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ACS-206 CE-ME-MECE-MSE WEEK 4 UNIT 15 MINERALS & CERAMICS Slide 2 BASIC CONCEPTS Minerals and Ceramic Engineering Materials: Mineral: A mineral is a natural, inorganic material which is found in the ground, often within rocks. Minerals are quite pure. Rocks, on the other hand, can be mixtures of several minerals, and may also contain previously organic material. Examples of minerals include different types of ore from which metal can be extracted such as iron ore. Slide 3 Non-metallic minerals include: Diamond: It is an extremely hard form of carbon (C), which is used as an abresive (very hard and rough) material in cutting tools frequently referred to as industrial diamond when used in engineering. Silicon (Si): It is found in sand as silica (silicon dioxide SiO 2 ), which can be heated to high temperatures to make glass. Slide 4 Ceramics: They are generally inorganic and non-metallic materials that have been formed by heating. Glass is an example of a ceramic. When materials are heated to extremely high temperatures to form ceramics that are glass-like that is, with a structure like that of glass we say that they are vitrified. Slide 5 Ceramics cont Ceramic materials are used to make construction materials such as bricks. These are made from clay, and are then fired in a kiln that is, heated to a high temperatures in industrial oven. Clay can also be vitrified for example, to make waterproof pipes. bricks claykiln Slide 6 GLASS Types of glass are: 1. Float Glass (Annealed Glass) 2. Tempered (Toughened Glass) 3. Laminated Glass Slide 7 GLASS Types of glass are: Float glass, tempered Float Glass: Sheets of glass, which are obviously flat and thin, are called float glass. This refers to the manufacturing technique where molten glass is floated on molten tin, to produce flat sheets. Usually, after float glass has been formed, it is annealed its left to cool slowly. But if its left in this state, and the glass later gets broken, it breaks into dangerous, sharp pieces. So for most engineering and architectural uses, annealed glass in unsuitable. We need to use what we call safety glass. Slide 8 GLASS cont Toughened /Tempered Glass: As the term suggests, the glass is tempered it is heated and kept hot for a certain time, to change its structure. Then if tempered glass is broken, it shatters it breaks into tiny pieces. These are a lot safer than the long, sharp pieces produced when annealed glass breaks. The disadva ntage of toughened glass is that it cant withstand impacts from small objects, such as flying stones. So, for instance, that makes it unsuitable for vehicle windscreens. So in cases where impacts are a problem, another type of safety glass laminated glass is generally used. Slide 9 GLASS cont Laminated Glass: It is made by laminating glass with a polymer in other words, making a glass and polymer sandwich, with a sheet of polymer in the middle and sheets of glass at either side. The advantage of having a laminated material is not just that it is very strong. The layers of glass are bonded to a layer of polymer they are struck to the polymer so if the glass does break, the broken pieces are held together, and do not fly. Slide 10 Vitrify (v): To convert into, or cause to resemble, glass or a glassy substance, by heat and fusion; undergo vitrification; become glassy or glass-like Word formation: Vitrification (n) Slide 11 Laminate (v): To assemble from thin sheets glued together. Collocation: Laminated glass (adj. Phr) Word formation: Laminated (adj) Slide 12 Tough (adj): rugged or physically hardy; difficult to cut or break. Word formation: To toughen (v) Collocation: toughened glass. Synonyms: hard (adj), firm (adj), inflexible (adj) Slide 13 Anneal (v): To toughen (steel or glass) by a process of gradually heating and cooling. Word formation: Annealed (adj) Collocation: annealed glass Synonyms: toughen (v), temper (v), harden (v), thicken (v) Antonyms: soften (v), weaken (v) Slide 14 Shatter (v): to smash, or break into tiny pieces Word formation: shattered (adj) e.g.: The wine glass suddenly shattered while we were having our dinner. Slide 15 CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT