ACROSS THE ACROSS THE SEASEA

Years Tot. Emigrates Men Women Returnees Balance + o -

1901-1905 2.770.000 2.287.000 473.000 544.000 - 2.226.000

1906-1910 3.256.000 2.658.000 598.000 1.000.000 - 2.256.000

1911-1915 2.743.000 2.198.000 545.000 976.000 - 1.766.000

1916-1920 1.085.000 718.000 367.000 233.000 - 852.000

1921-1925 1.516.000 1.076.000 440.000 137.000 - 1.379.000

1926-1930 1.061.000 776.000 285.000 685.000 - 376.000

1931-1935 458.000 278.000 180.000 535.000 + 77.000

1936-1940 421.000 314.000 107.000 535.000 + 114.000

1941-1945 250.000 242.000 8.000 230.000 - 20.000

1946-1950 1.128.000 713.000 415.000 455.000 - 673.000

1951-1955 1.366.000 927.000 439.000 660.000 - 706.000

1956-1960 1.739.000 1.275.000 464.000 917.000 - 822.000

1961-1965 1.556.000 1.221.000 335.000 1.043.000 - 513.000

1965-1970 1.078.000 747.000 329.000 820.000 - 258.000

1971-1975 637.000 439.000 198.000 600.000 - 37.000

1976-1980 502.000 346.000 155.000 490.000 - 12.000

1981-1985 415.000 287.000 128.000 415.000 0

TOTALI 29.036.000 22.253.000 6.780.000. 10.275.000 -18.761.000

Italians emigrated to USA in 20° century

Two types of tripTwo types of trip

• Italians leaving their home country trying to Italians leaving their home country trying to seek their fortune in USAseek their fortune in USA

• More lucky people going in an easy way to More lucky people going in an easy way to USAUSA

PASCAL D’ANGELOPASCAL D’ANGELOBorn in Introdacqua on 1/20/1894Born in Introdacqua on 1/20/1894

Emigrated to USA

Laborer

Poet of the pick and shovel

Died in 1932 in Manhattan

Enrico FermiEnrico Fermi

Italian physicist and emigrantItalian physicist and emigrant

Europe USAEurope USA

• Gratuated on Gratuated on 4/06/1922 in 4/06/1922 in physicsphysics

• GottingenGottingen

• LeidaLeida

• FlorenceFlorence

• RomeRome

• Boys of Panisperna Boys of Panisperna streetstreet

• Columbia Columbia UniversityUniversity

• Los AlamosLos Alamos

• ChicagoChicago

A little Genius…A little Genius…• As a young boy, he shared his interests with As a young boy, he shared his interests with

his older brother, Giulio. They dismantled his older brother, Giulio. They dismantled small engines and other parts. small engines and other parts.

• One of the first sources for the study of One of the first sources for the study of physics was a book found at the local market physics was a book found at the local market of Campo de' Fiori in Roma. The 900 page of Campo de' Fiori in Roma. The 900 page book, entitled ”Elementorum physicae book, entitled ”Elementorum physicae mathematicae”, was written in Latin mathematicae”, was written in Latin by Jesuit Father Andrea Caraffa, a professor by Jesuit Father Andrea Caraffa, a professor at the Collegioat the Collegio Romano, and covered subjects Romano, and covered subjects like mathematics, classical like mathematics, classical mechanics, astronomy, optics, and acoustics.  mechanics, astronomy, optics, and acoustics. 

… … but also a great but also a great sensitive heartsensitive heart•When Giulio, his brother, died When Giulio, his brother, died

unexpectedly of a throat abscess in unexpectedly of a throat abscess in 1915, Enrico was distraught, and 1915, Enrico was distraught, and immersed himself in scientific study immersed himself in scientific study to distract himself. According to his to distract himself. According to his own account, each day he would own account, each day he would walk in front of the hospital where walk in front of the hospital where Giulio died until he became inured Giulio died until he became inured to the pain. to the pain.

Where did he study?Where did he study?

• Scuola Normale Superiore in PisaScuola Normale Superiore in Pisa

• University of GottingenUniversity of Gottingen

• University of LeidenUniversity of Leiden

• La Sapienza in RomeLa Sapienza in Rome

• Columbia UniversityColumbia University

• University of ChicagoUniversity of Chicago

What did he work on?What did he work on?

E. Fermi

Quantum Mechanics Atomic Physics Nuclear Physics

New World, new workNew World, new work• He went to USA in the 1938 to He went to USA in the 1938 to

escape from anti-semitic laws and escape from anti-semitic laws and to work on the first nuclear to work on the first nuclear fission experiment at Columbia fission experiment at Columbia UniversityUniversity

• In 1944 moved to Los Alamos In 1944 moved to Los Alamos National laboratory, in New National laboratory, in New Mexico to work on the first Atomic Mexico to work on the first Atomic Bomb, the “Manhattan Project”Bomb, the “Manhattan Project”

Radioactive-life Radioactive-life ConsequencesConsequences• Fermi died at age of 53 of stomach cancer Fermi died at age of 53 of stomach cancer

(a result of heavy exposure to radiation) (a result of heavy exposure to radiation) in Chicago, Illinois, and was interred in Chicago, Illinois, and was interred at Oak Woods Cemetery. Two of his at Oak Woods Cemetery. Two of his graduate students who assisted him in graduate students who assisted him in working on or near the nuclear pile also working on or near the nuclear pile also died of cancer. Fermi and his team knew died of cancer. Fermi and his team knew that such work carried considerable risk that such work carried considerable risk but they considered the outcome so vital but they considered the outcome so vital that they forged ahead with little regard that they forged ahead with little regard for their own personal safety. for their own personal safety.

BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

• ““Vita”, Melania MazzuccoVita”, Melania Mazzucco

• Www.emigrati.itWww.emigrati.it

• Www.wikipedia.itWww.wikipedia.it

• Www.ospiti.peacelink.itWww.ospiti.peacelink.it