ACEM proposals for Euro 5 implementation

22 Nov2016

Type 1, cold-warm Weighting Factors (WF)

Background Weighting Factors, current EU legislation

current 134/2014

Euro 4 Euro 5 L1, L2, L3, L4, L5-A, L6, L7-A

vmax < 130 km/h 30:70 50:50

vmax ≥ 130 km/h 25:50:25 25:50:25

Background ACEM proposal (MCWG Sep 2016)

ACEM request

Keep the current Euro 4 factors for cold-warm weighting in Euro 5.

3

Vehicle

category

Vehicle category

name

Test

Cycle Equation #

Weighting

Factors

L1e-A Powered cycle

WMTC

stage 3

2-53

w1 = 0,50 0,30

L1e-B Two-wheel moped

w2 = 0,50 0,70

L2e Three-wheel

moped

L6e-A Light on-road

Quad

L6e-B Light quadri-

mobile

L3e

L4e

Two-wheel

motorcycle with

and without side-

car

vmax < 130 km/h

2-53

w1 = 0,50 0,30

w2 = 0,50 0,70 L5e-A Tricycle

vmax < 130 km/h

L7e-A

Heavy on-road

quad

vmax < 130 km/h

ACEM does not propose to change the limit values in 168/2013, but to keep the current Euro 4 weighting factors (30:70) for mopeds and smaller motorcycles ( < 130 km/h) and L2, L5-A, L6, L7-A ( < 130 km/h)

Rationale for the proposal

• Assessment of current Euro 5 text A very steep HC reduction from Euro 2/3 to Euro 4, and from Euro 4 to Euro 5

An additional change of cold-warm weighting factors for vehicles < 130 km/h

• Following current Euro 5 would mean Substantial changes to the after-treatment system of the engine

Substantial changes to the basic engine design to reduce raw emissions during the “cold” operation mode, cfr. next slides in Annex for details

EU5 cannot be achieved for some models

High cost increase from EU4 to EU5 98-210€ / vehicle (WF 50:50)

• Keeping current Euro 4 factors (30:70) for Euro 5, for vehicles < 130 km/h Will still ensure a noticeable HC emission reduction of 83% from Euro 4 step for vehicles < 130

km/h), without penalizing them in comparison to higher performance vehicles (> 130 km/h).

More reasonable cost increase from EU4 to EU5: 30-43€ / vehicle (WF 30:70)

Annexes

Note : Considering COP, the NMHC development target of EU5 would be 30-40mg/km

Comparison at 30:70 condition, 92.7% of NMHC reduction from EU3 to EU5 and 82.6% of NMHC reduction from EU4 to EU5.

Table 1 THC & NMHC (mg/km) ※same BAG ratio (30:70)

EU3 EU4 EU5 NoteRegulation Value 750 380 NMHC 68Conversion NMHC 712.5 361 68 NMHC=0.95THC(for small engine)DF 1 1.2 1.3NMHC/DF 712.5 300.8 52.3 Limit of Regulation

EU3 vs EU4 vs EU5 - Steep HC reduction WF 30:70

Annex

-120

-90

-60

-30

0

30

60

0

0,005

0,01

0,015

0,02

0,025

0,03

1 61 121 181 241 301 361 421 481 541 601 661 721 781 841 901 961 1021 1081 1141

Spe

ed

[km

/h]

THC

em

issi

on

[g/

s]

TA E4 HC…Speed…

160 seconds Light off time of Cat.

The raw emissions of THC in this cold start area is about 1000 mg

Type Approval THC emission of a Euro 4 vehicle (vmax < 130 km/h) Vehicle approved with a 61% margin below Euro4 limit

• NMHC limit (with DF) = 68/1.3= 52 mg/km • Since NMHC = ca. 0.95 THC, the real limit to be consider for THC is roughly 55 mg/km • i.e. the total maximum allowed mass of THC during Type I test would be:

– 620mg/test in case of 30:70 WF – 422mg/test in case of 50:50 WF

≈ 90 % of the total THC emission/test

Annex

EU4 to EU5: Technology impact

• Key point of EU5 emission: How to reduce HC during 0-160 sec. of WMTC?

• Countermeasures for Car --- same as motorcycle • Reduce raw NMHC by combustion improvement

• Catalyst early light-off • Catalyst close to cylinder head

• Catalyst early light-off control with ETV (Electric Throttle Valve)

• Precise AFR control

• Improve catalyst performance

• Cell density UP

• Increase of precious metal

Annex

EU4 to EU5: Technology and Cost impact

DIFFICULTY LEVEL

1 2 3

WF 30:70 WF 50:50

Engine Small modification More substantial modification

Exhaust system closer to cylinder head, etc.

closer to cylinder head and special substrate (e.g. with micro holes), etc.

Precious metal amount Increase Additional increase

Development cost Engine and exhaust system design and calibration of EFI

Early catalyst light-off control NO YES (with Electric Throttle Valve)

Cost up (EU4 to EU5) 30-43 € 98 € 210 €

Annex

DIFFICULTY LEVEL 4 (WF 50:50) : Euro 5 CANNOT be achieved

Example : Heavy weight model with low power engine Exhaust gas temperature is very high because of WOT operation during WMTC Therefore, the catalyst should be installed far from the cylinder head. So, even if catalyst early light-off control is used, it does not work effectively. No way to reduce HC.

EU4 to EU5: Cost impact summary

• Estimated cost from EU4 to EU5 • WF 30:70 + 30-43 €

• WF 50:50 + 98-210 €; EU5 cannot be achieved for some models

• Estimated cost from 30:70 to 50:50 at EU5 • +55-180 € , EU5 cannot be achieved for some

models

Estimated cost from EU 4 to EU 5

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

The difference between 30 and 43euro depends on the kind of change to the engine.

Annex