ad a- 260 042previcus research a=d feasilhility testing conducted by prat &" vwhitney...
TRANSCRIPT
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ERRATA
The correct numbei of the second quarterly reporton research anddevelopment of titanium rocket motorcases in accordance with Contract No. DA.19..;020."ORD-523O0 is
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. WAL 766./-21-- 1
* This notice should be filed with your copy of the report.
UNtTED AIRCRAFT CORPORATIONPratt & Whitney Aircraft idvislaw
C ) -
6 G
"S1:IA
I
P R - T. T .A I R*
t A 5 A T O D 0 . C N A C U T U . A
Rockvis. Motor Cases
Titanium Fabr-iczticsTitanium Alloys
S-cond Qu~arterly Report oni
Research and Dt.velopmentca of Titanium
Rocket Motor Case
* . -By
Pratt &Whitney Aircraft DivisioniIJ%-*c Aircraft Corporationi
z..tst liartford 8, CoInrccicut -
>
CotatN.D-1900 N-S
OCO R;LD Branch' Projeci No. IB4-GO4
Dep.artrrenZ of ..c A... Project No. S,93Z-,.V44
-CGHNICAL REPORT NO. WAL 6./
Q-ialifetrcquf-rtors rnat ob::.in cc'ies of Vtis report from the IArmcd Ser-ic.:s T-cchrncal Inforrmati~n jgency. Arli-ngton Hall
Sta!ion. Arlinglacn 12, virginia..
C PWA-17347
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4k- --,C
'Es Co CctWo. -D- oveD. th =canpih
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* ~? &PAZ'"E~**. PWA-1934
T eABLE OF CONTEn'S
- Foreword H1
Table of Cantents . ii
LiiEt of Figures
Lisl of Table's i-' "I I l _•*
. - 5- - -
-. -".I - In tro d u c tio n .- "
- l. Program Piasu~ed -3
A. Effec-s of nte--tebitials " 3""1B. Forging Practice - 4
"C. Flow-Turniug Deveiopmn 6D. Weld Developmenat 6E_ Metallographic Studies 6
M. Test Results "
A. X-Secbasrial$Pav-v f.i. 5.Il 1•..
Z. We1 V.evelooment 13-\"F. Fo fp.-•, Praciice 16
- -IV. Discussio is
SApr��-iz A - Tables ZO
Appendx B - Figures 39
Appendix C - Manafacturing Laboratories Repoirton X-Ray Diffraction Analysis7
'.o.
1.- - -
,; .PAL,1934
LIST Or FIGURES'Namber Title
I Yield !:-=ength and Standard Deviation forVertical Sections Through Pancake DGT-Z
2 Frequency Distribution Plots of Tensile
"ield St-,ruth Differences Bet-*""..1D-p'ce Sp- -t .
3 Aging Curves foreToe Layer of PancakeDGT-z -
4 A.i.g Curves for Center Layer of Pancake
DGT-Z "-
5 Aging Curves for Bottom Layer of PancakeDGT-Z
SYi.e!d Strengths for Vertical Sections Through
Pancake Forging ".T-2 After Agifg at 900F
for 24-96 Hours
7 ~Micrortructure Near Billet SarfaceL o.
Par-cake DGT-Z Sý:-iag Residual Cold
* S ?Microstruxcture Near Original Billet Center
of ?ancake DGT--Z. Structure Similar toThat Near Billet Sarface But Without-Indications of Cold Work
9 -Microstructure of Tensile Specimen from.
Location B. Pancakre DGT-Z. Aged at 900Ffor 96 Hours. Yie~d Strength 170.5 ksi.
-- .Note Relatively Coarse Aging Precipitate
10 MVicrostructure of Tensi!e Specimnen fromLocation AA. .. ancae DGT-Z Aged at 900Ffor -96 Hours. Tie'd Str.ength 192.0 ksi. -
Note Relatively Fire Distribation ofAging Constituent
iv
"" !v
PWA- 1934
Numoser - Title
1 'Aicr-~stzgcture, at Fracture Surface of Toosile- Specirren from Pancake DGT-Z (Lecmaion Of.
* which Showed Low (1. 4%) Elecagait- aftr Aginga: 700F for 96 Hours. Note Partaa:,v iner-
g ranuslar Failure.
1z 32 croftruo'ture at Fracture Surfacer caf TensileSpecirmen from Pancake DGT-Z (Loca,:iz W)
- which Showed Satir'factory (6.J$) E:j;L~i--nafter Agin' at "O0F for. 96 Houzr!% N-ze -Mostly
ITranrj ranular Failure. !r
13 . Yie'&% Strength* and Standard De'ia :-iosI ~for Verticai Sections thr-ough Paccak.eIDGT-Z a!fte: 90OF (96) AC and !4r-,%
~1) AC 4 90SF (96) AC Heat Trear~
* j 14 Typicai Mic rosructure of Pancake DGT-Z?1Iafter Neat Treatment at 1450F for- I SF~
!S Microstructure at Fracture Sarfaceocvf-Tensile Specimen from Pancake DG7 -Z -After 1450F Heat Treatment and Age-.Specimen bad 1. % E1o,~atift. ?NoedeInteiraranu'ar Failure
16 Yie'd Streogth vs Flonitaticn for %Ea~er-a*from Souppers A.B. and C. as erz--.S&
*by LAdish Company Acceptance Tesz~
17 Mac rostructure of Interstitial PaocakeDYM-lI with 0.202Z - 0. 212% oxyg, St-Content
is 11 * acrostructure a' Interszitial Pancia~eDYN-1 with 0. 15; - 0. i831" Oxygen
* Cont.ent
19 Mac rostructzre of irterstitial PaacakaeDYO- Iwitsh 0. 126 -0. 202% Oxygencontent
art PWA-1934
List _-4 Figtere- (coatiaoed) %Nurr.be r Title
20 Internagly Notched Fracture Toughness
(Gc) Specimene
ZI Fracture Toughness (Ge) azd Yeld Streng• hfox B-IZOVCA Pershing Flow-Turned "
* Cylinders Nos. I and'Z
-2 Modified Charpy Impact Specimen Usedfor Testing Flow-Turned Cylinders Nas.l and
2-3 -Modified Charpy Impac L Energy Absorptionsand Yield Strengths for Flow-TurnedCylinders Nos. I and Z Tested at 70F and-3SF. Scatteir of 70F Results Prevented --
any Correlation.
24 Externally Notched Fracture 'oughness#G) Specimes
2S racture SL-rface of Typical FractureToughness Specimen from B-IZOVCA 7IG -.Weld Which had G€ of 164 In-Lbs/bn2 . LBrackets Indicate Extent of Slow CrackPropagation. Note Coarse-GrainedCleavage Facets and Partially Inter.-granular Failure.
Z6 Fracture Surface of Fracture ToughnessSSpecimen From B-IZOVCA TIG Weld
Which Had Ge of 1480 In-Lbs/InZ. Brackets
!.rdicate Extent of Slow Crack Propagation.Note Fiver Grain Size.
Z7 Macrostructure of Weld Face (T op) and• " Transverse Section (Bottom) of B-IZOVCA
S1C'a, Weld
28 Internally Notched Fracture Toughness(G.) Specimen Being Considered for..
. Transverse We-ld Toughness Testing
, Vi
4Nadmber Til).
29 iaxial-Streas Weld Tesit Speci-metn-Used by Curtiss-Wigift
36 Macrostructuare of Pancake DIM-2 FT'rgedframn 1700F at a Strain Rate *1f7.32 ln-*.a~sI
31 Macrostructaire of Paaicake DYW -Z Forged .
from 17007 zl a Strain Ratet of 63.6 Inc~htz- ~Min~ate
-32 Macroztracturfi of Pancake DTW-3Forged from~ 185ci! ;- a Strain P'steof 4.5 lftchesIMinualZ
33 - Mac rstrzncturc of Pancake DY'W-4Forgei from 1850Y at a Strain Rate Iof 76. 3 Inche4-Minagt
pat & i
'4p
1.1ST OF TABLESlot•i r.. '¢,
Y.urmber Thite
I Sta•us of Vaterial for O!JRO Program
11 Tensile Properties (70F) and Oxygen
: Conents of Panc-ake Forging DGT-Z&fter Af:ing at 90"F
-I1 - Composition of T*nsile Specinmeas'fro'.SPancake Forging LIv.-T-2
.- --IV Tensie Properties (TOF) of Pan:ake"Forging DGT-Z adlter Int*rim 1450F
Peat Treatment and AgeL
v Ladish Acceptance Test Compositionsof Material from Three Metal Suppliers
VI- Ladish Accewntance Test Tensile
"Propprties (70F) of Material from
Three -Metal Suppliers
vII Forging Procedures for WI-mart-Gordouliterstitial Pancakes DYM-I, DY-l-,and DYO-1
VU Fracture Toughness (JG ) Test Resultson oB-;ZO'7CA Pershing F'ow-TuvnedC7linrders Nos. I and 2 (401 Diamzeter)
IX M.odified Charpy Inspact Test Resultson Pershing Flow-Turned Cyfindert"Nos. I .nd 2 at 70F and -35F
Y Tensile Properties (70F) oi Col04-Roied ..and Fbow-Turned Material with Respectto Direction and Thicl-nes.
XI Tensile Properlirs (7OF) and Bend TestRestults on 11-iZ0VCA TIG and Electron-Ream Weid-
`7 " "-Too-
"9n.:
*-'*..~ ..~pWA-Iý*4'
DY~~~oZ1%4 *.-. n D
XUI FogngPocdre orWman-Gordo.TniePoprbt 7F*~~o Kit~h and Low Strain Rate PanciakeggWl
DY-.DYW-2. DYW-3 . aud DY W-4
XV Ladish Acceptance Test Tensile Propertiesf70F) on Heat of Mate-rial for Hammer andRoll Forgings
I
7777 7- - 77 i7
*W.lI flb-.* I -- a P*AA-l?)34 i
1. INTRODUJCTION
A. Pu-pose and Scope of Project
This progra-m -s aimed at the development of a high strength.lightweight. titanircm alloy pressure vesses ef -the type used -__
* for solid fuel rocket motor cases. D-IOVNCA titaniam alloy'C' has been se!ected for further investigation because of its
irherent high stre.-.--ti. its potential of reliably exceedung theyeld szren l! s2.ty ratio of 1. 00. 000 .iches a-Ad ?be possibility -o: reaching 1. 200. •00 ih=tws. The main problens inv=lved in its .--.anpl.;ction incluc!e the development of fab-icatio" technique* to -achieve consistently high strength levels along with the most
economorical ute of material. -
B. " Backeound Information&
Previcus research a=d feasilhility testing conducted by Prat &"VWhitney Aircraft Di-vision have indicated that B-IZOVCA titanum
a-toy is an excellent m~aterial for !ightvweight rocket motorcases. Evidence was accuurj:ated that its properties could beimprb-ed. as weli as the techmniques used in fabrication. "hisalloy contains thirteen per ce-t vanadium, eieven per cent
chromium, and three per cent alrm.-zwn-m. In the cold-vorked ad-aged co.ndition it has achieved the highest strengthlweight ra~oof all metals that ha'-e been -sed for rocket motor cases. Work -at Prtt. L Whitney Aircraf: Divisi--n has demonstrated thatthis alloy may be fabricated into small pressure vessels withyield strengths abco-e 180.000 pounds per square inch. Atthis stres. !evei the material has a strength equivalent to190. 000 psi in low alloy steel at the same strength/densityratie. E-1Z0VCA titanium alloy has also display-.4 exce!!entcorr"sion resistance !o salt spray enviro nment at the 160,000-where !ong time storage is involved.
C_ Socbject %Matter Covered in This RepoytL
The work planned on the various phases of the program is OF
outlined and the results of all current inve stigations arereported. These results include the frllowing: * -
1*as gift
LA I
1
PWA-01g4 vm,
,-, V. 4I a...g9 .. ... .. ,' ,
I 1. Tensile tests. chemical anakyses. and micro--"- ezxamination of press-forged pancake DGT-Z. -
Z. Techniques W hydrogeaation of B-!ZGVu-sheet stock.
n - . Fracture :oughiess (G€ and modified Charpy
impact) tests of foity-inch diameter flow-turs-ned.cylinders.
4. X-ray diffraction studies of co!d-rolled sheet stockand flow-tur.ed material,
S. Te.sIle, bend. and fracture toaghness (Gctests of t..ngs•.n-inert-gas and electron-beam -welded sheet stock, and
6. Limited tensi!e tests of pancake forging*upset at high. and low strain rates.
The above results are discussed and tentative conclusions drawn.
I4r[.-.i I
A:
~ - -
V. - "" .'
U PROGRAM PL"AINED- -
The following program is planned at the prrset- time and is s#bjectto revision as the development progresses. Major emphasis willbe directed to the Wtady of metallurgical factors whiclh infla'encematerial behavlior durirg forging. flow-turniag, beat treatment, ani -d _ -welding. The res4alts oi tis study wil! bee applied to tbe ackieve--rient of reliability in Luill scale componests at the 180.000 psi yieldstrengab level with the most economical use of ma:trial. The
-- * feasibility of e:.ending -th reliable yie!d strength level to 20. 000 epsi will also Ie determined.
As a resalt of delays and the revised pace given to tla-e program. itis n•.w apparent that it cannot be completed in the time called for by
•4�the contract. his ma:ter Pnd the possibility of an extension wil bediscussed in rneeting.& with the technical supervisor. The status ofthe material to be uiaeld in the pr•o,•ra.= is outlined in Tam1e LI.-A. Effects of Interstitials
The effects of hydrcgen content on delayed cracking andstress-corrosion are to be studied, with emphasis omthe flow-turned mate rial ,sed for the e.l!indrical sectionof recket cases. The present PWA specificatwom callsfor a •u-3m hy•drogen con'*te-- of 0.015 per cent.When a satisfactory hydrogenation technique has beende--eloped a limi-ed hydrogen program will be conducted firston sheet stock. The -..ateriai will be reduced fifti" per cent bymultiple-pass cold-rolling. hydro;ezated to a level of ZOO ppmnand aacd to a yield strength of 180,.00 psi. The aging heat.reatment a! SOOF sho•ld act also as a diffusion heat treatumentto eliminate any gradient in hydrogen content caused by theh--rogenation process. Smooth and notched (Kt=S) tensilespecimens will be tested at five temperatures between'-35Fand 400F. Smooth and notche-d specimerns will be tested atthe standard strain rate (0. C05 inlin/min) and the remr.ainingnotched specmcns willhe tested uder sustained load-.
-2,4
PWA-1 934
It is expected that ths iniuial program -will es •test techniqmes. give an insight into the effects dtest tempera7&re. and aid in fixing the scstained-1&4stress levels, as well as determining the effect ofhydrogen on delayed cracking.
The effects of oxygen co&ent on aging responee, notch •sensitivity and stress-corrosion will be evaluated using .nise press-forged pancakes. The oxygen levels being •--,
i-vesti-ated are 0.10. 0.15. and 0.Z93 per cent, thehydrogen and nitrogen co.tents being maintai-ed at. -
0.015 and 0.02 per cent respectively. After Wyman- .L
Gordon has determrined the aging response of the tikhree-pancakes forged with different oxygen contents, sm-iotband notched tensile testihg will be conducted at the!SID GOO and ZOO. 000 p3i yield strength levels. Stress-corrosiastesting cith salt spray will also-.be conducted oa tins material,at the same strength levels. Additional pancakes with varyingoxygen ccntents will be press-forged in sets of three. dependingUpon the results obtained with the first three.
* B. Forging Practice
The primary aims of thi foring portion of the program areto irnrove the strength and uniformity of end closuresand to achieve more economical use of material. Itis expected that these objectives will be attained by - - -contour-forging of bosses. by reduction in wall thickness.
and by controlling fin.'xhing temperature so as to retainthe maximum amourt of cold work.
1 . Press Forging
Four pancakzz O.S x IS inches have been forged iaopen dies bT Wyman-Gordon at two forging temperaturesand at high and low strain rates.. Four additionalpancakes may be upset as duplicates or at vtherc. ominations of temperature and srain rate. dependingupon lte results of evaluation of the first merie. rThe results of this work will be applied to the develop-rmeat of closed-die forging of fourteen-inch d&ameterdomes by the 'dogbo~e" technique. Forty-inchdiameter frout closAres will be forged by this tcckaqu,
* 4'
.~ 4r
I..
)t
ifroulscale fresult indicate this to be the "b~tproinising forzio-. n~thod.
Z . amrnme r Foragn
Two of the four pancakes I x 18 inches to beUpset by Ladi sh wil; be h.- nmer-forged is
closed dies- The initia! bille breakdown forthe first two piaeces'Will be pernimec at 19gand 2000F. and final forging will be completedat 1700F. The other .wo pancakes wi;t beforged as du-p!icates or at an inermediate"temperature. The latter pancakes will coattai
an offset boss so that fourteen-inch diameterdomnes can be produced if desired. Forgiag
wi-l begin durir~g February. 1961. Full scalefront closures will be for:ed by this technique
if mechanical propertly evaluation of the abovosubscale pancakes and dormes is more premisingthan the p.ress forging results.
3. Ring Rolling
Ladish will concoct ring rolling studies an sixfourteen-inch diameter rings. An additional
six rings will be fabricated for flow-turningdee--!oprzent. The first four pieces will beforged as follows:
Billet Upset Ring RollingPiece Temperature Temperature
I BoorF ISOOFz 18oo 19003 1800 ZOO04 1700 To be based an
preceding results.
These four rinns will be railed darin' February andwill be sectioned for evaluation of amchanicat properties
ard mic rest .-ucture. Two additional rings will be rolledas taplicates or at interrrwdiate temperatures depen"&MUPC34 Ow. abtweC results.
T_ . -", TT YTi
- '! - - -' - -a -- -;. --
UitS~T~Yh.4497PWA-114 . Z
T21 h~Iiai zec1tniqtie which develops th bes =k.fwuxe and _*c~amaira prope rties after ring roilift and fllow- 1
turning wirs be appgiied to rclling the ternaining sixc ringsto be used for filow-tursiing developmenL 5ated ". tvcetIe±sulm,. severn SGortysinch diameter rings will be rolled
under- opzimu n- conditloces. One of these -will !-e sectionedElfor evalutisw~a and the others-flow-twmred for evaltafienand possible use sia rocket cases. i's addisiarn. fri4 seale-rear c'osur..s will be ;abrica!*-d by the ri135-rG~ling .techaiawe if saibscalt results are satisfac~ory.
Flow-Turning De~elopment
The twelve fourteen-inch diaineter roll-forged rings fabricated11y Lacfish 'wil be flow-turned. The fairst boar or possit-ly *siof these riegs -mill 1-e flow-turned using the lbest present tec iq1M.The rensaining rings %kill be used to investigate m~ajor flow-
* -turning para-y".:ers such as tL~e rnandrel rpmn. rate of roller:ravrel axially. and per -:ent reduction per pas The cylinder*
resltngf7ro .h;S 'work will !*e explored for eciaaccalproperties v-iih eirpftasis on fracture toughness. The cyliaderswill be used !a dezertninc tho.e effect of ZOO ppm of hy-iogen ondelayed cracl'iag. X-ray diffraction studies will be :-onduc:ed
:1-to deterinine the effect of ;be various flow-turning paraffseterson degree of prefferred orienlation and hence an direceioaality
* - of inect.-anicoul proplerties. Forty-inth diameter rings will beflow-itrned af~er ,he umall scale work %as progressed suffici-
ently.
D. Weld eeomA
The weld development urrk is airn-ed primarily at improvingtMe fracture toagbness Gf welds in IS-IZOVCA taitaniarn alio7y.Fracture toughness testing of TIG welds by Pratt & WhitneyAirzraft Division- and by Met Naval- Research La'ýora:ory hasshomr-a low Gc va~ues. The initial r-ork 'will be on estahlish%ii the
best fracture toughness test technique and on the evaluation Ofthe electron-beam welding process. Techniques forareld repairwill also be investigated.I ,
tight nurosatte exalmoinatio of flow-turned material. forged
-. .- -- -
PWA-1934
Ill TEST RESULTSA. Mechanical Propertiets of Past Forging$
An extensive survey of the tensile properties. Compo3ition.and Microstructure of Wyman-Gordon press-forged pa.-akeMDT-2 has been co-iucted to determine the extent of and thereasons for variations in yield strength with respect t1- theoriginal billet center. This pancake was forged from halfof a billet which %ad been split longitudinally so that after
a forging the original billet center wA- 1 tcated at the peripheryof the pancake." Pancake DGT-Z was chosen for exatninatiosfrom a group of three because it had received a double upset.it represented the larger (fourteen-inch diameter) billetstock, and it had shown considerable variation in yieldsrength in the preliminary testing. It was considered that
"V ! te-- double upset would be -nore representative of fall s-ale ISend closures tLhan the single upset. and- that the larger billetdiameter would be more likely to reveal any effect of nov.-uniformity in the ingot.
Duplicate slugs were cut from DGT-o in twenty-s-even locationsacross the pan•cake diameter. These locations represented thetop. center. and bottom of the pancake. awi radial pdsitions ex-tending from the original biilet center :hrouga the pancake centerto the original pancake surface. The slags were aged at 900F
for 96 hours. math ned into round tensile specimens, and testedat room temperature.. The ter.xi!e properties and specimenlocations are sh6wn in Table U. There was considerable
variation in yield strength with a tendency for higher valuestowards the billet surface as compared to the billet center. Theyield strength and radial* location are plotted in Figure I.- A -
statistical analysis of variance has established that there is a
significant trend in yield strength. increasing from the originalbillet center to the billet surface. There is no question that the"exceptionally high yield strength adjacent to the billet surfaceis the greatest factor in producing this tread (Table 11).
Thickness measurements of the pancake have shown a defieitedifference in thickness at the original billet center from tha! at thebillet surface, the billet surface location being the thinner byabout 0. 100 inch. This thinning could indicate a greaterreduction and more work d.uring forging, thereby locally
increasing the aging response and yield strength.
N "
.-.. on
"ATI V#UVICV &.=CPA"1 PWA-1I934
The re was also a significant variation in tensile dectility .'.
with location but this variation did sot'correspond to theAiffereaces in yield strength. Most of the specimens showiuglow elongations cam. e from the pancake center and wereassociated with coarse gra~im size (Filkure I)-. M-etal flow ithis area is more restricted than in tht-e periphbevy of thepancakce and higher temperatares would be expected.Coar:er grair. si" at the cendler of the panc.Lke is indicative of
* tess work. coupled with a hither fimishing ternperawre. Afew scattered areas of low elongation were evident away fromnzhth p.;ncake center (T,&ble U1). These low elorngations are-generl ly alttribctable to forging practice and are not bel~ievedto he relazed to location in the original billet.
Freqsency distnbution plats of yield strengtht differencesbetweer. dwalicate specimens for pancake DGT-Z and cold-rolled ared aged B-IZOVCA sheet stock are shown in Fiasare Z_
These plots zshow that the differences betiveen doplicate-~ j specitiverss from. pancake DGTI-Z are apparewstlv ithin uormal j
test scatter as ;maged by the sbeet stock distribution. Theaverage di-fferences were very close: 3.!? ksi for the sheet
* stock and 3.19 ksi for pancake Z)GT-2.
atI was fell that oxygen co.ntent. would 1-- the movt proba-zle comp.nsition 'factor influencing the W'served differences in yieldstregh Higher osy en contenis would be expected.as theoriginal Sillet surface. Qxygeai is an ai~pha stabilizer and it isV'nowrl to isave a -strang influence an the aginvg resp~se of tbis -
**alloy. The data measured on parcake DGT-Z at Wyran-Gordonstiows ;hat the observed trend in yield strength is et-ide-nt afteraging at 90OF for Z4. 48. and 72 hours. as -,acl as aftee aginig-at 90OF for 96~ honurs- Aging cra~es for various locaiionis aresho-*n in Figure* 3. 4. and S. The )-ie~d stizength at v~riousspecimea locations is pto~ted in Figure 6. To establish aPossib correlation between yield slvretnth aad rx,% &*a content.satmples from the tensile specimens at all twemty-s"Vee lecaticoor. th- pancake section were anslyzeci w~ti tie res,*lts shown in
:-Z~ :-~ -- Table 11. A statist~cal analysis has shcwn no corrvlatiocj bewcen these val;.es of oxygo-s content and the yield streng-hI variations. Thc upecim.eas w?'ich had low tensille elonga~ionI were comnlpetely analyzed for comp-.poition with :be resultsI shown ini Table 1!.l. There appeared to be rto consistent relaticsj betw*een variation in any coirmpositian element and ductility-
° •° "° " 2.- -
'5&1?& ~.t..C A.&EF1 WA-1934.I.
It bas been reported toy t1~e AD Mac CornwrAflee on Ch-voica!Analysis, Titanaium Alloy Sheet Rolling Panel. Ordnance
. . - Materials Advisory Board, that ;be consistent deter•m.atie -
of oxygen consent in B-12OVCA titanium a rloy is exceptionally.
difficult. The data pre2wa-'ted is the com-rmittee's report was"accumulated fromrr various facilities using different analysist -chniques o.% standard material samples. Material zarnplesof the type use4 have been procured from Watertown Arsenal
t*. l..coraiories and are being analyzed to compare results withthose of other facilities as to magnitude and variation of oxygencontent. It is possible that.& correlation between yield strengthand oxygen corntent of pancake DGT-Z has been hidden by
"inconsistencies of the analytical mrethod.
Mi-croexamiratior. of pancake -DGT -2 in both the as-forged and theforge6-and -aged v onditioni, has shown contiderable variationin graiL size. am.ount of apparent working, and degree of
recrystallization, as stated in the first quarterly report (PWA-1897). These structures had no a.pparent connectionuw ith .:.'-goriginal billet locations but appeared to be a result vt the forgingoperation-alone. The only signifirant fact evider.t in tke as-forged microstructures was a greater amount of working at --ebillet surface and the pancake surface comnpared to other areas -_
of the pancake (Figures 7 and 8). This zrea of greaterworkirg corresponded -o the higher strength region at the original
billet surface (Table II). Microexarnination in the forged-and-aged condition showed that higher strength is associated witha finer distribution of aging constituent (Figures 9 and 10).
Exa.nination of specimens having low tensile elongauion indicated
that low ductility resulted- from a semicoctinuous-network of aging constituent at the boundaries of recrystallized
grains (Figure Il ). Specimens with higher (more than 4. 0pcr cent) el3ngations showed :ransgranular failure z.cross
unrecrystallize-1 grains (F;gure 12).
Duplicate slugs from nine locattions corresponding to original fbillet center, pancake :enter. and billet surface of pancake DGT-Z
* -,were beat treated at 1450F for one hour. aged at 190OF for 96hours, machined into smooth tensile specim-ens and tested atroom temperature. The 1450F heat treatment was intended
to sirrn.ate the drawing operation on full scale end closures.The tensile properties and specimen locations are shown inTable ror. These results indicated more uniformity antd slightlyhigher yield .strengths than the forged-and-aged properties(Figure 13). The tensile elongations. however. are much lower
ý-.*-o
-. o
*U.. ..-
. . . ..--- '.... ., _ - .- ,- *
*w*, & ~6Th( £.S~aVIPWA-l954
i - o. C. • %•.••o-q-• •.• •. C.. .
C. & -C.•
tha. has Sw farge4l-asd-aged material (Ta)Ae it. Figure 13).WIicroexaruirnation showed .*-%t these properties cam be attributedto the recrysta-lizltion which occurred during the 140]F" "eat-
treatment. This recrystallization produccd a more uniformstructure (Figure 14) and therefore a more uniform strength.but it also raused comple'e networks cf aging constituentat grain bozndaries and uniformly low ductility. Tensilefr.acture surfaces indicated that failure was alyost corspletelyintergranular (Figurt 15). The material propertiea afterthe 1450F heat treatment and aging i-ndicate that severe overa-.ghas occurred after 96 hours at 900F. Six additional slzgsfrom pancake DGT-± heat treated at 1450F for thirty minutesare being aged for Z4. 48. and 7Z hours to further investigatethe overaging effect.
Information has been received from the Ladish Company on thecomparison of material from three metal suppliers. Thecompositions and te-sile properties are shown in Tables V and VI.These data were accumulated by Ladish in acceptance testing ofthe material. The results show differences in aging respoesec! material irom t%e three sources, and correspondingvariations in ductility. The yield strength and elongation ofthese various heats of ma:erial are plotted in Figure 1L.No difference in relative ductility is shown ty these data.There were no significant differences in composition except i.-*hat material from mettaI supplier C appeared to have a loweraverage chromirrm content (Table V). This difference had
"* no apparent effect on tensile properties (Table VI). Similar"- comparative data are being obtained from Wymran-Gordon.
B. Effects of Interstitials
All work so far on the effect of hydrogen has been on theestablishment of a hydrogenation technique. First. hydrogenationin aqueous soiotions of hydrofluoric and nitric acids wasattempted. This technique was unsatisfactory because itproduced a high hydrogen content at the surface and producedan intergranular surface attack. The second method tried wasto expose the rnaterial to a hydrogen atmosphere at 400 to 600F.This technique was abandoned be~ause the desired 200 to 300 ppmof hydrogen could not be obtained with reasonable hydrogenpressures and exposure times. Information received frommetal supplier A indicated that hydrogenation coald be accom-plished satisfactorily by a cathodic process. The process used
% ' S
PC-.
S" '-•-• . : _- "• • ;-- --- •. - . -=• • • .•.• •• - • -- .- -- _ . .- . .- -- .
*
a * .... ,PIVA-1934A
srfPE--•.-'Zc acid as al electrolyte. a !ead anode. and th, ttai.uramarT• sheet to'be hydrogenated as a cathode. In pretirrdtarytrials. hydrogen -levels up to 2460 ppm have beer acl.ieVed.after a diffusion treatment at 800F. The paraw.eters of theprocess are now bocing esta~b:;shed for hydrogetn levels of
.- 200 to 30O ppm.
Half--secions of th-ee press-forged o.tncakes with varying.
oxygen contents have been received :from Wyman-G.rdorn.These pancakes were to have oxygen cot•tents of approxivmately0.10. 0.15. and 0.20 per cent. The oxygen analyses of theingots were as follows: Oxygen Content
Heat Pancake Desired Too Bottomn
V-I676 DYO.- I 0.10% 0. 1 Z&6-. 1z8% 0.ZZ7-0.2Z02V-1677 DYN-1 0.15 0.1i8 0.193V-1678 DYM-1 0.20 0.212 0.Z12
"Heats V-167- and V-1678 ,were close to the desired analyses but L"--=i . I Heat V-1676 had a wide variation in oxygen aalysis. These
- Iancakes were forged w-ith a double upset as outtlined in Table .VU.Wy1-man -Gordon is presenntly rechecking 1.1e composition anddeter-mining the aging response of the forging* at 900F.
-Aacroexarmination at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Division hasshown coarse -grained regions at the pancake ce.tteri similarto the previous pancakes- DCGM-1.; DGT-t and DGT-Z (Figures17. 18, and 191. The compositions on two surfaces and at the"center of each pancake art- being deter-mined.
C. Fracture Toughness Testing
Fracture toughness (Gc) testing on forty-inch diarmtwer flow-turned cylinders Nos. I and 2 from the Per-hiag program has beencompleted. The material was machined into the ASTM standard3 x 12 inch internally-notched specimens shown in Figure 20(except that these specimens did not irtclude welds).
Specimens were tested in both the axial a-nd circumferentialdi.ections. Both cylinders were tested ag-stress-relieved(MYOF for 30 minutes). and cylinder No. 2 after aging at800F for one. two and foust hours. The G results andcorresponding tensile properties are shown in Table VI13 andFigure .1. Smaller ASTIM standard specim-ens I A 4 inchesand 2 x S inches are being machitsed from cylinder No.
Vas
-s--.- . -.- % ~.- . . - . 4- ° .'_ . - *,=-..-=. -. ,. .=- .C.-Z S --. -S -f, ~. --... .. ... . .. ... -
P•AT & mc..stYl 4L*RC*,PWA-1954
to determfive the effect of specimen sie. "The resslqs to date...S_ • ~inicitte that the toagEness (Gc) is lower ie the circumaferential -
dir:.ection than in the axial. This is und--rstandable since the'! •-
S1j*.7 -j
" ~~y-.ead strength is higher in the circumfere-nial direction...=The toughnets is anproximately equivalent at a given yield •strength level regardlest of direction (Table VIII, Figure ZI).•,
- IMdified Charpy impact speci*e-s (Figu-re Z) and instrur en*td
berd test specimens have been rmachined in the &,Xial z.nd circum- l''f-rcr..tial directions from flow-terned cy-inder N. 2. Anattermpt wil be made to correlate the results on these '-.spec-tmens w:th the Go tesesst elts. Is a saisfactoru morrelationis foond to existe it may be possible uoeanabte tl eh expensive -GI y est method. or to use it only as a final test method aftersctreening tests with specimens of the a(oTb: type. Test 1)
resMlts on modified Char-py impact speci rens at room tenpera-
tu're aud -35F" shown in Table !X indicate considerabl,- variation.The room temcperature data exhibited a, s~ig~ht trend towardsbigher energy absorptsein in the circuhnferential direction asci
compared to the axial. The -15F daxta were too limited tosfhow an effect of direction but indicated a slight trend towards
iwer energy absorption h tean the room temper-turelts. oreslatsEnergy absorption and yield strength are plotted it Figure 23.
.codieied Cttarpy impact testing so far he s shown thay thesess:Eivit) of the test techniqa e at spe pesat raoure and below
-- ~is not adequate. Additionz.! impact specim"ens will be tested
at-r 70.d -35 n'0F aho nd in Tanl IX ndcted n specimenab s %varai
be terted at room temperature.
* hi. X-Ray Diffraction Studies
The preliminary x-ray diffraction -e5dies of mill-annealeda,.d cold-wftoed sheet aid of fbow-tirned material hase beencompleted and the resultso replrted bt are MfacturingLaboratories, Cambridge, Masstcing sentfa A s opy of this
5e"-. had v tee o tahied teot te l-anne ate ro h emerture1Z and elo
report is included in Appdndix C. The saimples willtyzedThadee mrali inary x-ram dfracio uis fmil-annealed shej.25i.c
thick. cold-rolled sheet stock (fify pt r cent reduction) aged atcomF flotehirty minutesd and the 40-inrt h dib a meter Perihing
flow-turned cylinder No. 2 (fifty per cent reduction) alsoaged at 855F for thirty minutes. The results of this studywere as follows:
pas as&
NOo
•IV -, • ''19 34 i! vS.. ~A1 w.7.c avqcuars PWA-l93
-. Cold-rolle4 sheet and flow-tarwed usnerial PEa distinct texture whereas Aill-annealed Oheet is .
randomly oriented,
2. The texture cf fow-;turned material varies acrossi*'•- the wall thickness, and differs from that of cold- I
* rolled sheet.
3. The principal wrtrking direction in flow-turning is
4- The outer section of flow-turned material hasasingular texture, similar to one component of
what would be expected from rolling in the.,-II"circumferential direction, and
S. The irner section of flow-turned material is of amixed cl-a~racter. consisting off -h ter section -
"texturie and a texture . cpected for rollingin the axial direction.
These results predict that thz transverse me-banical-roperties of cold-roiled sheet should be similar to the
"axial propertie3 of a flow-turned cylinder. Similarlythe !ongiltudinal properties of cold-roiled sheet shouldresemble the circumferential propertieso. the innersection of a flow-turned cyiinder. The fact that theo-ter section of flow-turned material has a singular "texture indicates considerable directionality in itsmechanical properties. Since the int.er section hasa mixed instead of a singular preferred orientationjit should exhibit little or no directionality. These.predictions are verified b- the observed results shown inTable X.
="| . Weld Development
Prelirminary testing on-the initial set of TIC and etectron-beamwrlded panels has been completed. Three panels of mill-annealedsheet 0.125 inch thick were TIG welded with B-IZOVCA fillerwire. Helium was used for the torch, trailer cup. and quenching
gas. The panels were welded with solid copper backup andhold down bars using a travel speed of fire inches per minate,an arc voltage of about ten, a current of about 125 amperes, and
- - a tungsten electrode 0.093 inch in diameter.
".1i*" -WC.!E"" 11
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-~ ~~~~~~~~~~ .. A - 1 34...~~. t -- S-. -
9-W", -'v it&*AhC
at a travel. speed of tventy..eigM inehzpc me PC vog s-1~e ~e~rm-eau Perd Ininste ~a vltg
of '1 J to .135 kilo-renSs. andl a current of 3- 0 to 4. 4 mailli- I Y-arfVZx-fýS. Three panels were welded frem muit-angeaxe.
J smbeet 0-. 12c inch thick-. 0w additional panels were welded4 - ~frorn cold-rolled .bcet reduzced thirty-fivie per cent to a
to %aelding. The- intent of the aging trealtment was to prod.c.z -
I ~~a yiela strength leve-l ei abvo-=t 180, 000 psi- -
a ~Tenzile, bend. azd fracture to~~ghne-ss (G I tests on sypeciimeas
i rnpa& t Specimens notched at the weld center and i-tstruame"Iedbend sneciMeas have been wnachined from th-e TJG weldedvar-c-s a-dare red obetested. Tensile adbiend t~I ~~results for both the TIC and elect rat:-Learn. welded paneis are ~j hown 1i. Table Xl_ Greater beend dectizlity iý .i-Adicated fortie t-lectron-beamiwelded Oaeil h esl rptissuWlowtr elorngation for the *lectron-b~eam welded specirmes and!hgb-er- ield stre-.ezhs for- those welded, i5 the colld-rolledand agcd conditiom. These differencees are =,it representativeof the streti and aurtili~y of electron-bearn welds- The low ..-
one ir-l- is a resalt of a v.ery locallized deformation in the
saarrow ;19_050 - ft. 0-73 in-el) weld bead k+.%ractedsxtic of th*elec~tran-bearn weld. T-bis locA~lized deformation Is believedI to be ceeiced by a slightly coilcave weld face and by the &actile
elur- - the weld material 2s compared to. the parent metal.The kncaiizcd yiclding aogives c~rtifleial~y high yield stsengths1)ecause the defor-ming material is strengthened by the sdja_-aothigh strength parent niazerial zs riemnonsrtdb tetssults frompae~s Nos 357 and 3;S& (Table 3M -
Ore -c-pecirnen from an eirctron-bearn wcldedpaewsrzachined in acco'daraco- with F-srare 20 zad the rernainder perFigure 24. The fractare tougbrncss test results are &hOwG i.nTable- X11 :=Pget'he r vith previoois data from ?NRL o= P&WA IGMwelded pa iels. The tocimess of TIG we'sis tested r-=der thisprograrn was co-mp)ar~blc tc that obti-ined byv NRL on sintilarly
w.-14
- TT 6 w.-h( fJ-1 PWA-i934
umachined froam aA area w~icb Ud only sligia %at conn~e~e vmidpenetration. This slight penetratiom was accompsaied by finrgrain zize and less evidence of grain boundary consti-eat.indicative of a faster cooling ra:e as shown by comparison ofFigures ZS and U. Typical macrostructure of "M welds isshown in Figure V7. The grain size in this area was 0I 01Z inchas compared to 0. 015 inch in TIG welds with normal penetratio,.- "
The fracture locghness results on electron-beam weldedr-ateria! are --%*ore difficult to interpret because ol the
7 influence of s-,cimrnen size. The single 3 x 12 inch speciena-had 2 cf 795 -4sii=2 which is higher than the avenage
j ialce for 77IG welded malerial. The -x 4 inch. spcimrensalso gave higher values than TIG welded material but thisresult nrnay not be significant becaase of the difference inspec.men size. The :atched tensile strengths of these small
usecimrnens are encouraging becaute they are close to the ul-11nrte tensile strength ol tVe material #Tables XI and XI.The latter speci-mens had a stress concentration factor of
Based on beid testing and a limited amount -f fracture
"tourFhrinss IGdtesting. it appears thatt-the dactility of-~ electroz-bear welds is superior to that of hIG welds.
ITis pr6bably can be attributed to the fastrr coolinggrain b-cndary precipitate and finer grain size. The i.)
average grain sizes in e!ectron-beam w4elds were 0.000inch in -rmaterial 0.0S5 inch thick and 0.011 inch in
sections-1! 1 .. mte.-ialsetot 0.125 inch hi•ck as ineasureid o. :ransvers•e '
To further e•aluate the electron-bean- welding prc -essa proposed program is being prepared. It wii! be sub-
I rmined to Harniton Sandard. Airco, and NationalReecarch Corpor-tioc for quctations on perforni-ng the jworf . This program wmid involve 1) the deterrnAition.of the effects of electron-beam welding paraneterson rz-icrosetructure. s.4 Zj the deter-mination of tbaImechanical oroperties of the most desirable st.ucturea.-
om1t ________
~.:-
PIWA-1934
= To deterzni-e :h eifect of crack orientatto in TIG weladlog" r.the testi,*g of a specimen co.taining two longitadinal welds
-th a transversely oriented notch in each weld (Figure Z -)
is being considered. A series of panels are being TIGwelded to evaiuate this specirnen and the biaxial-stress I -
_ weld speciwnen .2sed by Curtiss-Wright (Figure Z9). Jr.
additien. edge:-notched t~pecirrkens (IKt = 5) and furshi xpact specirneas will be tested. Various methods forincreasing the cooling rate of the TIG weld pudifle are tbeing considered. , ...
F. Forging Practice "
I. Press Forging
l•ff-s zcions of four press-for-ged pancakes have beenreceived fran Wy.-nan-Gordon. Two pancakes %erefor•ed in a single vpset at 1700F and twO at1850F. One of each pair was forged at a high strain.rate and the other at a low str.-in rate. The forging-b,-roce-ure- followed are outliued in Table XIII. Wyman-
Gordt,- is presently determnining the aging response ofthese pat-cakes. The data received so far is shown inTable XIV. The tensile properties indicate a fasteraging response for the pancakes upsct at Iew strainrates, and Iv-a-er yield strengths towards the pancake
I- centers than at the pancake surfaces (Table XIV).* - Mac roexamina tion showed coarse-grained regions
at the pancake centers. There was also a tendency-- .o,*ards coarser grain s;ze after forging at a high
strain rate (Figures 30. 31. 32. and 33). There wasno appre-iable difference in the grain size of pancakes
S -. forged' at 1700F anu those forged at 1550F. The coarser
grain si:e ar-d slower aging respcnse after forging athigh strain rate is belie,-ed to be due to the higher fin-
*- i-hing temperature as compared to %.at for the low -
"-i I strain rate forging (Table XIMI.
Z. Ha-nr.er Forging and Ring Rolling
The Ladish Company has zompleted acceptance testingof the heat of material that will be used in the firstpart of the harnmer forging vid ring roiling. program.The composition was as follows:
S .'-2-~ .• f
.°..o
page 0.
highe stent at the ingot- ~ ?WA-!A3 tha att-- K~on
0- - .
mnin-d•.nze this. effect an.d to av'oid the: effects vf possibleva•riations in corerplosition. t.he m-alter-ial for- h--•.n.'ncr f•orgingwill be• taken f-re.- one end of~the ingiA and the maiteriall
is ava'-Oii-:e, samples ffor o~•--.r r .oil f•orging -&,it! be
v-reaoio-s along the ingot.
"T°
"o°a
- a .
S. . . . . . .. . . . . ..5. . .. , -- - - - ; ; : ' :_ ' '' -.-..- .;-
* ~ ~ ~PWA-1934"A a. - .Gich was forged ander j'..
,V-bS Wy.--ordoC and Prat & Whitney Aircraft Dimision
j prior to the current contract. has den-•onstrated that open-die"forging can de-velop a wide range6 of tensile properties withinIr-.a given part. Low ductility in the cente: of bhe pancake was
j • found to be associated with a greater degree of grain boundaryrecrystailization than elsewhere in the forging (Figurez i1and 12). !nsuffic-icnt localized %orking coupled with higherlocal temperalares are suggested as explanations for this be-
, j havior. The relatively high finishing ten.perature (1565F) andthe long agting time of 96 hours at 900!' to develop a yieldstrength oi 180, 000 psi are indicatiors of the =z.ual behavioror this forging. Fcrgings of this typ-e normally develop thedesired tensile properties after 9 ;o 40 hours at 900F. Also ofinterest-is the fact that fine ag.ng precipitat in pandake a d T-
- was associated with hvigher yield strength (Figures 9 and 10).Sa.n.p:es with lowir yield strength had coarser aging precipitate.
B. The d;-Frex.;ces in texture between inner and -uter suxiacesof f;io-&-turned r-.aieri-al shown by x-ra7 diffractia- are inagreement with the ..nechanical propertzes for the respectivelocations (Appendix C. Fig. 7). The vo.riations in crystal-gographic oi-ienatia• shed so.-..e light on the nature of the de-forma•tion pr-od,.ced by flow-turning, in sirnpii--ed iorm itappcars that I) the ine•. in contact with the roller tool is de-iormr-d 5opirally ,o a depth of at least 0. 015 inch, and Z) themetal adjacent to the mandrei is mov.d axily as in cold tolling.
The x-ray diffraction work performed so far constitutedan exploratery effort to ascertainr w-hether it would be possibleto detect any evidence of preferred orientation. Considerationis being gi-'en to determining the profile of the texture fromthe outside surface to the inside sarface of h•ow-turned rmaterial.The n>_ture of the residua! stress. cc.-pressive or rensile,across the flow-tu.rned section needs definition, and this maybe capable of solution by x-ray diffraction techniq.es.
I ~ ,I
-- -_- -. .. . _ _ _--_ -. , o L_ _ " =
-'-
The signif-can-ce of the prefermret oinari a Mnotr ed inthe t o-4.gvmed sectime from a WA-2VC.& r~es. is MT0,1 clearly urderstood. It is knuow-r tkal immoraved toughitee"is imparted by present flow-ftrning tech*6ques. It may be
* possible to iurtl-er improve t oughness by varying the flow-Terning parameters-. Since it bas been dernonnstrated thatpreferred orientation from -x-ray r-Gi! -ctieen zc* o?!CIlCswith directionality o-f mnechanical properties. the x-ra-; diffracticerneasurenments woruld be useful in guiding the flow-turning develcp-ment program to obtain opti-mum direcionality o f properties..-
C. The workc on press forging at lo- vs.. high strain raze& is
* xuccmplete but the data presently avaiiable indicate tbat for-
to N'-_-b strz.i%- rate s at 'a70(1 c.r I SSOF for ging tewaperatutres.It. also appears that the best result is prodaced by a firishingten-perature of 14GOF or b-elaw. An attemoD: will be 2rride toI d.ifine the rela ive importance of strain rate- vs fmiisbinn; :emp.eratue aby a secngone pancalte from 160OF at a high strainraeeratue byd aorginone pancalce from ZOOOF at a ligh strainrae
jfinis-hing both forgings bea 1400F if possible.
These prellim-inary stc-dies of. strain rate and forgingj ~temperalarc were intended *.o uncov-er any eltrernes in iorging
practice which would produce unsatisfa~ctory metallargicalI behavior. The results wrill be a~pi~cable to closed-die
prc~s work and should provide isaitable ranges of forging rate -
and empratre.Therzte ofbeat ecitrctiten by the closedf di-es an~d the rnetal Vlow w.ill undoubtedly govern starting% tempe ratu re. Finishing temperature. however, 'wiUl1
afiarentiy dictate the eveniual starting practice.
IZD. The relatively high G value of 795 inc'bshnZ obtained on
ar electron-bean wede sarnple paints -out Ote weld toughness
, N , .7 whidcI zmay be realized rvith this technique. Based on !he linnitedidata available, the ductility of. elec:ron-beamn welds appearede.- be superior to that of TIG welds. The exception to ttis trend -
was the utnuseall valice of 1480 in-4bslin2 found in a seeti=-, of a TIGweld-. That the latter was a valid test was coinfirmeed by theapptarance ofthp' fractufre and the desirability of the fine grain
j size in weld* was ap-parent. Altbotgb-4 tibs COnditin was a4so-
I ciatede with rnarginal weld p-eneiratica, a coadidtion considered
clude the possibaiit of obtaining finer grained wrelds by changesin weld technique-
-I
.-- �. -- * * * -*�s.�at*t...* ��-�-- - �----- - - -� - - -
_______________________________________________ �'WA-l9�4
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TA3LE U PIXA-1934 . :• :-..•TABLE 113-
Tensile Properties (7OF) and Oxygen Ccnten-s of Paucake Forging DGT-Zaf,-.z Ag••g ae .!F'
-/J.
.N.
•B- " 95.(. 18:.4 67. 40 l. 80.06 -z-.
°°
- Tensile Proverties
A 19-O (96)- G 1 1. -3 ks IS.o 5 lS•16.5 s 2.4% 7.5% .0.0 ...S-- im- . -ii UTS- o Y. S. (.% 1.S(0.O s.) Eong R. -A. --- -- '.'A-. 11 198.0 277.0 17. 6.0 12.4 -e- 090.
B 185.6 170-. 163-.8 5.2 14-5 0.062
S-1 195.6 18Z.4 167.2 4.0 18 00.066
c 8.0 . 17Z. 0 163-0 4.0 I0.5 0.079
." F- 1 "194,5 0iT'. 0 168,S 5 i- 4,51 .Z-4 - '-
Di~1. z 175.0 163.8 1.0 13.2 0.085
* .D-I .1.0 175.8 164.0 8.0 8.1
S . - " '-" 19.5. 78.6 160.2 4.0 6.4 --.
Ei194.46 181.6 171.8 .2.6 ML4 0.091* F135.5 179.5 1619.0 6.8 11.0 0.096
-I194.0 177.2 168.5 4.0 11.2 -C.195.8 178.5 167.5 4.0C 9.6 0.090
G." 193.0 1"78.5 166.0 4.0 1.4 .
""*H.".184.5 170.0 356.0 4.0 9. 0-140
H-I i9" .0 180.0 160.2 4.0 5.4 0.094
198.5 181.5 171.0 6.0 9.3 0.09-
,-- 196.0 17?.-8 169.5 6.0 8.0 ---
193.5 178 0 167. Z 4.0 11.2 0.090
J-1 195.8 181.0 167.z 4.0 8.2 -K 195.6 180.8 179.8 5. Z 7.6 0.108K-I 189.5 174.8 163.6 5. Z li.2 -
L 196.5 179.5 169.0 4.0 8.8 0.10S
1,-I 197.0 180.2 170.0 1.4 4.2 0.954 :92. 6 179.0 167.Z 4.0 6.5 0.060
M-1 197.0 183.0 171. Z 2.8 9.4 0.09?
N 189.4 173. Z 163.6 5.2 f 0.09?
N-I 188.5 174.6 167.8 5. 2 --.
o 196.2 180.8 170.0 Z.4 11.0 0.067
0-1 "190.2 178.0 167.5 2.8 5.2 a.091
23--- 'F ----
PWA- 19 341
-S-
_._.Spc____._ ____ .S. (O.2%J2L Y.S. (t. 2'J[• Elmug. R.__.• C oseaet
P 900F('6)AC 191- Oksi 177566. 5 kvi COS 8.6% 0.151%Ila 195.8 181.5 Ih.16i 6.0 6.1. -
IQ 203.0 1880. 175.4 4.0 8.8 0.1117Q-1 1%.6 18Z. 1s68.9 4.0 11.2R 194.S 178.2 1-70.2 z 6.0 9.2 0.060 ,.-"R-1 19.8 M17.o0 168.5 6.0 10.5 -
'S !96. .179.0 169.0 6.8 7.5I 0.094+1S- '" i93.5 76. 0 166.0 6.0 9. z
T 139.6 176. Z 166.5 6.5 11.0 0.147T-1 193.4 178.8 267.4 4.0 7. zu . 193.0 175.8a 168.5 C.S 9. Z 0.139u-, 196.0 179.S 170,. 2.1 8.4 0.088V I 195.8 17S.5 169.5 6.a 16.). 0.081 .V- 1 19S. i,86.z 169.0 4.0 -. aw 193.0 178.8 164. 4 .4.0 7. z 0.409W-1 " 188.0 176.5 162.0 S. z 9-. -
x 200.5 .18? . 169.8 4.0 11 0.116X- is zoo. 6 1.88.5 176.5 8.0 10. - _LZ
1.o. 183. 163.o 5•.0 6.5 0-.10 14ZY-1 200.1 134.0 172.0 6.6 11.5z - 195.0 176. z 160.0 4.0 9.4 .0.097-
Z-1 " 198.5 183. z 169.5 4.0 8.40A Z07. 3 19Z.0 179.5 4.0 10.5 o.;1z
AA- I Z01.o0 191.. 179.5 6.8 7.4 0.108
- Dash I specimens located behind those shown in the sketch.
L
24
-z-.V -,5;g
PXA-1934 .
TAP. IE 1H5
c.omuosii of1 Teasuie Speci• f om Pancake Frgg i IoZ . -T,
Speci1!en V Cr At Fe C __ H2 JZ.A* 13.007% Il- 9CO Z. 70% 0.25s% - 0.081% - 0. 0OZO%
A-I 13.ZO 10.90 Z.63 0.17 0.090 0.006% 0.0Z1
B 13. 15 10.90 2.71 <0.s 0-08% 0.062 -
B-I 12.40 10. z0 Z50 <0.5 0.06. 0.066 -
E- 1* 13.10 10.40 Z. 90 0.26 - 0.091 00.0i8
Z1.-80 10.60 Z.46 C 0.5 0. 0.140 -
H-I 13.40 11.10 Z.s0 'C0.S 0.05 0.094
L 13.20o 10.210 Z. 80 0.1.6 - 0.105 0.024.
L-1* 13.00 10.90 2.80 0.22 - 0.095 0.605 0-023
M 13.70 10.70 2.68 0.22 - 0.QO - 0.015
M-1* 13.70 10.70 2.70 0.19 - 0.097 0.007 0.023
0-1 13.00 i1. 20 Z. 70 0.21 - O. 09L 0.005 0.01Z
U 13.60 10.80 Z. 82 0.20 0.139 - 0.023
U- 1* 13.10 10.20 Z. 60 - - 0.088 0.007 0.023
AA** 1!.80 10.00 2.56 .0.5 0. G7 0. lz --
AA-1** 13.60 11.00 •.90 0.20 0."108 0.008 0.025
*Specirnens had low tensP.e elongation: 1.4 - 2.8%
•Spe~imnens had high yield streagth: above 190 ksi.
S 25
a.... .. ...•: ... . . . . .. . - . . . - _ _". , , .z..
l-a
PWA-1934
TABLE IV
TensiLe- Properties (70F) of Pancake Forging DGT-2 AfterInterim 1450- Heat Treatment and Age
,L . Am
B zzcc 00 -AAA
Center DD agsideý Surfaceof Billet of Billet
RetY.S- T. S.LTcation Trea!.nent U. T. S. (0. 2%) (0.02%) Elong. R- A.
BB 1450F(l) AC 196.8 I-vi 183.5 ksi -164. Z ksi 1.2% 5.4z:t 900F(96). AC
_BB-* z03.5 191.0 169.6- 1.2 6.0*cc 197.8 1185.0 179.2z 1.2z 4.4
CC-I !91.8 178.0 162.8 1.2 6. ZDD 194.4 181.4 165.4 1.2 5.6DD- 1 195.0 181. z 169.0 1.z 5.2NN 193.4 18Z. 0 169.6 1. z 3. Z
170.6 2.3 1.1811-0 ' 9.4l~, 169.6 "4:0 4.400-1 ""193. 6 i8z_z 174. 8 1. 2 9.0
PP 191-.9 1-4.2 170.6 1.2 3.5PP-_ 1 195.5 185.0 180.0 1.2 6. zZZ 03. 0 188.6 18z. 6 1.2 4.8zZ- I 202.8 188.6 178.2 !.- 3.2AAA 196.6 181.5 166.8 1.2 3.1AAA-1 197.8 183:,1 171.S 1. z 4.8BBB Z07. 8 195.4 18Z.8 2.8 6.2BBB- I 205.8 193.5 180.2 1.2 5.4
*Dash I speci*-ecs located behind those shown ira the swaetch
• 26
.5.
PWA-1934
TABLE V
L~adish Acceptaacee Test Coinpositiois of MaterialFrom Three Metal Suppliers
S==Her Heat No. V Cr Al Fe C H N0
A A-! 13.59% 1s . 54 3.43 0.30 0.034 0.003 0.043 0.00
A-Z 13.38 11.68 3.14 0.30 0.Oz 0.002 0.020 0t Z
A-3 ;3.29 11.27 3.32 0.36 0.0!6 0-005 0.0-7 0."0
"A-4 13. Z7 11.16 3.3Z 0.26 0.034 .0. 05 0. 0Z9 0. 09
A513. 18 11.39 3.21 0.34 0. Of1I9 0. DOZ 0-024 0_.05
Average 13. 34 11.4' 3.8 - 0. 3- I T O---5 o0.0- 0---9 0.09 --
B---1 13.64 10.67 2.9! 0.24 0.04 0.013 0- O, 0.13
B-A !3.64 11.15 3.49 0.30 0._01 0.005 0.0!6 0.12
B-3 13.6! 11.15 3.63 0.27 -0.013 0.008 0.010 0.109
B-4 13.61 !1.65 3.3-. 0.38 0.015 0.00 .0.021 0.10
Average Z.3 11.16 5., '4.3 0 0.014 0.005 0.020 0.11
C-! ;.3,7! 10.75 3.19q 0.25 0.044 0.00! 0.020 0.09
C-3 13.25 10.53 3._Z 0.;6 0.066 0.Gaz 0.0!1 0.09
C-4 13.35 10.38 3.27 0.2Z2 0.030 0.00Z 0.012 O0.0
C-S 13.03 10.88 3.S3 0.34 0.021 0.003 0.020 -. 06
C-6 12.94 10.61 3.69 0.26 0.030 0.003 0.018 0.Iz
Average 13.33 10.62 3.37 0.4 b. 0-37 0.002Z 0-.08S 0.0 On
PWA Spec- 1200 12.50- 0.-00 - Z.50 -0.30 0. iO 0.015 0.-05 0.Z0
14.50 12.00 4.00 max. mrAx. -.ax. max. max.
_Jz_
7.-
.27I
7--
:TAS LE w t
"I mLa Acc*--ct- Test Teusile Pro.e=-ries tmeI of ULa.eri"lFr-am Tbree MAetal SaWu .$ "S
• :.S -. -%•- -• " -~~~e 1e' • .T ,q. Y. S. 1,0 .-7% Elrmg.. R-A-
.. A A-i 197.0 kri 183. 3 tsi 10.Ow 30.5%"10%.!2 183.0 10:5 30.5 /
A-Z .9!. 0 175.5 . 10.0 Z8.0" 190.5 177.3 10.0 ID.3
A-3 !85.8 174.4 10.5 27.-9100.0 177.0 10. 0 z2. 1
A-4 M-&4 18z.6 9-0 22.4I "" b- 3 184- 4 b. 5 23. 3
Awiaze 193- 0 17.79-8 Z6-S IB-3 2.7-3 59.5 6.0 13.5 -Z08 3oo 1 . •. 5 2. 0 6-7•,'
Z .o.0 198.0 1. 19.1-719a. 4 7.5 18.3
- .-.-er~ge 2.8 $!?5.5 5. 8 14.4
C C-1 !q;.5 -78.3 tz.O 28.-1-4.Z 171.9- 9.5 21.5
C-2 1Q,5. 5 185. 5 8.0 15.6147. 1 186.5 8.0 17.8
C-3 195.6 i14.0 8.5 21.94 ,S • 9 9.5 25.9-- "_ " •97 186•. 3 5.0o 21.5s
i!4- 0 185. 7.0 19.6C-4 !0-3.-7 19a. 9 7.5 15-4"" " UAL. 5 1 94. t 5. 0 14.-2
195-6 181.91. 8.0 22.6
i9l. 5 177.8 10.0 16.9""C.5 -•.j 00.5 7.0 7.5
1-4. 1 203.0 7. 0 15.4 .-
C-6 Z 4.7 203.7 6.0 12.7".".8 205.9 7.0 10. i
Average 200.-4 I8q. 0 .-- is.*
-... | j :-
L2
Ulu,
= -. 4M44. + -..-- ---+ + 4 % ,.** -.-:
.*~- is w
C ;--0 -. 0
- +•+ i - 0 0 . -.:7- 1 o
i1
.- _ -,,- -.. ,, - ,3- -. ... . .- --.-.-
0 CVan
an 00 0--
L . .5
k - - ,, 0
4-++ ="0 - + +•'
tot V -Ior
o 0o °
-- -o.. o,,,
.0m . . . . . .5S•.i i . ,, + i . m. i
PWA-1934
-CffeqýIs gp40 Test IRe"Iuts an B- 17-C '12rghis5
Y~ow.Tc~e~Cyhsw~ers V-)- I a"d Z J40" Diainie
Average Net
Tensile Yie!.4 SetoCylinder No- Directics ___e S-trength. ZSW Str435 .. c
I axial SSOF(I/Z) AC M-i: -9i 107. 0 ks 625 ia l&-,S/inz iC
2 axial iS5..4 %6.s 4SO
circuInftrsntial 1S3 - -73.5 3it-. axial £5OfItZ) AC +- 191-5 7-s.3-31
8001(l) AIC
- drcum~ferezlial Z6L- ~3axi-- al iba5O1112) AC -- Z.C"5 - - 63.~ 6 2 I
67.3 47circumsferential ZU. 3 5Si. 0 l
*3-'x1 internally motched spamimuea used
**average of two resulats
z9 9
TABLE IX A-94 b
Madi~ted Charpy Impact Test Results an Pershing Flow-TamredCytimiers Wes- I a"n Z at ?OF a~d -3SF
Tensile*
Test yield Energy* Cylinder N. Temperatu3re Direqfio~n Age Strengthi10- % Absorpticm '..
:1Y Ixa asw-2 -C I: L 2/IA ii; 9 ksi i ZifzTlbs!.Y
Icircuirfereatial 189.- 3 . 8
7 axial ISSP2)A 204 12-
+8OCF (1) AC.
.9 - 9 *~ 1.0
-- circurnferen-:ial M0. 6 0.8
axial~. OSOF(112) AC 205. 0 1.3 -
+ SOOFZ) AC
ciicurnerentW ~ 224. 3-. .4 Z. 10
3 9, 941.3
3-5%F axial 8SOFj~jZ) AC ,85-4 1.5circurnferen;ixal .189. 3 1. 3axial 85O0?I Z) AC 260-4 a.
#.&Dort 1) ACL
+ SOOFM2 AC
9 9. '1.0
= . .-. - -N
I.a.t ri l with R e p c t i ec i n am h4sei
DirectoniAg Ailrtape To Siecio F2 Ti~i
1.7
~I g:z. ial SOGF( I) ALC total iS4. 0 ksi 17S. 0 krli 8.0%thickimess
* 800F12 193.0 8.0 7
* 188.0 1 80- G
800F~i' )AC -!3-3.0. 225. 0 3.0 f1.
-. ~I.0 0O.0 7-0
.ransverse 8 O0F; ) AC - 1195. 0 18?. 5 6.0
8 NO F2) A C 18.- 5.
-- ~ 7.0186-0 4.0
800F(41 AC 71 S. 0 Z04. 5 5.0Z 16. 0 Z04- 0 5.0
7. F1l-w=Turfled Malerialz*
-axial 850F(ijZ) AC total !S.5~O-.5 6.5thickness
- 18.0 11.8 .0
circt~ferenti3 09019. 5.
-jqside half 208. 8 ZOZ. 0 ~Of' wall-
* . . 3Q.8190.? 3.0
axial :.r.si-; h~alf 19z-.a 187-6 4.0
G. -callSS
St 9 ;..2192.0 3.5
circumnferential l.4 176.0 5.0
*ýol-7ýlrd V ft ty per cen~t rcdvct~i.-rifl imultitle pasitet
SFlow-1..a:Thsd t~fiyPer cent reduczia~t L-1 singýc Pas*
3Z
19 34
4,4a
o. -
40-
4.4.
4.~C .44 C4
40.
33.
S. t -PWA-!934
TABLE Xli
FIractumre TGOgiess fCIj Tes~t Reselt"-s S -1ze VC-ATIC =bd Electrioi-Boramr Welds -
- ~Net a:-Specitnen Weld Section -T-SPaniel No. Size Material Process stress GC
mlril anneatled
N- 1(!) 311% 219o. 2 th ck) TIG 60.6& ksi 2 16 ir. lbstina-22)n
N -3(2) S.- ~N-4(2 )
C3 SZ. 5 155 ~.- ~C4 -. 77.S 339 - [ lw T
C655.0 164Average 77. 9r 5 14
Til-* arataier4 electraft
36003 m2 b ick) beam !S'..0 56013. s*361.~ 121. 0 330 110.0
362401 0 t. Z) 53S 1 40. C ~ ~Average 14Z- 0 - 475 Z.
~~3j - cold vollece an electr~n 014.
a~(El. 035- thickc) b** j-71- 4 01290 1460.
- 1550 iZ5 A38. S358(~ - ~s~o 'e~118.0
-- Average 157.3 82 35.6
35s-t- cclI rolled an~d - electrogaa-e IOT 035- thidck bea~m !I?- p ~
* (Ii TFC weldiag done with B- 12OVC-% iillev ir electron bes~~rn. ~* .(Ham.;';n Standard) w'ithout filler zraterial-
(2) Fatne'. TIC welded at PWA buit specivve= mnachifted and tested asNavr.1 Research I.aboratory-
-. .(3) Specimens n-Qhi to Fi~ure z2.7 F-11 Wher specimezs Cmachtimed to Figure 11L* (4: Red~~ed 35% by cold rell-ing, zged at BOOF for4 ire.crtwlda
34-
* -, 77
19---4
3m' ~
Forin Prcedurs w. Wyra-Go~o MZh mdLowS.rai RtePafta-ie*.1
Billetne Soa SynsGtart MgliadLoSrain Finis Pancake.
Pancak'e Size Treatwoeit Temp. Rate Temp. Size
DYW- 1 5* dia. MOM0(Z. 7) AC 6OQF 7. 3Z,*Irnn. ~I140OF 15 3/4- dia-7 !j4- lengib to ,600F 0. 76- thicV- br
-. DYW-! 5-* dia- 17 00F(Z- 6) AC 1600 63.6 1575 Is I11V dia.8 1/4" lentigh .0 160OF -0. 84* thick-
DYW-3 51*dia. 1400F(ilS). + 65 4. 1C0 ilIdia.8 114 ' ength 150CF(1. 5) 4 0. 82 thic)'.
LBSOF(I. 8) ACto 1685F
DYW-4 57 dia. ;:400F( 1. 5) + 1660 '76. 3 1615 Is" dia.8 114" ieng-th !500]F(..5) - 0. sil ;hic:.t-
185fCF(Z) AC -.
-to *660F 6
srv!-ge-i irk a si.tgle epset
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4
'IV 1W-934 .
-. TENSILE YIELD STRENGTH DIFFERENCES- ~BTWEEN DUPLICATE SPECIMENS
t ~~WERAGE -. 7K- ~D1FPEREFc
12
>- I -COLD-ROLUED S AGED* 8-120 VCA SHEET STOCK
LU B
61
PRES - --E AN('K S-
2 6 4 5 6 -a 3 9 10 If 12 13 14 !51YIELD STREMGTH DIFEREC Ie BETWEEN DUPLICATE SPE-CIVIE!S-Ksi-FRAX-r WIItTNEY M RF
]Firuae 2
AGIPS CUIRVES F01 MOP LA ER OF PANiCAKE FOM' 6
200 * BIL.LET SURICE TOP LAYEER
TENSILESTh ENGTH18
YIELD 3701S TD.EN G TIM
(KS!)%
ELONGATION [
AGN 4 6 72M 84 - 96AGIG TIMS AT900F (HOURS)
~ A..~-A57 *,A?~'Figure 3
AGIN CUVE FO CETE LAYER OF rAK - - -. - -M 06
200-
-S -0
0BILLET -'NTER-CEINTER LAYER0 3 -~ C~ CEN TER LAY E.R(MPrA CAE i E?4TB ILLET SURFACEr-CENIJER LAYMR
STRENGTH
150(
I nat
(PER~CENT)6
44 It
AGMNC T'ME AT 9=- F (HOCIRS)
PRAT WtUWET LJRC-VI
CCXZLVCr ýft
AG%. Ot~ ~~r~ Z F RAW-APM aOrteZl W-2
210 .
0 08&LET CENTER- 90TTO L7E
BI- S"mI n I RES-
~ENSLE'~ 1
(KSI) 180,
2101
YIELD I9~STRENGTH
1601
E 1 PNGA
(PEIRCENT)I
AGING3 TIME AT ý*FIHOfl~Sl
?*ATT~-riar & HTE AIK
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.440
MOCUDIFIED CHARPY iMPACT SPECIMENUSED FO-.'R TESTING IFLOW -TURNED
CYUiNDERS NO's i AND 2
___2ASO L.
ng*- Z2
t-,. 4 r CU F ~ E DfE~~ C Hjr~* ' , R 2cYIPC NRYABOPIN'N IL
Z~RNTHHS FCR- FLOWý'-TURNE) C"YLINDEIRS A10. I AJN! NO, 21IE-STED AT 70 F AND -35 F. SC%%ATTER OF 70OF RESULT7SPREVENTED ANY CORRELATION.
OIJF TEST TEMPERATURE
t.2.5 r
0020
1.01 o
050
-35F TEST TEIMPERATUAREU
0 CrUCIER PC I-ArxaA
0 CY;LfgDER W- 2-AXIAL.12 CY-LkAR NQL 2-CRIC
ENERYLWlABSORPTION(rFT-LBS) I
1770 180 190 200 210 220 230
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* t
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iT
-A.- B 0 Rl .AILr 0 IF?. 1,M E5
a! ea-ie slur-st *cambzrIeigte 39'na5ahuet
by
- S. V- Radclifft. and E. S. Aez:erarx
Priepared for:).~aeriis tveo~nr~tLaboratlnr7 f
Unite.d Aircrait CcrpwjrationEazt r-tar-Lfoad S. Comnec'-krt
Dc--,-rrabr 196
!: : .-- -:-.
TABLE OF CONTENTS* . -:---
:--Page No.
Surn.rary ............................................ I
!!. _Troduction and Objectil-e ----------------------------- 2
Z-. Exp•rinen:all Procedure. .............. I..............
Z4.-1 X-raY Mecthod 3-- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -
2 Spci-r n Pret azto . n . ...............................
- 3. FEx-eri-.entil Rcsults ................................. 7
Table L .............................................. .
- ~4. Discussion.........................................
4. 1 Comnparison f Textures ............................ .
4.2 Relationship Bezween Texture 3nd Mechanical" Properties .......................................
""- - . Conclu-ions and -ecornmendations ..................... I
* - 6.Rdecne............................................1-4. I ' g
Figures 1 through? 7 ................. 3-t9
3".
a-
• . -. -"
- - -- - - - . 4 -
SUMMARY
Qc~anaitative pole figures bare betr. determrined for B-IZOVCA fitanxgu.-n z'I'OY
-: ~sheic: im *.he ~oiolwi; c**& -ios: anrusacad. cold-rofled !5016. reductikz4 axrd a ed. --
-~~ and I-ur. SM~ reduction) -.41 aged- R ;t i~showi that !he deIorrmatin
- X:U.:res are (!00O) ICI 11 for the annealed shect. jf:OI 101.11 and (UI) 11101 for
the tc-cc .hct t0f) '01 '111 -n I) I I!' for nhe xectr of the
a~e Rtpjort.d var;.a,*!Or3 zin m~eci.-asi~cal propertlies acrass the thic~kmess a-- im
the ,e nwfo',-turrncvd sheet can be uw.3er stcicd in~ ts rrs -a z~ oblervc~
diffire--rcz- lbz preferred oritntzzom
i.
1. IN-TRO DIXTrN AND-OBJECTIVE
S' zdies zaf tbt cold-iormring of B- !ZOVCA tit-aniurn alloy iuao thin maivl
S.hý,Ilcvw cyliads rs by a flow-turning eperation are currently in progress at-
2I.3,S5)Pratt and Whitney Aircraft. The alloy*ha been. de'velqped recently
- - fo. applications. such as rackct rnotor cases. where extremely high strength-
~-denzity ra'_io is rzquired. 7The cznapcs~iton oi the alli-y (13 wt.% vanadioir.
c~-=,I ~c 4 Uwt. 't a :no~_r-nl -.5 surh tizat all i!,e zflcying elements are takenb
xm:a solution on heatina into t'.e beta phase regica&.n *.~ tat bv#ta is retaned as
a rn~atable pliase on air-tcolinr, to0 ro-om tcrenpera-ture- The rmezaltable beta.
wih,-as a bK-ziier d cu.r trcue cnb ecompose ry aging a
-- oter-ite teqnm ratuzrea. L= thv,- sto!.jtim-atreated condition. the alloy is soft an-3
Hutie, b;A 3pn bri is about a 3bs3tantlial. Iftrdening. Cold-1 Atir operatxn
t~ 1e cond~uctled rveadily on trie solzutior-tr.-~ated alloy wizhout sirnulltanecas
deco nprvitio of ti-e beota phase -.
A l att and% Wh4C.%jy hzv=W *0U.. th'*S in *.4 tt'eat to aOmale or
coi!- Qr'~ed ano z d e thr tv~t:~d~liehb~ ariatiuzts in* necham.- .-
C-ba prcperies .boz'% in if::t-rein in. tthe -.Isc af thee matcrial And acro;rr
its thlicknzsr. T:--, Zzu y cl cryzt- M1graphic oitr.mati~cm which. Z--6cs-le
her.z 'was unsdertaken wint Ome iab~ccvtw of STtz.-.niz-g wh'-~her tbe;4e variatiO23-
;r- cI-.atwcal te coall bý* r-:atc.& zo 1the Ttawrze Of tllc ;eTf',zrred
or~ntaaonir-d~ed b3. iaw-lzrningv.
7771 7 7777 Z...
* - Z. EXPERIM'ENTAL PROCEDURE
- .X-ray Moho
J. Pokc-figures for descfitdiig prefer~ed orinetzion in pollycrystalline m~eta!
sheet are usually de. irrL3 by quetieative x--a cc sw~e ueIies
using a Geiger cou~nter(6 X-ray relion cmet~ri-s for flat seet sF~ccirrr.s
such as that .Ju4 to Schultz. pr-,vi-3,z data orly for the c-:r-trai part of the pcle
figure. and the )uter reir must be d4ýtcrcniruwd by a I m'1s-issie.n rmetho:d. 3
* Altrrnatively. a rekltctiom -~o alonze can !be tased if spc-imens of spccial .
- ~shape are cA from th~e eheet. Suczh mtthods havt been deacribcd by N~orton. IEerie ani Cherrnock an3 Wahlt~8 k
:he Norton mctl_-.o.a series Of cyHl-4iniCte 3peCimners is "t t so that the
axis c-f eac.- makes a Iiicrt~nt angle with the rol~iv. direction- Each specimen
% ~providts data al.ong Oze liamebetr c.' t'he pole figure- B~oric usz a single
-. s:iltanously through t¶he znglc bctwccr. the referen~ce lirecnlon and the
zi~ifrzl pline pl0e man through the azirmothal amngle. prc-_-3cirig data along a spi-
-~ * al pzth on the ster;eograpbac prcjectior- The cbuler metboi employs A single
larrnn~atc. culical spj-'c;nc-.rie made up fr-:zr. sheet-. Again the sazmt ;4e is driven _
as t* preduce Ja-.a ailong a s-iral p:.^.- on the ste-,-cgraphic projection.- Hiowever.
- to r-ro~-iie com-plect cocycai~c of th pole fil;ure. zscpar--le runs must be !i3ade
G'M cach of :hree orth-,gov-al cu.-e facrs. 'Rccan4.1t~e lisa.1-a'taocs -f thc incorivenicut &hap-- of the Boric ty-pe
.:f~c ad tht muaitiplr ru6s i c~q..ed ir. the Bzxhlcr methc-d have t:een ever-
COw191e met-.phod dttZ -e or the rapid dclermination if dtfc r-mation texture I
in refractory metals- The rmcth--d has been adopted here for 5t.e Meast-sementA~
PreferreJ~ orientation in, B-1?.OVCA titaniw-n aley.
The method use-s a singive laminated cubical specimen 'M'ich ts mz" jP 7
from the sheet under exarninati~n.. The cube is SCCtiO!%CC& tIo as t* 25~vL-ja
diagonal face rnakltg equal angles with :~hrec orthorgonaI faces. lisin Lthme-A3ronala
*.face as the reflecting, scri-ace, the specimen is se! up in a ?N'orekcL; :_)Otor -drivk'n
*gonierneter with c.:;rvfntiena-l Schtxltz ge-crnzry so as t~o trace a sp. -al ih-oul-I
t-he -9tereograp;-ic projection- The Norelco goniarneler is nriodific' ?a -a r.>id lk!
nTctssi!y Of correcting the spiral f-zr ;.=teraction between the t"o nnj.tor -drives.
I ht -a beanm inxtensities fo-r the chtosca reflection are recorded con-Ii-.tously
ýby masof a Geiger counicet and strip-chairt rzc-crder. The rotatzons r'-ecetisary
* -. -to bring thic cubt diagonal face tz the diffracting peo-sition arc reversed or. the
zCZteoegraphic projection by rnean3 c-i a Wulff net. -with the result that t~he spiras
tra-k ippea'rs as a distorted spiral which ccvers the whole area of the
aptpraprzatce quadrant of the Pole fieure. At discrete timne intervals. the ratics
efth-e re-2ezzed x-razy bearn idtensicies to the raan.= intensitics cf the xa-ne
pogition of :-%e specimen wit") respect to the be:,=. are read off the reco.-*3er
chart. n.hese ratios are plotted on the quadrant of the pole figure and bnY=-A;.ncs
*drawn arcuni areas af similar. intc-nsity ratio. Diue to the specirmen gcorncet.-'ý.
*onliy a single run is -necessary ta icternnint the co. .plete qua drant of the It-e
figure..
In practice. ana!ysiis of (he pci', figere i3 facilitatcd by Sit-iting the data
*oin'.s for th-e v~arious ittensity ratios in liffc rent coletirs. Due to the difficulty'
of mnaking a rnulti-ceiored r-:production. an ex-ample is not incluedd in this '
* :cport- HoweWlt. elxe btACk-a~d-%&rte reproduactima a .,f 1 zc pole figure zh~wz
- -. - ~~~~~it Fgr I illaustra.:es the detailU t iniz aesi~tydttii iichterelo
provisles. 7-he frequ.ency of tboý data plotting is iwRtcatcei by the pzrtial spiral
incltcded ina the figur*-
2-2 Specirrnet Pre~tatizon
Sam ~P.es of I- :ZODVCA titan~iumr al~lhy sheet in tlw fellowir--g c->ndiiionz- were
obtz;-wd ;-? tht z-r-.r of ? imch sq-jt-res fromr the )AaLv'ials Devecl r-n! Labo-rz-atry.
Phat! an:! -.hitrney Aircra'z:
Z ) Colic rcfl ;d (5S% ~e~mcvi-j to 116 i-u thickA an' aged at
(3) Flowc- :urrt-d (Se4juci~r to :1/16 in. thic)-; fr~zzn a 40 ink.dn~- -fo -i , nti agged At 3e for 3#21 minutes
ThC cold-r~ir at b''~ z~~sh een~ cleanecd wiih an~ alvanina blazt
lo .temov~e Erurfaý* di motiratioindv- to ax~.ticr. during t.he aging tUcatmeni~.
The r2ilri~.c-ldrzlinp And flow-tarzing directions were in~dicated by
zcribs I irm-~ . rhec sa-n~ples. in additiot.. the out.;idec surface Ci £*he cy-lin~der
from whic'h Ow~ f-S*% lurned 'm~~ was obtzin--d was indicated by the scribed
d~s~t.~t~n"ODI. Thft flow-turniong dirvction is defi,,d as lwrzing parallel to 'heL
* - *aviS ci ZI( C- tder.
-. . Soeciroemc z-. *-e m-csarerncwi of preferred o~,iectzziot wrre prepaz ed irn
the fw-zni t cub-t- of( !13 zn- si~e by lamioati~g pieces of thle appro-priaIte --beet
*~~. Ith- zhecc- was ~~n ~ ~ ~ (sp-ccirn:IA. Faci. CObe was zw-ctiveod
* hz thc rTannc indicGtmr: ab-ve. erviw the rr-,;;1ting diagoizai fa~ce polished 27eao
. * gr-%pmcallly 4=3 lightly chc-cd-
For the ann.ealed ard *:h-~ cels- -Oled~c'i~1.~~ia specimens were
raeup rrzt1jmnari-',r~f ý;f Ite entif t sheet thicknc.*3. Before laminating. cacb
sample Piece --as lightly grmmd V.5 ensure that the iappe.- and I ower s~urfar-cc;
were parat1e). Apprc,-dm.%frly ina. i. was groun~d fr-_m each surface in this
F--r MIe ;wtr4ctv2iAzLioz&. IWC CU~zkal A-ra;F zpccirCl wcrý ad up.
one zf 1am-trnaiens take-n &c z1mvut-r sectioni of :he as-rcceived sheet ard vne
of 'arnirat ions fr-)m *the irnn_: sectr~-n TIe laminations. ?Q:-tW015in.
thc.w-re -- eparec oy grln-.ý.z away the ur.-anted porti,..i of the sheet thickr-ess
aft £l ig-Ily grindin~g jr-t mx--:c than C.-OS~ in. cI m nateria1) both surfa'cez to
mak~thc'n p-arllc. Z:rzp-urev o~f tb.L'e spccirsn3n crseft~
* -' -textu; es ~i' t,.e autetr quýrt;.,r and !he initer quarter of, the to~tal sec1ion jhrlmez*
I-.
3. EXCPERIM~ENTAL RESUL.TS
Thc izt-tesity distrilbuian of :!i rzflpction:. from (5 4i planes '~aaip-
obtai=.ýzl by the rmetwiod &-scribed. using fiLIc:ecd -nonpcr T~aJtiom. Th;;t 4a:az
tz~-r ' hz four conditions - --nn~eal:-. cold- rofllvd. fi-7uZurk vviic ipwiLC I~ace
anJ flow-turncd inr-.4.: s a-c :rr~ prcesnt-c- in the: fzm oj I., po!C igumres in
Fi~cure_ 2. 3. 4 zn-I 5 rispccii~vy_ Te f~ncilitate
preferred r~r~i..Iatiorns. th nxrb~r o. inest -,e vialk
.- ir ont,-J data h;, f been~ re-duc ed !or I sic poic fjigu , LI
With Zbe excep'tson of tr~c -:11-anracawc %Itci~k~i ýhe saxnplez exhibit z
-Aistinct textures. Th'e mill-annezkA mater;,al. _Fiut'm 4* 7. o a sligh
.&C.1:3,on of a VIMO [O01t1 :re but i-z oth.Cru-i" ock4,s,- ibor the
defcr-ne.d m~erizl. the zrear*st ideal prefer-rcd tr is hat is- i~le
2.. cryzutiogrzphic laný.s an.! irccziiru: -hiih lie paraliel t :- dtfor-nationl
sonnized in Table 1: firi ttie r
TABL E
-cxture'I. Cbservc I in 3- i 2VC AL Titanium AI:o'm. :;e
=Scc C1-cz-ition Prin~cipal Tevtu;- Cownponer-s51
r.nii ea'e.d - -~l a~~ :,vxt.rc-
COld rolled
(a) in.ner section 10 O){ )[3?r
(b) outer section n)
A-
4.1 CGm parisen of Textures
Th.e textures obscrved in the .leforrned titantwrn aiioy ar illastrated
svhcrnaticzll, ii-. Figure 6. 12 ii. zscen that thr (111) 1101 corntf"cnt -wi.ich is
fou=.' in h,:ti% z~cticz~s of ih~c flow-turntd sh-tet coni-arnt cn rotation throtal1
cnntf h(' C'4-1:1- OI1,- 3,-rCe xtu e:lA. ( 10C) [0 11). i s z zomp'onent tcf the
t-x.*ur c c!?J f t low-fir-:zdi vnrr 7.Lctix.-n. !ý d-)es T'.ot appear in %he ze.:.ure of
* .the Plv-turne:1 cuter sccti.-n whic1b %as onlyr a sin~lc compownat.
'rh r-C tionshinz bc:wreet. 0,zC textures Salze,2t ,%at. a~thoush the flow-
ltiritnt opcratien rcsuits i.-. alon-_ztj~m of IT~ ?.ra in *,%e 2x.ial direelion of
!)-e Cy-h-.dr w.ith-oox? a.~ v i:ý izn intcrra.* liaetzr. the princxpa.. disr)rtiGo)
of --at,ý'eap.I )s inthe cir:ýurnfervn~ii-! eiiec.;on. hIt tht- o~tgr st-cticrn. wbj::!. ia
subiec'z .)t± tc bi n rn't tl.w:ixrin c-il. a zingalrr texiure
is lecel~p-i. *r'is tcmr iz ~-q~vln Co c;ne of hc kh2__ant3w~c.- ,Cl
- b~ p~:*it,* rreuz if r~i!!in7 wer,- pcr~orr.,%cd irt -,%. circum~ferential dirccti-In
Of '.he cli~n-le:-_ The iruwtr -- i3 hs-s!, .fcce 4 !-y the Circur-Ifere.natia1 .-ic' t-f tc-oc :c:1 h.s fc;-te.d t'c ~ztl.: io t-1 11,Ir di e tion of M~ Cyidr
zr, zrlis secticn, a nixixzrr Ai ih oL..4r-5cct;ion tex ~-zr-- at. thle texturc cxp~cctcd
f.-,r r-,A`nz fln !it. xii~ firection i,; obrcrved. The t~dzin ti.t thfc flow-W rn-ad
ouver 2v'i- is ~ tra !rcatv 3 .t 4c -I:r of coy.d-warkitg is, zmpporý!ed .%y
c~kr-idrzta.,r. ol i. rnccI'-:ticý r-: Uu;: 4,Jcr nat2on p:oc_;3 and by ;hc fact that tnc
otae,. h_3-e.. n's m r-tz/ d.*/ v%-r. the inncrt-3cioa. 175's latter
Ss Mxmtrwzr-i by fthe cco-parisou *.,own in Figuri I at th~e agin t"
2gns respous~c di fl0-tujsed M7aicliaLmL
Alhzhb data has be.. rcporled for !!ie textofe il-4w4urued
!h 1*xture cbvt' here fo cza..r~e B- tLJCA azi alloy VAu be tm
h1:srt- wý*s 1Ixa: ccp-t for ctbmer bo~y-cmrA~er=-i- c-t-ic metak and for a jhmet*-
nmeial is 1-c in~6 ? b- thait sh,-vv by iron, namnely- (OC-:-!Ji1
I.11i 11 dr-Ll (111110. ibheI lc~oim. :h im* o u. ydi'
10T I!t iz eit-ib1: ed by the !l-GVCCA al-- Roceudy, AX---*Ct, Liui ani o 404
-repor~ed lh: rolsir.g tcx~u.-zr: for ýc steble bet-a phas* fita~kien alloy at (0114
- od ~it i.* i!!ely f"'- !atti ternpII ize 2 Car?± ilia)-
-e [irectio in a I a tye lao
MUc Text~irc i3 very difereng bo~t from. that fouml iu-ircc and 1tha abserveA here
-fcr - IffCA ally. I'he abztne o~f details ot the comjcsitou a- ehd
O!1in the work e.J1e: !aL ti impossiblezo, re-eaoiw t-"ese differenciez.
4.? B~t-n~et-ceet T-zxttr- zu-ml Merc'aicaI Properties
-he :zetuars of *tSc -cold-rclied 1a-ee: a-Ad the Otwz .t±±d isrsectic.;
,Mu~t--azd in F.izrcs 3. 5- w)-d A- se 3 "hthat, ot I!-- basic of taxture 4loiie.
I.the tram-awCT.a oje--ries e. ti!e rclHed vtt p-2 1n be expecse4 to :aktm2baE
the a-xzal (lo tpfr=- I Zr c41 '-;- Eliaw-tlarmd yine.Sim-dia-r~, the
- ic-~i~ ;-~zrti4! Zof the~ ~Z5;t-M restrble the circunptergni~al
r*opert~ie of Itl*. Lfliavnitu ~ton In pflk4t3ct-. as *hw)WO ir Flat-veT.
- i:a 4~c~~ ic-7 t -jVo dformaitioe:5 cofatHi-cas arit o;!*xirnattly t~wc
2-7
7v027-
p-Ftv -- , hzcd-adte01
Azzrzen is dirct3, -:n tesigare 7. oz=5 c 9.
2rhz S- e zyr-ch cgrnvt pro-xe-- ir.c se timx co pae with tb-lred-e
is '!Ijr11Z * ozieu r the c~ir shc.;fk4:-S 1ev icy vabsesL =te4
Lft-r teaiail yý-Ia ztmir.an -in tir 5u*y-ccfre stc~.bi tr~~t~z .b- SurOU.
ly atn- t" =a r.-c a l ote.ct eet-zei u-s
- -. hý. t~ez4.e of-~ th-3 zldte c tbrved 1--in rr-ste ati= Pr~a athe Aese ctiara
S. CONCLrUSIM~ A.4I RCOMM-E1-MITMIC5
I. The texture of Oke wall of a flow-t=*ed tey~iar of PBdZVC:A lit"-~z aloy-
diit accross the wall tkitiriess and differs from, t~at rf codr~dSlett of
tkhe same alloy. .
£.?TRe texevixe ofthe xinside sectz nof the wall i~s I , 1COj101j.- (111)~. rlAI r
tal of the auuzii4- section is (li )(A1-2
The zexture of the caV.ro!lt4 zleet is 1100)
4. The differences be-tiwett the onec~masuial pworertks a' !.the =cd-r4.11-2 iebee
* *r~~~an the 1-low-tuirred-material can. be cliediwn terma of the &if~ere=ee- z
preferred orientaior.Z7
1.. is recomrnr-eied that a stiidy be snade of the natuare 'of tht defermatio,
- . flv-lved uW. iiew-turiing zzd also of the relationships betwseer w.e 6eformazion aid
Me~ ;.eeu~tiK1 texture. in thia w.-y. it may be paesible to change th* imoces.Aig
-az2ablcs 4 =r a!2d-' iy thec pr-,-c*3* iu--I!, " as to cootrol the deforrraaiof texzuro
-arri P.---d4ACC deoizved --mechanical 'Orepertie;w -
V.- C. Peeiut% B. Var Af AS 31ar- .
D--
R- A-. C. ?e~c. f- 14. !Ipv ýr).B Vra3 Av g-~rt ~ 1
~. -- ~.~Z-3.AYpr amj M- p_ z ve . nTranisf r--to~1C~~rac:~~~~s~os T4~ Tz.~Aky rans. AJME. lip,
V.- - S-- -- ato *e e of
-P prxe u- -=ýB!Iti
ý-i-zlby Th.? Mi--a~ C r eaiicsn of Amerz-fi. tN-cw Tors
Pvsarb Tc. -hs-'am-au
F.-; &z fo~r Use with the Rcrelc* 19105z...t-51-rkoke?.
- -7
1X xi41 K i -1 N
1-v
Fig. of deiale ipasi Xi~uinctNI-ý-
obc.i P-, - ftm tracir- o spiral petl& on 11ig steraoqrOPu b2zel; n. The rnumbers denote rictotive intensities.
C4--y parvt of Uie s~iral is shown The daoW cre for 0Vthe Is-tw~ surfete Of. a f'low-turrsed cyi~nder 0f
8~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -. 0 i.Attnuco
•;tl t."-- - '-" -" --- '- "z -;--- '%-•-'• -- - ,"-.. '• •.-_- • • . • . • ,_.-. . ..... ---- - .
-NN
-: -•
A -ix[
'a \o
c
J¶
Fig 3 3o *.-.g
codreue 15%b eflf9an gdo 5'lor ZO vcn~irt: Ners iem nelics e
i!4cce GSo)IC- f-
06
'r- _4
taken----. fro 5' us.oPo.;0. f 0wf o
Om~~~~~~~~~~ flC--e clnf- .Mnatifn re
taio - O niae r .
•. - • • .. ,-,
i "
.7.M
- r
f or .s le pcmnmt
S --
inid pofo nf"/ - th -olofttfo - " "edNeaes idal::,ifdcae
as - w -
--..
-.-
I~yI
I /
I.•- reduced 50% by flow -tur~nug arnd ags~ &• S~5O
" ~for 30 ,'inute; , Specimen. moteriol !aken from *•O. nPlde l~oriion nf ti'e v•lli of the fiow - trfed
- .z'ii,,',.er . Neare.!t ideal •,-',,..flt&ln ;re dlcattedi.,*s folows -~ ( 100) foil] L; (11)!: iit•i .bi
7.
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R.D.
..................
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Is In th ln f h oIi
PIC
ISO
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V5%rd4at wA osT!tt'i)I~tg Ia
bylC ?W - ue £e~i, dat obTA~
I oeil Deeo &WfLbrtrtP4 o V-Inp
4 I
C .1 .0 .4 *-go AC 1 0*.Ae CI
4.- an
2; Q
v~ -, .4 as C c )
-~~~ .4 " *P At * * 4
'-4 SP
0 ON s 1. 1 0 J6
# C, '0 s.'A
-0 m i .a j U -
.0- Q! 46 9 V
:,q 1 2~ so ol *.64--a*:14 a 41 dl. 2 43 a-h-op
40 c S.
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lal -4 I0. 0 CI0, -, 't 0 E : '1'1
f - 16-4 0 tu -4I so' - =c&.
~~ 40
0 .64 '.0
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0.080
a~ 0 0 la
-C
w t •:
z. o'e
V0 40 "rdod b
4146r.• ,+++ .C ._.0
i.• ;-• i C)....
040
g: ! o w0 . .. , daI A+ po
:,.-•+•++ t;++•+it++.:",,- 0 •-i•+
,N e+f.•,* I II• i++ @ •.llm
r-t Dr i% . 113
'Atta.~~ Al3 G ew
cs At--.- r. SPicket, M
Womatic= Cer--tsr -%verj N.J.La--!acia at.L-As D?. ý4 fcke
P1~a~4 Of Aili1On V-- rt--:- -v~ !3 -. i
11ha
£t~: 4ateriIbauLbcatto
Attn: CO75 - Da:r.a~ 3,G.
Co-xD. General Det-*t M.dddg eAtIi-: . Mali
Wa,3 72,a 5o xm -
Attn: Rese_&3 Dr. e. issin?
ceAt1ce C. Marsia 1a I%It:O~~L Seea Ccenur.gOic
AEst OansrxtDisaLred Alabama R~yedstoe Aaza a
0.d~ne .a~ri~s3ee~r~ i~ I'.Dr.c~ 10. )'ascas 2
-~~~~6 Ark. - -- -- - -
V.~~. S' e
3&4&rds ~ ~ ~ Ai e t, ~dAttn: :'Ira-i4'-
2inV4=t--~ 25, D C
H 46
zuWS 25-o 0. b.Irt!- ____
At~fle Co 1aw~me q.~ 0. Lcki--r ReS6 -I'~ Spe-P5:a PUts I & 6.2. -
V. 3t,±~tiv~. Air r-zCfRE2chst: 3 27Rc-cm ed~ 4B-313 Mm ivt m11-~ esac ar.-rai
Ai--M.-F. A. 02=t
Ar--. Pxea--, Ofce
Eall~ Statio
5rige 12, *-Vxd -__,metCkfz
Nat~on -- zoatc and2 Spac A~~ottu. LibarimdLb~~
* -h ~ t 2= D. C, .s flc o 9Atn .. w-. R. * . Eb.f UU3 aliftor enia y
Attz:~Atn M~.e a.0 ~ ~nawrightn 25, L D.acme am3 e Hr. Sei C.fr: A.:t FOffMIA
11. * atSr. Air F or rce Bage Ohz~ ~ ~ 4f 2~P.At~~~~~n:~t FaeW~ 271ý%(V=-2A
4- a.-
fir.'
-tt t7r. T. b. cE
Pn- -n.r- -tn
L-- SX-Sat
7-'- Atta: h?r. Levi
Dt: t~ i~ i 1 *o J~to Dr.pjzv lab*L m-o
* ~.c-~i~e, . 4.4N10 Oak Ggcet Dr-rivtU Fe -, sadena, Caiitore a 4k
..- se-4J- me-
t*s: Y r. L. E. Herthey ReAer. R. E. ;Lner~ I rornan
wasan-etts InsLt~itte or TechmogyGatssAsacm*t-- ------~- -- Att&: %3o.d U.Y
Attz': P-4recte ~k m1~of Reen
W440' Fiftb Avewje Gag .)r-alA,htb~~ 13, ?a,
A ttn: c. 3. Owen 1a 4.~1tSVf ,* Alahwa.Dr. H L. ~~y 1 Atta:-J. a A. !M1s . 21
~?Y ?a'~yCruieble Stee SO-.j.r.!:ew Tork 7, See .- Aro -Udlard. ~ ij?L-.~'f. Ward s;, Mnkaz A 11i: Dr. waltger F*
S. * - .~~!Rpptq1lC MeeI CON4 4 ny Pha14 5*F. a!rml-dalo, Lea- Iulawl, 3.1.c lve~ w~* l* ~ ~~~ N.Y. ~ Ulf. Oash jj -p