ac#ve&learning&and&crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& •...

45
Ac#ve Learning and Crowd Sourcing for Machine Transla#on Vamshi Amba#, Stephan Vogel, & Jamie Carbonell Pramod Thammaiah ScoC Brinker November 17, 2010 CS 286r

Upload: lenguyet

Post on 17-Dec-2018

213 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Ac#ve  Learning  and  Crowd-­‐Sourcing  for  Machine  Transla#on  

Vamshi  Amba#,  Stephan  Vogel,  &  Jamie  Carbonell  

Pramod  Thammaiah  

ScoC  Brinker  

November  17,  2010  CS  286r  

Page 2: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

•  Ac#ve  Learning:  a  few  labeled  instances,  a  large  set  of  unlabeled  instances,  and  a  ranking  of  instances  for  an  external  oracle  to  label  them  

•  Ac#ve  Crowd  Transla#on:  using  crowd-­‐sourced  experts  and  non-­‐experts  to  translate  sentences  as  the  external  oracle  

•  Mechanical  Turk:  Amazon’s  crowd-­‐sourcing  plaQorm  where  “requesters”  post  HITs  (human  intelligence  tasks)  for  “turkers”  to  complete  in  exchange  for  micropayment  rewards.  

Page 3: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 4: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 5: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

•  Qualifica#ons  for  turkers  can  include:  –  Sufficient  accuracy  on  a  small  test  set  

– Minimum  percentage  of  previously  accepted  submission  

–  Geographic  loca#on  (e.g.,  China  for  Chinese  transla#on)  

–  Op#on  to  reject  unsa#sfactory  work  

•  Pricing  for  turkers  varies,  but  generally  inexpensive:  –  As  low  as  as  <  $0.01  per  transla#on  

–  Empirical  study  in  paper  averaged  $0.015/transla#on  

–  Supply/demand  factors  for  less  common  languages  

Page 6: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 7: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Density  Weighted  Diversity  Sampling  (DWDS)  Strategy  

Page 8: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 9: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

•  Transla#on  Reliability  Es#ma#on  as  inter-­‐annotator  agreement  

–    Agreement  of  3/3  translators  21.1%  of  the  #me  

–    Agreement  of  2/3  translators  23.8%  of  the  #me  

•  Translator  Reliability  Es#ma#on  as  iden#fying  reliable  translators  over  a  series  of  transla#ons  

Page 10: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 11: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 12: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 13: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

•  Catalog  and  data  management  

–  Confirm  accuracy  of  catalog  data,  iden#fy  duplicates  

–  Select  best  images  to  showcase  a  catalog  item  

•  Database  crea#on  –  Content  harves#ng  

•  Search  op#miza#on  &  content  management  

–  Tag  content  with  keywords  to  improve  searchability  

–  Ensure  content  adheres  to  certain  guidelines  

Mechanical  Turk  in  Commercial  Applica#ons  

Page 14: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

•  Other  applica#ons?  

•  Ethical  concerns?  

Ques#ons  About  Crowdsourcing  with  Mechanical  Turk  

Page 15: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Crowdsourcing  and  All-­‐Pay  Auc#ons  

Pramod  Thammaiah  

ScoC  Brinker  

November  17,  2010  CS  286r  

Page 16: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Introduc#on  

•  Examines  crowdsourcing  in  things  like  Tasken,  Yahoo!  Answers,  etc.    

•  Want  to  understand  the  rela#onship  between  rewards  and  par#cipa#on  rates  

•  Presents  mathema#cal  model  and  empirical  analysis  based  off  of  All-­‐pay  auc#ons  

Page 17: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 18: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 19: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 20: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

All  Pay  Auc#ons  

•  All-­‐pay  auc#ons  are  those  where  each  agent  pays  their  bid  before  alloca#on  of  the  good  

•  The  highest  bidder  wins  the  good  

•  Examples:  poli#cal  elec#ons,  Swoopo,  lobbying,  bidding  on  the  value  of  a  wallet,  etc.      

Page 21: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Basic  Model  

•  Consider  a  2-­‐stage  all-­‐pay  auc#on  – Each  player  selects  a  contest  and  makes  a  bid  (think  of  the  bid  as  effort)  

– For  each  contest,  the  player  with  the  highest  bid  wins  

•  Each  player  has  a  private  skill  that  is  known  only  to  them  

•  The  reward  of  each  contest  and  the  distribu#on  of  skills  is  known  to  all  players  

Page 22: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Mock  contest  

•  Pick  one  of  the  2  contests:  – Write  the  best  joke  

– Write  the  best  riddle  

•  The  winner  will  be  selected  by  Prof.  Chen  – So  make  them  short….  

•  The  best  joke  will  get  $1  and  the  best  riddle  will  get  $2  

Page 23: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Mathema#cal  Formula#on  

•     

Page 24: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Proposi#on  3.1:  There  exists  a  symmetric  equilibrium  

•  Let            be  the  probability  that  a  player  selects  contest                                  be  the  cumula#ve  distribu#on  over  skill  for  a  player  given  that  he  selects      ,  and  

•  Let                      denote  the  expected  profit  of  a  player  with  skill          for  contest  then  using  Revenue  Equivalence  we  have:  

•  Note  that  this  is  not  an  unique  equilibrium  –  Consider  2  players  and  2  contests.  Then  player  1  always  picking  contest  1  and  player  2  

always  picking  contest  2  regardless  of  skill  is  an  asymmetric  equilibrium  

•  Corollary:  Given  a  set  of  contests  with  the  same  reward.  A  player  will  only  choose  a  contest  in  that  he  has  the  maximum  skill.    

•  Assume  that  all  players  only  choose  symmetric  strategies  

Page 25: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Large-­‐System  Limit  

•  The  number  of  contests  needs  to  stay  propor#onal  to  the  number  of  agents  in  the  limit  

•  Assume  that  there  are  only,  K,    finitely  many  classes  of  rewards  

•  The  number  of  par#cipants  in  each  contest  is  a  Poisson  random  variable,  whose  mean  is  logarithmic  in  the  size  of  the  reward  

Page 26: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Player-­‐Specific  skills  

•  Assume  that  every  contest  requires  the  same  skill,  or  formally,    

•  In  this  case  the  symmetric  equilibrium  is  unique.    

•  Let  contests  be  grouped  into  K  classes,  based  on  having  the  same  reward  –  Where                                                                                    and  for  nota#onal  simplicity:  

–  For  any  subset                                                                  we  define:  

Page 27: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Theorem  4.1  

•  Under  the  player-­‐specific  skills,  the  symmetric  equilibrium  sa#sfies  the  following  two  proper#es:  

1.   Threshold  Reward:  A  contest  is  selected  by  a  player  with  strictly  posi#ve  probability  only  if  the  reward  offered  by  this  contest  is  one  of  the          highest    rewards,  where  

–  Intui#on:    At  a  certain  point,  contests  with  low  rewards  will  get  no  par#cipants.    

2.   Par#cipa#on  rates:  A  player  selects  a  par#cular  contest  of  class          with  probability              given  by      

Page 28: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Theorem  4.2  

Players  have  a  minimum  reward  level  and  compete  in  contests  at  or  above  this  level  with  decreasing  probability.  The  minimum  reward  level  increases  with  skill  level.  Overall,  contests  with  higher  rewards  get  more  players.    

Page 29: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 30: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Contest-­‐Specific  Skills  

•  A  player’s  skills  for  each  contest  are  drawn  independently  

•  A  player  will  only  need  to  pay  aCen#on  to  his  highest  skill  in  each  reward  class  

Page 31: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Extensions  

•  Asymmetric  Skills    – Suppose  the  maximum  skill  m  is  specific  to  each  contest  class  

– Can  we  infer  these  maximal  skill  levels  by  examining  par#cipa#on  levels?  (ie.  Make  it  endogenous)  

•  Minimum  Effort  – Corresponds  to  having  a  minimum  bid,  or  entry  fee  

Page 32: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

System  Design  

•  Maximize  overall  social  welfare  •  There  is  u#lity  gained  with  a  greater  number  of  par#cipants  in  a  contest.    

•  There  is  a  cost  associated  with  the  rewards  that  are  paid  

•  In  a  zero-­‐cost  setng,  op#mal  rewards  are  unique  up  to  a  mul#plica#ve  constant  

Page 33: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

All-­‐Pay  Auc#ons  Empirical  Results  (taskcn.com)  

Page 34: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

•  Tasks  on  the  Chinese  web  site  Taskcn  

•  Tasks  with  a  single  winner  in  the  year  2008  

•  Graphics,  Characters,  and  Miscellaneous  categories  

•  Par#cular  focus  on  Graphics  category  including:  –  Logos  subcategory  

–  2-­‐D  design  subcategory  

–  Conjecture:  these  subcategories  use  homogeneous  skills  

Comparing  Empirical  Analysis  to  Analy#cal  Predic#ons  

Page 35: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Heterogeneity  of  tasks?  Sort  of  logarithmic  

Page 36: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 37: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

1,431  tasks  had  774  dis#nct  winners—however,  a  group  of  122  users  accounted  for  50%  of  all  winning  submissions  

Page 38: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 39: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Summary  

•  Players  randomize  dependent  on  the  skill  level  they  get  

•  Contests  with  rewards  below  a  certain  threshold  get  no  par#cipants  

•  Players  in  certain  intervals  of  skills  have  a  certain  interval  of  contests  they  par#cipate  in  – As  skills  increase,  they  only  par#cipate  in  the  highest  paying  contest  

•  Logarithmic  rela#onship  between  rewards  and  par#cipa#on  (in  large  systems)  

Page 40: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&

Further  Ques#ons  

•  Why  can  players  only  pick  one  contest?  –  Not  the  case  since  122  players  won  over  50%  of  1431  contests  

•  What  if  we  had  mul#ple  winners?  •  How  can  we  capture  the  “#me-­‐element”  of  these  

situa#ons?  •  What  if  the  market  becomes  so  big  that  it  becomes  

difficult  to  search  for  tasks?  •  Why  is  there    a  drop-­‐off  in  par#cipa#on  for  contests  with  

high  rewards?  •  What  may  be  other  highly  influen#al  externali#es?  

•  Differences  between  money  and  reputa#on?  

Page 41: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 42: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 43: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 44: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&
Page 45: Ac#ve&Learning&and&Crowd1 … · rewards&and&par#cipa#on&rates& • Presents&mathema#cal&model&and&empirical& analysis&based&off&of&All1pay&auc#ons& All&PayAucons&