Table1. Nucleophilic acyl Substitution (NAS): EsterificationCarboxylic Acid(structure)Nucleophile(-OH compound)Description of productChemrxn

Salicylic Acid

MethanolClear solution with minty smell1

Chemical Equation:1

C7H6O3 + CH3OH C8H8O3 + H2O

Table2.1 Acidity of Carboxylic Acid (Salt formation)Carboxylic AcidDescription of acid withBaseRxn

Acetic Acid

Orange solutionNaOH2a

Benzoic Acid

Clear solution with orange pptNH4OH2b

Chemical Equation:2a

NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2OFeCl3 + CH3COONa Fe(CH3COO)3 + NaCl

2b

C6H5COOH + NH4OH C6H5COONH4 + H2O

Table2.2 Ferric Chloride Test for Carboxylate Group

Carboxylate SaltDescription with saltRxn

Sodium Acetate

Ammonium Benzoate

Chemical Equation:2c

2d

Table3. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution (NAS): Hydrolysis of Acid Derivatives Acid DerivativesOdor/Relative TempRelative Rate of NAS rxnRxn

Acyl Chloride (R-COCl) Acetyl ChlorideSmelled like vinegar , sour smellFaster3a

Acid Anhydride (R-COOOC-R) Acetic anhydrideSolution having an oily substance then turned to light pitch color then a few min sol. turned to clearSlow3b

Chemical Equation:Acid DerivativeLitmus test of vaporRxn

Acid Amide (1o)R-C=ONH2 Acetamide red litmus paper to blue (vapor)3c

Chemical Equation:3a

CH3COCl + H2O CH3COOH + HCl

3b

(CH3CO)2 + H2O 2CH3COOH

3c

CH3CONH2 + NaOH CH3CO2Na + NH3

Table4. Decarboxylation of Dicarboxylic AcidsDicarboxylic AcidDescription on heatingChemrxnDescription of gas plus lime waterChem rxn

Oxalic acidTurns to liquid then gas4aProduced white precipitate4b

Succinic acidTurns to liquid then gas4cDid not produced precipatate4d

Chemical Equation:4a

H2C2O4 HCOOH + CO2

4b

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

4c

4d

DiscussionIn esterification, salicylic acid was mixed together with 5 drops of methanol and concentrated H2SO4. The solution was then heated. It has a minty odor. Esterification took place when methanol was added. The assault of the nucleophilic species, for this situation, CH3OH, would prompt separation of carbon-oxygen bond, which is generally known as acyl-oxygen kind of separation, showed by the onset of pleasant smell. Esters are created when carboxylic acids are warmed with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. The catalyst is the sulphuric acid. The esterification reaction is both slow and reversible. The name of this ester is methyl salicylate or vanillin. The ferric chloride test is used to determine the presence or absence of phenols in a given sample. Enols give positive results as well. The bromine test is useful to confirm the result. Phenols form a complex with Fe(III), which is intensely colored. This is the basis for the test.The sample is dissolved in water, or a mixture of water and ethanol, and a few drops of dilute ferric chloride solution is added. The formation of a red, blue, green, or purple coloration indicates the presence of phenols. Where the sample is insoluble in water, it may be dissolved in dichloromethane with a small amount of pyridine.In reaction of acid derivatives, there were three solutions used. Five drops of water was added to two drops of acetyl chloride. It has a sour smell and reacted faster than acetic anhydride. It responded that way in light of the fact that the C-O bond is extremely strong, much stronger than the C-Cl bond. The change in reactivity is dramatic. In homogeneous solvent systems, response of acyl chlorides with water happens quickly, and does not oblige warming or catalysts. Amides, then again, respond with water just in the presence of strong acid or base catalysts and outer warming. Five drops of water was also added to acetic anhydride. It has slower reaction that the acetyl chloride. With an acid anhydride, the reaction is slower, but the only essential difference is that instead of hydrogen chloride being produced as the other product. The responses (of both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides) include things like water, alcohols and phenols, or ammonia and amines. These specific cases contain an extremely electronegative component with a dynamic lone pair of electrons - either oxygen or nitrogen. Last procedure in reaction of acid derivatives, dilute NaOH solution was added to one small crystal of acetamide. The gas evolved is NH3. This hydrolysis is difficult because the C-N bond is very strong, and its stabilized by resonance. Its catalyzed by OH-.Reactivity: acyl halides > anhydrides >> esters acids >> amidesIn reactions of dicarboxylic acids, 0.1 g of oxalic acid was heated with a delivery tube connected to the lime water was heated. The limewater test is the classic test for CO2. When CO2 gas is bubbled into limewater, a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide, the solution becomes cloudy. The cloudiness is due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate. Dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid experience warm decarboxylation as well as forms various metallic salts which has remarkable properties. For this situation, oxalic acid in its salt structure can remove rust. Oxalic acids can break up rust like stain rust in a material, contingent on the solvency of heavy metal oxalates in arrangements of soluble base oxalates.ConclusionIn conclusion, the structure of the compounds plays an important role in its solubility. Carboxylic acids undergo reactions to produce derivatives of the acid. Electronegativity plays a big role on the carboxylic acids acidity. Carboxylic acids are usually resistant to oxidization but there are some cases that they can be oxidized. Esterification took place when methanol was added. Acid anhydride formation, this group forms by reacting the salt of a carboxylic acid with an acyl halide. Decarboxylationis the loss of the acid functional group as carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid. The reaction product is usually a halocompound or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon. In reactions of dicarboxylic acids, gas formed when CO2 gas is bubbled into limewater.