aci ingles

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI)- DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULICS WORKS ITEMS
1. CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CONCRETE
STRUCTURES (ACI 350 01) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 350R-01)
1.1. CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS 1.1.1. DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS

Wat!-"#$t%t%&' #at!%a !at%&
The water-cemet!t!"#$ mater!a%$ rat!"$ are $&ec!'e ! et Ta*%e$+
TABLE 1* REQUIREMENTS FOR S+ECIAL E,+OSURE CONDITIONS
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS ,
F"r c"crete e&"$e t" e!c! chem!ca%$. the ma!m#m we!ht "/ 01 a$h. "ther &"22"%a$. $!%!ca /#me. "r $%a that !$ !c%#e ! the c"crete $ha%% "t ecee the &ercetae$ "/ the t"ta% we!ht "/ cemet!t!"#$ mater!a%$ !3e ! Ta*%e 4
TABLE * REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE E,+OSED TO DEICING CEMICALS
C"crete e&"$e t" /ree2! a thaw! "r e!c! chem!ca%$ $ha%% *e a!r- etra!e w!th a!r c"tet !!cate ! Ta*%e 5 T"%erace " a!r c"tet a$ e%!3ere $ha%% *e ,67 &ercet6 F"r $&ec!'e c"m&re$$!3e $treth fc
8reater tha 7999 &$!. re#ct!" "/ a!r c"tet !!cate ! Ta*%e 5 *1 ,69 &ercet $ha%% *e &erm!tte6
TABLE 3* TOTAL AIR CONTENT FOR FROST-RESISTANT CONCRETE
• S'/at &'!
C"crete e&"$e t" water "r wa$tewater $"%#t!"$ "r $"!%$ c"ta!! $#%/ate$ $ha%% c"/"rm t" re:#!remet$ "/ ta*%e ; "r $ha%% *e c"crete mae w!th a cemet that &r"3!e$ $#%/ate re$!$tace a that ha$ a ma!m#m
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS 4

water-cemet!t!"#$ mater!a%$ rat!" a m!!m#m c"m&re$$!3e $treth /r"m Ta*%e ;6
TABLE 2* REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE E,+OSED TO SULFATE- CONTAINING SOLUTIONS
• C&!!&%&$ !&t"t%&$ &/ #ta
F"r c"rr"$!" &r"tect!" "/ re!/"rcemet ! c"crete. ma!m#m water $"%#*%e ch%"r!e !" c"cetrat!"$ ! haree c"crete at ae$ /r"m 4< t" ;4 a1$ c"tr!*#te /r"m the !re!et$ !c%#! water. areate$. cemet!t!"#$ mater!a%$. a am!t#re$ $ha%% "t ecee the %!m!t$ "/ Ta*%e 7 Whe te$t! !$ &er/"rme t" eterm!e water $"%#*%e ch%"r!e !" c"tet. te$t &r"ce#re$ $ha%% c"/"rm t" ASTM C ,4,<6
TABLE 5* MA,IMUM CLORIDE ION CONTENT FOR CORROSION +ROTECTION OF REINFORCEMENT
C"tact *etwee !$$!m!%ar meta%$ $ha%% *e a3"!e6 I$"%at"r$ $ha%% *e &%ace *etwee !=eret meta%$6
• +!&t"t%&$ aa%$t !&%&$
C"crete $ha%% *e &r"tecte aa!$t er"$!" amae whe $#*>ecte t" ca3!tat!" "r a*ra$!?6
F"r &r"tect!" aa!$t ca3!tat!" er"$!". at %ea$t "e "/ the /"%%"w! $ha%% *e #$e+
a) Re#ce 0"w 3e%"c!t1 a !crea$e &re$$#re *1 !c"r&"rat! *a@e$ "r $!m!%ar e3!ce$ ! the $tr#ct#re6

*) U$e $tr#ct#ra% $ha&e$. $#r/ace '!$he$ a t"%erace$ character!2e *1 3a%#e$ "/ the ca3!tat!" !e at the c"!t!" "/ !c!&!et ca3!tat!"
c) S#&&%1 a!r t" the 0"w $#ch that the a!r-t"-water rat!" ear the $"%! *"#ar1 !$ a&&r"!mate%1 < &ercet *1 3"%#me6
) U$e er"$!"-re$!$tat mater!a%$ c"/"rm! t" the /"%%"w! re:#!remet$+
• M!!m#m fc8 7999 &$! at 4< a1$6
• Ma!m#m water-cemet!t!"#$ rat!" 96;96
• Ma!m#m a!r c"tet B &ercet !/ "t $#*>ect t" /ree2! a thaw!. the ma!m#m a!r c"tet 5 &ercet6
• M!!m#m B,9 &"#$ &er c#*!c 1ar "/ cemet6
• Har. e$e. c%ea areate$
Where a!t!"a% &r"tect!" !$ eee. #$e c"at!$ a %!er$
Str#ct#re$ e&"$e t" ca3!tat!" er"$!" $ha%% *e c"$tr#cte w!th h!h- $treth. %"w water-cemet!t!"#$ mater!a%$ c"crete a $ha%% rece!3e $#r/ace '!$he$ that are $m""th w!th $%!ht chae$ "/ $%"&e ! the !rect!" "/ 0"w6
Whe e&"$e t" ca3!tat!". the re!/"rc! *ar$ c%"$e$t t" the c"crete $#r/ace $ha%% *e &%ace &ara%%e% t" the !rect!" "/ 0"w6
• 4&%$t
M"3emet >"!t$ (e&a$!" a c"tract!") a c"$tr#ct!" >"!t$ $ha%% *e e$!e t" &re3et crac!. $&a%%! a re!/"rcemet c"rr"$!"6 The #m*er. $&ac!$. a eta!%$ "/ >"!t$ $ha%% *e e$!e ta! /#%% acc"#t "/ the &h1$!ca% &r"&ert!e$ a the a*!%!t1 "/ the '%%er. $ea%at. a water$t"& mater!a%$ t" $#$ta! c1c%e$ "/ e/"rmat!"$6
• Wat!t&
Mater!a%$ #$e /"r water$t"&$ t" $t"& the 0"w "/ %!:#!$ "r a$e$ $ha%% *e a*%e t" $#$ta! m"3emet e/"rmat!"$ (e%"at!" a c"tract!") w!th"#t &ermaet e/"rmat!" "r /a!%#re a $ha%% *e re$!$tat t" /ree2ethaw c1c%e$. a tem&erat#re a chem!ca% e=ect$6
• Saa$t
"!t $ea%at$ $ha%% *e &r"3!e a%" the e&"$e &er!meter "/ the >"!t$ t" ec%#e %!:#!$ "r a$e$ a t" &re3et $"%!$ /r"m eter! the >"!t that ma1 !m&a!r the /#ct!"! "/ the >"!t6 Sea%at$ $ha%% *e e$!e t" $#$ta! the re:#!re &re$$#re$. tem&erat#re$. a m"3emet$ a $ha%% "t e*" "r erae #er the e&ecte chem!ca% "r a$ attac a $ha%% *e re$!$tat t" the re:#!re &re$$#re$. tem&erat#ra$ a m"3emet$6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS ;
,6,646 CONCRETE QUALITY MI,ING AND +LACING
• G$!a
C"crete $ha%% *e &r"&"rt!"e t" &r"3!e a a3erae c"m&re$$!3e $treth a$ we%% a$ $at!$/1 the #ra*!%!t1 cr!ter!a "/ the &re3!"#$ cha&ter6
Re:#!remet$ /"r fc8$ha%% *e *a$e " te$t$ "/ c1%!er$ mae a te$te a$ &re$cr!*e ! &arara&h$6
U%e$$ "therw!$e $&ec!'e. fc8$ha%% *e *a$e " 4<-a1 te$t$6
• S"t%&$ &/ "&$"!t !&&!t%&$
r"&"rt!"$ "/ mater!a%$ /"r c"crete $ha%% *e e$ta*%!$he t" &r"3!e+
a) W"ra*!%!t1 a c"$!$tec1 t" &erm!t c"crete t" *e w"re rea!%1 !t" /"rm$ a ar"# re!/"rcemet #er c"!t!"$ "/ &%acemet t" *e em&%"1e. w!th"#t $ereat!" "r ece$$!3e *%ee!6
*) Re$!$tace t" $&ec!a% e&"$#re$ a$ re:#!re *1 the &re3!"#$ cha&ter6 c) C"/"rmace w!th $treth te$t re:#!remet$ w!ch are met!" ' the
/"%%"w! &arara&h6

Sta$9a!9 9;%at%&$ Where a c"crete &r"#ct!" /ac!%!t1 ha$ te$t rec"r$. a $taar e3!at!" $ha%% *e e$ta*%!$he6 Te$t rec"r$ /r"m wh!ch a $taar e3!at!" !$ ca%c#%ate+
a) Sha%% re&re$et mater!a%$. :#a%!t1 c"tr"% &r"ce#re$. a c"!t!"$ $!m!%ar t" th"$e e&ecte a chae$ ! mater!a%$ a &r"&"rt!"$ w!th! the te$t rec"r$ $ha%% "t ha3e *ee m"re re$tr!cte ta th"$e /"r &r"&"$e w"r6
*) Sha%% re&re$et c"crete &r"#ce t" meet a $&ec!'e $treth "r $treth$ fc8w!th! ,999 &$! "/ that $&ec!'e /"r &r"&"$e w"r6
c) Sha%% c"$!$t "/ at %ea$t 59 c"$ec#t!3e te$t$ "r tw" r"#&$ "/ c"$ec#t!3e te$t$ t"ta%! at %ea$t 59 te$t$6

TABLE <* MODIFICATION FACTOR FOR STANDARD DEVIATION WEN LESS TAN 30 TESTS ARE AVAILABLE
R='%!9 a;!a t!$t6
Re:#!re a3erae c"m&re$$!3e $treth fcr #$e a$ the *a$!$ /"r $e%ect!" "/ c"crete &r"&"rt!"$ $ha%% *e the %arer "/ the et e:#at!"$ #$! a $taar e3!at!" ca%c#%ate ! acc"race w!th ta*%e$ *e/"re6
f cr ´ = f c ´ +1.34 s
O f cr ´ = f c+2.33 s−500
Whe a c"crete &r"#ct!" /ac!%!t1 "e$ "t ha3e 'e% $treth te$t rec"r$ /"r ca%c#%at!" "/ $taar e3!at!" meet! the &re3"#$ re:#!remet$ . re:#!re a3erae $treth fcr $ha%% *e eterm!e /r"m Ta*%e
TABLE >* REQUIRED AVERAGE COM+RESSIVE STRENGT WEN DATA ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO ESTABLIS A STANDARD DEVIATION
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS B

F!='$"? &/ tt%$
Sam&%e$ /"r $treth te$t$ "/ each c%a$$ "/ c"crete &%ace each a1 $ha%% *e tae "t %e$$ tha "ce a a1. "r %e$$ tha "ce /"r each ,99 15 "/ c"crete. "r %e$$ tha "ce /"r each 7999 /t4 "/ $#r/ace area /"r $%a*$ "r wa%%$6
O a !3e &r">ect. !/ t"ta% 3"%#me "/ c"crete !$ $#ch that /re:#ec1 "/ te$t! re:#!re *1 the &re3!"#$ &arara&h w"#% &r"3!e %e$$ tha '3e $treth te$t$ /"r a !3e c%a$$ "/ c"crete. te$t$ $ha%% *e mae /r"m at %ea$t '3e ra"m%1 $e%ecte *atche$ "r /r"m each *atch !/ /ewer tha '3e *atche$ are #$e6
Whe t"ta% :#at!t1 "/ a !3e c%a$$ "/ c"crete !$ %e$$ tha 79 15. $treth te$t$ are "t re:#!re whe e3!ece "/ $at!$/act"r1 $treth !$ $#*m!tte t" a a&&r"3e *1 the *#!%! "c!a%6
A $treth te$t $ha%% *e the a3erae "/ the $treth$ "/ tw" c1%!er$ mae /r"m the $ame $!m&%e "/ c"crete a te$te at 4< a1$ "r at te$t ae e$!ate /"r eterm!at!" "/ fc6
• La7&!at&!?-"'!9 "%#$
Sam&%e$ /"r $treth te$t$ $ha%% *e tae ! acc"race w!th Meth" "/ Sam&%! Fre$h%1 M!e C"creteJ (ASTM C ,4)6
C1%!er$ /"r $treth te$t$ $ha%% *e m"%e a %a*"rat"r1-c#re ! acc"race w!th ract!ce /"r Ma! a C#r! C"crete Te$t S&ec!me$ ! the F!e%J (ASTM C 5,) a te$te ! acc"race w!th Te$t Meth" /"r C"m&re$$!3e Streth "/ C1%!r!ca% C"crete S&ec!me$J (ASTM C 5)6
Streth %e3e% "/ a !!3!#a% c%a$$ "/ c"crete $ha%% *e c"$!ere $at!$/act"r1 !/ *"th "/ the /"%%"w! re:#!remet$ are met+
a) E3er1 ar!thmet!c a3erae "/ a1 three c"$ec#t!3e $treth te$t$ e:#a%$ "r ecee$ fc6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS
*) N" !!3!#a% $treth te$t (a3erae "/ tw" c1%!er$) /a%%$ *e%"w fc*1 m"re tha 799 &$!6
• F%9-"'!9 "%#$
I/ re:#!re *1 the *#!%! "c!a%. re$#%t$ "/ $treth te$t$ "/ c1%!er$ c#re #er 'e% c"!t!"$ $ha%% *e &r"3!e6 F!e%-c#re c1%!er$ $ha%% *e c#re #er 'e% c"!t!"$ ! acc"race w!th ract!ce /"r Ma! a C#r! C"crete Te$t S&ec!me$ ! the F!e%J (ASTM C 5,)6
F!e%-c#re te$t c1%!er$ $ha%% *e m"%e at the $ame t!me a /r"m the $ame $am&%e$ a$ %a*"rat"r1-c#re te$t c1%!er$6
r"ce#re$ /"r &r"tect! a c#r! c"crete $ha%% *e !m&r"3e whe $treth "/ 'e%-c#re c1%!er$ at te$t ae e$!ate /"r eterm!at!" "/ fc8!$ %e$$ tha <7 &ercet "/ that "/ c"m&a!" %a*"rat"r1- c#re c1%!er$6 The <7 &ercet %!m!tat!" $ha%% "t a&&%1 !/ 'e%-c#re $treth ecee$ fc8*1 m"re tha 799 &$!6
+!a!at%&$ &/ ='%#$t a$9 a" &/ 9&%t
re&arat!" *e/"re c"crete &%acemet $ha%% !c%#e the /"%%"w!+
a) A%% e:#!&met /"r m!! a tra$&"rt! c"crete $ha%% *e c%ea6 *) A%% e*r!$ a !ce $ha%% *e rem"3e /r"m $&ace$ t" *e "cc#&!e *1
c"crete6 c) F"rm$ $ha%% *e &r"&er%1 c"ate6 ) Ma$"r1 '%%er #!t$ that w!%% *e ! c"tact w!th c"crete $ha%% *e we%%
reche6
e) Re!/"rcemet $ha%% *e th"r"#h%1 c%ea "/ !ce "r "ther e%eter!"#$ c"at!$6
/) Water $ha%% *e rem"3e /r"m &%ace "/ e&"$!t *e/"re c"crete !$ &%ace #%e$$ a trem!e !$ t" *e #$e "r #%e$$ "therw!$e &erm!tte *1 the *#!%! "c!a%6
) A%% %a!tace a "ther #$"# mater!a% $ha%% *e rem"3e *e/"re a!t!"a% c"crete !$ &%ace aa!$t haree c"crete6
• M%%$
A%% c"crete $ha%% *e m!e #t!% there !$ a #!/"rm !$tr!*#t!" "/ mater!a%$ a $ha%% *e !$chare c"m&%ete%1 *e/"re m!er !$ rechare6
"*-m!e c"crete $ha%% *e m!e ! acc"race w!th the /"%%"w!+
a) M!! $ha%% *e "e ! a *atch m!er "/ a&&r"3e t1&e6 *) M!er $ha%% *e r"tate at a $&ee rec"mmee *1 the ma#/act#rer6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS <
c) M!! $ha%% *e c"t!#e /"r at %ea$t ,,4 m!#te$ a/ter a%% mater!a%$ are ! the r#m. #%e$$ a $h"rter t!me !$ $h"w t" *e $at!$/act"r1 *1 the m!! #!/"rm!t1 te$t$ "/ S&ec!'cat!" /"r Rea1-M!e C"creteJ (ASTM C ;)6
) Mater!a%$ ha%!. *atch!. a m!! $ha%% c"/"rm t" a&&%!ca*%e &r"3!$!"$ "/ S&ec!'cat!" /"r Rea1-M!e C"creteJ (ASTM C ;)6
e) A eta!%e rec"r $ha%% *e e&t t" !et!/1+
#m*er "/ *atche$ &r"#ce &r"&"rt!"$ "/ mater!a%$ #$e a&&r"!mate %"cat!" "/ 'a% e&"$!t ! $tr#ct#re t!me a ate "/ m!! a &%ac!
• C&$;?%$
C"crete $ha%% *e c"3e1e /r"m m!er t" &%ace "/ 'a% e&"$!t *1 meth"$ that w!%% &re3et $e&arat!" "r %"$$ "/ mater!a%$6
C"3e1! e:#!&met $ha%% *e ca&a*%e "/ &r"3!! a $#&&%1 "/ c"crete at $!te "/ &%acemet w!th"#t $e&arat!" "/ !re!et$ a w!th"#t !terr#&t!"$ $#c!et t" &erm!t %"$$ "/ &%a$t!c!t1 *etwee $#cce$$!3e !cremet$6
• D&%t%$
C"crete $ha%% *e e&"$!te a$ ear%1 a$ &ract!ca% ! !t$ 'a% &"$!t!" t" a3"! $ereat!" #e t" reha%! "r 0"w!6
C"cret! $ha%% *e carr!e " at $#ch a rate that c"crete !$ at a%% t!me$ &%a$t!c a 0"w$ rea!%1 !t" $&ace$ *etwee re!/"rcemet6
C"crete that ha$ &art!a%%1 haree "r *ee c"tam!ate *1 /"re! mater!a%$ $ha%% "t *e e&"$!te ! the $tr#ct#re6
A/ter c"cret! !$ $tarte. !t $ha%% *e carr!e " a$ a c"t!#"#$ "&erat!" #t!% &%ac! "/ a &ae% "r $ect!". a$ e'e *1 !t$ *"#ar!e$ "r &reeterm!e >"!t$6
A%% c"crete $ha%% *e th"r"#h%1 c"$"%!ate *1 $#!ta*%e mea$ #r! &%acemet a $ha%% *e th"r"#h%1 w"re ar"# re!/"rcemet a em*ee 't#re$ a !t" c"rer$ "/ /"rm$6
• C'!%$
C"crete ("ther tha h!h-ear%1-$treth) $ha%% *e ma!ta!e a*"3e 79 F a ! a m"!$t c"!t!" /"r at %ea$t the 'r$t a1$ a/ter &%acemet6
H!h-ear%1-$treth c"crete $ha%% *e ma!ta!e a*"3e 79 F a ! a m"!$t c"!t!" /"r at %ea$t the 'r$t 5 a1$6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS
• A""!at9 "'!%$
C#r! *1 h!h-&re$$#re $team. $team at atm"$&her!c &re$$#re. heat a m"!$t#re. "r "ther acce&te &r"ce$$e$. $ha%% *e &erm!tte t" acce%erate $treth a! a re#ce t!me "/ c#r!
Acce%erate c#r! $ha%% &r"3!e a c"m&re$$!3e $treth "/ the c"crete at the %"a $tae c"$!ere at %ea$t e:#a% t" re:#!re e$! $treth at that %"a $tae6
1.1.3. FORMWOR@ EMBEDDED +I+ES AND CONSTRUCTION AND MOVEMENT 4OINTS
D%$ &/ /&!#&!
F"rm$ $ha%% re$#%t ! a 'a% $tr#ct#re that c"/"rm$ t" $ha&e$. %!e$. a !me$!"$ "/ the mem*er$ a$ re:#!re *1 the e$! raw!$ a $&ec!'cat!"$6
F"rm$ $ha%% *e $#*$tat!a% a $#c!et%1 t!ht t" &re3et %eaae "/ m"rtar6
F"rm$ $ha%% *e &r"&er%1 *race "r t!e t"ether t" ma!ta! &"$!t!" a $ha&e6
F"rm$ a the!r $#&&"rt$ $ha%% *e e$!e $" a$ "t t" amae &re3!"#$%1 &%ace $tr#ct#re6
De$! "/ /"rmw"r $ha%% !c%#e c"$!erat!" "/ the /"%%"w! /act"r$+
a) Rate a meth" "/ &%ac! c"crete *) C"$tr#ct!" %"a$. !c%#! 3ert!ca%. h"r!2"ta%. a !m&act %"a$ c) S&ec!a% /"rm re:#!remet$ /"r c"$tr#ct!" "/ $he%%$. /"%e &%ate$.
"me$. arch!tect#ra% c"crete. "r $!m!%ar t1&e$ "/ e%emet$6
F"rm$ /"r &re$tre$$e c"crete mem*er$ $ha%% *e e$!e a c"$tr#cte t" &erm!t m"3emet "/ the mem*er w!th"#t amae #r! a&&%!cat!" "/ &re$tre$$! /"rce6
F"rm t!e a$$em*%!e$ a $1$tem$ ! %!:#!c"ta!met $tr#ct#re$ $ha%% *e $#!ta*%e /"r &r"3!! a %!:#!-t!ht $tr#ct#re6
F"rm t!e a$$em*%!e$ /"r %!:#!-c"ta!met $tr#ct#re$ $ha%% %ea3e " mater!a% "ther tha c"crete w!th! , !6 "/ the /"rme $#r/ace6

DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS ,9

C"#!t$. &!&e$. a $%ee3e$ "/ a1 mater!a% "t harm/#% t" c"crete $ha%% *e &erm!tte t" *e em*ee ! c"crete w!th a&&r"3a% "/ the e!eer. &r"3!e the1 are "t c"$!ere t" re&%ace $tr#ct#ra%%1 the !$&%ace c"crete6
C"#!t$ a &!&e$ "/ a%#m!#m $ha%% "t *e em*ee ! $tr#ct#ra% c"crete6
C"#!t$. &!&e$. a $%ee3e$ &a$$! thr"#h a $%a*. wa%%. "r *eam $ha%% "t !m&a!r $!!'cat%1 the $treth "/ the c"$tr#ct!"6
C"#!t$ a &!&e$. w!th the!r 'tt!$. em*ee w!th! a c"%#m $ha%% "t !$&%ace m"re tha ; &ercet "/ the area "/ cr"$$ $ect!" " wh!ch $treth !$ ca%c#%ate "r wh!ch !$ re:#!re /"r 're &r"tect!"6
Ece&t whe raw!$ /"r c"#!t$ a &!&e$ are a&&r"3e *1 the $tr#ct#ra% e!eer. c"#!t$ a &!&e$ em*ee w!th! a $%a*. wa%%. "r *eam ("ther ta th"$e mere%1 &a$$! thr"#h) $ha%% $at!$/1 the /"%%"w!+
The1 $ha%% "t *e %arer ! "#t$!e !me$!? tha ,5 the "3era%% th!ce$$ "/ $%a*. wa%%. "r *eam ! wh!ch the1 are em*ee6
The1 $ha%% "t !m&a!r $!!'cat%1 the $treth "/ the c"$tr#ct!"6
C"#!t$. &!&e$. a $%ee3e$ $ha%% *e &erm!tte t" *e c"$!ere a$ re&%ac! $tr#ct#ra%%1 ! c"m&re$$!" the !$&%ace c"crete &r"3!e+
The1 are "t e&"$e t" r#$t! "r "thereter!"rat!"6 The1 are "/ #c"ate "r a%3a!2e !r" "r$tee% "t th!er tha
$taar Sche#%e ;9 $tee% &!&e6 The1 ha3e a "m!a% !$!e !ameter "t"3er 4 !6 a are $&ace "t
%e$$ tha 5 !ameter$ " ceter$6
!&e$ a 'tt!$ $ha%% *e e$!e t" re$!$t e=ect$ "/ the mater!a%. &re$$#re. a tem&erat#re t" wh!ch the1 w!%% *e $#*>ecte6
N" %!:#!. a$. "r 3a&"r. ece&t water "t ecee! 9 F "r 79 &$! &re$$#re. $ha%% *e &%ace ! the &!&e$ #t!% the c"crete ha$ atta!e !t$ e$! $treth6
C"crete c"3er /"r &!&e$. c"#!t$. a 'tt!$ $ha%% "t *e %e$$ tha 4 !6 /"r c"crete e&"$e t" earth. c"ta!e %!:#!$. "r weather. "r 5; !6 F"r c"crete "t e&"$e t" c"ta!e %!:#!$. weather. "r ! c"tact w!th r"#6
!&! a c"#!t $ha%% *e $" /a*r!cate a !$ta%%e that c#tt!. *e!. "r !$&%acemet "/ re!/"rcemet /r"m !t$ &r"&er %"cat!" w!%% "t *e re:#!re6
!&e$ &a$$! thr"#h wa%%$ "/ a %!:#!-c"ta!! $tr#ct#re $ha%% !c%#e a !tera% water$t"&6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS ,,
• C&$t!'"t%&$ &%$t
S#r/ace "/ c"crete c"$tr#ct!" >"!t$ $ha%% *e c%eae a %a!tace rem"3e6
Imme!ate%1 *e/"re ew c"crete !$ &%ace. a%% c"$tr#ct!" >"!t$ $ha%% *e wette a $ta! water rem"3e6
C"$tr#ct!" >"!t$ $ha%% *e $" mae a %"cate a$ "t t" !m&a!r the $treth "/ the $tr#ct#re6 r"3!$!" $ha%% *e mae /"r tra$/er "/ $hear a "ther /"rce$ thr"#h c"$tr#ct!" >"!t$
C"$tr#ct!" >"!t$ ! 0""r$ $ha%% *e %"cate w!th! the m!%e th!r "/ $&a$ "/ $%a*$. *eam$. a !rer$6 "!t$ ! !rer$ $ha%% *e "=$et a m!!m#m !$tace "/ tw" t!me$ the w!th "/ !ter$ect! *eam$6
Where !tee t" *e watert!ht. c"$tr#ct!" >"!t$ ! c"3et!"a%%1 re!/"rce %!:#!-c"ta!! $tr#ct#re$ $ha%% ha3e a !tera% water$t"&6
F"r c"$tr#ct!" >"!t$ t" *e c"$!ere a$ $hr!ae-!$$!&at! >"!t$. the e%a&$e t!me ! %!:#! c"ta!! $tr#ct#re$ *etwee ca$t! a>"!! #!t$ $ha%% *e at %ea$t ;< h6
• M&;#$t &%$t
The e$! $ha%% c"$!er a &r"3!e /"r 3"%#me chae$ ! a maer that w!%% m!!m!2e amae t" the $tr#ct#re6
E&a$!" >"!t$. whe #$e. $ha%% !c%#e a c"m&re$$!*%e &re/"rme >"!t '%%er. a >"!t $ea%at. a where !tee t" *e watert!ht. a water$t"&6
,6,6;6 DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
• S'!/a" "&$9%t%&$ &/ !%$/&!"#$t
At t!me c"crete !$ &%ace. re!/"rcemet $ha%% *e /ree /r"m m#. "!%. "r "ther "meta%%!c c"at!$ that ecrea$e *"6 E&"1 c"at!$ "/ *ar$ ! acc"r w!th $taar$ ! th!$ c"e $ha%% *e &erm!tte6
Re!/"rcemet. ece&t &re$tre$$! te"$. w!th r#$t. m!%% $ca%e. "r a c"m*!at!" "/ *"th $ha%% *e c"$!ere $at!$/act"r1. &r"3!e the m!!m#m !me$!"$ (!c%#! he!ht "/ e/"rmat!"$) a we!ht "/ a ha-w!re- *r#$he te$t $&ec!me are "t %e$$ ta a&&%!ca*%e ASTM $&ec!'cat!" re:#!remet$6

re$tre$$! te"$ $ha%% *e c%ea a /ree "/ "!%. !rt. $ca%e. &!tt! a ece$$!3e r#$t6 A %!ht "!e $ha%% *e &erm!tte6
• +a"%$ !%$/&!"#$t
Re!/"rcemet. &re$tre$$! te"$. a #ct$ $ha%% *e acc#rate%1 &%ace a ae:#ate%1 $#&&"rte *e/"re c"crete !$ &%ace. a $ha%% *e $ec#re aa!$t !$&%acemet w!th! t"%erace$ &erm!tte ! the et &arara&h$ "/ the cha&ter6
U%e$$ "therw!$e $&ec!'e *1 the e!eer. re!/"rcemet. &re$tre$$! te"$. a &re$tre$$! #ct$ $ha%% *e &%ace w!th! the /"%%"w! t"%erace$+
TABLE * TOLERANCE FOR DE+T D AND MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER IN FLE,URAL MEMBERS
We%! "/ cr"$$! *ar$ $ha%% "t *e &erm!tte /"r a$$em*%1 "/ re!/"rcemet #%e$$ a#th"r!2e *1 the e!eer6
• Sa"%$ %#%t /&! !%$/&!"#$t
The m!!m#m c%ear $&ac! *etwee &ara%%e% *ar$ ! a %a1er $ha%% *e db. *#t "t %e$$ tha , !6
Where &ara%%e% re!/"rcemet !$ &%ace ! tw" "r m"re %a1er$. *ar$ ! the #&&er %a1er$ $ha%% *e &%ace !rect%1 a*"3e *ar$ ! the *"tt"m %a1er w!th c%ear !$tace *etwee %a1er$ "t %e$$ tha , !6
I $&!ra%%1 re!/"rce "r t!e re!/"rce c"m&re$$!" mem*er$. c%ear !$tace *etwee %"!t#!a% *ar$ $ha%% *e "t %e$$ tha 1.5db "r ,,4 !6
C%ear !$tace %!m!tat!" *etwee *ar$ $ha%% a&&%1 a%$" t" the c%ear !$tace *etwee a c"tact %a& $&%!ce a a>acet $&%!ce$ "r *ar$6
I wa%%$ a $%a*$ "ther tha c"crete >"!$t c"$tr#ct!". &r!mar1 0e#ra% re!/"rcemet $ha%% *e $&ace "t /arther a&art tha tw" t!me$ the wa%% "r $%a* th!ce$$. "r /#rther a&art tha ,4 !6

• B'$99 7a!
Gr"#&$ "/ &ara%%e% re!/"rc! *ar$ *#%e ! c"tact t" act a$ a #!t $ha%% *e %!m!te t" /"#r ! a1 "e *#%e6
#%e *ar$ $ha%% *e ec%"$e w!th! $t!rr#&$ "r t!e$6
ar$ %arer tha N"6 ,, $ha%% "t *e *#%e ! *eam$6
• C&$"!t !&t"t%&$ /&! !%$/&!"#$t
- Cat-%$-a" "&$"!t ($&$!t!9)
The /"%%"w! m!!m#m c"crete c"3er (!) $ha%% *e &r"3!e /"r re!/"rcemet+
a) C"crete ca$t aa!$t a &ermaet%1 e&"$e t" earth 666666666666666666 5
*) C"crete e&"$e t" earth. %!:#!. weather. "r ca$t aa!$t a c"crete w"r mat+
S%a*$ a >"!$t$ 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 4 eam$ a c"%#m$+
St!rr#&$. $&!ra%$. a t!e$ 66666666666666666666666666666666 4 r!mar1 re!/"rcemet666666666666666666666666666666 4-,4
Wa%%$666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 4 F""t!$ a *a$e $%a*$+
She%%$. /"%e &%ate mem*er$ 6666666666666666666666 ,-,4
c) C"!t!"$ "tc"3ere *e/"re+
S%a*$ a >"!$t$+ ,, *ar$ a $ma%%er66666666666666666666666666666666666 5; ,; a ,< *ar$ 6666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4
eam$ a c"%#m$+ St!rr#&$. $&!ra%$. a t!e$ 66666666666666666666666666 ,-,4 r!mar1 re!/"rcemet 666666666666666666666666666666666666 4 Wa%%$+ ,, *ar$ a $ma%%er66666666666666666666666666666666666 5; ,; a ,< *ar$ 6666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4 She%%$. /"%e &%ate mem*er$+ 7 *ar$. W5, "r D5, w!re a $ma%%er 66666666 ,4 B *ar$ a %arer 666666666666666666666666666666666666666 P
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS ,;
- +!"at "&$"!t (#a$'/a"t'!9 '$9! a$t "&$t!& "&$9%t%&$)
The /"%%"w! m!!m#m c"crete c"3er $ha%% *e &r"3!e /"r re!/"rcemet+
a) C"crete e&"$e t" earth. %!:#!. wa$tewater. weather. "r *ear! " w"r mat. "r $%a*$ $#&&"rt! earth c"3er+
S%a*$ a >"!$t$ 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4 eam$ a c"%#m$+
St!rr#&$. $&!ra%$. a t!e$ 66666666666666666666666666 ,-,4 r!mar1 re!/"rcemet 666666666666666666666666666666666666 4
Wa%%$ 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4 She%%$. /"%e &%ate mem*er$ 66666666666666666666666666666 ,
*) C"!t!"$ "t c"3ere+
S%a*$ a >"!$t$+ ,, *ar$ a $ma%%er66666666666666666666666666666666666 5; ,; a ,< *ar$ 6666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4
eam$ a c"%#m$+ St!rr#&$. $&!ra%$. a t!e$ 66666666666666666666666666666666 , r!mar1 re!/"rcemet 666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4
Wa%%$+ ,, *ar$ a $ma%%er66666666666666666666666666666666666 5; ,; a ,< *ar$ 6666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4
She%%$. /"%e &%ate mem*er$+ 7 *ar$. W5, "r D5, w!re a $ma%%er 66666666 5; B *ar$ a %arer 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,
- +!t!9 "&$"!t
The /"%%"w! m!!m#m c"crete c"3er $ha%% *e &r"3!e /"r &re$tre$$e a "&re$tre$$e re!/"rcemet. #ct$. a e 'tt!$
a) C"crete ca$t aa!$t a &ermaet%1 e&"$e t" earth666666666666666666666666 5
*) C"crete e&"$e t" earth. %!:#!. wa$tewater. weather. "r *ear! " w"r mat. "r $%a*$ $#&&"rt! earth c"3er+
S%a*$ a >"!$t$ 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4 eam$ a c"%#m$+
St!rr#&$. $&!ra%$. a t!e$66666666666666666666666666 ,-,4 r!mar1 re!/"rcemet666666666666666666666666666666666666 4
Wa%%$6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4 She%%$. /"%e &%ate mem*er$ 66666666666666666666666666666 ,
c) C"!t!"$ "t c"3ere *e/"re+

S%a*$ a >"!$t$+ ,, *ar$ a $ma%%er 6666666666666666666666666666666666 5; ,; a ,< *ar$ 6666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4
eam$ a c"%#m$+ St!rr#&$. $&!ra%$. a t!e$66666666666666666666666666666666 ,
r!mar1 re!/"rcemet666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4 Wa%%$+
,, *ar$ a $ma%%er 6666666666666666666666666666666666 5; ,; a ,< *ar$ 6666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,-,4
She%%$. /"%e &%ate mem*er$ 7 *ar$. W5, a D5, w!re a $ma%%er 66666 5; B *ar$ a %arer666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 ,
• B'$99 7a!

S%!a
S&!ra% re!/"rcemet /"r c"m&re$$!" mem*er$ $ha%% c"/"rm t" the /"%%"w!+ S&!ra%$ $ha%% c"$!$t "/ e3e%1 $&ace c"t!#"#$ *ar "r w!re "/ $#ch $!2e a $" a$$em*%e t" &erm!t ha%! a &%ac! w!th"#t !$t"rt!" /r"m e$!e !me$!"$6
F"r ca$t-!-&%ace c"$tr#ct!". $!2e "/ $&!ra%$ $ha%% "t *e %e$$ tha 5< !6 !ameter6
C%ear $&ac! *etwee $&!ra%$ $ha%% "t ecee 5 !6. "r *e %e$$ tha , !6
Ach"rae "/ $&!ra% re!/"rcemet $ha%% *e &r"3!e *1 ,,4 etra t#r$ "/ $&!ra% *ar "r w!re at each e "/ a $&!ra% #!t6
S&%!ce$ ! $&!ra% re!/"rcemet $ha%% *e %a& $&%!ce$ "/ 2db *#t "t %e$$ tha ,4 !6. "r we%e6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS ,B

S&!ra%$ $ha%% ete /r"m t"& "/ /""t! "r $%a* ! a1 $t"r1 t" %e3e% "/ %"we$t h"r!2"ta% re!/"rcemet ! mem*er$ $#&&"rte a*"3e6
• T%
T!e re!/"rcemet /"r c"m&re$$!" mem*er$ $ha%% c"/"rm t" the /"%%"w!+
A%% "&re$tre$$e *ar$ $ha%% *e ec%"$e *1 %atera% t!e$. at %ea$t N"6 5 ! $!2e /"r %"!t#!a% *ar$ N"6 ,9 "r $ma%%er. a at %ea$t N"6 ; ! $!2e /"r N"6 ,,. N"6 ,;. N"6 ,<. a *#%e %"!t#!a% *ar$6 De/"rme w!re "r we%e w!re /a*r!c "/ e:#!3a%et area $ha%% *e &erm!tte6
ert!ca% $&ac! "/ t!e$ $ha%% "t ecee ,B %"!t#!a% *ar !ameter$. ;< t!e *ar "r w!re !ameter$. "r %ea$t !me$!" "/ the c"m&re$$!" mem*er6

Lat!a !%$/&!"#$t /&! '!a##7!
C"m&re$$!" re!/"rcemet ! *eam$ $ha%% *e ec%"$e *1 t!e$ "r $t!rr#&$ $at!$/1! the $!2e a $&ac! %!m!tat!"$ ! &re3!"#$%1 cha&ter "r *1 we%e w!re /a*r!c "/ e:#!3a%et area6 S#ch t!e$ "r $t!rr#&$ $ha%% *e &r"3!e thr"#h"#t the !$tace where c"m&re$$!" re!/"rcemet !$ re:#!re6
Latera% re!/"rcemet /"r 0e#ra% /ram! mem*er$ $#*>ect t" $tre$$ re3er$a%$ "r t" t"r$!" at $#&&"rt$ $ha%% c"$!$t "/ c%"$e t!e$. c%"$e $t!rr#&$. "r $&!ra%$ ete! ar"# the 0e#ra% re!/"rcemet6
C%"$e t!e$ "r $t!rr#&$ $ha%% *e /"rme ! "e &!ece *1 "3er%a&&! $taar $t!rr#& "r t!e e h""$ ar"# a %"!t#!a% *ar6
S6!%$a a$9 t#!at'! %$/&!"#$t
Re!/"rcemet /"r $hr!ae a tem&erat#re $tre$$e$ "rma% t" 0e#ra% re!/"rcemet $ha%% *e &r"3!e ! $tr#ct#ra% $%a*$. mat /"#at!"$. a wa%%$ where the 0e#ra% re!/"rcemet ete$ ! "e !rect!" "%16 The m!!m#m re!/"rcemet &r"3!e ! a1 !rect!" a " a1 /ace $ha%% *e the reater "/ $hr!ae a tem&erat#re re!/"rcemet "r 0e#ra% re!/"rcemet6
F"r mem*er$ $#*>ecte t" e3!r"meta% e&"$#re c"!t!"$ "r re:#!re t" *e %!:#!-t!ht. the area "/ $hr!ae a tem&erat#re re!/"rcemet $ha%% &r"3!e at %ea$t the rat!"$ "/ re!/"rcemet area t" r"$$ c"crete area $h"w ! Ta*%e +
TABLE * MINIMUM SRIN@AGE AND TEM+ERATURE REINFORCEMENT
C"crete $ect!"$ that are at %ea$t 4; !6 ma1 ha3e the m!!m#m $hr!ae a tem&erat#re re!/"rcemet *a$e " a ,4 !6 c"crete %a1er at each /ace6 The re!/"rcemet ! the *"tt"m "/ *a$e $%a*$ $#&&"rte " $"!% ma1 *e re#ce t" 79 &ercet "/ that re:#!re ! Ta*%e 6
Shr!ae a tem&erat#re re!/"rcemet $ha%% "t *e $&ace /arther a&art tha ,4 !6 a the m!!m#m *ar $!2e $ha%% *e N" ;6
. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CONCRETE
STRUCTURES (ACI 350.2R)
.1 DESIGN LOADS
• F&&! %; &a9
F%""r %!3e %"a$ ! e:#!&met a &r"ce$$ area$ eera%%1 tae !t" acc"#t 'e e:#!&met we!ht$. $t"re mater!a% %"a$. a "rma% %!3e %"a$ #e t" &er$"e% a tra$!et %"a$6 F%""r %!3e %"a$ $h"#% acc"#t /"r !$ta%%at!".
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS ,<
"&erat!". a ma!teace "/ e:#!&met. a &"$$!*%e m"!'cat!"$ "r chae$ ! #$e6
• C&$ta%$9 '%9 a$9 '9 &a9
The &r!c!&a% a&&%!e %"a$ " %!:#!-c"ta!met $tr#ct#re$ are #e t" the 0#! &re$$#re$ " the wa%%$ a $%a*$ ca#$e *1 the c"ta!e 0#!$6 The /"%%"w! e$!t!e$ are c"$er3at!3e 3a%#e$ /"r ca%c#%at! e:#!3a%et 0#! &re$$#re$ "/ c"mm" e3!r"meta% mater!a%$ ec"#tere that ma1 *e #$e ! $tr#ct#ra% e$!+
• Raw $ewae B5 %*/t5 (,999 m5)
• Gr!t eca3ate /r"m r!t cham*er ,,9 %*/t5 (,<99 m5)
• D!e$te $%#e. aer"*!c B7 %*/t5 (,999 m5)
• D!e$te $%#e. aaer"*!c 9 %*/t5 (,,99 m5)
• Th!cee "r ewatere $%#e B5 t" <7 %*/t5 (,999 t" ,;99 m5)
• Et!$a a!t6 &a9
Wa%%$ $#*>ect t" earth &re$$#re $h"#% *e care/#%%1 e3a%#ate /"r $tr#ct#re-$"!% !teract!"6 eca#$e "/ c"$er3at!3e cr!ter!a #$e /"r e$! "/ %!:#!c"ta!met $tr#ct#re$. $#ch wa%%$ are t1&!ca%%1 $t!=er tha c"mm" reta!! wa%%$6 At-re$t earth &re$$#re$ $h"#% *e a$$#me #%e$$ ca%c#%ate e0ect!"$ >#$t!/1 %"wer %atera% earth &re$$#re$6
• Et!$a '%9 &a9
Etera% 0#! &re$$#re$ $h"#% *e c"$!ere ! a!t!" t" etera% earth &re$$#re$6 H1r"$tat!c &re$$#re$ "#t$!e "/ $tr#ct#re$ ma1 "cc#r #e t" h!h r"# water c"!t!"$ a 0""$6 E%e3ate r"# water c"!t!"$ ma1 "cc#r #e t" %eaae /r"m a>acet %!:#!-c"ta!! $tr#ct#re$ a &!&e$ "r #e t" !ae:#ate ra!ae ar"# a $tr#ct#re6 Etera% 0#! %"a$ !crea$e the e=ect!3e %atera% %"a$ " the wa%%$ a ma1 a%$" ca#$e 0"tat!" "/ the $tr#ct#re6
• E$;%!&$#$ta &a9
E3!r"meta% $tr#ct#re$ $h"#% a%$" *e e$!e /"r c"mm" e3!r"meta% e$! %"a$ $#ch a$ w!. $"w. therma% e=ect$. a earth:#ae$6 S#ch %"a$ are t1&!ca%%1 e'e ! *#!%! c"e$ a "ther !#$tr1 $taar$6 A a&&r"&r!ate !m&"rtace /act"r $h"#% *e $e%ecte /r"m the *#!%! c"e #%e$$ a h!her /act"r !$ re:#e$te *1 the c%!et /"r !m&r"3e re%!a*!%!t16
• Ot6! 9%$ &a9
- Impact loads
Im&act %"a$ $h"#% *e !c%#e where a&&r"&r!ate. $#ch a$ /r"m crae$ a m""ra!%$. 3eh!c%e$. e%e3at"r$. %!/t! h""$. tra$!et &re$$#re$ ! &!&e$. a #e t" e:#!&met "&erat!"6 A a&&r"&r!ate !m&act a%%"wace a$ a &ercetae "/ the e:#!&met we!ht ma1 *e #$e ! acc"race w!th rec"mmeat!"$ "/ $taar c"e$ a $&ec!'cat!"$6 A%terat!3e%1. a eta!%e tra$!et %"a. 1am!c aa%1$!$ ma1 *e &er/"rme6
- Loads at pipe penetrations
re$$#re thr#$t %"a$ at &!&e &eetrat!"$ thr"#h wa%%$ $h"#% *e c"$!ere ! wa%% e$!6 The tra$/er "/ thr#$t /r"m the &!&e t" the wa%% e&e$ " re$tra!t "/ the &!&e w!th! the wa%% a " re$tra!t "/ the &!&e >"!t$ " each $!e "/ the wa%% &eetrat!"6 A /#%%1 re$tra!e &!&e ma1 *e a*%e t" carr1 thr#$t /"rce$ !tera%%1 w!th! the &!&e mater!a% w!th"#t tra$m!tt! etera% thr#$t t" the wa%% "/ the $tr#ct#re6
- Forces at gates
At $%#!ce ate$ a $%!e ate$. ate h"!$t$ ma1 !#ce $!!'cat %"a$ !t" the $tr#ct#re. !c%#! eccetr!c %"a! " wa%%$ where *racet$ "r c"r*e%$ are &r"3!e /"r $#&&"rt "/ 0""r $ta$6
464 4OINTS IN CONCRETE
• C&$t!'"t%&$ &%$t
C"$tr#ct!" >"!t$ are eera%%1 %"cate at at#ra% *rea$ ! c"crete &%acemet$. $#ch a$ *etwee wa%% a $%a* &%acemet$. a at !ter3a%$ t" %!m!t %eth a 3"%#me "/ c"crete &%acemet$6 M"3emet >"!t$ a%$" /#ct!" a$ e=ect!3e c"$tr#ct!" >"!t$. that !$. *rea$ ! c"crete &%acemet$6 U%e$$ "therw!$e "te "r $h"w. c"$tr#ct!" >"!t$ are t1&!ca%%1 e$!e /"r /#%% tra$/er "/ $tre$$e$ acr"$$ the >"!t6
Crac! ca "cc#r ! %" wa%% "r $%a* &%acemet$ #e t" the e=ect$ "/ therma% m"3emet$ a r1! $hr!ae ! c"m*!at!" w!th m"3emet re$tra!t$ " the e%emet6 The ma!m#m %eth "/ wa%% &%ace at "e t!me /"r c"3et!"a%%1 re!/"rce $tra!ht wa%%$ $h"#% #$#a%%1 "t ecee B9 /t (,< m). w!th 59 t" 79 /t ( t" ,7 m) *e! m"re c"mm"6
• M&;#$t &%$t

C"tract!" >"!t$ are "/te #$e t" !$$!&ate $hr!ae $tre$$e$ a t" c"tr"% crac!6 Where #$e. c"tract!" >"!t$ $h"#% *e %"cate at !ter3a%$ "t ecee! 59 /t ( m6 Shr!ae w!%% "cc#r rear%e$$ "/ the am"#t "/ re!/"rcemet &r"3!e h"we3er. the !crea$e re!/"rcemet te$ t" !$tr!*#te crac$ a %!m!t crac w!th$6 eca#$e crac$ "cc#r at wea &"!t$. the !tet "/ c"tract!" >"!t$ !$ t" c"cetrate /#%%-e&th crac$ at $&ec!'c %"cat!"$ where mea$#re$ ca *e tae t" &r"tect aa!$t %eaae6
Tw" t1&e$ "/ c"tract!" >"!t$. "w a$ /#%% a &art!a% c"tract!" >"!t$. are ! c"mm" #$e6 I /#%% c"tract!" >"!t$. a%% re!/"rcemet $h"#% *e term!ate 4 !6 (79 mm) c%ear "/ the >"!t6 I &art!a% c"tract!" >"!t$. at %ea$t 79 "/ the re!/"rcemet $h"#% *e term!ate 4 !6 (79 mm) c%ear "/ the >"!t. w!th the rema!er *e! c"t!#"#$ thr"#h the >"!t6
F#%% c"tract!" >"!t$ &r"3!e %e$$ re$tra!t aa!$t $hr!ae at the >"!t h"we3er. &art!a% c"tract!" >"!t$ &r"3!e $"me $hear tra$/er a %!m!t !=eret!a% m"3emet$ acr"$$ the >"!t #e t" &art!a% c"t!#!t1 "/ the re!/"rcemet6
- Expansion joints and isolation joints
E&a$!" >"!t$ a%%"w /"r therma% e&a$!" a act a$ e=ect!3e c"tract!" >"!t$6 E&a$!" >"!t$ te t" ha3e the m"$t &r"*%em$ w!th %"-term %eaae ! %!:#!-c"ta!met $tr#ct#re$. $" the!r #$ae $h"#% *e %!m!te6 E&a$!" >"!t$ are eera%%1 #$e ! 3er1 %" $tr#ct#re$ (t1&!ca%%1 "3er ,79 /t ;7 m ! %eth) "r where a*r#&t chae$ ! c"'#rat!" "r $#&&"rt "cc#r6
A%% e&a$!" >"!t$ $h"#% !c%#e $"me t1&e "/ &re/"rme c"m&re$$!*%e '%%er a a >"!t $ea%at at the %!:#! /ace6 I/ the $tr#ct#re m#$t *e %!:#!-t!ht. a $#!ta*%e water$t"& $h"#% *e !c%#e t" act a$ the &r!mar1 *arr!er aa!$t %eaae6The water$t"&. &re/"rme '%%er. a >"!t $ea%at $h"#% *e $e%ecte t" a%%"w /"r the at!c!&ate m"3emet a $h"#% *e $#!ta*%e /"r the $er3!ce e3!r"met6
I$"%at!" >"!t$ $er3e t" $e&arate &"rt!"$ "/ a $tr#ct#re. $#ch a$ *etwee 3!*rat! e:#!&met /"#at!"$ a *#!%! /"#at!"$ "r *etwee c"%#m /"#at!"$ a 0"at! $%a*$6 S#ch >"!t$ $h"#% !c%#e $"me t1&e "/ &re/"rme c"m&re$$!*%e '%%er a a >"!t $ea%at at the e&"$e /ace t" ee& !rt. e*r!$. a water /r"m eter! the >"!t. a$ we%% a$ a water$t"&. where re:#!re. /"r %!:#! t!hte$$6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS 4,

• Wat!t&
Water$t"&$ are re:#!re ! a%% t1&e$ "/ >"!t$ where %!:#! t!hte$$ !$ re:#!re6 R#**er water$t"&$ &erm!t the reate$t >"!t m"3emet a %a$t !e'!te%1 whe &%ace ! a ar a h#m! e3!r"met that !$ "t c"rr"$!3e t" r#**er6 "%13!1% ch%"r!e (C) water$t"&$ &erm!t $"mewhat %e$$ m"3emet tha r#**er *#t are %e$$ $e$!t!3e t" %!ht e&"$#re #r! c"$tr#ct!" a t" r1!6 A"ther a3atae "/ C water$t"&$ !$ the $!m&%!c!t1 "/ $&%!c! *1 a&&%1! heat6 The m!!m#m $!2e$ "/ e!ther t1&e "/ 0e!*%e water$t"& c"mm"%1 #$e ! e3!r"meta% $tr#ct#re$ !$ 5< !6 (,9 459 mm) /"r e&a$!" >"!t$ a ,; B !6 (B ,79 mm) /"r c"$tr#ct!" "r c"tract!" >"!t$6
• 4&%$t 8!
re/"rme >"!t '%%er $er3e$ #a% ta$$+ !t $er3e$ a$ a /"rm /"r the $ec" &%acemet "/ c"crete wh!%e &re$er3! the $&ace !t" wh!ch the c"crete ma1 !tr#e. a !t &re3et$ !rt a water /r"m '%%! the /"rme $&ace ! $er3!ce6 A !ea% >"!t '%%er w!%% &erm!t c"m&re$$!" t" ,4 !t$ "r!!a% w!th a w!%% re- e&a t" '%% the >"!t whe the a>acet mem*er$ c"tract6 C"r. r#**er. /"am. a "ther mater!a%$ c"/"rm! t" ASTM D ,97B a D ,74 are $at!$/act"r1 >"!t '%%er$6 I eera%. the$e >"!t '%%er$ are "t ca&a*%e "/ e&a! *e1" the!r !!t!a% w!th a re:#!re &rec"m&re$$!" t" eh!*!t e&a$!" character!$t!c$6 The e=ect "/ &rec"m&re$$!". h"we3er. ma1 *e re#ce w!th t!me #e t" re%aat!"6
• 4&%$t aa$t
Sea%at$ #$e ! m"3emet >"!t$ $h"#% *e &%ace " the %!:#! $!e a $h"#% *e $#!ta*%e /"r the $er3!ce e3!r"met. $#ch a$ $#*mere $er3!ce a e&"$#re t" wa$tewater a chem!ca%$6 Sea%at$ a >"!t '%%er$ $h"#% *e c"m&at!*%e w!th each "ther6 "!t $ea%at$ are "t e&ecte t" /#ct!" /"r the et!re %!/e "/ a $tr#ct#re6 Ower$ $h"#% *e a3!$e "/ the ee t" re&a!r. ma!ta!. a re$ea% >"!t$ w!th &r"&er $ea%at$ at &r"&er ma!teace !ter3a%$6 "!t $ea%at$ $h"#% "t *e re%!e " t" act a$ the &r!mar1 *arr!er t" %eaae ! c"ta!met $tr#ct#re$6
Where the m"3emet w!%% *e "t m"re tha 47 "/ the >"!t w!th. &"%1#rethae e%a$t"mer$. are $#!ta*%e >"!t $ea%at$6 The$e mater!a%$ are a3a!%a*%e ! tw" t1&e$+ $e%/-%e3e%! "r &"#ra*%e /"r h"r!2"ta% >"!t$. a "$a! /"r 3ert!ca% "r $%"&! >"!t$6 !t#m!"#$ >"!t '%%er$ $h"#% "t *e #$e ! c">#ct!" w!th &"%1#rethae $ea%at$. a$ the1 ma1 !m&a!r ahe$!"6
"%1$#%'e $ea%at$ are "t $#!ta*%e /"r #$e ! wa$tewater treatmet &%at$ *eca#$e the1 eera%%1 ha3e %"w re$!$tace t" the chem!ca% a *!"%"!ca% react!"$ !heret t" wa$tewater treatmet6 I a!t!". the chem!ca% react!"$ ece$$ar1 /"r the c#r! &r"ce$$ "/ the$e $ea%at$ are !m&ee *1 the &re$ece "/ m"!$t#re6

3. EROSION OF CONCRETE IN YDRAULIC STRUCTURES
(ACI 10R)
3.1. CAUSES OF EROSION
3.1.1. EROSION BY CAVITATION
• M"6a$%# &/ "a;%tat%&$
Ca3!tat!" !$ the /"rmat!" "/ *#**%e$ "r ca3!t!e$ ! a %!:#!6 I h1ra#%!c $tr#ct#re$. the %!:#! !$ water. a the ca3!t!e$ are '%%e w!th water 3a&"r a a!r6 The ca3!t!e$ /"rm where the %"ca% &re$$#re r"&$ t" a 3a%#e that w!%% ca#$e the water t" 3a&"r!2e at the &re3a!%! 0#! tem&erat#re6 F!#re , $h"w$ eam&%e$ "/ c"crete $#r/ace !rre#%ar!t!e$ wh!ch ca tr!er /"rmat!" "/ the$e ca3!t!e$6 The &re$$#re r"& ca#$e *1 the$e !rre#%ar!t!e$ !$ eera%%1 a*r#&t a !$ ca#$e *1 %"ca% h!h 3e%"c!t!e$ a c#r3e $tream%!e$6 Ca3!t!e$ "/te *e! t" /"rm ear c#r3e$ "r "=$et$ ! a 0"w *"#ar1 "r at the ceter$ "/ 3"rt!ce$6

Fig.1: Cavitation situations at surface irregularities
• Ca;%tat%&$ 9a#a
Ca3!tat!" *#**%e$ w!%% r"w a tra3e% w!th the 0"w! water t" a area where the &re$$#re 'e% w!%% ca#$e c"%%a&$e6 Ca3!tat!" amae ca *e! at that &"!t6 Whe a ca3!tat!" *#**%e c"%%a&$e$ "r !m&%"e$ c%"$e t" "r aa!$t a $"%! $#r/ace. a etreme%1 h!h &re$$#re !$ eerate. wh!ch act$ " a !'!te$!ma% area "/ the $#r/ace /"r a 3er1 $h"rt t!me &er!"6 A $#cce$$!" "/ the$e h!h-eer1 !m&act$ w!%% amae a%m"$t a1 $"%! mater!a%6 Te$t$ " $"/t meta% $h"w !!t!a% ca3!tat!" amae ! the /"rm "/ t!1 crater$6 A3ace $tae$ "/ amae $h"w a etreme%1 r"#h h"e1c"m* tet#re w!th $"me h"%e$ that &eetrate the th!ce$$ "/ the meta%6 Th!$ t1&e "/ &!tt! "/te "cc#r$ ! &#m& !m&e%%er$ a mar!e &r"&e%%er$6
The &r"re$$!" "/ ca3!tat!" er"$!" ! c"crete !$ "t a$ we%% "c#mete a$ !t !$ ! meta%$6 F"r *"th c%a$$e$ "/ mater!a%. h"we3er. the er"$!" &r"re$$e$ ra&!%1 a/ter a !!t!a% &er!" "/ e&"$#re $%!ht%1 r"#he$ the $#r/ace w!th t!1 crater$ "r &!t$6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS 4;

Fig. 2: Cavitation erosion of intake lock at point of tunnel contraction wall of a navigation
3.1.. EROSION BY ABRASION
• G$!a
A*ra$!" er"$!" amae re$#%t$ /r"m the a*ra$!3e e=ect$ "/ water*"re $!%t. $a. ra3e%. r"c$. !ce. a "ther e*r!$ !m&!! " a c"crete $#r/ace #r! "&erat!" "/ a h1ra#%!c $tr#ct#re6 A*ra$!" er"$!"6 I$ rea!%1 rec"!2e *1 the $m""th. w"r-a&&ear! c"crete $#r/ace. wh!ch !$ !$t!#!$he /r"m the $ma%% h"%e$ a &!t$ /"rme *1 ca3!tat!" er"$!"6 S&!%%wa1 a&r"$. $t!%%! *a$!$. $%#!cewa1$. ra!ae c"#!t$ "r c#%3ert$. a t#e% %!!$ are &art!c#%ar%1 $#$ce&t!*%e t" a*ra$!" er"$!"6 The rate "/ er"$!" !$ e&eet " a #m*er "/ /act"r$ !c%#! the $!2e. $ha&e. :#at!t1. a hare$$ "/ &art!c%e$ *e! tra$&"rte. the 3e%"c!t1 "/ the water. a the :#a%!t1 "/ the c"crete6 Wh!%e h!h-:#a%!t1 c"crete !$ ca&a*%e "/ re$!$t! h!h water 3e%"c!t!e$ /"r ma1 1ear$ w!th %!tt%e "r " amae. the c"crete ca"t w!th$ta the a*ra$!3e act!" "/ e*r!$ r!! "r re&eate%1 !m&act! " !t$ $#r/ace6 I $#ch ca$e$. a*ra$!" er"$!" ra! ! e&th /r"m a /ew !che$ (/ew cet!meter$) t" $e3era% /eet (a meter "r m"re) ca re$#%t e&e! " the 0"w c"!t!"$6
• St%%$ 7a%$ 9a#a
A t1&!ca% $t!%%! *a$! e$! !c%#e$ a "w$tream $!%% /r"m 5 t" 49 /t (, t" B m) h!h !tee t" create a &ermaet &""% t" a! ! eer1 !$$!&at!" "/ h!h-3e%"c!t1 0"w$6 U/"rt#ate%1. ! ma1 ca$e$ the$e &""%$ a%$" tra& r"c$ a e*r!$6 The $t!%%! *a$!$ at L!**1 a Dw"r$ha Dam$. h!h-hea h1r"e%ectr!c $tr#ct#re$. were er"e t" ma!m#m e&th$ "/ a&&r"!mate%1 B

a ,9 /t (4 a 5 m). re$&ect!3e%16 I the %atter ca$e. ear%1 4999 15 (,759 m5) "/ c"crete a *er"c were er"e /r"m the $t!%%! *a$!6
There are ma1 ca$e$ where the c"crete ! "#t%et w"r$ $t!%%! *a$!$ "/ %"w- hea $tr#ct#re$ ha$ a%$" eh!*!te a*ra$!" er"$!"6 Ch#te *%"c$ a *a@e$ w!th! the *a$! are &art!c#%ar%1 $#$ce&t!*%e t" a*ra$!" er"$!" *1 !rect !m&act "/ water*"re mater!a%$6
I m"$t ca$e$. a*ra$!" er"$!" amae ! $t!%%! *a$!$ ha$ *ee the re$#%t "/ "e "r m"re "/ the /"%%"w!+
a) C"$tr#ct!" !3er$!" 0"w$ thr"#h c"$tr!cte &"rt!"$ "/ the $t!%%! *a$!.
*) E1 c#rret$ create *1 !3er$!" 0"w$ "r &"werh"#$e !$chare$ a>acet t" the *a$!
c) c"$tr#ct!" act!3!t!e$ ! the 3!c!!t1 "/ the *a$!. &art!c#%ar%1 th"$e !3"%3! c"=eram$
) "$1mmetr!ca% !$chare$ !t" the *a$! e) $e&arat!" "/ 0"w a e1 act!" w!th! the *a$! $#c!et t" tra$&"rt
r!&ra& /r"m the e!t chae% !t" the *a$! /) /a!%#re t" c%ea *a$!$ a/ter c"m&%et!" "/ c"$tr#ct!" w"r. a ) t"&"ra&h1 "/ the "#t0"w chae%
Fig. : Erosion of stilling !asin "ooor sla!# $wors%ak $am
• Na;%at%&$ &" 9a#a
H1ra#%!c $tr#ct#re$ "ther tha $&!%%wa1$ are a%$" $#*>ect t" a*ra$!" er"$!" amae6 Whe U&&er St6 Ath"1 Fa%%$ a3!at!" %"c wa$ ewatere t" re&a!r a amae m!ter ate. a eam!at!" "/ the '%%! a em&t1! %atera%$ a !$chare %atera%$ re3ea%e c"$!era*%e a*ra$!" er"$!"6 Th!$ er"$!" "/ the c"crete t" ma!m#m e&th$ "/ 45 !6 (7<9 mm) wa$ ca#$e *1 r"c$ #& t" ,< !6 (;B9 mm) ! !ameter. wh!ch ha etere the %atera%$. a&&aret%1 #r! !$chare "/ the 0"" "/ rec"r thr"#h the %"c cham*er6 S#*$e:#et '%%!
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS 4B

a em&t1! "/ the %"c #r! "rma% "&erat!" a!tate th"$e r"c$. ca#$! them t" er"e the c"crete *1 r!!6
• T'$$ %$%$ 9a#a
C"crete t#e% %!!$ are $#$ce&t!*%e t" a*ra$!" er"$!" amae. &art!c#%ar%1 whe the water carr!e$ %are :#at!t!e$ "/ $a. ra3e%. r"c$. a "ther e*r!$6 There ha3e *ee ma1 !$tace$ where the c"crete ! *"th tem&"rar1 a &ermaet !3er$!" t#e%$ ha$ e&er!ece a*ra$!" er"$!" amae6 Geera%%1. the t#e% 0""r "r !3ert !$ the m"$t hea3!%1 amae6
3.1.3. EROSION BY CEMICAL ATTAC@
• S&'!" &/ "6#%"a atta"
The c"m&"#$ &re$et ! haree "rt%a cemet are attace *1 water a *1 ma1 $a%t a ac! $"%#t!"$ /"rt#ate%1. ! m"$t h1ra#%!c $tr#ct#re$. the e%eter!"#$ act!" " a ma$$ "/ haree "rt%a cemet c"crete w!th a %"w &ermea*!%!t1 !$ $" $%"w !t !$ #!m&"rtat6 H"we3er. there are $!t#at!"$ where chem!ca% attac ca *ec"me $er!"#$ a acce%erate eter!"rat!" a er"$!" "/ the c"crete6
Ac!!c e3!r"met$ ca re$#%t ! eter!"rat!" "/ e&"$e c"crete $#r/ace$6 The ac!!c e3!r"met ma1 rae /r"m %"w ac! c"cetrat!"$ /"# ! m!era%-/ree water t" h!h ac! c"cetrat!"$ /"# ! ma1 &r"ce$$! &%at$6 A%a%! e3!r"met$ ca a%$" ca#$e c"crete eter!"rat!"6 I the &re$ece "/ m"!$t#re. a%a%! $"!%$ c"ta!! $#%/ate$ "/ mae$!#m. $"!#m. a ca%c!#m attac c"crete. /"rm! chem!ca% c"m&"#$ wh!ch !m*!*e water a $we%%. a ca amae the c"crete6
H1r"e $#%'e c"rr"$!". a /"rm "/ ac! attac. !$ c"mm" ! $e&t!c $a!tar1 $1$tem$6 Uer certa! c"!t!"$ th!$ c"rr"$!" ca *e 3er1 $e3ere a ca#$e ear%1 /a!%#re "/ a $a!tar1 $1$tem6
• E!&%&$ 7? #%$!a-/! t!
H1rate %!me !$ "e "/ the c"m&"#$ /"rme whe cemet a water c"m*!e6 It !$ rea!%1 !$$"%3e *1 water a m"re are$$!3e%1 !$$"%3e *1 &#re m!era%- /ree water. /"# ! $"me m"#ta! $tream$6 D!$$"%3e car*" !"!e !$ c"ta!e ! $"me /re$h water$ ! $#c!et :#at!t1 t" mae the

water $%!ht%1 ac!!c a a t" !t$ are$$!3ee$$6 Sca!a3!a c"#tr!e$ ha3e re&"rte $er!"#$ attac$ *1 /re$h water. *"th " e&"$e c"crete $#r/ace$ a !ter!"r $#r/ace$ "/ c"#!t$ where &"r"$!t1 "r crac$ ha3e &r"3!e acce$$6 I the U!te State$. there are ma1 !$tace$ where the $#r/ace "/ the c"crete ha$ *ee etche *1 /re$h water 0"w! "3er !t6
• E!&%&$ 7? #%"a$&' "a'
- &cidic environments
Deca1! 3eetat!" !$ the m"$t /re:#et $"#rce "/ ac!!t1 ! at#ra% water$6 Dec"m&"$!t!" "/ certa! m!era%$ ma1 *e a $"#rce "/ ac!!t1 ! $"me %"ca%!t!e$6 R#! water that ha$ a &H a$ %"w a$ B67 w!%% %each %!me /r"m c"crete. re#c! !t$ $treth a ma! !t m"re &"r"#$ a %e$$ re$!$tat t" /ree2! a thaw! a "ther chem!ca% attac6 The am"#t "/ %!me %eache /r"m c"crete !$ a /#ct!" "/ the area e&"$e a the 3"%#me "/ c"crete6 Th!. $ma%%-!ameter ra!$ w!%% eter!"rate ! a /ew 1ear$ whe e&"$e t" m!%%1 ac!!c water$. wherea$ th!c &!&e a ma$$!3e $tr#ct#re$ w!%% "t *e amae $!!'cat%1 /"r ma1 1ear$ #er the $ame e&"$#re. &r"3!e the c"3er "3er the re!/"rc! $tee% meet$ "rma% e$! $taar$6
Water$ 0"w! /r"m &eat *e$ ma1 ha3e a &H a$ %"w a$ 76 Ac! "/ th!$ $treth w!%% are$$!3e%1 attac c"crete. a /"r th!$ rea$". whe c"3e1ace$ /"r r"# water are *e! e$!e. the are$$!3ee$$ "/ the water $h"#% *e te$te t" eterm!e !t$ c"m&at!*!%!t1 w!th the c"crete6 Th!$ !$ &art!c#%ar%1 tr#e ! &re$$#re c"#!t$6
- 'acterial action
M"$t "/ the %!terat#re are$$! the &r"*%em "/ eter!"rat!" "/ c"crete re$#%t! /r"m *acter!a% act!" ha$ e3"%3e *eca#$e "/ the reat !m&act "/ th!$ c"rr"$!3e mecha!$m " c"crete $ewer $1$tem$6 Th!$ !$ a $er!"#$ &r"*%em wh!ch. a$ R!" a ear$%e1 (,7<) "*$er3e. "cc#r$ m"re rea!%1 ! warm c%!mate$ $#ch a$ Ca%!/"r!a. USA A#$tra%!a a S"#th A/r!ca6 Th!$ &r"*%em a%$" "cc#r$ at the term!#$ "/ %" &#m&e $ewae /"rce ma!$ ! the "rther c%!mate$6
S#%/#r-re#c! *acter!a *e%" t" the e#$ "/ *acter!a that er!3e$ the eer1 /"r !t$ %!/e &r"ce$$e$ /r"m the re#ct!" "/ $"me e%emet "ther tha car*". $#ch a$ !tr"e. $#%/#r. "r !r" (R!" a ear$%e1 ,7<)6 S"me "/ the$e *acter!a are a*%e t" re#ce the $#%/ate$ that are &re$et ! at#ra% water$ a &r"#ce h1r"e $#%'e a$ a wa$te &r"#ct6 The$e *acter!a. a$ $tate *1 Wet2e% (,7). are aaer"*!c6
The ma! c"crete c"rr"$!" &r"*%em ! a $ewer. there/"re. !$ chem!ca% attac *1 th!$ $#%/#r!c ac! wh!ch acc#m#%ate$ ! the cr"w "/ the $ewer6 I/"rmat!" !$ a3a!%a*%e wh!ch ma1 ea*%e the e$!er t" e$!. c"$tr#ct. a "&erate a $ewer $" that the e3e%"&met "/ $#%/#r!c ac! !$ re#ce6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS 4<

3.. CONTROL OF EROSION

U%$ a!at%&$ t& "&$t!& 9a#a
La*"rat"r1 a 'e% te$t$ ha3e $h"w that $#r/ace !rre#%ar!t!e$ w!%% "t ca#$e ca3!tat!" amae !/ the a!rwater rat!" ! the %a1er$ "/ water ear the $"%! *"#ar1 !$ a*"#t < &ercet *1 3"%#me6 The a!r ! the water $h"#% *e !$tr!*#te rather #!/"rm%1 ! $ma%% *#**%e$6 Whe ca%c#%at!"$ $h"w that 0"w w!th"#t aerat!" !$ %!e%1 t" ca#$e amae. "r whe amae t" a $tr#ct#re ha$ "cc#rre a aerat!" a&&ear$ t" *e a reme1. the &r"*%em !$ #a%+
a) the a!r m#$t *e !tr"#ce !t" the 0"w! water a *) a &"rt!" "/ that a!r m#$t rema! ear the 0"wc"crete *"#ar1 where
!t w!%% *e #$e/#%6
The m!rat!" "/ a!r *#**%e$ !3"%3e$ tw" &r!c!&%e$+
a) *#**%e$ ! water m"3e ! a !rect!" "/ ecrea$! water &re$$#re. a *) t#r*#%ece !$&er$e$ *#**%e$ /r"m re!"$ "/ h!h a!r c"cetrat!"
t"war re!"$ "/ %"w c"cetrat!"6
Whe aerat!" !$ re:#!re. a!r #$#a%%1 m#$t *e !tr"#ce at the *"tt"m "/ the 0"w6 The$e *#**%e$ ra#a%%1 m"3e awa1 /r"m the 0""r ! $&!te "/ the teec1 /"r t#r*#%et !$&er$!" t" h"% them "w6 At the &"!t where !$#c!et a!r !$ ! the 0"w t" &r"tect the c"crete /r"m amae. a $#*$e:#et $"#rce "/ *"tt"m a!r m#$t *e &r"3!e6

Fig. (: )*pes of aerators

• Mat!%a
A%th"#h &r"&er mater!a% $e%ect!" ca !crea$e the ca3!tat!" re$!$tace "/ c"crete. the "%1 t"ta%%1 e=ect!3e $"%#t!" !$ t" re#ce "r e%!m!ate the /act"r$ that tr!er ca3!tat!". *eca#$e e3e the $tr"e$t mater!a%$ ca"t w!th$ta the /"rce$ "/ ca3!tat!" !e'!te%16 The !c#%t1 !$ that ! the re&a!r "/ amae $tr#ct#re$. the re#ct!" "r e%!m!at!" "/ ca3!tat!" ma1 *e 3er1 !c#%t a c"$t%16 The et *e$t $"%#t!" !$ t" re&%ace the amae c"crete w!th m"re er"$!"-re$!$tat mater!a%$6 I area$ "/ ew e$! where ca3!tat!" !$ e&ecte t" "cc#r. e$!er$ ma1 !c%#e the h!her :#a%!t1 mater!a%$ #r! the !!t!a% c"$tr#ct!" "r !c%#e &r"3!$!"$ /"r $#*$e:#et re&a!r$ ! $er3!ce6 F"r eam&%e. ! ma1 !$ta%%at!"$. $ta!%e$$ $tee% %!er$ are !$ta%%e " the c"crete &er!meter "w$tream "/ $%!e ate$ t" re$!$t the ama! e=ect$ "/ ca3!tat!"6 The$e %!er$. a%th"#h :#!te #ra*%e. ma1 &!t a e3et#a%%1 ha3e t" *e re&%ace6
The ca3!tat!" re$!$tace "/ c"crete where a*ra$!" !$ "t a /act"r ca *e !crea$e *1 #$! a &r"&er%1 e$!e %"w water-cemet rat!". h!h-$treth c"crete6 The #$e "/ areate " %arer tha , !6 (5< mm) "m!a% ma!m#m $!2e !$ rec"mmee. a the #$e "/ water-re#c! am!t#re$ a ch!%%e c"crete ha$ &r"3e *ee'c!a%6 Har. e$e areate a "" *" *etwee areate a m"rtar are e$$et!a% t" ach!e3! !crea$e ca3!tat!" re$!$tace6
Ca3!tat!"-amae area$ ha3e *ee $#cce$$/#%%1 re&a!re #$! $tee% '*er re!/"rce c"crete6 Th!$ mater!a% eh!*!t$ "" !m&act re$!$tace ece$$ar1 t" re$!$t the ma1 t!1 &"!t %"a$ a a&&ear$ t" a$$!$t ! arre$t! crac! a !$!terat!" "/ the c"crete matr!6 The #$e "/ &"%1mer$ a$ a matr! *!er "r a $#r/ace *!er ha$ a%$" *ee /"# t" !m&r"3e $#*$tat!a%%1 the ca3!tat!" re$!$tace "/ *"th c"3et!"a% a '*er-re!/"rce c"crete6
S"me c"at!$. $#ch a$ e"&ree "r &"%1#rethae. ha3e e=ect!3e%1 re#ce ca3!tat!" amae t" c"crete. *#t $!ce ear-&er/ect ahe$!" t" the c"crete !$ maat"r1. the #$e "/ $#ch c"at!$ !$ "t c"mm"6 Oce there !$ a tear "r a ch!& ! the c"at!. the et!re c"at! !$ $"" &ee%e "=6
• C&$t!'"t%&$ !a"t%"
C"$tr#ct!" &ract!ce$ are "/ &aram"#t !m&"rtace whe h1ra#%!c $#r/ace$ ma1 *e e&"$e t" h!h-3e%"c!t1 0"w. &art!c#%ar%1 !/ aerat!" e3!ce$ are "t !c"r&"rate ! e$!6 S#ch $#r/ace$ m#$t *e a$ $m""th a$ ca *e &ract!ca%%1 "*ta!e6 S#r/ace !m&er/ect!"$ a e'c!ec!e$ ha3e *ee "w t" ca#$e ca3!tat!" amae at 0"w 3e%"c!t!e$ a$ %"w a$ 4B /t$ec (< m$ec)6 O=$et$ " reater tha !6 (5 mm) ! he!ht ha3e *ee "w t" ca#$e ca3!tat!" amae at 0"w 3e%"c!t!e$ a$ %"w a$ <4 /t$ec (47 m$ec)6 atch! re&a!r$ !m&r"&er%1 mae at the t!me "/ c"$tr#ct!" ha3e *ee "w t" /a!% #er the $tre$$ "/ water 0"w "r /"r "ther rea$"$. there*1 &r"3!! the $#r/ace
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS 5,

!m&er/ect!"$ wh!ch tr!ere ca3!tat!" amae t" the c"crete /arther "w$tream6
I/ the &"tet!a% /"r ca3!tat!" amae e!$t$. care $h"#% *e tae ! &%ac! the re!/"rcemet6 The *ar$ c%"$e$t t" the $#r/ace $h"#% *e &%ace &ara%%e% t" the !rect!" "/ 0"w $" a$ t" "=er the %ea$t re$!$tace t" 0"w ! the e3et that er"$!" reache$ the e&th "/ the re!/"rcemet6 Ete$!3e amae ha$ *ee e&er!ece where the re!/"rcemet ear the $#r/ace !$ "rma% t" the !rect!" "/ 0"w6
Where &"$$!*%e. tra$3er$e >"!t$ ! c"crete c"#!t$ "r ch#te$ $h"#% *e m!!m!2e6 The$e >"!t$ are eera%%1 ! a %"cat!" where the reate$t &r"*%em e!$t$ ! ma!ta!! a c"t!#"#$%1 $m""th h1ra#%!c $#r/ace6 Oe c"$tr#ct!" tech!:#e wh!ch ha$ &r"3e $at!$/act"r1 ! &%acemet "/ rea$"a*%1 $m""th h1ra#%!c $#r/ace$ !$ the tra3e%! $%!&/"rm $cree6 Th!$ tech!:#e ca *e a&&%!e t" t#e% !3ert$ a t" $&!%%wa1 ch#te $%a*$6
3... CONTROL OF ABRASION EROSION

?9!a'%" "&$%9!at%&$
Uer a&&r"&r!ate 0"w c"!t!"$ a tra$&"rt "/ e*r!$. a%% "/ the c"$tr#ct!" mater!a%$ c#rret%1 *e! #$e ! h1ra#%!c $tr#ct#re$ are t" $"me eree $#$ce&t!*%e t" a*ra$!"6 Wh!%e !m&r"3emet$ ! mater!a%$ $h"#% re#ce the rate "/ amae. the$e a%"e w!%% "t $"%3e the &r"*%em6 Ut!% the a3er$e h1ra#%!c c"!t!"$ wh!ch ca ca#$e a*ra$!" er"$!" amae are m!!m!2e "r e%!m!ate. !t !$ etreme%1 !c#%t /"r a1 "/ the c"$tr#ct!" mater!a%$ c#rret%1 *e! #$e t" &er/"rm ! the e$!re maer6 r!"r t" c"$tr#ct!" "r re&a!r "/ ma>"r $tr#ct#re$. h1ra#%!c m"e% $t#!e$ "/ the $tr#ct#re $h"#% *e c"#cte t" !et!/1 &"tet!a% ca#$e$ "/ er"$!" amae a e3a%#ate the e=ect!3ee$$ "/ 3ar!"#$ m"!'cat!"$ ! e%!m!at! th"$e #e$!ra*%e h1ra#%!c c"!t!"$6 I/ the m"e% te$t re$#%t$ !!cate !t !$ !m&ract!ca% t" e%!m!ate the #e$!ra*%e h1ra#%!c c"!t!"$. &r"3!$!"$ $h"#% *e mae ! e$! t" m!!m!2e /#t#re amae6 F"r eam&%e. "" e$! &ract!ce$ $h"#% c"$!er the /"%%"w! mea$#re$ ! the c"$tr#ct!" "r re&a!r "/ $t!%%! *a$!$+
a) Ic%#e &r"3!$!"$ $#ch a$ e*r!$ tra&$ "r %"w !3!$!" wa%%$ t" m!!m!2e c!rc#%at!" "/ e*r!$6
*) A3"! #$e "/ *a@e$ wh!ch are c"ecte t" $t!%%! *a$! wa%%$6 A%terat!3e%1. c"$!er! the!r $#$ce&t!*!%!t1 t" er"$!". a3"! #$e "/ a&&#rteace$ $#ch a$ ch#te *%"c$ a *a@e$ a%t"ether whe the e$! mae$ th!$ &"$$!*%e6
c) U$e m"e% te$t$ /"r e$! a eta!%! "/ the term!#$ "/ the $t!%%! *a$! a the e!t chae%. $" a$ t" ma!m!2e 0#$h! "/ the $t!%%! *a$! a t" m!!m!2e chace$ "/ e*r!$ /r"m the e!t chae% eter! the *a$!6
• Mat!%a

A #m*er "/ mater!a%$ a tech!:#e$ ha3e *ee #$e ! the c"$tr#ct!" a re&a!r "/ $tr#ct#re$ $#*>ecte t" a*ra$!" er"$!" amae. w!th 3ar1! eree$ "/ $#cce$$6 The eree "/ $#cce$$ !$ !3er$e%1 &r"&"rt!"a% t" the eree "/ e&"$#re t" th"$e c"!t!"$ c"#c!3e t" er"$!" amae6 N" $!%e mater!a% ha$ $h"w c"$!$tet%1 $#&er!"r &er/"rmace whe c"m&are t" "ther$6 Im&r"3emet$ ! mater!a%$ are e&ecte t" re#ce the rate "/ c"crete amae #e t" a*ra$!" er"$!"6 The /"%%"w! /act"r$ $h"#% *e c"$!ere whe $e%ect! a*ra$!"-re$!$tat mater!a%$6
A*ra$!"-re$!$tat c"crete $h"#% !c%#e the %are$t ma!m#m $!2e areate &art!c%e. the ma!m#m am"#t "/ the hare$t a3a!%a*%e c"ar$e areate a the %"we$t &ract!ca% water-cemet!t!"#$ mater!a% rat!"6 The a*ra$!"- er"$!" re$!$tace "/ c"crete c"ta!! chert areate ha$ *ee $h"w t" *e a&&r"!mate%1 tw!ce that "/ c"crete c"ta!! %!me$t"e6 G!3e a "". har areate. a1 &ract!ce that &r"#ce$ a $tr"er &a$te $tr#ct#re w!%% !crea$e a*ra$!"-er"$!" re$!$tace6 I $"me ca$e$ where har areate wa$ "t a3a!%a*%e. h!h-rae water-re#c! am!t#re$ a $!%!ca /#me ha3e *ee #$e t" e3e%"& 3er1 $tr" c"crete-that !$. c"crete w!th a c"m&re$$!3e $treth "/ a*"#t ,7.999 &$! (,99 Ma)6
Stee% '*er-re!/"rce c"crete t1&!ca%%1 ha$ m"re &a$te a m"rtar &er #!t 3"%#me "/ c"crete. a there/"re %e$$ c"ar$e areate tha c"m&ara*%e c"3et!"a% c"crete6 C"$e:#et%1. '*er-re!/"rce c"crete w"#% *e e&ecte t" ha3e a %"wer re$!$tace t" a*ra$!"-er"$!" c"m&are t" c"3et!"a% c"crete6 I %a*"rat"r1 te$t$. the a*ra$!" %"$$ "/ a rae "/ '*er- re!/"rce c"crete m!t#re$ wa$ c"$!$tet%1 h!her tha that "/ c"3et!"a% c"crete m!t#re$ w!th the $ame water-cemet rat!" a areate t1&e6 H"we3er. the !m&r"3e !m&act $treth "/ '*er-re!/"rce c"crete ma1 *e e&ecte t" re#ce c"crete $&a%%! where %are e*r!$ !$ *e! tra$&"rte *1 h!h 3e%"c!t1 0"w6
The a*ra$!"-er"$!" re$!$tace "/ 3ac##m-treate c"crete. &"%1mer c"crete. &"%1mer-!m&reate c"crete. a &"%1mer-&"rt%a cemet c"crete !$ $!!'cat%1 $#&er!"r t" that "/ c"m&ara*%e c"3et!"a% c"crete6 Th!$ !$ attr!*#te t" a $tr"er cemet matr!6 The !crea$e c"$t$ a$$"c!ate w!th mater!a%$. &r"#ct!". a &%ac! "/ the$e a a1 "ther $&ec!a% c"crete$ ! c"m&ar!$" w!th c"3et!"a% c"crete $h"#% *e c"$!ere #r! the e3a%#at!" &r"ce$$6
Se3era% t1&e$ "/ $#r/ace c"at!$ ha3e eh!*!te "" a*ra$!"-er"$!" re$!$tace ! %a*"rat"r1 te$t$6 The$e !c%#e &"%1#rethae$. e&"1-re$! m"rtar. /#ra-re$! m"rtar. acr1%!c m"rtar. a !r"-areate t"&&!$6 r"*%em$ ! 'e% a&&%!cat!" "/ $#r/ace c"at!$ ha3e *ee re&"rte6 The$e ha3e *ee #e &r!mar!%1 t" !m&r"&er $#r/ace &re&arat!" "r therma% !c"m&at!*!%!t1 *etwee c"at!$ a c"crete6
3..3. CONTROL OF EROSION BY CEMICAL ATTAC@

C&$t!& &/ !&%&$ 7? #%$!a-/! at!
The m!% ac! attac &"$$!*%e w!th &#re water rare%1 e3e%"&$ !t" eter!"rat!" that ca ca#$e $e3ere $tr#ct#ra% amae6 Geera%%1. the m!era%-/ree water w!%% %each m"rtar " $#r/ace$ e&"$e t" th!$ water6 Th!$ ca *e $ee " e&"$e $#r/ace$ a at >"!t$ a crac$ ! c"crete $ect!"$6 A$ the $#r/ace m"rtar !$ %eache /r"m the c"crete. m"re c"ar$e areate !$ e&"$e. wh!ch at#ra%%1 ecrea$e$ the am"#t "/ m"rtar e&"$e6 W!th %e$$ m"rtar e&"$e. %e$$ %each! "cc#r$. a hece ma>"r $tr#ct#ra% &r"*%em$ " "t #$#a%%1 re$#%t6 The ra#a% er"$!" "/ the %eache m"rtar ca *e m!!m!2e *1 #$e "/ $&ec!a% cemet$. a!t!" "/ &"22"%a t" m!e$. "r #$e "/ a 3ar!et1 "/ &r"tect!3e c"at!$ a $ea%at$ a&&%!e t" c"crete $#r/ace$6
• C&$t!& &/ !&%&$ /!&# 7a"t!%a a"t%&$
C"crete c"#!t$ ha3e $er3e ! $ewer $1$tem$ /"r ma1 1ear$ w!th"#t $er!"#$ amae where the $1$tem$ were &r"&er%1 e$!e a "&erate6 The m!!m#m ae:#ate 3e%"c!t1 "/ 0"w ! the $ewer /"r the $treth a tem&erat#re "/ the $ewae !$ #$#a%%1 4 /t$ec (96B m$ec)6 r"3!! th!$ 3e%"c!t1 w!th"#t ece$$!3e t#r*#%ece a &r"3!! &r"&er 3et!%at!" "/ the $ewer w!%% eera%%1 &re3et er"$!" *1 *acter!a% act!"6 T#r*#%ece !$ t" *e
a3"!e *eca#$e !t !$ a H 2 S re%ea$! mecha!$m6 Where c"!t!"$ are
$#ch that eerat!" "/ H 2 S ca"t *e t"ta%%1 e%!m!ate *1 the e$! "/
the $1$tem. the "ther mea$ ma1 *e a&&%!e. $#ch a$+
,) #$! h1r"e &er"!e "r ch%"r!e c"m&"#$ t" c"3ert the H 2 S
4) !tr"#c! c"m&re$$e a!r t" ee& $ewae /re$h a there*1 &re3et the e3e%"&met "/ the aaer"*!c e3!r"met
5) #$! a ac!-re$!$tat &!&e $#ch a$ 3!tr!'e c%a1 "r &"%13!1% ch%"r!e (C) &!&e
;) #$! ac!-re$!$t! %!er$ " the cr"w "/ $ewer$ a"r

- &cid environments
N" ,ortland cemet c"crete. rear%e$$ "/ !t$ "ther !re!et$. w!%% w!th$ta attac /r"m water "/ h!h ac! c"cetrat!"6 Where $tr" ac! c"rr"$!" !$ !!cate. "ther c"$tr#ct!" mater!a%$ "r a a&&r"&r!ate $#r/ace c"3er! "r treatmet $h"#% *e #$e6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS 5;

3.3. MAINTENANCE AND RE+AIR OF EROSION
3.3.1. RE+AIR METODS AND MATERIALS
Mt6&9 a$9 #at!%a
- -teel plating
I$ta%%! $ta!%e$$ $tee% %!er &%ate$ " c"crete $#r/ace$ $#*>ect t" ca3!tat!" er"$!" ha$ *ee a eera%%1 $#cce$$/#% meth" "/ &r"tect! the c"crete aa!$t ca3!tat!" er"$!"6 C"%ateV$ (,) $t#!e$ $h"w $ta!%e$$ $tee% t" *e a*"#t /"#r t!me$ m"re re$!$tat t" ca3!tat!" amae tha "r!ar1 c"crete6 The c#rret%1 &re/erre $ta!%e$$ mater!a% !$ ASTM A ,B. S59;95 (/"rmer%1 SS59;L). /r"m the $ta&"!t "/ ece%%et c"rr"$!" a ca3!tat!" re$!$tace. a we%a*!%!t16 The $tee% &%ate$ m#$t *e $ec#re%1 ach"re ! &%ace a *e $#c!et%1 $t!= t" m!!m!2e the e=ect$ "/ 3!*rat!"6 !*rat!" "/ the %!er &%ate ca %ea t" /ract#r! a e3et#a% /a!%#re "/ the #er%1! c"crete "r /a!%#re "/ the ach"r$6 Gr"#t! *eh! the &%ate$ t" &re3et 3!*rat!" !$ rec"mmee6 U/"rt#ate%1. the $tee% &%at! ma1 h!e ear%1 $!$ "/ c"crete !$tre$$6
Th!$ re&a!r meth". %!e ma1 "ther$. treat$ "%1 the $1m&t"m "/ er"$!" a e3et#a%%1. !/ the ca3!tat!" !$ "t re#ce "r e%!m!ate. the $tee% !t$e%/ ma1 *ec"me amae *1 &!tt!6
- Epox* resins
Re$!$ are at#ra% "r $1thet!c. $"%! "r $em!$"%! "ra!c mater!a%$ "/ h!h m"%ec#%ar we!ht6 E&"!e$ are "e t1&e "/ re$!6 The$e mater!a%$ are t1&!ca%%1 #$e ! &re&arat!" "/ $&ec!a% c"at!$ "r ahe$!3e$ "r a$ *!er$ ! e&"1- re$! m"rtar$ a c"crete$6 Se3era% 3ar!et!e$ "/ re$! $1$tem$ are r"#t!e%1 #$e /"r the re&a!r "/ c"crete $tr#ct#re$6 ACI 795R e$cr!*e$ the &r"&ert!e$. #$e$. &re&arat!"$. m!t#re$. a&&%!cat!". a ha%! re:#!remet$ /"r e&"1 re$! $1$tem$6
The m"$t c"mm" #$e "/ e&"1 c"m&"#$ !$ ! *"! ahe$!3e$6 E&"!e$ w!%% *" t" m"$t *#!%! mater!a%$. w!th the &"$$!*%e ece&t!" "/ $"me &%a$t!c$6 T1&!ca% a&&%!cat!"$ !c%#e the *"! "/ /re$h c"crete t" e!$t! c"crete6 E&"!e$ ca *e #$e a%$" /"r *"! r1-&ac mater!a%. '*er re!/"rce c"crete. &"%1mer c"crete$. a $"me %ate-m"!'e c"crete$ t" haree c"crete6 E&"1 /"rm#%at!"$ ha3e *ee e3e%"&e recet%1 wh!ch w!%% *" t" am& c"crete a e3e *" t" c"crete #er water6 There are ca$e h!$t"r!e$ "/ $#cce$$/#% #$e$ "/ the$e mater!a%$ ! h1ra#%!c $tr#ct#re$6 T" he%& a$$#re &r"&er $e%ect!" a #$e "/ mater!a%$. c"$#%tat!" w!th &r"#ct re&re$etat!3e$ !$ a3!$e *e/"re a e&"1 !$ $&ec!'e "r &r"c#re6 ASTM C <<, !$ a $&ec!'cat!" /"r e&"1 *"! $1$tem$ #$e/#% ! c"crete re&a!r$. a ACI 79564 c"3er$ e&"1 *"! ! re&a!r w"r6

E&er!ece ha$ $h"w that the a&&%!cat!" "/ e&"!e$ ca create $er!"#$ &r"*%em$ ! area$ "/ h!h-3e%"c!t1 0"w6 I/ the '!$he $#r/ace ha$ a 3er1 $m""th "r %a$$1 tet#re. 0"w at the *"#ar1 ca *e !$r#&te a ma1 ha3e the e=ect "/ a e"metr!c !rre#%ar!t1 wh!ch c"#% tr!er ca3!tat!"6 Th!$ tet#re &r"*%em ca *e m!!m!2e *1 #$! $&ec!a% '!$h! tech!:#e$ a"r !m&r"3! the $#r/ace tet#re "/ the &atch w!th $a
- &cr*lics and ot%er pol*mer s*stems
There are three ma! wa1$ ! wh!ch &"%1mer$ ha3e *ee !c"r&"rate !t" c"crete t" &r"#ce a mater!a% w!th !m&r"3e &r"&ert!e$ a$ c"m&are t" c"3et!"a% &"rt%a cemet c"crete6 The$e are &"%1mer-!m&reate c"crete (IC). &"%1mer-&"rt%a cemet c"crete (CC). a &"%1mer c"crete (C)6
"%1mer-!m&reate c"crete (IC) !$ a h1rate "rt%a-cemet c"crete that ha$ *ee !m&reate w!th a m""mer wh!ch !$ $#*$e:#et%1 &"%1mer!2e ! $!t#6 1 e=ect!3e%1 ca$e hare! the c"crete $#r/ace. !m&reat!" &r"tect$ $tr#ct#re$ aa!$t the /"rce$ "/ ca3!tat!" a a*ra$!" er"$!"6 The e&th "/ m""mer &eetrat!" e&e$ " the &"r"$!t1 "/ the c"crete a the &r"ce$$ a &re$$#re #er wh!ch the m""mer !$ a&&%!e6 I a!t!" t" "t! that the$e mater!a%$ are :#!te c"$t%1. the e!eer !$ ca#t!"e that $"me m""mer $1$tem$ ca *e ha2ar"#$ a that m""mer $1$tem$ re:#!re care ! ha%! a $h"#% *e a&&%!e "%1 *1 $!%%e w"rme e&er!ece ! the!r #$e6
"%1mer &"rt%a cemet c"crete (CC) !$ mae *1 the a!t!" "/ water- $!&er$!*%e &"%1mer$ !rect%1 !t" wet c"crete m!6 CC. c"m&are t" c"3et!"a% c"crete. ha$ h!her $treth. !crea$e 0e!*!%!t1. !m&r"3e ahe$!". $#&er!"r a*ra$!" a !m&act re$!$tace. a #$#a%%1 *etter /ree2e- thaw &er/"rmace a !m&r"3e #ra*!%!t16 The$e &r"&ert!e$ ca 3ar1 c"$!era*%1 e&e! " the t1&e "/ &"%1mer *e! #$e6 The m"$t c"mm"%1 #$e CC !$ %ate-m"!'e c"crete (LMC)6 Late !$ a !$&er$!" "/ "ra!c &"%1mer &art!c%e$ ! water6 T1&!ca%%1. the 'e areate a cemet /act"r$ are h!her /"r CC tha /"r "rma% c"crete6
"%1mer c"crete (C) !$ a m!t#re "/ 'e a c"ar$e areate w!th a &"%1mer #$e a$ the *!er6 Th!$ re$#%t$ ! ra&!-$ett! mater!a% w!th "" chem!ca% re$!$tace a ece&t!"a% *"! character!$t!c$6 S" /ar. &"%1mer c"crete ha$ ha %!m!te #$e ! %are-$ca%e re&a!r "/ h1ra#%!c $tr#ct#re$ *eca#$e "/ the e&e$e "/ %are 3"%#me$ "/ &"%1mer /"r *!er6 Therma% c"m&at!*!%!t1 w!th the &aret c"crete $h"#% *e c"$!ere *e/"re #$! the$e mater!a%$6
"%1mer c"crete$ are '! a&&%!cat!" a$ c"crete re&a!r mater!a%$ /"r &atche$ a "3er%a1$. a a$ &reca$t e%emet$ /"r re&a!r "/ amae $#r/ace$6 F!e% te$t !$ta%%at!"$ w!th &reca$t C ha3e *ee mae " &ara&et wa%%$ at Deaw"" Dam. Iah". a a$ a re&a!r "/ ca3!tat!" a a*ra$!" amae ! the $t!%%! *a$! "/ Amer!ca Fa%%$ Dam6
DESING OF HYDRAULICS WORKS 5B

• -ilicafume concrete
La*"rat"r1 te$t$ ha3e $h"w that the a!t!" "/ a a&&r"&r!ate am"#t "/ $!%!ca /#me a a h!h-rae water-re#c! am!t#re t" a c"crete m!t#re w!%% reat%1 !crea$e c"m&re$$!3e $treth6 Th!$. ! t#r. !crea$e$ a*ra$!"- er"$!" re$!$tace6 A$ a re$#%t "/ the$e te$t$. c"crete$ c"ta!! $!%!ca /#me were #$e *1 the US Arm1 C"r&$ "/ E!eer$ t" re&a!r a*ra$!"er"$!" amae ! the $t!%%! *a$! at K!2#a Dam a ! the c"crete %!! "/ the %"w-0"w chae%6 L"$ Ae%e$ R!3er6 De$&!te a3er$e e&"$#re c"!t!"$. &art!c#%ar%1 at K!2#a Dam. the $!%!ca /#me c"crete c"t!#e$ t" eh!*!t ece%%et re$!$tace t" a*ra$!" er"$!"6
S!%!ca /#me "=er$ &"tet!a% /"r !m&r"3! ma1 &r"&ert!e$ "/ c"crete6 H"we3er. the 3er1 h!h c"m&re$$!3e $treth a re$#%t! !crea$e ! a*ra$!"-er"$!" re$!$tace are &art!c#%ar%1 *ee'c!a% ! re&a!r "/ h1ra#%!c $tr#ct#re$6 S!%!ca /#me c"crete $h"#% *e c"$!ere ! re&a!r "/ a*ra$!"- er"$!" $#$ce&t!*%e %"cat!"$6
• -%otcretes
Sh"tcrete ha$ *ee #$e ete$!3e%1 ! the re&a!r "/ h1ra#%!c $tr#ct#re$6 Th!$ meth" &erm!t$ re&%ac! c"crete w!th"#t the #$e "/ /"rmw"r. a the re&a!r ca *e mae ! 3er1 re$tr!cte area$6 Sh"tcrete. a%$" "w a$ &e#mat!ca%%1 a&&%!e m"rtar. ca *e a ec""m!ca% a%terat!3e t" "ther m"re c"3et!"a% $1$tem$ "/ re&a!r6 ACI 79BR &r"3!e$ #!ace ! the ma#/act#re a a&&%!cat!" "/ $h"tcrete6 I a!t!" t" c"3et!"a% $h"tcrete. m"!'e c"crete$ $#ch a$ '*erre!/"rce $h"tcrete. &"%1mer $h"tcrete. a $!%!ca /#me $h"tcrete ha3e *ee a&&%!e *1 the a!r-*%"w "r $h"tcrete meth"6
• Coatings
H!h-hea er"$!" te$t$ ha3e *ee c"#cte #$! *"th &"%1#rethae a e"&ree c"at!$ (H"#ht". "re. a at" ,<)6 "th c"at!$ eh!*!te "" re$!$tace t" a*ra$!" a ca3!tat!"6 The &r"*%em w!th 0e!*%e c"at!$ %!e the$e !$ the!r *" t" the c"crete $#r/ace$6 Oce a ee "r a &"rt!" "/ the c"at! !$ t"r /r"m the $#r/ace. the et!re c"at! ca *e &ee%e "= rather :#!c%1 *1 h1ra#%!c /"rce6
• ,replacedaggregate concrete
re&%ace-areate c"crete. a%$" re/erre t" a$ &re&ace c"crete.J !$ #$e ! the re&a!r "/ %are ca3!t!e$ a !acce$$!*%e area$6 C%ea. we%%-rae c"ar$e areate. eera%%1 "/ 967 t" ,67 !6 (,4 t" 5< mm) ma!m#m $!2e. !$ &%ace ! the /"rm6 Neat cemet r"#t "r a $ae r"#t. w!th "r w!th"#t am!t#re$. !$ the &#m&e !t" the areate matr! thr"#h "&e!$ ! the *"tt"m "/ the /"rm$ "r thr"#h r"#t &!&e$ em*ee ! the areate6 The

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