adaptation to physical exercise

8/17/2019 Adaptation to Physical Exercise

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Adaptation to Physical Exercise

Content

1. Emergency and long-term adaptation.

2. Adaptation mechanism.

3. Changes at the cellular level, hormonal changes.

4. The concept of resistance.

1. Emergency and long-term adaptation.

Emergency and long-term adaptation. ramatic change in environmental

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conditions that threaten the !ody starts its comple" adaptive response. Themain regulatory system of the latter is the hypothalamic -gipo#$arnoadrenalovaya system, %hose activities, in the end, and re!uildingactivity vegetativ & '()E*+E+TA systems of the !ody so that the shift ofhomeostasis stra & gether or in advance stops. This adaptive re & constructionis actively involved and nervous system, especially the hypothalamicdepartment. /n the central nervous system originate from the application of &cellular meta!olism, in particular, increases the meta!olism of important!iological macromolecules - *+A and proteins. After the elimination ofhomeostasis, the meta!olism of macromolecules in the neural structuresinvolved in the process of adaptation, there is still & etsya changed. This is themechanism of adaptation0 if the threat of damage homeostasis persists, it %illtae place against the !acground of already altered, adapted to the emotionalstress meta!olism of cellular structures.

ince the repeated eect of stress factors leads to adaptation, namely, !ased onthis e"ercise, the changes in the meta!olism of *+A and proteins !iologically

purposeful & conforma!le and contri!ute to more eective development ofphysiological & cal adaptation. /n the process of formation of adaptation tonatural & Environment factor in the leading role played !y the reaction of theadrenal corte", e"cited secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Any intenseeects on the !ody leads to changes in the !ody, it is !est de#ned as theadrenal glands - their %eight and chemical composition or selection of content inthe !lood and tissues of corticosteroid hormones and catecholamines. Thisconcerns mainly the formation of individual adaptations, reactions of theorganism to environmental factors.

nusual environmental factors in this case - the physical load5 have an adverse& pleasant eect on the general state of %ell-!eing, health and human

e6ciency, called e"treme factor & mi. 7or the duration of e"posure to theorganism, these factors may !e short-lived, the impact %hich the !ody oset &$ero tolerance at the e"pense of e"isting reserves, and long, %hich re8uireadaptive ad9ustment of the functional systems of the person, and sometimeseven unhealthy.:hen short-term eects of e"treme factors on the human !ody to run all the!acup possi!ilities & sion to self-preservation, and only after the li!eration ofenia & !ody from e"treme e"posure occurs reconstruct & ruling ofhomeostasis 7ig. 15..

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7ig.1. ;eculiarities of adaptation processes in short-term A5 and long


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continuity of e"posure e"treme factor. /n essence, it develops on the !asis ofmultiple urgent implementation of adaptation and is characteri$ed !y the factthat as a result of constant & yannogo 8uantitative accumulation of changes inthe organism ac8uired & melts ne% 8uality - from unadapted transformed intoan adaptive & ort. uch adaptation to previously unattaina!le intensive physical%or training5, development of resistance to signi#cant & tion of high-altitudehypo"ia, %hich had previously !een incompati!le %ith life, the development ofresistance to cold, heat, large doses of poisons. This is the same mechanism and8ualitatively more di6cult to adapt to the surrounding reality.

The action on the !ody %ea, threshold stimuli response training5 in the centralnervous system develops :>( & e"citation, rapidly alternating %ith protectiveinhi!ition, %hich reduces its e"cita!ility, reactivity vis & ?-vis the %ea stimulus.nder the action of stimuli of moderate strength is the development of=activation reaction= - the activation of & $c$ytno !ody systems, %hich,ho%ever, is not of a nature pa & tologichesoy hyperfunction. The level ofenergy e"change in this reaction less economical than the reaction of training,

!ut, in contrast to stress, does not lead to e"haustion. Thus, adaptation to lo%and medium in strength occurs %ithout damage to the elements and de!ilitating!ody energy e"penditure. /t is mentioned in the #rst case the reaction training5- a gradual, and the second activation reaction5 - a rapid increase in resistanceof the organism.

2. Adaptation mechanism.

There are three coping mechanisms01.passivny %ay adaptation - the type of tolerance, [email protected] course of action at the cellular and tissue level@

3.re$istentny %ay - remains relatively constant internal environmentpeci#c adaptive mechanisms peculiar to man, give him the opportunity to carrya certain e"tent of deviation from the optimal values of factors %ithout aectingnormal !ody functions. one 8uantify physical activity, deviating from theoptimum, !ut does not disrupt vital functions, de#ned as the $one rules. Theyare t%o0 the deviation in the direction of lac of e"ercise dosage and the side ofe"cess. A further shift may reduce the eectiveness of adaptive mechanismsand even disrupt the livelihoods of the organism. At the e"treme lac of stress oran e"cess of isolated $ones pessimum. Adapting to any factor associated %ithenergy. /n the area of the optimum active mechanisms are not needed andenergy is spent on !asic life processes, the !ody is in e8uili!rium %ith theenvironment. :hen increasing the load and its output !eyond the optimum

include ade8uate mechanisms.

echanisms to ensure that the adaptive nature of the overall sta!ility ofindividual functional systems ie, increased consumption of o"ygen, increasingthe intensity of meta!olic processes. This is happening on the organ level0increases the speed of !lood Bo%, increased !lood pressure, increased !reathingcapacity of lungs, !reathing !ecomes more fre8uent, !reathing !ecomes moredeep5 and the organism as a %hole. 'eneral adaptive reactions are nonspeci#c,ie, the !ody reacts in a similar response to the actions of dierent 8uality andstrength of stimuli physical e"ercise5.

3. Changes at the cellular level, hormonal changes.

Adaptive reaction of the organism and its resistance to the muscular activity.

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The !ody retains the necessities of life relative di & namic constant internalenvironment, although the eect of multi & gochislennyh changing e"ternal andinternal factors corre & chaet reaction. That reaction - the main %ay ofadaptation, the adaptation of living. Each of the e"isting factors inherent in the8uality and 8uantity. The 8uality of the stimulus distinguishes this from manyother stimulus, determines the speci#city of its action. +um!er of stimulus, ameasure of its !iological ac & ciency - the total, that is peculiar to any stimulusand determines the direction of its nonspeci#c action on the organism.

uscle load is no e"ception. :hen muscle load, as in the action of any stimulus,the !ody is a series of speci#c changes and develops & #chesaya nonspeci#creactions associated %ith a 8uantitative measure of the load. (f course, thenotion of num!erD, actionD, po%erD, doseD & the carrying on of theorganism is very relative. The degree of !iological activity acting & tion factor isdetermined not only the a!solute value of this factor, !ut also sensitivity to his!ody./n relation to the muscular load is of particular value & tion, as %ith e"ercise can

control the sensitivity & sion and resistance to it. A %ell-trained athlete canmae such a muscle strain, %hich %ould !e un!eara!le for the untrained.espite this, everyone %ill react dierently to stress depending on changes in itsmagnitude, ie, remain 8uantitatively-8uality & venous principle0 the dependenceof the response of the organism from the load.

+onspeci#c nature of the adaptive response of a op & !ody naturally #rstsho%ed >. elye, any 8uality, !ut strong stimuli evoed in the development ofan organism identical & )g symptom. peci#c, special eects irritated &residents remained, !ut the action of any irritated & telya after F h o!serveddecrease in the thymus, increase & chenie adrenal glands, the presence ofulcers and hemorrhages in the mucous mem!rane of the alimentary canal. /n

the !lood leuocytosis, lymphopenia, aneo$ino#liya. elye descri!ed the generalnon speci#c & ical adaptive response to strong stimulus - tresa & cat#shstress reaction5, and its #rst stage - reaction T;E & vogi. /n the an"iety reaction,there are elements of damage, inhi!iting & ments that are one-sided a!ruptstimulation of the a"is of ACT> - glucocorticoid hormones. /n response to thestrong inBuence to mo!ili$e rapid & h! energy resources of the organism. This(rigin of & comes under stress, !ut e"tremely uneconomic and destructive tothe organism through. After the an"iety reaction, a second phase of stress - thestage of resistance. At this stage of nonspeci#c & #chesaya resistance of theorganism increases. /f the stressor %as too strong or the eect of long-term, is it& )aeth stage of e"haustion stress. tage of e"haustion may !e at & lead to

death.7or years, stress %as considered the only adaptive reac & tion and, together%ith its negative traits, researchers are increasingly interested in the positive -increasing resistance. /ncreasing resistance of the organism, and even non-speci#c - no one distur!ing factor, load and dierent - this is necessary in sports.>o%ever, the increasing resistance during stress, according to elye, at the costof damage and high energy e"penditure.

/s there another, more !enign %ay of increasing non speci#c & tion resistance of the organismG

+) a$arev !elieves that such a path e"ists. :ith the help of a num!er ofsu!stances called adaptogens, it is the state of nonspeci#cally increased

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resistance C+;C5, in %hich the resistance of the organism gro%n %ithout theelements of damage. This other %ay - 8uality0 some su!stances adantogeny5cause C+;C. 7ound that adaptogens and depending on the dose can cause andC+;C, and other systems change, and large doses of adaptogens - yes & samestress. (ne could assume that if the evolution time & %ound general non-speci#c adaptation reaction to strong & >H*ATE stimulus, it should !e thereaction and the %eaer, physiological stimuli. (ur research has sho%n that inaddition to stress there are t%o general nonspeci#c adaptation reactions of theorganism0 the %ea stimuli - a response, calling the practice, on averageintermediate !et%een strong and %ea5 - a reaction called the re & actionactivation.

Thus, %as found 8uantitative and 8ualitative pattern of general nonspeci#cadaptive response0 epending on the strength, dosage and !iological activity ofactive factors, internal and e"ternal environment in the !ody develop8ualitatively dierent adaptive responses.

Changes in the !ody in the reaction activation and have character, than %ithstress. Even in stage / - stage of the primary activation, instead of reducing itsresistance is increasing, instead of reducing the thymus gland - a dramaticincrease %ith an increase in functional activity of lymphoid elements in theendocrine system - a harmonious and %ell-coordinated a moderate increase inthe secretion of thyroid hormones, se" hormones and cortical su!stance adrenalmainly due to mineralocorticoids, !ut %ithout reducing the level ofglucocorticoids. This is due to the predominance in the !rain particularly in thehypothalamus, %hich formed adaptive response5 physiological arousal %ith agood functional neuronal activity +oah & ; glial elements. /n the stage ofpersistent activation, %hich develops in a systematic repetition of the activationeects, increased resistance in & taes persistent. The functional activity of the

central nervous system and endocrine glands is 8uite high, !ut not e"cessivelyso. This state of the neuroendocrine regulation should create good conditions fora pleasant & muscular activity. (n the same %it & detelstvuet state ofperipheral receptor endings neuromuscular endings5 that provide musclecontraction. /f the stress in neuro-muscular endings of revealed nerve #!ersdecreases, %hile the surviving nerve #!ers and terminals o!served apronounced s%elling and irregular silver impregnation, the reaction in thedevelopment of nerve #!ers activated and the end of a %ell-found, and %eresilver impregnation is & mately increases. This is indicated as a high motion &gatelnaya activity and need to move, characteri$ing & schaya reactionactivation and especially the $one of increased activation.

*eaction %orout gets its name !ecause for long-term maintenance of the !ody%ea #rst :>( & actions have systematically repeated daily, fasting & 7oamincreasing load, ie, using the general principle of any form of e"ercise. Thisresponse sho%s some evidence of similarities %ith the reaction of activation andstress, !ut it descri!es a set of changes. /n stage /-stage reaction %orout ori &entirovi - thymus is not depressed, as during stress, !ut increased & haesmaller than the reaction of activation the dierence is statistically signi#cant5./ncreased resistance in this stage is due to /+ & $heniya sensitivity0 in the !raindominates protective & tor !eing a!le to. 7unction of se"ual organs and thethyroid gland is not suppressed, !ut their activity is not as high as in thereaction ac & activation energy. ecretion of glucocorticoids is increased, !ut not

as dramatically as during stress, secretion of mineralocorticoids as improve &on, !ut not as signi#cantly as the reaction activation.

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4. The concept of resistance.

tatus of resistance or resistance - an adaptation to physical stress. Thiscondition leads to the maintenance of normal e"istence of the organism in the

ne% conditions. nder the sta!ility of resistance is understood, the !odyIsresistance to e"ternal factors. peci#c resistance - resistance to a particularfactor, non-speci#c - in relation to various factors.:hen the systematic repetition of the training eects of more advanced stagesof restructuring, turning then to the stage T*ET & planning, in %hich theresistance of the organism more no%ledge & considera!ly enhanced !y theactivity of protective systems organi$ & ma, primarily thymicolymphatic.

Juantitative and 8ualitative pattern of adaptation & +odal reactions are notlimited to a single triad training, activation, stress5. :e have sho%n that thistriad is the only functional unit, is repeated several times %ith increasing dosestrength5 eects from the minimum to mer & tion, ie, at dierent levels BoorD5 reactivity.


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!ody reacts to discrete, rather than summari$ing the action of all stimuli. Therefore, small time & stimulus act, despite the presence of the strong.Adaptation & :/E reaction of the organism have circadian rhythm. /f using a%ea stimulus to develop the necessary reaction, then it is di6cult even duringthe day, transfer to another, ie, in relation to adaptive reactions o!servedpeculiar refractoriness0 the t%o stimuli, consistently acting on the !ody, thenature of the reaction, and even the level of reactivity of the !odies & nism isdetermined !y the #rst stimulus. Conse8uently, if a large muscle load %ill !epreceded !y a %ea holding up & stvie, in healthy young !ody, in most cases itshould develop a reaction activating even %ithout a special force under & !orondose5. /f the selection is done on a force feed!ac using a simple indicator ofadaptive & gravitational reactions - the ratio of various ele & uniform Comrade!lood, the reaction activation can !e purposefully cause and staunchlysupported. :e have e"perienced such eects on athletes !o"ers and hoceyplayers5. As a %ea dei & sponding factors used in electromagnetic andmagnetic & :/E #eld of lo% intensity, stimulators of plant and animal originEleutherococcus senticosus, ;antocrinum5 in small doses in the tens or

hundreds of times less than therapeutic5 and intracellular meta!olic regulatorssuch as salts Kantar & +oah acid . The use of salts of succinic acid is associated%ith the esta!lished increase in the content of endogenous succinic acid in thereaction activation. All athletes 3L man & age5 have !een lifted out of stressand transferred to the enduring asset & tion. 7eeling and mood in this rapidlyimproved. Conse8uently, the studies esta!lished the feasi!ility of /; & use ofphysiological adaptation reactions of training and especially to increase theactivation of nonspeci#c resistance of the !ody during muscular activity.

7urther study of 8uantitative and 8ualitative principles & ;rinciple of thedevelopment of adaptive reactions in connection %ith the & muscular activity,%e can help to identify hidden reserves and reduce energy e"penditure at high

muscle loads.

*eferences

1. )/ ;irelin Adaptation to physical e"ercise.2. M Molmagorov Adapting to sportD

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adaptation to physical exercise

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