acid-base regulation · acid-base regulation . objectives . by the end of this session you should...
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DR. AKIF AHSAN Assistant Professor
Dept. of Biochemistry JNMC, AMU, Aligarh
ACID-BASE REGULATION
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OBJECTIVES By the end of this session you should be able to:
Define buffers & explain how they act?. 1.
Explain how proteins act as buffer. 2.
Describe the effect of pH change on the rate of breathing
3.
Explain the role of hemoglobin in iso-hydric transport of CO2.
4.
Describe the 4 mechanisms by which kidneys regulates acid-base balance.
5.
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ACIDs & BASEs
Acids: Donate protons (H+)
Bases: Accept protons (H+)
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Strong acids & Weak acids
Strong Acids: Dissociates to a greater extent.
Weak Acids: Dissociates to a lesser extent.
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Physiological pH = 7.38 - 7.42
Principal mechanisms for regulation of pH:
Blood Buffers: 1st line of defense
Respiratory regulation: 2nd line of defense
Renal regulation: 3rd line of defense
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BUFFERS
Solutions which prevent or resist a change in pH on addition of an acid or base.
Weak ACID + Its salt
Weak BASE + Its salt
pH of a buffer can be calculated by Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
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Major BUFFERS in the Body
Bicarbonate buffer (H2CO3 / NaHCO3)
Proteins
Phosphate buffer (NaH2PO4 / Na2HPO4)
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pH of Bicarbonate Buffer [H2CO3 / HCO3-]
𝐩𝐩 = 𝐩𝐩𝐩 + 𝐥𝐥𝐥[𝐒𝐩𝐥𝐒][𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀]
𝐩𝐩 = 𝐩𝐩𝐩 𝐥𝐨 𝐩𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇 + 𝐥𝐥𝐥[𝐩𝐇𝐇𝐇
_][𝐩𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇]
𝐩𝐩 = 𝟔.𝟏 + 𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝐇𝟐𝟏.𝐇
𝐩𝐩 = 𝟔.𝟏 + 𝟏.𝐇 = 𝟕.𝟐
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pH of Phosphate Buffer [H2PO4- / HPO4
2-]
𝐩𝐩 = 𝐩𝐩𝐩 + 𝐥𝐥𝐥[𝐒𝐩𝐥𝐒][𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀]
𝐩𝐩 = 𝐩𝐩𝐩 𝐥𝐨 𝐩𝐇𝐇𝐇𝟐 − + 𝐥𝐥𝐥[𝐩𝐇𝐇𝟐
𝐇_]
[𝐩𝐇𝐇𝐇𝟐_]
𝐩𝐩 = 𝟔.𝟖 + 𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝟐
𝐩𝐩 = 𝟔.𝟖 + 𝟎.𝟔 = 𝟕.𝟐
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How Does The Buffer Acts ?
H2CO3 NaHCO3
NaOH H2O + NaHCO3
Strong Base is converted into salt
H2CO3 +
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How Does The Buffer Acts ?
H2CO3
NaHCO3 HCl NaCl + H2CO3
Strong Acid is converted into Weak Acid
+
NaHCO3
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pH of the BUFFER depends on ?
𝐩𝐩 = 𝐩𝐩𝐩 + 𝐥𝐥𝐥[𝐒𝐩𝐥𝐒][𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀]
Ratio of Salt and Acid
H2CO3
NaHCO3
= 20 Bicarbonate Buffer
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Proteins (as Buffer)
Acts as buffer due to its AMPHOTERIC nature
Amino acid residues with pKa close to 7.4 are most effective in buffering
HISTIDINE (pKa = 6.1): Maximum buffering capacity
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COOH - CH -
NH2
CH2
COOH - CH -
NH2
CH2 H+ Ionized Histidine (acts as Acid)
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+
If pH of plasma FALLS
H+
H+ H+
If pH of plasma RISES
Un-Ionized Histidine (acts as Base)
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RESPIRATORY REGULATION
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H2CO3
CO2 + H2O
Lungs regulate the elimination of H2CO3 in
the form of CO2
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HYPER-VENTILATION
H2CO3
CO2 + H2O
↓ pH / ↑ CO2
Chemoreceptors (in the aortic arch & carotid sinus) detect these
changes
STIMULATES the Respiratory Center (in
Medulla) CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
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HYPO-VENTILATION
H2CO3
CO2 + H2O
↑ pH / ↓ CO2
Chemoreceptors detect these changes
INHIBITS the Respiratory Center
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
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O2
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
O2
Hemoglobin acts as Buffer…
CO2
O2
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Hb O2
CO2
H2O
H2CO3
CA
HCO3-
H+
Cl-
CO2
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Hb H+
Cl-
HCO3-
O2
H2CO3
CO2 + H2O
CA
HCO3- H+
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Renal Regu lat io n
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Renal Regulation of pH
Prevents change in pH by excreting H+ ions and reabsorbing HCO3
- ions.
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Glomerulus
Loop of Henle
P C T
D C T
Collecting Duct
Bowman’s Capsule
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1 2
3
1 = Filtration
2 = Reabsorption
3 = Secretion
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Proximal Convoluted Tubular Cell
Peritubular Space
Tubular Lumen
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
CA
Na+
H+ HCO3-
Na+
HCO3-
Na+
H+
Hydrogen ions are excreted
Alkali is recovered
Na+/H+ antiporter Na+/HCO3-
symporter
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Proximal Convoluted Tubular Cell
Peritubular Space
Tubular Lumen
H2CO3
CA
Na+
HCO3-
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
HCO3-
H+
H+
CO2 + H2O
NaHCO3
Na+
HCO3-
Na+
Alkali is recovered
Na+/H+ antiporter Na+/HCO3-
symporter
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Distal Convoluted Tubular Cell
Peritubular Space
Tubular Lumen
Na+
HCO3-
Na2HPO4
H2CO3
CA
CO2 + H2O
NaHPO4-
NaH2PO4-
H+
H+ excreted as titrable acid.
Na+
HCO3-
Na+
Alkali is recovered
H+
Na+/Cl - symporter Na+/HCO3-
symporter H+ pumps
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Distal Convoluted Tubular Cell
Peritubular Space
Tubular Lumen
Alkali is recovered
HCO3-
NH3
NH4+ H+
H+ is trapped & excreted.
CO2 + H2O CA
(Glutaminase) Glutamine Glutamate
Na+
NH3
H+
HCO3-
Na+
Na+/HCO3-
symporter H+ pumps
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Renal Regulation
Excretion of H+
Reabsorption of HCO3-
Excretion of Titratable acids
Excretion of Ammonium ions
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MCQ
a) Bicarbonate buffer b) Phosphate buffer c) Protein buffer d) All of the above
The pH of the body fluids is stabilized by buffer systems. Which of the following compounds is the most effective buffer system at physiological pH ?
[KEY: d]
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MCQ
a) Lysine b) Histidine c) Aspartic acid d) Leucine
The greatest buffering capacity at physiological pH would be provided by a protein rich in which of the
following amino acids?
[KEY: b]
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MCQ
a) Deoxy hemoglobin is a weak base b) Oxyhemoglobin is a relatively strong acid c) The buffering capacity of Hb is lesser than
plasma protein d) The buffering capacity of Hb is due to
histidine residues.
Choose the incorrect statement out of the followings
[KEY: c]
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MCQ
a) ↓ pH b) ↑ pH c) ↓ CO2
d) ↑ O2
Respiratory center will be stimulated in which of the following conditions?
[KEY: a]
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MCQ
a) Excretion of H+
b) Reabsorption of HCO3-
c) Reabsorption of titratable acid d) Excretion of Ammonium ions
Kidneys regulate acid-base balance by all the following mechanisms, except:
[KEY: c]
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CAN YOU ??? Define buffers & explain how they act?. 1.
Explain how proteins act as buffer. 2.
Describe the effect of pH change on the rate of breathing
3.
Explain the role of hemoglobin in iso-hydric transport of CO2.
4.
Describe the 4 mechanisms by which kidneys regulates acid-base balance.
5.