activities of zoological institute concerning biodiversity inventories in the gulf of finland and...
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Activities of Zoological Institute concerning
biodiversity inventories in the Gulf of Finland and
possibilities for cooperationSergey Golubkov, Nadezda Berezina, Marina Orlova, Aleksey Maximov, Eugenia Balushkina, Irena Telesh, Yulia Gubelit, Mikhail Golubkov
Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia, [email protected],
www.zin.ruKotka, April 12-13, 2007
Contents• Brief history of long-term research • Eastern Gulf of Finland – HELCOM habitat
reference site. Biodiversity indicators• Factors affecting biodiversity of bottom
animals in open and coastal waters
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
• Eutrophication• Alien species• Climatic
fluctuations• Distributional patterns and their variability• Possibilities for cooperation
Some publications
Monographs:• Polution and self purification of the Neva River. 1968.
Leningrad, 276 p. (In Russian)• Winberg G.G. & B. L. Gutelmakher (eds.) 1987. Neva Bay.
Hydrobiological researches. Leningrad, Nauka, 213 p. (in Russian)
• Alimov A.F. (ed.) 1988. Invertebrates communities in littoral reeds ecosystems. Proc. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci., 186, 220 p. (in Russian)
• Alimov A.F. & N.V. Frolov (eds.) 1996. The environments of Neva River basin. St. Petersburg, Scientific Centre RAS, 208 p (in Russian)
• Alimov A.F. & S.M. Golubkov (eds.). 2007. Ecosystem of the Neva Estuary: biodiversity and ecological problems. (in Russian, in preparation).
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
ZOOPLANKTON ATLAS OF THE BALTIC SEAZOOPLANKTON ATLAS OF THE BALTIC SEATHE BALTIC MARINE BIOLOGISTS (BMB) Work Group 29: “Zooplankton Diversity”THE BALTIC MARINE BIOLOGISTS (BMB) Work Group 29: “Zooplankton Diversity”
WG Convener:WG Convener:Irena V. TeleshIrena V. TeleshZoological Institute of theZoological Institute of theRussian Academy of SciencesRussian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgSt. PetersburgRUSSIARUSSIA
2002 2004
Telesh & Heerkloss, 2002 Telesh & Heerkloss, 2004
Recent papers in international journals and monograph• Telesh I.V., Golubkov S.M., Alimov A.F. 2007. Neva Estuary. In: Schiewer U. (ed.),
Ecology of Baltic Coastal Waters. Springer Verlag. (In press)• Berezina N.A., Tsiplenkina I. G., Pankova E. S., Gubelit J. I. 2007. Dynamics of
invertebrate communities in stony littoral of the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea) under macroalgal blooms. Transitional Water Bulletin. 1: 49-60.
• Orlova M.I, Telesh I.V, Berezina N.A, Antsulevich A.E, Maximov A.A, Litvinchuk L.F. 2006. Effects of nonindigenous species on diversity and community functioning in the eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea). Helgoland Marine Research. 2: 98-105.
• Berezina N. A., Golubkov S. M., Gubelit J. I. 2005. Grazing effects of alien amphipods on macroalgae in the littoral zone of the Neva Estuary (eastern Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea). Oceanological and Hydrobiological studies. 34 (1). 63-82.
• Orlova M.I., Therriault T.W., Antonov P.I., Shcherbina G.Kh. 2005. Invasion ecology of quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis):a review of evolutionary and phylogenetic impacts. Aquatic Ecology 39: 401-418
• Orlova M., Golubkov, S., Kalinina L., Ignatieva N. 2004. Dreissena polymoprha (Bivalvia, Dreissenidae) in the Neva Estuary (eastern Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea): Is it a biofilter or source for pollution? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49: 196-205.
• Telesh I.V. 2004. Plankton of the Baltic estuarine ecosystems with emphasis on Neva Estuary: a review of present knowledge and research perspectives. Marine Pollution Bull., 49: 206-219.
• Golubkov S.M., S. Back, V.N.Nikulina, M.I. Orlova, L.E. Anokhina, L.P. Umnova 2003. Effects of eutrophication and invasión of Dreissena polymorpha in coastal zone of the eastern Gulf of Finland // Proc.Estonian Acad.Sci.Biol.Ecol., 52, 3: 218-235.
• Maximov A.A. 2003. Changes of bottom macrofauna in the eastern Gulf of Finland in 1985-2002. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 52, N 4. P. 378–393.
The Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Gdansk have been selected by the BSRP as demonstration areas for the assessment of biological diversity. This assessment is also expected to be an illustrative example for the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) – Biodiversity component. The assessment should be based on historical and recent data and on limited number of biodiversity indicators, proposed by the ICES/BSRP Study Group on Ecosystem Health (SGEH) as priority indicators
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Zoological Institute is a custom institution of HELCOM/ICES
LEAD LABORATORY ON BIODIVERSITY OFBALTIC SEA REGIONAL PROJECT
http://www.zin.ru/projects/baltdiv/index.htmlLocal Project Manager – Sergey Golubkov (e-mail: [email protected])
Biodiversity indicators, proposed by the ICES/BSRP Study Group on Ecosystem Health
• Area and depth distribution of submerged vascular plants and depth distribution of perennial macroalgae.
• Zoobenthos community structure including (extinct) threatened and/or declining species
• Alien species: non-indigenous species• Coastal fish community structure, and status of
commercial fish species• Coastal bird species populations (key groups – sea
ducks, divers, eiders, auks, cormorants)• Mammals: seal species population• Percentage of the MPA from total coastal zone and
proportion of different depth ranges under protection
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Modern data were obtained during summer field expeditions on the catamaran Centaurus-2 conducted together with the team of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Neva Estuary is one of the largest Baltic estuaries: area 400 km2, runoff of the Neva River is 2000-3000 m3/sec. The estuary consists of shallow freshwater Neva Bay and brackishwater eastern Gulf of Finland. In the middle 1980’s Neva Bay had been separated from lower part of the estuary by a storm-surge barrier (the Dam)
GF-6
GF-8
V-1
V-2
Stations of regular data collection in open waters of the eGF
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
and during field excursions along the coastal zone of the Gulf of Finland
Stations of regular data collection in the costal zone of the eGF
Midsummer biomass (2004)Midsummer biomass (2004)and composition of zoobenthosand composition of zoobenthos
10.711.7
11.6
26.3
17.7
16.5
33.7
80.2
8.3
24.7
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
The major treats to biodiversity of eGoF:
Eutrophication
The macroalgal blooms and oxygen
deficiency are temporal and spatial
large-scale effects of eutrophication
(nutrient increase) in coastal zone
affecting negatively the benthic fauna
Invasive species
Established non-indigenous species
can enter into direct interactions with
native species through predation,
resource competition, modification of
habitats and hybridization
Decrease in Decrease in biodiversity of benthos biodiversity of benthos and increase a and increase a dominance of invasive dominance of invasive speciesspecies
2003
Concentration of chlorophyll Concentration of chlorophyll aa in the in the eastern Gulf of Finlandeastern Gulf of Finland in midsummer in midsummer
2003-2006
2005
2004
2006
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
2003
2004
2005 2006
Primary production of plankton (mgC lPrimary production of plankton (mgC l-1-1dd-1-1) in ) in the eastern Gulf of Finlandthe eastern Gulf of Finland in midsummer in midsummer 2003-
2005
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
1998 2004 2005 2006
Ch
loro
ph
yll,
mg
/m3
After construction of oil terminals in Primorsk and Visotsk midsummer chlorophyll a concentration in the Gulf of Vyborg have increased 4 times. Intensive cyanobacteria blooms are observed.
New oil terminal in Visotsk (Gulf of Vyborg)
17.07.05PetrodvoretcNeva Bay
““Macroalgae blooms”Macroalgae blooms”
Cladophora glomerataCladophora glomerata Beach in Resort District of St.Petersburg
““Macroalgal blooms” (mainly Macroalgal blooms” (mainly Cladophora glomerataCladophora glomerata) is ) is severe environmental problem for littoral zone of the severe environmental problem for littoral zone of the Neva EstuaryNeva Estuary
0
100
200
300
400
May
June
July
August
Septe
mbe
r
Bio
ma
ss
, g
DW
/m2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
May
June
July
August
Septe
mber
Pro
du
cti
on
, to
n W
W h
a.-1
mo
nth
-1
Average biomass Cladophora glomerataCladophora glomerata near Zelenogorsk in 2003-2006
Estimated production of of of filamentous algae filamentous algae Cladophora Cladophora glomerataglomerata reaches 20 – 25 ton WW ha-1 month-1 in the northern littoral of the eastern Gulf of Finland at the depth 0.5 – 1.5 m
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Distribution of nuisance algae in the northern littoral 14 July 2005
% of drifting algae
0
10
20
3040
50
60
70
80
0-10 м 15-20 м 25-30 м 35-40 м
Distance from shoreline
%
Zone of drifting algae and algal matsZone of drifting algae and algal mats
14 July 2005Daytime oxygen saturation, %
0
50
100
150
0-10 м 15-20 м 25-30 м 35-40 м control
Distance from shoreline
%
The great masses of the detached The great masses of the detached filamentous algae filamentous algae on beaches,on beaches, loose-lying and loose-lying and driftingdrifting algal mats represent a serious treat to algal mats represent a serious treat to the biodiversity of coastal communitiesthe biodiversity of coastal communities
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
10.5
.02
29.5
.02
17.6
.02
30.6
.02
11.7
.02
8.8.
02
28.8
.02
16.9
.02
28.9
.02
20.1
0.02
18.5
.04
27.5
.04
11.6
.04
26.6
.04
12.7
.04
23.7
.04
4.8.
04
26.8
.04
21.9
.04
26.0
5.05
29.0
6.05
13.7
.05
16.0
8.05
3.09
.05
16.9
.05
Th
ou
s. I
nd
.m-2
Oligochaeta Amphipoda Insecta
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
29.5
.02
17.6
.02
30.6
.02
11.7
.02
29.7
.02
8.8.
02
28.8
.02
16.9
.02
28.9
.02
20.1
0.02
18.5
.04
27.5
.04
11.6
.04
18.6
.04
26.6
.04
12.7
.04
23.7
.04
4.8.
04
26.8
.04
21.9
.04
15.1
0.04
10.5
.05
26.5
.05
28.6
.05
13.7
.05
3.8.
05
16.8
.05
3.9.
05
16.9
.05
Oxy
gen,
%
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
Dynamics of oxygen in water (near bottom) and density of invertebrates at study sites
We obtained significant positive We obtained significant positive correlations between density of correlations between density of invertebrate groups (oligochaetes, invertebrate groups (oligochaetes, chironomids, ephemeropterans, chironomids, ephemeropterans, trichopterans, amphipods) and trichopterans, amphipods) and oxygen content in water. oxygen content in water. Temporary hypoxia (Temporary hypoxia (0.620.62–2.8–2.8 mgl- mgl-1) and 1) and 4-10-fold decrease in 4-10-fold decrease in density of amphipods, density of amphipods, oligochaetes and aquatic insects oligochaetes and aquatic insects were rjdserved in littoral habitats were rjdserved in littoral habitats during decomposition of drifting during decomposition of drifting filamentous algae (July-August). filamentous algae (July-August). We conclude that intensive We conclude that intensive macroalgal blooms in littoral zone macroalgal blooms in littoral zone due to hard eutrophication of the due to hard eutrophication of the Neva Estuary can negatively affect Neva Estuary can negatively affect density of intolerant species and density of intolerant species and structure of invertebrate structure of invertebrate community through deterioration community through deterioration of oxygen conditions as a result of of oxygen conditions as a result of intensive decomposition of drifting intensive decomposition of drifting algae.algae.
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Alien amphipods Alien amphipods Gmelinoides Gmelinoides fasciatusfasciatus and and Pontogammarus robustoidesPontogammarus robustoides established and have established and have become dominant species at become dominant species at all studied habitats in the all studied habitats in the coastal zone of the Estuary. coastal zone of the Estuary. They contribute about 70 % They contribute about 70 % in the total biomass of in the total biomass of zoobenthos and practically zoobenthos and practically replace of aborigine replace of aborigine amphipod amphipod Gammarus Gammarus lacustrislacustris
Pontogammarus robustoides
Gmelinoides fasciatus
Gammarus lacustris
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
NIS contribution into species diversity at the study area by the results for 2004-2005
after Orlova MI, Telesh IV, Berezina NA et al. 2006. Helgol Mar Res 60: 98–105
Total number of species
NIS and their (%) in total number
Assemblages
Phytoplankton 147 0 (0)
Phytobenthos 69 3 (4)
Zooplankton (holo-) 186 4 (2)
The same with larvae of benthic animals 190 7 (3)
Zoobenthos, nectobenthos,Fouling 196 22 (9)
Totally 597 28 (5)
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Number of NIS in the Russian Part of the EGOF
14(10)
20(15)
7
6-8
12
11
Neva BayCordylophora caspia
Dreissena polymorphaElodea canadensis
Acorus calamusRiccia fluitans
Gmelinoides fasciatusPontogammarus robustoides
Eriocheir sinensisPerccottus glenii
Neogobius melanostomusProtrrorhynus marmoratusPotamothrix moldavensisIsohaetides michaelseni
Paranais frici
Resort DistrictElodea canadensis
Acorus calamusRiccia fluitans
Perccottus gleniiAcartia tonsa
Cordylophora caspiaDreissena polymophaGmelinoides fasciatus
Pontogammarus robustoidesChaetogammarus warpachowkyi
Marenzelleria neglectaPotamothrix moldavensisIsohaetides michaelseni
Tubifex newaensisParanais frici
Potamothrix veidovkyiP. Heusheri
Cercopagis pengoiEvadne anonyx
Prostoma puteale
Open watersTubificoides
pseudogasterStenocuma graciloides
Larvae of NISCercopagis pengoi
Evadne anonyxAcartia tonsa
PrimorskCordylophora caspia
Dreissena polymoprhaBalanus improvisus
Potamopyrgus antipodarumJaera sarsi
Marenzelleria heglectaCercopagis pengoi
Evadne anonyxAcartia tonsa
Gammarus tigrinusMustela vison
Gulf of VyborgAcorus calamusElodea canadensisCornigerius maeoticusCercopagis pengoiEvadne anonyxAcartia tonsaDreissena polymoprhaBalanus improvisusCordylophora caspia
Jaera sarsiDreissena polymoprha
Dreissena bugensis
Luga BayDreissena polymorpha
Codylophora caspiaBalanus improvisusCercopagis pengoi
Evadne anonyxAcartia tonsa
Marenzelleria neglecta
In 2006
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Complex and productive zoobenthos in shallow coastal zone (0.5-1.5 m) and dominance of invasive species
After Berezina NA, Tciplenkina IG, Pankova ES, Gubelit JI. 2007. Transitional Water Bulletin. 1. 49-60
Midsummer biomass (2004)Midsummer biomass (2004)and composition of zoobenthosand composition of zoobenthos
10.711.7
11.6
26.3
17.7
16.5
33.7
80.2
8.3
24.7
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
At mixed and hard bottom….Contributions from different groups to total
biomass of zoobenthos
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Deep waterzone
Shallow waterzone, softbottoms
Shallow waterzone hardbottoms
The sameMINUS
Dreissena
Chirnomidae прочие Insecta Polycheta Oligochaeta
Hirudinea Gastropoda Bivalvia Amphipoda
Isopoda Mysidacea Other
Total biomass of zoobenthos (мг/м2) in shallow water zone of the Resort District
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
Deep waterzone
Shallow waterzone, softbottoms
Shallow waterzone hardbottoms
The sameMINUS
Dreissena
< 90% contributed by sessile seston feeders
High contribution of alien species to species High contribution of alien species to species diversity of macrozoobenthosdiversity of macrozoobenthos
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Number of NIS vs Dreissena abundance
y = 0,0014x + 1,5731
R2 = 0,4789
y = 0,0008x + 1,2546
R2 = 0,1914
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Dreissena abundance ind/m2
Nu
mb
er o
f N
IS
Number of NIS Number of PC-NIS
Gasropods vs Dreissena
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 50000 100000 150000 200000
Dreissena (mg)
Gas
tro
po
ds
(mg
)
Dreissena as an example for habitat engineer (depth 2-5 m)
Oligochaeta vs Dreissena
y = 0,0076x + 54,902
R2 = 0,7668
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 50000 100000 150000 200000
Dreisena (мg)
Oli
go
chae
ta (
мg
)
Chironomidae vs Dreissena
y = 0,0069x - 7,6054
R2 = 0,6698
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 50000 100000 150000 200000
Dreissena (mg)
Ch
iro
no
mid
ae (
мg
)
bacterioplankton
phytoplankton
zooplankton
planktivorous fishes
phytobenthos
sediments
nutrients
zoobenthos
faeces, pseudofaeces
benthivorous fishes
waterfowl
Species-competitors
water transparency
Phytobenthos (Cladophora)
DIP= 513 kg/day (S=4.7 km2)
microhabitats, substrate
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Climatic fluctuations
Decrease of frequency of Major Baltic inflows from the Northern Sea from the middle of 1970’s to the middle of 1990’s is connected with climatic phase of intensive atmospheric circulation, intensive precipitation and increase of river runoff in the Baltic region in that time
Decrease of atmospheric circulation and decrease of river runoff are observed during the last 10 years. That results in intensive Major Baltic Inflows and intrusions of poor oxygen salt waters from the western Gulf of Finland to its eastern part in 1996 и 2003. These intrusions leads to temporal deterioration of bottom fauna in the eastern Gulf of Finland
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Biomass of zoobenthos in the eastern Gulf of Finland
in 2003 The areas of low benthic biomass that were impacted by saline oxygen-poor waters from deeper western part of the Gulf of Finland as a result of Major Baltic Inflows in 1996 and 2003. These intrusions led to destruction of zoobenthic communities
Direct impact of periodic inflows of saline Direct impact of periodic inflows of saline poor oxygen waters from the western Gulf poor oxygen waters from the western Gulf
of Finlandof Finland
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Biomass of alien North-American polychaeta
Marenzelleria viridis in the eastern Gulf of Finland in 2005
Two alien species Marenzelleria viridis and Tubificoides pseudogaster appeared in the middle 1990’s and widely distributed in the western part of the Neva Estuary. In future Marenzelleria may become an important factor of eutrophication due to its ability to enhance a nutrient release from bottom sediments.
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Average biomass of zoobenthos (g/m2) in the Neva Bay at the beginning of 1980’s and in 2000’s
Very high biomass of small freshwater mollusks Pisidiidae and worms Oligochaeta was observed in the eastern part of the Neva Bay at the beginning of 1980’s
Rather low biomass of zoobenthos was observed in the eastern part of the Neva Bay in 2000’s. At present, the dominant groups are Oligochaeta and large freshwater mollusks Unionidae
1980’s
2000’s
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Dis
ch
arg
e o
f w
ate
r,
m3 /s
ec
1982 1985 1988 1996 1999 2002
Year
Water discharge of the River Neva during the late
decades
Relationships between biomass of zoobenthos in the Neva Bay
and water discharge of the River Neva
Riv
er r
unof
f, m
3 sec
-1
During XX Centaury high biomass of zoobenthos in the Neva Bay were observed in the years with high river runoff
Water discharge of the River Neva considerably decreased since the middle of 1990’s. This may resulted in a great decrease in zoobenthic biomass due to strong relationships between this parameter and river runoff.
y = 0.172e0.0022x
R2 = 0.87
0
40
80
120
160
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Water discharge, m3/sec
Zo
ob
enth
ic b
iom
ass,
g/m
2
Vertical distribution of benthic habitats
“littoral”
Open part
Shallow water
Deep water
Secchi depthPhytal
Soft bottoms (clay, silt, sand) with episodic oxygen deficit events
Sands, hard and mixed bottoms, fouling and soft-bottom communities, depth of 2-7 m
Good illumination, terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic vegetation, depth of 0-2 m, wave action, ice abrasion, water level oscillation up to 1m Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
g/m
2
1.5 m 3 m 5 m
Typical Dataset (1 transect) on dominant species (Dreissena polymoprha (1998-2005))
depth 3 m
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
L (мм)
N (
экз
.)
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
A portion of different taxa in the biomass of bottom animals in the eastern Gulf of Finland in 2000’s
In contrast to the early 1980’s when glacial relicts dominated in zoobenthos, Oligochaeta, alien Polychaeta and mollusk Macoma baltica dominate in bottom communities of the eastern Gulf of Finland nowadays.
Variability
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Distributional patterns of zoobenthc biomass in the eGF
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
R2 = 0.72
n=180
5
10
15
20
25
1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
Nsp
R2 = 0.46
1.7
2.2
2.7
3.2
1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
Years
H
Average value of number of species of zoobenthos for Neva Bay in 1994 - 2005 for 180 examined stations
Average value of zoobenthos species diversity index for Neva Bay in 1994 - 2005 for 180 examined stations
50
55
60
65
70
1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
IP'
Average value of integrated index for Neva Bay in 1994 - 2005 for 180 examined stations
Species richness and biodiversity considerably changed during last decades
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
Assessment of the state and quality of waters of ecosystems of the Neva Bay by Integrated Index in 2005
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
• Russian State Programs “Ocean” and “Biodiversity”
• Scientific Program of St. Petersburg Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences
• Government of St. Petersburg • Finnish Ministry of Environment • INTAS Program• ICES/HELCOM Baltic Sea Regional Profect
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007
In different years the investigations of Zoological Institute were supported by
Summary• The most important anthropogenic factors affecting
biodiversity of bottom animal communities are high eutrophication and facilitation of invasions of alien species;
• Natural climatic fluctuations also contribute to variability of biodiversity and distributional patterns in the eastern Gulf of Finland;
Trilateral cooperation may concern • inventory of species composition and modern
distributional patterns of bottom and planktonic communities in different parts of the Gulf of Finland;
• analysis of long-term data-sets to better understanding of factors effecting biodiversity;
• creation and cross-country exchange by GIS data-bases• harmonization of the methods of biodiversity assessment,
and methods using biodiversity for environmental assessment.
Kotka, April 12-13, 2007