activity 11 arthropods2
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ARTHROPODA
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODAGr. Arthron, joint, + pous, podos, footMost numerous animals on earth (900,000 species)Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes,
insects and some smaller groups.
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STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION
Segmented body, metameric bodySegments are specialized for a variety of purposes, forming functional
groups (Tagmata) Head and thorax are two tagmata Head, thorax and abdomen Cephalothorax and abdomenTriploblastic coelomates with well developed organ systems
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No backboneCuticular exoskeleton (chitin and tanned protein) ecdysis (or molting)
Skeletal support
• each somite bears a single pair of jointed appendages
-sensory activities, food gathering and feeding, reproduction and walking or swimming
Locomotion
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with complete digestive systemMouthparts are modified from appendages and adapted for different
methods of feedingexhibit all modes of feeding: carnivorous, herbivorous, scavengers, filter-
feeding
Nutrition
Reproduction• are dioecious and undergo internal fertilization• may be oviparous or ovoviviparous• life cycle involves metamorphosis which include
molting process or ecdysis (shedding of exoskeleton)• Few species exhibit parthenogenesis
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Respiration by body surface, gills, tracheae or book lungsOpen circulatory systemPoikilothermic
Respiration and Circulation
• excretory organs– malpighian tubules– excretory glands such as antennal, coxal, and
maxillary glands
Excretion
Nervous System• similar to annelid plan• Dorsal ganglia connected to double ventral chain of ganglia
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I. SUBPHYLUM TRILOBITOMORPHA (LATIN: THREE-LOBED FORM)
extinct trilobitesconsist of three tagmata:
head, thorax, and pygidium
each somite (except for the last) has two lobes or biramous type of appendages
inner lobe/endopod: walking
outer lobe/exopod: burrowing, swimming, filter-feeding, respiration
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II. SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA (GREEK: CLAW)
body with two tagmata: cephalothorax (prosoma) and Abdomen (opisthosoma)with six pairs of appendages all
attached to prosoma first pair: chelicerae which are feeding organs,
second pair: pedipalps which could be feeding or sensory structures
last four pairs as walking legsmembers do not have antennaeincludes spiders, ticks,
scorpions, sea spiders, mites, harvestmen (daddy longlegs) and horseshoe crabs
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II. SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATAClass Merostomata
Prosoma and opisthosomaAppendages on the
opisthosoma are flattened and modified for gas exchange as ‘book gills’
Elongated terminal portion called telson
Includes horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) and extinct giant water scorpions
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II. SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA
Class Arachnida
(Gr. arachne, spider)Segmented or
unsegmented abdomen (opisthosoma) with or without appendages and generally distinct from cephalothorax
Chiefly oviparousNo true metamorphosisIncludes scorpions,
spiders, ticks, and mites Dust
mites
Black widow spider
tarantulaTick (engorged)
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Class Arachnidaa. Scorpionb. Pseudoscorpionc. Red spider mited. Black-legged ticke. Tickf. Solpugidg. Jumping spiderh. Common spideri. Opilionid (harvestmen
or daddy long-legs)
Pechenik, 2005
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II. SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA
Class Pycnogonida(Greek: thick knee)
Body not divided into tagmata
Unique proboscis at anterior end, with an opening at its tip to suck fluid from cnidarians
Variable number of walking legs among species
Includes sea spiders
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III. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA (LATIN: A CRUST)
mostly marine and few are terrestrial and freshwaterwith carapace as their exoskeleton which is composed of
chitin and calcium carbonatebody is divided into cephalothorax and abdomen Head bears 5 pairs of appendages
2 pairs of antennae 1 pair of mandibles 2 pairs of maxillae
Thorax 3 pairs of maxillipeds 5 pairs of pereopods (walking legs)
Abdomen 5 pairs of pleopods (swimming legs)
appendages are biramous (two-lobed)use gills for respirationIncludes brachiopods, ostracods, isopods, amphipods,
copepods, barnacles, shrimps, hermit crabs, crabs, lobsters
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a. General anatomyb. Biramous appendages
Pechenik, 2005
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III. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA
Class Malacostraca - isopods (pill bugs, sow bugs, woodlice), amphipods (sand fleas), decapods (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, hermit crabs), krills
Class Branchiopoda- brine (fairy) shrimp, clam shrimp, water fleas
Class Ostracoda – the ostracodsClass Copepoda – the copepodsClass Cirripedia – the barnacles
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III. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA Class Malacostraca isopods (pill bugs
or sow bugs, woodlice),
amphipods (sand fleas),
krillsdecapods (crabs,
lobsters, shrimps, hermit crabs),
woodlicepill bug
sand fleas
krills
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III. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA
Class Branchiopoda
brine (fairy) shrimp,
clam shrimp, water fleas
brine (fairy) shrimp
clam shrimpwater fleas
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III. SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA Class Ostracoda – the ostracodsClass Copepoda – the copepodsClass Cirripedia – the barnacles
ostracod
copepod
barnacles
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IV. SUBPHYLUM UNIRAMIA (LATIN: A BRANCH)all are terrestrialincludes millipedes,
centipedes and insectsbody is divided into three
tagmata (body segments): head, thorax and abdomen
their exoskeleton contains tanned protein
head with only one pair of antennae
appendages are uniramous and are present on head and thorax but may be reduced or absent in the abdomen
use tracheae for respirationpossess malpighian tubules for
excretion of body wastes
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IV. Subphylum Uniramia
Class Chilopoda‘100 legs’live in moist places and are carnivorouswith flattened bodies with each segment bearing a
pair of jointed walking legsthe appendages of first somite form poison clawspossess a pair of antennae, a pair of mandibles
and one to two pairs of maxillaeoviparousCentipedes
Class Diplopoda‘1000 legs’body consists of 25 to 100 segments, each bearing
two pairs of legshead with a pair of antennae and two pairs of
mouthpartsare herbivorous and live in a leaf moldoviparousMillipedes
Class Insectainsects
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IV. Subphylum UniramiaClass Insectainsects are the most diverse
species of arthropodsmostly found in the tropicsconsist of three tagmata: head,
thorax and abdomen Head: six fused somites thorax: 3 somites Abdomen: variable number of
somites, usually 11 somitesthe head bears a pair of
compound eyes, with a pair of antennae and three ocelli
Mouthparts modified for different food habits
Thorax with 2 pairs of wings (sometimes 1 pair or none) and 3 pairs of jointed legs
Usually oviparousGradual or abrupt metamorphosis
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MOUTHPARTS MODIFIED FOR DIFFERENT FOOD HABITS
Honeybee Housefly
Wallace and Taylor, 1997
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Mosquito
Butterfly
MOUTHPARTS MODIFIED FOR DIFFERENT FOOD HABITS
Wallace and Taylor, 1997
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Mouthparts modified for different food habits
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IV. Subphylum Uniramia
Class InsectaSubclass Apterygota – wingless; silverfishes and springtailsSubclass Pterygota – ‘true’ or winged insects
Order Odonata - dragonflies and damselfliesOrder Orthoptera - grasshoppers, crickets, locustsOrder Isoptera - termites Order Lepidoptera- butterflies and moths Order Diptera - true flies such as mosquitoes Order Coleoptera - beetles Order Anoplura - sucking lice Order Hymenoptera - ants, bees, wasps Order Siphonaptera - fleas Order Hemiptera - true bugs like water striders, aphids, cicadas Order Blattaria – cockroachesOrder Mantodea – preying mantids
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FIGURE 30.12
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TAXONOMIC SUMMARYPhylum Arthropoda
Subphylum TrilobitomorphaClass Trilobita -trilobites
Subphylum ChelicerataClass Merostomata - horseshoe crabsClass Arachnida - scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mitesClass Pycnogonida - sea spiders
Subphylum CrustaceaClass Branchiopoda - brine (fairy) shrimp, clam shrimp, water fleasClass Ostracoda - ostracodsClass Copepoda - copepodsClass Cirripedia - barnaclesClass Malacostraca -isopods (pill bugs, sow bugs, wood lice), amphipods (sand
fleas), decapods (crabs, hermits crabs, lobsters, shrimps), krillsSubphylum Urinamia
Class Chilopoda -centipedes Class Diplopoda - millipedesClass Insecta
Subclass Apterygota (wingless insects)Subclass Pterygota (winged insects)
Orders (see previous page)