➣
N
130
Figu
re 1
24. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in D
harw
ad d
istr
ict
➣
N
131
Figu
re 1
25. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Dha
rwad
dis
tric
t
➣
N
132
Figu
re 1
26. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Dha
rwad
dis
tric
t
➣
N
133
Figu
re 1
27. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in D
harw
ad d
istr
ict
➣
N
134
Figu
re 1
28. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in D
harw
ad d
istr
ict
➣
N
135
Figu
re 1
29. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Dha
rwad
dis
tric
t
➣
N
136
Figure 130. pH status in Gadag district
➣
N
137
Figure 131. Electrical conductivity status in Gadag district
➣
N
138
Figure 132. Organic carbon status in Gadag district
➣
N
139
Figure 133. Available phosphorus status in Gadag district
➣
N
140
Figure 134. Available potassium status in Gadag district
➣
N
141
Figure 135. Available sulphur status in Gadag district
➣
N
142
Figure 136. Available zinc status in Gadag district
➣
N
143
Figure 137. Available boron status in Gadag district
➣
N
144
Figu
re 1
38. p
H s
tatu
s in
Gul
barg
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
145
Figu
re 1
39. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in G
ulba
rga
dist
rict
➣
N
146
Figu
re 1
40. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in G
ulba
rga
dist
rict
➣
N
147
Figu
re 1
41. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Gul
barg
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
148
Figu
re 1
42. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Gul
barg
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
149
Figu
re 1
43. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in G
ulba
rga
dist
rict
➣
N
150
Figu
re 1
44. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in G
ulba
rga
dist
rict
➣
N
151
Figu
re 1
45. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Gul
barg
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
152
Figu
re 1
46. p
H s
tatu
s in
Has
san
dist
rict
➣
N
153
Figu
re 1
47. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in H
assa
n di
stri
ct
➣
N
154
Figu
re 1
48. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in H
assa
n di
stri
ct
➣
N
155
Figu
re 1
49. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Has
san
dist
rict
➣
N
156
Figu
re 1
50. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Has
san
dist
rict
➣
N
157
Figu
re 1
51. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in H
assa
n di
stri
ct
➣
N
158
Figu
re 1
52. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in H
assa
n di
stri
ct
➣
N
159
Figu
re 1
53. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Has
san
dist
rict
➣
N
160
Figu
re 1
54. p
H s
tatu
s in
Hav
eri d
istr
ict
➣
N
161
Figu
re 1
55. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in H
aver
i dis
tric
t
➣
N
162
Figu
re 1
56. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in H
aver
i dis
tric
t
➣
N
163
Figu
re 1
57. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Hav
eri d
istr
ict
➣
N
164
Figu
re 1
58. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Hav
eri d
istr
ict
➣
N
165
Figu
re 1
59. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in H
aver
i dis
tric
t
➣
N
166
Figu
re 1
60. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in H
aver
i dis
tric
t
➣
N
167
Figu
re 1
61. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Hav
eri d
istr
ict
➣
N
168
Figure 162. pH status in Kodagu district
➣
N
169
Figure 163. Electrical conductivity status in Kodagu district
➣
N
170
Figure 164. Organic carbon status in Kodagu district
➣
N
171
Figure 165. Available phosphorus status in Kodagu district
➣
N
172
Figure 166. Available potassium status in Kodagu district
➣
N
173
Figure 167. Available sulphur status in Kodagu district
➣
N
174
Figure 168. Available zinc status in Kodagu district
➣
N
175
Figure 169. Available boron status in Kodagu district
➣
N
176
Figure 170. pH status in Kolar district
➣
N
177
Figure 171. Electrical conductivity status in Kolar district
➣
N
178
Figure 172. Organic carbon status in Kolar district
➣
N
179
Figure 173. Available phosphorus status in Kolar district
➣
N
180
Figure 174. Available potassium status in Kolar district
➣
N
181
Figure 175. Available sulphur status in Kolar district
➣
N
182
Figure 176. Available zinc status in Kolar district
➣
N
183
Figure 177. Available boron status in Kolar district
➣
N
184
Figu
re 1
78. p
H s
tatu
s in
Kop
pal d
istr
ict
➣
N
185
Figu
re 1
79. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in K
oppa
l dis
tric
t
➣
N
186
Figu
re 1
80. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in K
oppa
l dis
tric
t
➣
N
187
Figu
re 1
81. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Kop
pal d
istr
ict
➣
N
188
Figu
re 1
82. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Kop
pal d
istr
ict
➣
N
189
Figu
re 1
83. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in K
oppa
l dis
tric
t
➣
N
190
Figu
re 1
84. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in K
oppa
l dis
tric
t
➣
N
191
Figu
re 1
85. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Kop
pal d
istr
ict
➣
N
➣
N
192
Figu
re 1
86. p
H s
tatu
s in
Man
dya
dist
rict
➣
N
193
Figu
re 1
87. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in M
andy
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
194
Figu
re 1
88. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in M
andy
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
195
Figu
re 1
89. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Man
dya
dist
rict
➣
N
196
Figu
re 1
90. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Man
dya
dist
rict
➣
N
197
Figu
re 1
91. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in M
andy
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
198
Figu
re 1
92. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in M
andy
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
199
Figu
re 1
93. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Man
dya
dist
rict
➣
N
200
Figu
re 1
94. p
H s
tatu
s in
Mys
ore
dist
rict
➣
N
201
Figu
re 1
95. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in M
ysor
e di
stri
ct
➣
N
202
Figu
re 1
96. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in M
ysor
e di
stri
ct
➣
N
203
Figu
re 1
97. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Mys
ore
dist
rict
➣
N
204
Figu
re 1
98. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Mys
ore
dist
rict
➣
N
205
Figu
re 1
99. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in M
ysor
e di
stri
ct
➣
N
206
Figu
re 2
00. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in M
ysor
e di
stri
ct
➣
N
207
Figu
re 2
01. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Mys
ore
dist
rict
➣
N
208
Figu
re 2
02. p
H s
tatu
s in
Rai
chur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
209
Figu
re 2
03. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in R
aich
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
210
Figu
re 2
04. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in R
aich
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
211
Figu
re 2
05. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Rai
chur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
212
Figu
re 2
06. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Rai
chur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
213
Figu
re 2
07. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in R
aich
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
214
Figu
re 2
08. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in R
aich
ur d
istr
ict
➣
N
215
Figu
re 2
09. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Rai
chur
dis
tric
t
➣
N
216
Figure 210. pH status in Ramanagara district
➣
N
217
Figure 211. Electrical conductivity status in Ramanagara district
➣
N
218
Figure 212. Organic carbon status in Ramanagara district
➣
N
219
Figure 213. Available phosphorus status in Ramanagara district
➣
N
220
Figure 214. Available potassium status in Ramanagara district
➣
N
221
Figure 215. Available sulphur status in Ramanagara district
➣
N
222
Figure 216. Available zinc status in Ramanagara district
➣
N
223
Figure 217. Available boron status in Ramanagara district
➣
N
224
Figu
re 2
18. p
H s
tatu
s in
Shi
mog
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
225
Figu
re 2
19. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in S
him
oga
dist
rict
➣
N
226
Figu
re 2
20. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in S
him
oga
dist
rict
➣
N
227
Figu
re 2
21. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Shi
mog
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
228
Figu
re 2
22. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Shi
mog
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
229
Figu
re 2
23. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in S
him
oga
dist
rict
➣
N
230
Figu
re 2
24. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in S
him
oga
dist
rict
➣
N
231
Figu
re 2
25. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Shi
mog
a di
stri
ct
➣
N
232
Figure 226. pH status in Tumkur district
➣
N
233
Figure 227. Electrical conductivity status in Tumkur district
➣
N
234
Figure 228. Organic carbon status in Tumkur district
➣
N
235
Figure 229. Available phosphorus status in Tumkur district
➣
N
236
Figure 230. Available potassium status in Tumkur district
➣
N
237
Figure 231. Available sulphur status in Tumkur district
➣
N
238
Figure 232. Available zinc status in Tumkur district
➣
N
239
Figure 233. Available boron status in Tumkur district
➣
N
240
Figure 234. pH status in Udupi district
➣
N
241
Figure 235. Electrical conductivity status in Udupi district
➣
N
242
Figure 236. Organic carbon status in Udupi district
➣
N
243
Figure 237. Available phosphorus status in Udupi district
➣
N
244
Figure 238. Available potassium status in Udupi district
➣
N
245
Figure 239. Available sulphur status in Udupi district
➣
N
246
Figure 240. Available zinc status in Udupi district
➣
N
247
Figure 241. Available boron status in Udupi district
➣
N
248
➣
N
249
➣
N
250
➣
N
251
➣
N
252
➣
N
253
➣
N
254
➣
N
255
➣
N
256
Figu
re 2
50. p
H s
tatu
s in
Yad
gir d
istr
ict
➣
N
257
Figu
re 2
51. E
lect
rica
l con
duct
ivit
y st
atus
in Y
adgi
r dis
tric
t
➣
N
258
Figu
re 2
52. O
rgan
ic c
arbo
n st
atus
in Y
adgi
r dis
tric
t
➣
N
259
Figu
re 2
53. A
vail
able
pho
spho
rus
stat
us in
Yad
gir d
istr
ict
➣
N
260
Figu
re 2
54. A
vail
able
pot
assi
um s
tatu
s in
Yad
gir d
istr
ict
➣
N
261
Figu
re 2
55. A
vail
able
sul
phur
sta
tus
in Y
adgi
r dis
tric
t
➣
N
262
Figu
re 2
56. A
vail
able
zin
c st
atus
in Y
adgi
r dis
tric
t
➣
N
263
Figu
re 2
57. A
vail
able
bor
on s
tatu
s in
Yad
gir d
istr
ict
➣
N
Appendix: Chemical characteristics of
Karnataka soils
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
Mea
n 5.
8 0.
37
0.71
24
.3
107
7.0
1.23
0.
33
Mea
n 6.
2 0.
30
0.63
23
.4
119
13.1
0.
97
0.36
De
cien
t el
ds
30
18
8 68
48
89
284
285
286
287
288
Mea
n 6.
8 0.
29
0.56
13
.5
102
42.0
0.
49
0.61
289
290
291
292
Mea
n 5.
9 0.
10
0.61
12
.8
133
17.8
1.
05
0.76
293
Mea
n 6.
8 0.
18
0.37
4.
0 83
5.
6 0.
85
0.32
294
295
296
About ICRISAT
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The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is a non-pro t, non-political organi ation that conducts agricultural research for development in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with a wide array of partners throughout the world. Covering 6.5 million s uare kilometers of land in 55 countries, the semi-arid tropics have over 2 billion people, and 644 million of these are the poorest of the poor. ICRISAT and its partners help empower these poor people to overcome poverty, hunger, malnutrition and a degraded environment through better and more resilient agriculture.
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