ACHIEVEMENT STANDARD 1.2Demonstrate knowledge of body structure and function

related to performance of physical activity, through…

Understanding Basic anatomical features

Body Structure and Function

Body Structure and Function

Other factors that influence human movement and action include:-Biomechanical factors- Improving fitness

Skeletal system

Muscular system

Cardiovascular system

Respiratory system

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THE HUMAN SKELETONWhat are the functions of the human skeleton?

To help understand this, let’s look at some of the activities we can do?

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SPORTS / ACTIVITIESList an example of a competitive sport / activity for each

letter of the alphabet.

E.g. A = Archery

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SPORTS / ACTIVITIESGroup each activity according to the type of movement associated

with it. Some activities will fit under more than one heading.

E.g. Pulling the arm back – Archery, Javelin …

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SPORTS / ACTIVITIESSo far we have listed a range of ACTIONS.

One of the functions of the human skeleton is to allow MOVEMENT

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THE HUMAN SKELETON

What other functions does the human skeleton have?

Imagine a body WITHOUT a skeleton!

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THE HUMAN SKELETON

Are there any other functions of the human skeleton?

What roles do the skull and rib-cage have?

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THE HUMAN SKELETON

Many of the bones of the human skeleton are long and hollow.

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THE HUMAN SKELETONBone-marrow is a soft, fatty tissue found inside of bones that produces blood cells (red

blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells act to ward off infection. Platelets aid in blood-clotting.

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THE HUMAN SKELETON

The human skeleton serves one other function?

The skeleton also stores minerals such as calcium.

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Functions of the Skeleton

Movement

Support

Protection

Blood cell formation

Storage

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THE HUMAN SKELETON

How does each of the functions relate to performance in physical activity?

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Protection…Vital organs are protected from impact forces such as a crash on your bike or collision with another person / object.

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Support…The skeleton provides support for soft tissues to attach to, giving your body shape. E.g. attachment for muscles

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Blood cell formation…Red blood cells are important in transporting oxygen rich blood to muscles to help fuel them.

The more oxygen we get to our muscles the more potential fuel our muscles have to work with.

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Storage of minerals…Minerals such as calcium help us produce strong bones.

Strong bones are important in overuse injuries in repetitive and continuous activity such as multisport and also in contact sports.

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Movement…The skeleton provides levers & joints that allow movement to occur

The type of bone / joint is related to the degree of movement possible.

Long bones. E.g. …..

Short bones. E.g. …..

Irregular bones. E.g. …..

Flat bones. E.g. …..

Types of joints….

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STORAGE

SUPPORT

PROTECTION

MOVEMENT

BLOOD CELL FORMATION

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The 5 functions of the skeleton are:

Label the bones of the human body.

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The Human SkeletonR

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The Human Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

Parts of the skeleton associated with locomotion / movement

Axial Skeleton

Forms the central axis of the body

Parts of the skeleton associated with central support and protection

Group each of the bones under the axial and appendicular skeleton

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The Human SkeletonU

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Group each of the bones under the axial and appendicular skeleton

The Human SkeletonU

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Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

THE HUMAN SPINEThe spine is divided into 5 regions.

How does the size of the vertebrae relate to their position and the degree of weight bearing and movement required?

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TYPES OF JOINT IN THE BODYThe range and freedom of movement/action depends on

the type of joint involved – the more stable a joint, the less movement occurs through it.

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Ball & Socket

Examples are the hip and shoulder

Movement occurs in all directions

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Hinge JointExamples are the elbow and knee (the knee is a modified hinge joint as there is slight rotation)

Movement occurs in 2 directions in one plane – forwards & backwards

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Pivot Joint

Examples are the neck (where the atlas pivots around the axis at the top of the spine) and the radioulner joint below the elbow joint (allows lower arm to rotate)

TYPES OF MOVEMENT You need to be able to discuss the type of movement

associated with various joints in the human body and relate this to specific sporting examples.

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Flexion

Bending a joint so the bones on either side of the joint are drawn together

Examples include elbow flexion, knee flexion, hip flexion, …

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Extension

Straightening a joint so the bones on either side of the joint are drawn apart

Examples include elbow extension, knee extension, hip extension, …

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Abduction

Moving the bone away from the mid-line of the body

(when someone is abducted they are ‘taken away’).

Examples include abduction of the arm as it is drawn out to the side of the body, abduction of the leg.

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Adduction

Moving the bone towards the mid-line of the body

(adduction is adding to the mid-line of the body).

Examples include adduction of the arm as it is drawn in to the side of the body, abduction of the leg.

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Plantar Flexion

Pointing the toes downwards

Examples in sport include diving, gymnastics, acceleration in sprinting, jumping in volleyball, …

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Dorsi-Flexion

Pulling the toes upwards towards the tibia

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Pronation

Pronation is a rotational movement of the forearm at the radioulnar joint. (Pronation also occurs in the foot.)

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Supination

Supination: Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is up (and the corresponding movement of the foot and leg with the sole up).

MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY

Label the muscles indicated on the photo above.

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MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY

For each muscle give 2 examples of actions it is responsible for?• E.g. Abdominals are responsible for a sit up and a ‘pike’ in a dive.

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