ad-evs26 - autonomie
TRANSCRIPT
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 1
Fuel Consumption Potential of Different Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Architectures in the
European and American Contexts
A. Da Costa, N. Kim, F. Le Berr, N. Marc, F. Badin, A. Rousseau IFP Energies nouvelles / Argonne National Laboratory
IA-HEV Task 15. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 2
Introduction
Sizing Results
Simulation Results
Conclusion
Contents
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 3
Objectives The objective is to assesses the impact of driving behavior and standard test procedures on the true benefits of PHEVs for Europe and the US market.
Increasing pressure on GHG emissions
EEC / USA • different markets • different standards procedures • different tax systems
By 2020, which car for which country ?
80
100
120
140
160
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200
220
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260
280
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Years
CO
2 em
issi
on in
g/k
m
USAEECJapanChina
CO2 emission target for different countries
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 4
Approach
ICE EM
EMBatt.
Input-split
ICE EM
EMBatt.
ICE EM
EMBatt.
Input-split
ICE EM
Batt.
Parallel
ICE EM
Batt.
ICE EMICE EM
Batt.
Parallel
ICE EM
Batt.
EM
Output-split
ICE EM
Batt.
EM
ICE EM
Batt.
EM
Output-split
ICE EM EM
Batt.
Series
ICE EM EM
Batt.
ICE EM EMICE EM EM
Batt.
Series
Simulation of different HEV/PHEV architectures
Several AER considered Both EEC and USA contexts Identical program of demand for all the
vehicles • maximum speed • hill capability • acceleration
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 5
Methodology
Each Lab used its own simulation tools
• ANL : Autonomie • IFPEN : AMESim
We made sure results were consistent
Dedicated tools were shared • ANL : Battery sizing • IFPEN : Electric motor
sizing
Vehicle Conventional [L/100km]
Parallel HEV [L/100km]
NEDC Autonomie 5.75 3.52
AMESim 5.64 3.51
Artemis Urban Autonomie 8.42 3.97
AMESim 8.27 3.74
Artemis Road Autonomie 4.88 3.75
AMESim 4.78 3.67
Artemis Highway
Autonomie 6.44 5.93
AMESim 6.3 6.1
UDDS Autonomie 5.56 3.52
AMESim 5.51 3.6
HWFET Autonomie 4.2 4.13
AMESim 4.16 4.18
Comparison of fuel consumption between AMESim and Autonomie
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 6
Component Data Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
- 1800cc spark ignition engine developed at IFPEN Electric Machine - IFPEN in-house software (EMTool) Battery - reference provided by Argonne, Idaho National
Laboratory, and major battery suppliers Simulated motor efficiency [%]
Rotation speed [RPM]
Torq
ue [N
.m]
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 60000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
70
75
80
85
90
95
100Measured motor efficiency [%]
Rotation speed [RPM]
Torq
ue [N
.m]
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 60000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Absolute error [%]
Rotation speed [RPM]
Torq
ue[N
.m]
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 60000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
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18
20
Efficiency map of electric motor (experimental data from Oak Ridge laboratory)
Efficiency map of electric motor (simulation results coming from the EMTool) Absolute error map between experimental results
and simulation results
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 7
Introduction
Sizing Results
Simulation Results
Conclusion
Contents
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 8
Component Sizing All the vehicles have been sized to meet the same requirements:
• Initial vehicle movement (IVM) to 100kph in 9 sec +/−0.1 sec, • Maximum grade of 5% at 110kph at gross vehicle weight (GVW) • Maximum vehicle speed >150kph with ICE power only, and • All electric Range (AER) on UDDS (for US) or Artemis Urban (for Europe)
Body and chassis mass 800 kg Frontal area 2.18 m2
Drag coefficient 0.3 Wheel radius 0.317 m
Final drive ratio Conv. AU : 4.44, Conv. MT : 4.29
Parallel HEV&PHEV : 4.29, Split HEV&PHEV : 4.059 Series PHEV : 11.36, GM Voltec : 3.02, BEV : 4.44
Gear ratio
Conv. AU : 2.67, 1.53, 1.02, 0.72, 0.53 Conv. MT : 3.14, 1.87, 1.24, 0.95, 0.73
Parallel HEV&PHEV : 3.14, 1.87, 1.24, 0.95, 0.73 Split HEV&PHEV : 2.6 (Zr/Zs), Series PHEV: -
GM Voltec : 2.24 (Zr/Zs), BEV : 1.86, 1
Specification of the compact-size sedan
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 9
Sizing Results Power demands close for US and EEC vehicles Parallel hybrid leads to the lowest total
embedded power
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Vehicle Mass [kg]
Max
. / M
in. P
ower
[kW
]
UDDS
NEDC
Art. Urb.
Par In-spt Out-spt Ser 0
100
200
300 Component Sizing - PHEV 50 (US)
Pow
er, k
W
Engine Electric Motor(1) Electric Motor(2)
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Sizing Results
Battery sizing results
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
All-Electric Range [km]
Bat
tery
ene
rgy
[kW
.h]
Par. - EUPar. - USSeries - EUSeries - US
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 11
Introduction
Sizing Results
Simulation Results
Conclusion
Contents
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 12
Fuel Consumption results Charge Sustaining Results are comparable for all architectures, except Series NEDC leads to high Fuel Savings
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 13
Fuel Consumption results Charge Sustaining Results are comparable for all architectures, except Series NEDC leads to high Fuel Savings
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 14
EEC procedure always tends to higher electric consumption Overall energy consumption is lower on the EEC test
procedure
EEC / US Standards results (hybrids only)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 50 100 150
Electricity Consumption [W.h/km]
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n [L
/100
km]
Par. HEV - EEC
Par. HEV - US
Par. PHEV - EEC
Par. PHEV - US
InSplit HEV - EEC
InSplit HEV - US
InSplit PHEV - EEC
InSplit PHEV - US
OutSplit PHEV - EEC
OutSplit PHEV - US
Series - EEC
Series - US
BEV - EEC
BEV - US
EEC vs US Unadjusted Standards (hybrids only)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 50 100 150
Elec. Consumption [W.h/km]
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n [L
/100
km]
Par. HEV - EEC
Par. HEV - US
Par. PHEV - EEC
Par. PHEV - US
InSplit HEV - EEC
InSplit HEV - US
InSplit PHEV - EEC
InSplit PHEV - US
OutSplit PHEV - EEC
OutSplit PHEV - US
Series - EEC
Series - US
BEV - EEC
BEV - US
Energy Consumption EEC/USA Standards
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 15
• 3 daily trips scenarii have been simulated – 40, 75, 100km
• 3 electricity mix have been considered – 100, 450, 650 g CO2/kW.hel
CO2 emissions
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 16
CO2 emissions
Total CO2 emissions on mission profile 1Conv. AU : 161, MT : 145
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
0 10 20 30
Total Battery energy [kW.h]
Tota
l CO
2 em
issi
ons
[g/k
m]
Par. - 650Par. - 450Par. - 100InSplit - 650InSplit - 450InSplit - 100OutSplit - 650OutSplit - 450OutSplit - 100Series - 650Series - 450Series - 100BEV - 650BEV - 450BEV - 100
Total CO2 emissions on mission profile 2Conv. AU : 153, MT : 139
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Total Battery energy [kW.h]
CO
2 em
issi
ons
[g/k
m]
Par. - 650Par. - 450Par. - 100InSplit - 650InSplit - 450InSplit - 100OutSplit - 650OutSplit - 450OutSplit - 100Series - 650Series - 450Series - 100BEV - 650BEV - 450BEV - 100
Total CO2 emissions on mission profile 3Conv. AU : 173, MT : 163
0.020.040.060.080.0
100.0120.0140.0160.0180.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Total Battery energy [kW.h]
CO
2 em
issi
ons
[g/k
m]
Par. - 650Par. - 450Par. - 100InSplit - 650InSplit - 450InSplit - 100OutSplit - 650OutSplit - 450OutSplit - 100Series - 650Series - 450Series - 100BEV - 650BEV - 450BEV - 100
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 17
Introduction
Sizing Results
Simulation Results
Conclusion
Contents
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 18
Conclusions
Graph Fuel saving vs Batt energy EEC/USA easier to cut standards FC in EEC Fuel Consumption gain on standard procedure - EEC & US
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Battery energy [kW.h]
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n ga
in [%
]
// - US
// - EEC
P-S - US
P-S - EEC
O-S - US
O-S - EEC
Series - US
Series - EEC
BEV - US
BEV - EEC
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 19
• On an overall CO2 point of vue, PHEV and BEV make more sense in Europe or France
• On an economic point of vue : go see Dr Bernd Propfe (DLR) presentation! (dialogue session 2, board #11E)
Conclusions
GREAT MINDS THINK ELECTRIC / WWW.EVS26.ORG 20
Fuel Consumption Potential of Different Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Architectures in the European and American Contexts
Thank you!
Contact / Website
Namdoo Kim, [email protected] Aymeric Rousseau, [email protected] (http://www.autonomie.net/) Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass, Argonne IL 60439, USA
Anthony Da Costa, [email protected] , François Badin, [email protected] IFP Energies Nouvelles 1 à 4, Avenue de Bois-Préau 92500 Rueil-Malmaison, France
U.S. Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
IA-HEV Task 15. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles.