additional indexes page index of standards 2789 •index of...

INDEX

Additional Indexes Page•Index of Standards 2789•Index of Interactive Equations 2801•Index of Materials 2807•Index of Additional Content on CD 2854

Machinery's Handbook 29th Edition

AAbbreviations

accuracy 1324mathematical signs and 2654scientific and engineering terms 2652–

2655symbols for mechanics 2655welding 1479

Abrasivebelt

applications 1269cutting off difficulties 1272grinding 1269–1270rotative speeds 1273selection 1269–1270

contact wheel selecting 1271cubic boron nitride (CBN) 794, 1217,

1234, 1243cutting 1269–1272diamond 1216grains and materials 1216grinding 1216honing 1272–1274lapping 1274–1277polishing 1504stones for honing 1274

Absolutesystem of measurement 150temperature 2695viscosity 2425zero 2695

Acceleration 150, 175–178angular 177constant 175linear, of point on rotating body 177of gravity, g 150

Accuracyeffect of, on part tolerances 1323of NC machine tools 1321–1322positioning 1319repeatability, and resolution, NC 1319significance of 1321–1322

Acme leadscrews 2561Acme threads

abbreviations 1922–1923angle of thread 1921ANSI Standard 1921–1939centralizing 1928–1939checking 2004diameter allowances 1921

Acme threads (continued)diameter tolerances 1921drill sizes for 944form 1921general purpose 1921–1928length of engagement 1921multiple start 1922–1923stub 1939

alternative 194260-degree 1942

thread profile form 1921–1930tolerances application 1933types of 1921, 1930, 1933wire sizes for checking 2004

Active face width 2125Acute-angle triangles solution 71, 101–102Addendum 2125

chordal 2144–2145modification 2173

involute spur and helical gears 2173Addition

decimal fractions 10fractions and mixed numbers 9matrix 122

Additiveslubricant properties 2429oil 2427plastics 553

Adhesivesacrylic 2581bonding 2580moisture cured polyurethane 2583one-component 2582retaining compounds 2583rubber cements 2583sealants 2584threadlocking 2584two-component 2580types 2580–2581

Adjoint of a matrix 124Adjustable-bed press 1388Adjusting gear blanks for milling 2188Aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1901Aero-thread 1986Aging of metal 461Air 384Air bending 1346Air, weight 381Airdry wood, weight per cubic foot 387Airy points 720AISI-SAE

alloy steels 404–405carbon steels 402–403

Algebra and equations 30

2701

Copyright 2012, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY http://industrialpress.com

INDEXMachinery's Handbook 29th Edition

2702

Algebraicexpressions and formulas 31rearrangement and transposition of

terms 30Alignment of shafts 2622–2650Alligation 384Allowances and tolerances

allowance defined 628, 634allowance for forced fits 630application 629bending sheet metal 1347, 1351–1352,

1358formulas 1347, 1351

cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard for 634fits 628–634

metric ISO, British Standard for 662–671

preferred series 635tolerance defined 628, 634unilateral and bilateral tolerances 628

Alloylow melting point used as filler 1386

Alloy cast iron 1404Alloy steels 397

AISI-SAE designations 400–401basic numbering system 398, 400carburizing grades 413casting 1407compositions 404–405, 1408, 2242directly hardenable grades 414–415drilling and reaming 1060–1063effects of alloying elements 2243electrodes (welding)

current to use with 1457elongation 1408forged and rolled 2241gears 2241hardness of heat-treated 424–429heat treatments 491mechanical properties 424–429, 1408milling 1044–1047numbering system 398, 400strength of heat-treated 424–429tensile strength 1408turning 1026–1029

Alloysaluminum 530–538antimony 544bearing 1417, 2357–2359binary 399brazing 1426–1432cast steels 1406copper 514–529copper-beryllium 528–529copper-silicon 528die casting 1415magnesium 545, 547nickel 548–549nonferrous 513numbering systems for 398quaternary 399soldering 1424

Alloys (continued)ternary 399titanium 548, 550

Alphabet, phonetic 2700Alternating current motors 2569–2572Alternating stress 202Aluminum

alloys 530–538anodizing 1507characteristics 543chemical composition 534, 537–538electrical conductivity 543elongation 534–542high corrosion resistance 543mechanical properties 543temper 534–542ultimate tensile strength 534–542workability 543yield strength 534–542

Association 531, 534bearing material 2360bending 1351cast composition 534characteristics of 530clad alloys 542–543coefficient of expansion 376density 376designations 534die casting 1415elongation 391heat treatability of wrought 542machining 1192melting point 376soldering 1424specific heat 376structural shapes 2603temper designation 531–534tensile strength 391thermal conductivity 376welding 1460wrought 542yield strength 391

AmericanBoiler Makers Association 288Brass Company 528Foundrymen's Association 461Gear Manufacturers Association

(AGMA) 2128, 2131, 2164Institute of Steel Construction 287

column formulas 285Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 398, 400National Standards Institute ix, 2175

(see also ANSI Standard)Society for Metals (ASM) 429Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) 461, 508, 545–547, 1404copper alloys 513

Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) ix, 2175

(see Index of Standards)wire gage 2605

AMO thread 1982–1985design dimensions 1984



2703

AMO thread (continued)design requirements 1983formulas 1984gage testing 1983lengths of engagement 1983limit of size 1985swiss screw thread 1985symbols 1984tolerances and allowances 1983, 1985

Analysis, break-even 143–146Analytical geometry 40–55Angle

between lines tangent to two circles 684between two lines 43compound 119–121cutting tool 758degrees into radians 103, 105functions of 95–114helix 2061indexing 2086involute functions of 110–114lead 2061length of arc of given radius 73, 77–79length of chord 73, 77–79measuring by disc method 682minutes, seconds into decimal degrees 104minutes, seconds into radian 103radian into degrees 103–105sine bar for measuring 678structural 2600–2602

bent to circular shape, lengths of 2593moment of inertia 2600–2602radius of gyration 2600–2602section modulus 2600–2602weight per foot 2600–2602

taper per foot corresponding to 683thread, tolerances on gages 2013to find, given taper per foot 682–684tolerance, single point tool 775trigonometric functions of 106–109useful relationships among 106

Angularacceleration 177

torque, relation to 180backlash in gears 2169indexing 2086–2105velocity 175–177

of rotating bodies 176Annealing 408, 461

constant temperature, transformation 483temperatures

carbon steel 483stainless 494–495

tungsten 499Annuities (calculation of) 136–137Anode 1393Anodizing 1508

hard 1512ANSI Standard

abbreviations 2652, 2655Acme threads 1921–1939bolts, nuts, screws, washers

ANSI Standard (continued)bolts, nuts, screws, washers

inch 1538–1580metric 1581–1585

boring tools 899, 903carbide 899–900

buttress inch screw thread 1946cap screws

inch hex 1542inch slotted head 1680–1681inch socket head 1682metric 1581–1584

socket head 1594chain, transmission 2537–2542clearance fits 652–654, 657–658core drills 888cutting tools 764–780cylindrical fits 628diamond wheels 1240–1245dowel pins, hardened and ground 1749–

1750drawing and drafting practices 609

symbolsaccuracy 1324–1327between 612comparison to ISO 612concentricity 1326controlled radius 612diameter 612parallelism 612part tolerance 612, 650perpendicularity 612position 612, 1324roundness 612runout 612section lining 611statical tolerance 612total runout 612, 1327welding 1476

drill drivers 887, 890collet type 887

drive screws 1716drive studs 1757electric socket and lamp base threads 1980engineering drawings 610fine-pitch

helical gears 2204–2207standard gear tooth parts 2136worm gearing 2191–2194

fire hose connection threads 1970fits 635

hole basis 653–656shaft basis 657–660

flat metal productsinch sizes 2608–2609metric sizes 2610

gagemakers tolerances 661gages 2006–2014

for self-holding tapers 956for Unified screw threads 2007–2014usage, recommended 661

gear tooth forms 2131geometric characteristic symbols 612



2704

ANSI Standard (continued)geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 613grinding wheel safety 1246–1250grinding wheels 1218–1226, 1234, 1243grooved pins 1756hexagon socket head shoulder screws 1686hexagon spline socket set screws 1689hose coupling screw threads 1969–1972interference fits 652, 655–656, 1973–1978involute splines 2252, 2256

metric module 2272–2277key drive 953–954keys and keyseats 2460keys and keyways 831knurls and knurling 991–995letter symbols for mechanics 2655limits and fits 634–660lock washers 1565–1569M profile thread

design profile 1882designations 1899limits of size 1892tolerances of internal threads 1889

machine screws 1643–1652binding head 1651fillister head 1649flat, countersunk head 1644–1646hexagon washer head 1646metric 1659–1665oval head 1649–1651pan head 1648round head 1652slotted hexagon 1647truss head 1647

manufacturers’ standard gage for sheet steel 2608

metriccap screws 1581–1584clearance fits 653–654, 657–658hex flange nuts 1601hex flange screws 1589interference fits 655–660nut thread series 1603nut tops 1601nuts 1599, 1605retaining rings 1763–1771screw 1593screw threads, M profile 1878–1899screw threads, MJ profile 1900–1903screws, bolts, nuts, and washers 1581–

1585slotted hex nuts 1601square neck bolts 1589–1590transition fits 655–656, 659–660

microscope threads 1980milling cutters 809–837miniature threads 1858–1862nuts 1538–1542pins 1746–1762pipe thread 1956–1965plain washers 1562–1565, 1608

ANSI Standard (continued)preferred

basic sizes 673fits 652metric limits and fits 639metric sizes 648, 673thicknesses, thin, flat metals 2608

reamers 851–865retaining rings 1763–1771rivets 1734–1736roundness symbols 1325runout symbols 1327screw thread symbols 1921–1930, 1933,

1942, 1974metric 1880

screw threads 1806, 1813–1857, 1878–1939, 1946, 1977

metric MJ profile 1900–1903screws and bolts

hex structural bolts 1591hexagon socket 1599metric 1581, 1585–1588metric hex bolts 1592metric neck bolts 1589square neck bolts 1590

section lining symbols 611self-tapping thread inserts 1716self-threading screws

inch 1701–1711metric head types 1718

serrations, involute 2252set-screws

heads and points 1687–1690socket type 1688, 1693

shoulder screws 1686slotted headless set screws 1687spindles and drives for portable tools 972–

975spline socket set screws 1688, 1693splines, involute

metric module 2272–2277spring pin 1761spur gear tooth forms 2131square head set screws 1690straight pins 1752surface finish 747surface texture 733–746symbols 661

accuracy symbols 1327concentricity 612diameter 1325for section lining 611

tang drives 951–952tapers 948–960thread dimension 1975threads for electric sockets 1980thumb screws 1791–1799T-nuts, T-bolts, T-slots 1726–1728tolerances 635

allowances for cylindrical fits 628gagemakers 661symbols 612

tooth proportions 2135



2705

ANSI Standard (continued)transition fits 652, 655–656twist drills 866–889Unified threads 1806, 1813–1863washers

inch 1562–1569metric 1604, 1607

wing nuts and screws 1791–1799wood screws 1801woodruff keys 2478–2481worm gearing, fine pitch 2191–2194wrench openings 1556

Antifriction bearings 2365–2419Apothecaries measure

fluid 2679weight 2683

Applications nickel alloys 548–549APT (automatically programmed tool)

axis nomenclature 1315Arbors

circular saw 972diameters for spring-winding 349dimensions of centers 851keys and keyways for 831milling cutters 827shell reamer 862standard milling machine 962–966

Arcchecking radius of 687cutting 1462electric, cutting of metals 1462–1463length of given angle and radius 73, 77–79plasma precision cutting 1462plasma welding 1458welding 1433–1458

Areacircle 46, 73circular

ring 74ring sector 46, 74sector 73segments 46, 73, 78–79

cycloid 73donut 46ellipse 49, 75elliptical section 49enclosed by cycloidal curve 68fillet 74finding by Simpson’s rule 67geometrical figures 70–81hexagon 72hyperbola 75irregular outline 67octagon 72parabola 74–75

segment of 75parallelogram 70plane figures 70–81plane surface of irregular outline 67polygon 72rectangle 70spandrel 74

Area (continued)square 70surface of revolution 66–67trapezium 72trapezoid 71triangle 71units 2675units and conversion of 2675–2677various sections 234–243volume 66–87

Argon, welding gas 1437, 1445, 1458Arithmetical

operations, sequence of 5progressions 37–38

ASA Code for transmission shafting 299ASME Standard surface finish 747Asperities 2420ASTM Plastics 554Atmospheric pressure 2686Atomic

symbol 371weight 371

Austempering 461, 478Austenite 465, 469Autocollimation 1322–1323Automatic screw machines 1170–1175

knurling on 1170Avoirdupois or commercial weight 2683Azimuth reading displacements 1322

BB & S automatic screw machines 1170Babbitt metals 2357–2359

properties of 2359SAE general information 2357

Backlash 2126allowance in checking gears by the pin

method 2235bevel gears 2165calculation 2163control of allowances in production 2166control of in assemblies 2168determining proper amount of 2163excess depth of cut 2166fine-pitch gears 2167gearing 2163–2169hypoid gears 2165recommended for gears 2165

Balancingcalculations 191–196counterbalancing masses

located in single plane 192–194located in two or more planes 194–195

dynamic 191lathe fixtures 195–196machines 191rotating parts 191–196running or dynamic 191static 191

Ball bearing (see Bearings: ball)Ball screw assemblies 2561



2706

Balls, standard 2419package markings 2411

Band brakes 2455coefficient of friction 2457simple and differential 2456

Band sawblade selection 1177–1178blade types 1178break-in 1181–1182speed and feed 1179speed for cutting materials 1180–1181speeds and feeds, metal cutting 1179–1181tooth forms 1178

Barreleffect 1394liquid capacity 2679volume 87

Basecircle 2126, 2253diameter 2253helix angle 2126oils for metal cutting 1185pitch 2126spur gear, diameter 2131tooth thickness 2126

Basicendurance limit 2173gear dimensions 2137rack profiles 2276size 628space width 2253

Baumé’s hydrometer 382conversion 381

Beams 256–272, 2593–2599channel 2599, 2603combined stresses in 211–214curved 275deflections 256–267, 273–277

designing for 273–277fixed at one end 268–272I-beams 2593–2598, 2603rectangular solid 268–272stresses in 209, 256–267stresses produced by shocks 279supported at both ends 256–272

Bearing capacity, soil and rocks 384Bearings 2314–2419

ball bearing 2365–2384, 2390ABEC tolerances 2375–2380alignment and squareness 2391allowance for axial displacement in 2382angular contact 2367cage materials 2373clamping and retaining methods 2393–

2398clearances, running 2400closures 2393, 2398deficiencies 2403design and installation 2382designation 2373, 2385double row bearing 2367equivalent thrust load 2409

Bearings (continued)ball bearing

failures 2403fatigue life 2403fits 2393, 2398flanged housing 2373friction losses 2398handling precautions 2402housing bore tolerances 2385–2386housings, soft metal 2392life 2403

adjustment factor application 2414adjustment factor for material 2414adjustment factors 2414criterion 2403

limitations 2404load ratings 2403locknuts and shafts for 2395–2396lockwashers for 2394lubrication method 2400materials for 2373mounting 2390

precautions 2393types 2401

pillow block 2373plastics 2372quiet or vibration-free mountings 2393radial and angular contact 2405–2406radial and axial clearance 2401radial, deep groove and angular

contact 2404rating life 2405, 2412reliability 2414seating fits 2393selection 2399shaft

and housing fits for metric radial 2384bore limits 2385–2386housing fits 2382–2384tolerance

classifications, metric 2383–2384limits, metric 2384–2385

single row radial, filling slot 2366single row radial, non filling slot 2366soft metal and resilient housings 2392special or unconventional types of 2372squareness and alignment 2391starting torque 2399static

equivalent load 2417–2418load criterion 2404load ratings 2415

symbols 2365, 2367thrust 2370, 2408thrust load 2409tolerances 2374, 2380types 2366, 2404

grease packing guidlines 2436guide 2317, 2356hydrostatic 2317journal 2325

allowable pressure 2330bearing pressure 2329



2707

Bearings (continued)journal

capacity number 2332classes 2330clearance modulus 2330diameter of bearing 2329diametral clearance 2330eccentricity ratio 2331–2332factor 2332film thickness 2335flow factor 2334flow of lubricant 2332friction horsepower 2332friction torque 2332hydrodynamic flow of lubricant 2334length of bearing 2329length to diameter ratio 2330lubrication analysis 2335operating temperature 2330pressure 2330pressure flow of lubricant 2334temperature of mineral oils 2332temperature rise 2335torque parameter 2332total flow of lubricant 2335viscosity of lubricant 2330

keying 2319laminated phenolic 2361life adjustment factors 2414lubricants and lubrication

grease 2323journal bearings 2326, 2329, 2335plain bearings 2322–2326

materials, plain 2356–2364aluminum 2357, 2360babbitt metals 2357bronze 2359cadmium alloys 2359carbon-graphite 2360cast iron 2360compatibility 2356conformability 2356copper-lead 2357, 2359corrosion resistance 2358embeddability 2356fatigue resistance 2356graphitic 2362laminated phenolics 2361load capacity 2358nylon 2361plastics laminates 2361porous 2361properties 2356rubber 2362SAE compositions 2357silver 2360strength 2358teflon (TFE) 2361thermal conductivity 2358tin-bronze 2357white metal 2357–2358wood 2362

Bearings (continued)needle 2370

loose roller 2371symbols 2370types of 2370

needle rollerdesignations of 2385fitting and mounting practice 2387roller and cage assemblies 2387shaft and housing tolerances 2388–2389tolerances 2380–2382

pillow block 2373plain 2314–2364

allowable pressures 2329boundary lubrication 2318circumferential-groove 2314classes of 2314clearances 2329controlled clearence noncontact

seals 2320cylindrical-overshot 2316cylindrical-undershot 2316design 2317–2354design notation 2327die casting in place 1417displaced elliptical 2316elliptical-overshot 2316full film lubrication 2318full film operational mode 2318greases 2325grooving feeding 2326hardness and surface finish 2321heat radiating capacity 2325hydrostatic 2317journal 2326journal bearing oil grooving 2326journal bearing types 2327journal or sleeve 2314keying methods 2319length-to-diameter ratio 2329lubricants 2323lubrication analysis 2329lubrication methods 2322machining 2321–2322materials 2356mixed-film lubrication mode 2318modes of operation 2317, 2319multiple-groove 2316nutcracker 2316oil bath lubrication 2323oil feeding 2326oil grooves 2325, 2329oil ring lubrication 2323operating temperatures 2330pivot-shoe 2316positive contact 2320press or shrink fit 2319pressure 2316pressure lubrication 2322pressure profile 2327retaining methods 2319rubbing seals 2320sealing methods 2319–2321



2708

Bearings (continued)plain

sleeve 2326solid lubricants 2325splash lubrication 2322static seals 2321surface finish and hardness 2321three-lobe 2316types 2314–2317viscosity temperature chart 2324waste pack lubrication 2323

porous 2361retention

dowel pin 2320housing cap 2320set screws 2319woodruff key 2320

roller 2365–2419ABEC and RBEC tolerances 2385alignment and squareness 2391allowance for axial displacement 2382barrel roller 2368barrel type 2372bearing closures 2398cage materials 2373clamping and retaining methods 2393closures 2398cylindrical type 2368, 2372deficiencies 2403design and installation

considerations 2382designation of 2373, 2385failures 2403fatigue life 2403fits 2393, 2398flanged housing 2373friction losses in 2398handling precautions 2402high speed effects 2409housing bore tolerances 2385–2386housings, soft metal and resilient 2392internal clearance 2409life 2403

adjustment factors 2414for application 2414for material 2414

criterion 2403life adjustment factors 2414load ratings 2403location and seating 2390–2398locknuts and shafts 2395–2397lockwashers 2394lubrication 2400, 2409materials for 2373, 2409method of designation 2384–2385mounting 2390

precautions 2393type 2401

needle type 2387–2389pillow block 2373plastics 2372quiet or vibration-free mountings 2393

Bearings (continued)roller

radial 2411, 2419radial and axial clearance 2401radial load 2411rating life 2410, 2412reliability 2414seating fits for 2393selection 2399–2400self-aligning 2370shaft and housing fits for 2393, 2398

metric radial 2382–2384soft metal and resilient housings 2392special or unconventional types of 2372spherical roller 2368spherical type 2372squareness and alignment 2391static equivalent loads 2418–2419static load criterion 2404stress concentrations 2409symbols 2365tapered 2369tapered roller thrust type 2369thrust 2369–2370, 2380, 2412tolerances for 2374–2382torque, starting 2399types of 2368, 2409

roller thrustspherical roller 2370

sleeve 2325spacing and shaft stiffness 2180tapered

land thrust bearing 2338, 2347, 2352roller bearings 2369roller thrust bearings 2369

thrust bearing 2338, 2370ball 2370

symbols 2368design notation 2339flat plate design 2338, 2340–2345

depth of chamber 2342film flow 2341flow per chamber 2341–2342friction power loss 2341kinetic energy correction 2342length of pad 2341number of pad 2341pitch line velocity 2341radial pad width 2340required oil flow 2341

flat plate type 2344friction power loss 2342leakage factor 2349load 2339parallel flat plate 2338plain 2338rated life 2408–2414roller 2369–2370, 2412

symbols 2369–2370static equivalent load 2418–2419step design 2338, 2344–2347

depth of step 2346film thickness 2346



2709

Bearings (continued)thrust bearing

friction power loss 2346hydrodynamic oil flow 2346length of pad 2346number of pads 2346pad step length 2346pitch line circumference 2346pitch line velocity 2346radial pad width 2345temperature rise 2346

tapered land design 2338, 2347, 2352film thickness 2348friction power loss 2349length of pad 2348number of pads 2348oil film flow 2349oil flow factor 2349oil leakage factor 2348pitch line circumference 2348pitch line velocity 2348radial pad width 2348shape factor 2349taper values 2348

tilting pad design 2338, 2352bearing unit load 2353dimensionless film thickness 2355film thickness 2354friction coefficient 2354length of pad 2353number of pads 2353operating number 2353, 2355pitch line velocity 2353radial pad width 2353temperature rise 2354

tolerances 2380tolerances 2374

metric ball and roller 2375–2382needle roller 2374thrust 2374

Bel 2700Belleville disc springs or washers 344, 350

(see also Springs: disc)Belts and pulleys 2484–2536

flat belts 2487length formula 2484rules for diameters and speeds of

pulleys 2484speed limitations 2487

speed in compound drive 2486synchronous belts 2528, 2532–2536

cross section 2534designation 2528, 2534horsepower rating 2535–2536length determination 2532pitch lengths 2531pulley

and flange dimension 2530diameter 2532–2533size 2533, 2536tolerances 2534

section dimension 2530

Belts and pulleys (continued)synchronous belts

service factors 2528storage and handling 2525timing 2528tolerances 2531tooth dimensions 2529–2530torque ratings 2534–2535width factor 2536width, finding 2535widths and tolerances 2532

variable speed belts 2518–2523arc of contact 2525cross section selection 2522degree 2523, 2525designation 2521dimension 2518drive design 2521groove dimension 2520horsepower rating 2522–2523length correction 2524lengths 2519sheave dimension 2520sheave groove data 2521speed ratio 2522

V-belts 2489–2527belt lengths and center distances 2494classical V-belts 2495–2502

arc of contact correction 2502cross section correction factors 2494datum length 2496groove dimension 2497horsepower ratings 2499length correction 2501sheave dimensions 2496–2498speed ratio correction 2501

double V-belts 2502–2510arc of contact 2510design method 2506effective diameter 2505effective length 2502groove dimension 2503length determination 2505length-flex correction 2509number of belts 2506sheave dimension 2502–2503tension 2510tension ratings 2509–2510tight side tension 2507

effective length 2487horsepower ratings 2484light duty V-belts 2510–2513

arc of contact 2510designation 2510dimensions 2511groove dimension 2512horsepower rating 2512sheave dimension 2512

narrow V-belts 2489, 2494arc of contact correction 2495cross section selection 2493groove dimension 2491–2492horsepower ratings 2493



2710

Belts and pulleys (continued)V-belts

length correction factors 2495number of belts 2495sheave

dimensions 2489, 2491–2492outside diameter 2493size 2493

speed ratio correction factors 2494ratio 2484SAE belts and belting 2525

belt dimensions 2526pulley dimensions 2526

service factors 2527sheaves 2484sixty (60)-degree 2525storage and handling 2526–2527V-ribbed belts 2513–2518

arc of contact correction 2517cross-sections 2513designation 2515dimensions 2513effective length 2516grooved dimension 2514horsepower rating 2515length correction 2517sheave dimension 2514–2515speed ratio correction 2518

60 degree 2525speed ratio correction 2523

Bendingformulas

for beams 267–268formulas for beams 256–272formulas for shafts 295–297pipe and tube 1382–1386

press 1383roll 1385rotary draw 1384use of filling material 1385

roll 1385rotary draw 1384sheet metal 1346

allowances 1347, 1351–1352, 1358aluminum 1347angle other than 90° 1351brass 1347, 1351bronze 1347, 1351force 1352formulas 1347, 1351–1352radius 1346

inside bend 1346maximum 1347minimum 1346

steel 1347three-roll 1353

stress in beams 256–277structural angles 2600–2602

Bending load, wood 385Bending moments units conversion 2689Beryllium and copper alloys 529Bevel gearing 2177–2189

Bevel gearing (continued)ANSI/AGMA Standard 2181applications of 2179bearing spacing 2180blanks 2179bronze and brass gears 2243chordal addendum 2189chordal thickness 2188–2189circular pitch 2184circular thickness 2189cutting angle 2184cutting teeth 2180design 2179dimensions 2183face angle 2184factors for offset of cutter 2188formed cutters for 2185–2187German standard tooth form 2217hypoid gears 2178materials for 2190milled 2181, 2188milling cutters for 829milling setup 2188mountings 2180nomenclature 2181offset of cutter 2188pitch cone 2183pitch diameter 2183planetary 2211replacement gear dimensions 2250selecting formed cutters for 2187shaft stiffness 2180spiral 2178straight 2125, 2177, 2179thickness of tooth 2184types of 2177typical steels used for 2190Zerol 2125, 2178–2179

BHRA - British Hydromechanics Research Association 2439

Bilateral and unilateral tolerances 628Binary multiples 2658Binding head miniature screw 1654Birmingham wire gage 2605Birnie's equation 291Blank diameters, drawing dies 1355, 1357Blanking and punching 1339

clearance 1340stripper force

elastic stripper 1343Blanks, sintered carbide 772Blast cleaning of castings 1412Block

brakes 2458or multiple indexing 2117–2118

Block and spacer torque test 1618Blow molding 581Blow, force of 183Boilers, strength of flat stayed surfaces 288Boiling temperature, various substances 372Bolt hole circles

adapting equations for geometry 694chordal distance 76



2711

Bolt hole circles (continued)coordinates for 692–704Type “A” 692, 696, 698Type “B” 693, 700, 702

Bolts and nutsangularity and eccentricity 1635ANSI Standard 1540ANSI, inch dimensions

cap or acorn nuts 1549countersunk bolts 1554–1555flat jam nuts 1546hex

flat nuts 1546nuts 1545slotted nuts 1546, 1548thick slotted nuts 1547–1548

jam nuts 1545ribbed neck bolts 1553round head bolts 1551–1553round head fin neck bolts 1552slotted countersunk bolts 1555square

neck bolts 1551, 1554nuts 1538–1539, 1548

step bolts 1554T-bolts 1727T-nuts 1728Unified 1538, 1545, 1548wing nuts 1791–1795

ANSI, metric dimensionsdiameters 1584heavy hex bolts 1591heavy hex flange screws 1588heavy hex nuts 1605hex jam nuts 1605hex nuts 1601prevailing torque hex

flange nuts 1604nuts 1606

reduced diameter bolts 1585slotted hex nuts 1601thread series 1603

bolt designation 1539, 1592–1593, 1604, 1626, 1635–1636, 1644, 1658, 1680, 1691, 1694, 1702, 1718, 1794, 1797

British Standard 1676fine thread 1700, 1955–1981hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1634hexagon slotted and castle nuts 1629metric hexagon 1630precision hexagon nuts 1628slotted and castle nuts 1628Unified 1678Whitworth 1627–1629, 1672, 1679,

1700chamfering 1635combination 1636counterbore sizes 899, 1612countersinking 1635deflection 1521designation 1636diameter-length combinations 1594

Bolts and nuts (continued)drill sizes 1612elongation and tightening tension 1530elongation measurements 1526finish 1634friction coefficient 1530friction coefficients 1524grade markings for steel 1534head markings

inch 1534–1535metric 1592, 1601, 1604

heavy hex structural 1540heavy hex structural bolts 1591hex structural 1539hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1634hexagon sockets 1599identification symbols 1593length of thread 1635load allowable on bolts 1535loaded joints 1522marking 1636materials properties 1592metric hex bolts 1592metric hex cap screws 1595metric hex flange nuts 1601metric hex lag screws 1594metric round head bolts 1593metric screw 1593nominal lengths 1634preload 1521

adjustments 1524application methods 1526applications 1523loaded joints 1522shear 1522

proof strength 1521relaxation of preloads 1525round head neck bolts 1552socket head cap screws 1594, 1599spacing for wrench clearances 1555spline sockets 1599square 1539steel nuts 1636strength grade designations 1534–1535,

1592–1593, 1601, 1604, 1635–1636tightening 1521torque 1521torque prevailing types 1603torque required to tighten 1521Unified square 1540–1541Unified Standard 1540–1541washer facing 1635working strength of bolts 1535wrench and socket clearances 1555wrench clearances for nuts 1556wrench openings 1556yield strength 1521

Bonding plastics 593Bonding, adhesives 2580Boring

carbide tools for 899–900cutting time for 1081insert holder 770–772



2712

Boring (continued)wood 388

Boring machine, origin 903Boring tools

carbide carbide tipped round 901carbide sizes 899carbide style 899sintered carbide 899solid carbide 903

Boring-bar, cutters, carbide 899–900Boron nitride

cubic (CBN) abrasive 1012, 1217, 1234, 1243

cutting tool materials 1012speeds and feeds for 1032, 1038

Bottom bending 1346Boundry film lubrication 2421Box wrench clearances 1561Box wrench clearances, US-Metric 1561Brakes

band 2455block type 2458coefficient of friction 2455

Brass and bronzealloys 514

cast 515–518speeds and feeds

drilling and reaming 1071wrought 519–527

bending 1347, 1351speeds and feeds

turning 1036strength data 513

Brass files 989Brazing 1426–1432

blowpipe 1431dip 1431filler metals for 1426fluxes for 1426furnace 1431heating for 1431induction 1431methods 1431resistance 1431supplying heat blowpipe 1431supplying heat torch 1431symbols 1431–1432vacuum furnace 1431work 1431

Breakaway torque 1623Break-even analysis 143–146Breaking load, bolts 1537Breaking load, screws 1537Bricks strength 394Briggs (now ANSI) standard pipe

thread 1957–1958, 1986, 1988drills for 2037

Brinell hardness 505aluminum alloys 534–542heat-treated steels 424–429Rockwell conversion tables 508–509test 505

British Associationbasic dimensions 1982instrument makers threads 1982standard screw threads 1981tolerance formulas 1982tolerances and allowances 1982

British Standardbutton head screws 1694buttress threads 1945cap screws 1695cheese head screw 1677clearance holes for metric bolts and

screws 2034combined drills and countersinks 886core drills 892–893countersunk head screws 1672, 1676, 1679deviations for holes 670deviations for shafts 668dowel pins, metric 1747–1748drills and countersinks 890drills, metric 890, 892–896fasteners, mechanical properties 1634,

1694fine threads (BSF)

basic dimensions 1955tolerance formulas 1953

fits 666hexagon and thin nuts 1632hexagon bolts 1626hexagon bolts and screws 1631hexagon head screws 1676–1677hexagon nuts 1629hexagon slotted and castle nuts 1628, 1633hexagon socket countersunk 1694hexagon socket screws, metric 1694, 1696,

1699button head 1698cap 1695set 1697, 1699

imperial wire gauge 2605interference fits 1637ISO metric

grade markings 1634limits and fits 662–671tapping drill sizes for 2033threads 1901, 1919

ISO metric nuts 1632ISO profile dimensions 1910limits and fits 667limits of tolerance for shafts 665machine screw nuts 1667, 1672machine screws 1666–1679

countersunk head 1670material 1667metric series 1669slotted countersunk head 1669

machine screws and nuts 1676machine screws, cheese head 1674machine screws, metric series 1675metric

and inch pipe threads 1966–1967basic sizes, preferred 674bolts, clearance holes 2034



2713

British Standard (continued)metric

bright metal washers 1641comparison of British, French, German

and Swiss 1920dowel pins 1747–1748drills 890–896gauge and letter sizes 891hexagon socket screws 1694, 1699limits and fits 662–671machine screws and nuts 1666metal washers 1640series 1667series plain washers 1640–1642series spring washers 1638–1640spring washers 1639–1640threads 1920

morse taper 893mushroom head screw 1677nuts 1627–1630, 1632–1633, 1666–1676pan head screw 1677pipe threads

jointing threads 1966longscrew threads 1966non pressure tight joints 1965pressure tight joints 1966

precision metric nuts 1633preferred metric basic sizes 674preferred numbers 674preferred sizes 674recessed head screws 1676rivets 1736–1742, 1745RMS thread 1982round head screw 1676screws 1626, 1666, 1679, 1694–1700

thread dimensions 1967, 1982thread profiles 1863, 1953

slotted head screws 1676socket head 1695spark plug threads 1979spur and helical gears 2172straight splines 2278studs 1626, 1637tolerance for holes and shafts 663, 665twist drills 892–895Unified

machine screws and nuts 1678screws and nuts 1678thread system

UNJ profile threads 1863washers, plain, metric 1640–1642Whitworth and fine machine screws 1667Whitworth threads (BSW) 1953–1955

basic dimensions 1954–1955formulas 1954–1955instrument threads 1982machine screws 1679measuring 1992–1993, 1995, 1998pipe threads 1965–1966set-screws 1679, 1700thread form 1953tolerance formulas 1953

British thermal units, (BTU) 2695converted into foot-pounds 2691power and heat equivalents 2690

Broacheschip breakers 983–984clearance angles for teeth 983depth of cut per tooth 982depth of teeth 983face angle or rake 983land width 983pitch of teeth 980–983radius of tooth fillet 983shear angle 983–984surface 981total length of 983types 979–980

Broaching 979–985cutting oils for 1185cutting speeds for 1073difficulties 985pressure 981types of machines 983–984

Broken tap, removal of 2037Bronze bearing material 2359Bronze bending 1347, 1351Brown & Sharpe

automatic screw machines 1170–1175forming tool formula 799indexing plates 2079, 2107–2108milling machine indexing 2079, 2081,

2107–2108taper 948, 957–958taper reamers for sockets 864wire gage 2605

Brush finishing, power 1500–1503Buckling, columns 282Buffing and polishing 1501Buffing wheels 1504Bulk modulus of various material 394Burs and files, rotary 989Bushings gear 2245Butt joint, riveted 1729–1733Button head screw 1694Buttress threads 1945–1952

allowances and tolerances 1951ANSI Standard inch type 1946basic dimensions 1945–1946British Standard 1945designations 1952diameter equivalents 1948diameter-pitch combinations 1945–1946dimensions 1951formula 1952height of thread engagement 1946lead and flank angles 1948pitch-diameter tolerances 1947symbols and formulas 1946thread form 1946tolerances 1947, 1950–1951wire method of measuring 2006–2007

Byte 2658



2714

CCables, wire, breaking strength 2616–2621Cadmium

bearing alloys 2359plating 1509vacuum coating 1515

Cage materials, anti-friction bearings 2373Caliper

gear tooth 2147measurement of gear teeth 2147vernier 675

Calorie, kilogram 2690, 2695Cams and cam design 1174–1175, 2284–2309

accelerating forces 2301acceleration, velocity, and displacement

formulas 2286classes of cams 2284constant velocity with parabolic

matching 2291contact stresses 2306cylinder cams shape 2307displacement

constant velocity 2286curves 2285cycloidal 2288diagrams 2285harmonic 2287parabolic 2286synthesis of 2288

follower systems 2284forces 2301–2302friction forces 2302harmonic motion 2300layout of a cylinder cams 2307materials 2301, 2306

compressive stress 2306milling 2308offset translating follower 2294pressure angle 2293, 2302

formula 2297harmonic motion 2298parabolic motion 2298uniform velocity motion 2298

profile determination 2290, 2292–2293radius of curvature 2299

cycloidal motion 2300parabolic motion 2300

rise for threading 1173size determination 2293–2297stresses, contact 2301, 2305–2306swinging roller follower 2292, 2296symbols 2285torque 2303translating roller follower 2292

Cams and tool design 1174Cap screws 1542, 1680–1685

button head 1685drill and counterbore sizes for 1683finished, hexagonal 1542

Cap screws (continued)flat head 1684hexagon socket head 1694hexagon socket type 1682–1685hexagonal 1542metric 1582round head 1681slotted fillister head 1681slotted flat head 1680–1681slotted head 1680

designation 1680length of thread 1680

spline socket type 1682–1685Capitalized cost 141Carat 2683Carbide blank

designations 772–773sizes 772–773

Carbide tools 779, 785application of cutting fluids to 1187boring 899–900, 1074coated 1010–1011cutting 772grinding 1000–1003insert holders 760–772, 782–784insert type 760, 764–772materials for 785–790, 1009–1011nose angle 777–778nose radius 774, 778rectangular shank 775sharpening 1000side cutting edge angle 776single point 772sintered 772square shank 775standard blanks for 772style A 775style B 776style C 777style E 778style EL 778style ER 778tips for boring tools 899–900

Carbides and carbonitrides 785–790Carbon steel 396

AISI-SAE designations 400–401chemical compositions 402, 2241classification 410cold drawn 422–423electrodes 1457forged and rolled 2241free cutting 412gears 2241heat treatments 490mechanical properties 424–429milling 1044–1047numbering system 398, 400structure of 465tool steel as a cutting tool material 1009turning 1026–1029unified numbering system 398, 400

Carbonaceous mixtures 484Carbon-graphite bearings 2362



2715

Carbonitrides and carbides 785–790Carbonitriding 468Carburizing 461, 467, 484

gas 486liquid 486solid materials 484steels for 413temperatures

alloy steel 491carbon steel 490

vacuum 486Cartesian coordinate system 1279Cartesian coordinates 43Case hardening 461, 484

steel 484Cash flow conversion 136–139

annuity to future value 138annuity to gradient value 138annuity to present value 138diagrams 137future value to annuity 138future value to gradient 138future value to present value 138present value to annuity 138present value to future value 138present value to gradient 138

Casing thread 1986Cast copper alloys 514–518Cast iron

bearings 2360coefficient of expansion 377cutting, flame 1463density 377ductile 1405malleable 1405melting points 377nodular 1405specific heat 377speeds and feeds for

drilling, reaming, and threading 1067–1068

milling 1051–1052turning 1032–1033

strength 432thermal conductivity 377

Cast metals, power constant 1083Cast roller chains 2537Cast steel 1406

austenitic manganese 1408chemical composition 1408, 2242corrosion resistant alloy 1408elongation 1408mechanical properties 1407strength 432, 1407tensile strength 1408yield point 1408

Casting processesaccuracy 1420aluminum alloys 1415ductile iron 1405extrusion 1421gravity die casting 1410

Casting processes (continued)gray iron 1410green-sand molding 1409–1410investment casting 1418, 1420investment removal 1420low pressure casting 1411permanent mold 1410shell-molding 1410squeeze casting 1411V-process 1410weights and sizes 1420

Castingsalloy steel 1406blast cleaning 1412brass and bronze 513bronze and brass for gears 2243centrifugal 188cleaning 1412cleaning methods 1412die design 1415dimensions 1419ductile (nodular) iron 1405finishing operations 1411heat treatment 1411–1412investment 1418malleable iron 432, 1405metal 1409milling cutters 1421nodular cast iron 1405removal of gates and risers 1411shrinkage of 1413steel, for gears 2190, 2242surface texture of 744tolerances 1419weight 1412, 1414

Castle and slotted nuts 1539, 1627, 1629Cathode 1394Cement, strength of 394Cementation 461Cemented carbide tools 785–790

coated 790drilling with 1060–1063grinding 1000–1003materials for 1009–1011milling with 1043–1052turning with 1026–1039

Cementite 465Cements, pipe joints 2584Center

distance, gear set 2137, 2139, 2207drills reamers and machine

countersinks 851of oscillation 231of percussion 231

Center distance, gearing 2126Center of gravity 221–227, 231

any four-sided figure 222circle sector 223circular arc 222cone 225cone, frustum 225cylinder 224cylinder, portion of 224



2716

Center of gravity (continued)ellipse segment 223ellipsoid, segment of 226fillet 223of two bodies 225parabola, area of 224paraboloid 226part of circle ring 223perimeter or area of parallelogram 221pyramid 225pyramid, frustum 225spandrel 223sphere, hollow 226spherical

sector 226segment 226surface 223

spheroid, segment of 226trapezoid 222triangle 221wedge 226

Centering tools, length of point 889Centerless grinding 1259–1261

troubles 1260–1261Centers, for arbors and reamers 851Centimeter-gram-second system of

measurement 2656Centimeter-inch conversion tables 2665Centipoise (cP) 2425Centipoises 2698Centistokes 2698Centistokes (cSt) 2425Centralizing Acme threads 1928, 1939

alternative series 1939, 1942basic dimensions 1930designation 1933diameter allowance 1932diameter tolerance 1933formulas for determining diameters 1930,

1932limiting dimensions 1930–1931major and minor diameter allowances and

tolerances 1932pitch diameter allowances 1932pitch diameter tolerance 1933single start screw thread 1932thread data 1931thread form 1930

Centrifugalcasting 188clutches 2450force 187–190

calculation 188Ceramic

coefficient of expansion 389, 792compressive properties 389compressive strength 389, 792cutting tool materials 790–793, 1011density 389, 792dielectric strength 389fracture toughness 792hardness 389, 792

Ceramic (continued)mechanical properties 389modulus of elasticity 792modulus of rigidity 792poission’s ratio 792properties 792tensile strength 389thermal conductivity 389, 792whisker reinforced 793

Cermets 785Cgs system of measurement 2656Chain

cast roller 2537detachable 2537pintle 2537saw files 989

Chamfering insert holder 770–772Chamfers and corner clearance, gearing 2260Change gears

compound 2042, 2105finding accurate ratios 2046finding ratios 2046helical gear hobbing 2208helical milling 2061idler gears 2105lathe 2042leads and angles for helical milling 2076–

2077odd inch pitch threads 2045output, quick change 2044relieving helical-fluted hobs 2046–2047thread cutting, lathe 2042

fractional ratios 2043fractional threads 2042metric pitches 2042–2043modifying the gearbox output 2043threads per inch with given

combination 2042–2043trains, for fractional ratios 2043

Channelsaluminum 2603moment of inertia 2599, 2603radius of gyration 2599, 2603section modulus 2599, 2603steel 2599structural 2599, 2603weight per foot 2599, 2603

CheckingAcme threads by three-wire method 2002enlarged spur pinion 2239gear size 2221–2239gears 2230measurements over pins or wires 2239radius of arc 687rake angles

indicator drop method 841–842indicator drops on milling cutter face 842

relief anglesindicator drop method 841indicator drops on end teeth 841indicator drops on side teeth 841

screw thread dimensions 1997shaft conditions 688



2717

Checking (continued)spur gear by wires 2222–2229spur gear size 2222–2229Whitworth threads 1997

Cheese head screws 1672, 1677Chemical composition 1617Chemical compositions

alloy steels 404–405, 1408aluminum alloys 537–538carbon steels 402, 1408cast steels 2242copper 528copper alloys 515–527forged and rolled alloy steels 2242forged and rolled carbon steels 2241HSLA steels 421magnesium alloys 546molybdenum 499nickel alloys 548–549shock-resisting tool steels 455stainless steels 406–407tool steels 441treatment of metals 1505vapor deposition (CVD) 788

Chemical elements 371atomic number 371atomic weight 371melting temperature 371symbol 371

Chemical surface treatment of metals 1506–1508

Chilled cast iron 1404Chip flow angle 1139Chip thickness 1132, 1197Chipbreakers 763

angular shoulder type 763grinding 1002–1003groove type 763light cuts 764parallel shoulder type 763

Chordlength for given number of divisions 695length given angle and radius 73, 77, 79

Chordal addendum 2126, 2145milled bevel gear teeth 2189milled, full-depth gear teeth 2143–2144

Chordal distance of bolt circle 76, 695Chordal thickness 2126

gear teeth 2142, 2144, 2188milled bevel gear teeth 2189milled, full-depth gear teeth 2143–2144

Chrome 1509Chromium

gearing material 2242plating 1467tool steels 449

Chucking reamers 845expansion 854rose 846

Chucksdrill, tapers and threads for 961hexagonal, for portable tools 975spindle, for portable tool grinders 972

Cincinnati milling machines, indexing movements 2113–2116

Circles 46center 46chords for dividing circumference of 695enclosed within a circle 88–91enclosed within a rectangle 93general equation 46geometry of 60lengths of chords for dividing 695moment of inertia 237packing

in circles 88–91in circles and rectangles 88–93in rectangles 93

radius 46radius of gyration 237section modulus 237segments 73, 77–79squares of equivalent areas 80

Circulararc center of gravity 222disk, radius of gyration 229gear teeth 2135measure 2662mil gage for wires 2675pitch 2126, 2253

given center distance and ratio 2141pitch gears, diameters of 2148pitch in gears 2148ring

moment of inertia 238radius of gyration 238section modulus 238sector area 46, 74

saws, arbors for 972sector segment 695sector, area 46, 73segment

area 73, 77formulas 77table of dimensions 78–79

thickness 2126milled bevel gear teeth 2189outside diameter

has been enlarged 2142has been reduced 2142

tools 806Circumference

chords for dividing 695Clad aluminum alloys 543Cladding with lasers 1498Classical belts and pulleys

V-belts 2495–2502datum length 2496groove dimension 2497horsepower rating 2499length correction 2501sheave dimension 2496–2497

Classification of carbon steels 410Clavarino's equation 291Clearance 2126

angles



2718

Clearance (continued)angles

boring tools 899–900milling cutters 837reamers, tooth rest position 847

box wrenches 1561drill sizes, machine screw 2030for wrench 1555holes 628, 635, 638, 653

hex-head bolt and nut 899inch machine screws 2030metric

bolts and screws 2034machine screws 1665socket head cap screws 1612square neck bolts 1611tapping screws 1721

Clearance holes 1609inch fasteners 1609metric fasteners 1610substitute drills for 1610

Cleveland forming tool formula 799Clevis pins 1747Clutches 2446–2454

angle of cone 2449angle of dividing head for milling 2453–

2454centrifugal and free-wheeling 2450cone 2448–2449cutting teeth 2452–2453cutting with angular cutters 2452, 2454disk 2446double angle cutter 2454friction 2446, 2448friction coefficients 2448magnetic 2449–2450positive 2451–2452power capacity of 2447saw tooth 2453single angle cutter 2453slipping 2450wrapped spring 2450

CNC 1279–1314back boring 1298canned cycles 1295Cartesian coordinate system 1279computer based programming 1282contouring 1300coordinate geometry 1279depth of thread 1302features 1283fixed cycles 1295G address 1284G codes 1284holes 1294indexable threading insert 1302lathes 1288, 1302M codes 1287manual data input (MDI) 1283manual programming 1281MDI, manual data input mode 1307multiple repetitive cycles 1300

CNC (continued)multi-start threads 1305N Address 1284O address 1284offsets 1292parametric programming 1306peck depth 1296program structure 1284programming

ABS 1312absolute 1287arc radius 1290block number N 1284branching 1313circular interpolation 1290comments and messages 1284computer 1282cutter radius compensation 1293cutter radius offset 1293defining a plane 1290equidistant toolpath 1293F-address 1288feed rate override 1289FIX 1311fixed cycles 1295FUP 1312G00 1290G01 1290G02, G03 1290G17, G18, G19 1290G20, G21 1287G32, G76 multi start threads 1305G32, G76 threading 1304G33, G34 threading 1304G41, G42 1289, 1293G43, G44 1293G50 1288G54 - G59 1292G65 prep command 1307G70, G76 1300G71, G73 rules 1302G73 1302G73 fixed cycle 1296G74 fixed cycle 1297G76

one cycle 1304two cycle 1305

G76 fixed cycle 1298G80 fixed cycle cancellation 1299G81 fixed cycle 1295G82 fixed cycle 1296G83 fixed cycle 1296G84 fixed cycle 1297G85 fixed cycle 1297G86 fixed cycle 1298G87 fixed cycle 1298G88 fixed cycle 1299G89 fixed cycle 1299G90, G91 1287G93 1289G94,G95 1288G96, G97 1288G96, G97, spindle speed 1302



2719

CNC (continued)programming

helical interpolation 1292IJK vector 1290incremental 1287inverse time feed rate 1289lathes 1288, 1302linear interpolation 1290long hand threading 1304looping 1313machining holes 1294macros 1282, 1305–1314

# symbol 1307ABS 1312arithmetic functions 1310basic skill requirements 1307boolean functions 1312branching 1313common applications 1307–1308common features 1307defined variables 1308determining if active 1307examples of 1313functions 1310functions and constants 1308G65 arguments 1308G65 prep command 1307G65, call command 1308logical functions 1308, 1312looping 1313MDI, manual data input mode 1307miscellaneous functions 1312rounding functions 1311SQRT 1312trigonometric functions 1310variables 1308

common 1309declarations 1309global 1309local 1309system 1309

manual 1281milling offsets 1292modal command 1290modal, G-codes 1284modal, M-codes 1287M03, M04 1287M98, call subprogram 1305M99, end subprogram 1305parametric 1306preparatory commands, G 1284preset method 1293program number O 1284radius 1290rapid motion 1290repetitive commands 1300ROUND 1311S-address 1287shop floor 1282spindle function 1287spindle override 1288spindle rotation 1287

CNC (continued)programming

SQRT 1312subroutines 1305T-address 1289techniques 1305thread cutting 1302threading commands 1304tool function 1289tool length offset 1293tool nose radius compensation 1289

lathes 1293touch-off method 1293units of measurement 1287work offset 1292

rectangular coordinate system 1279Shop floor programming 1282shop floor programming 1282single point threading 1302spindle speed

cutting, peripheral, or surface 1288subprograms 1305subprograms, (subroutines) 1305thread calcualtions 1302thread cutting 1302–1305thread milling 1292threading

commands 1304infeed 1303

angular method 1303compound 1303–1304flank 1303–1304modified angular method 1303plunge method 1303radial 1303

operations 1304threading commands 1304turning and boring 1300

Cobalt alloys 1011Cobaltchrom steel 496elongation 392hardness 392tensile strength 392yield strength 392

Coefficient ofexpansion

aluminum 376cast iron 377ceramics 389common materials 375copper alloys 376ductile iron 377plastics 390thermoplastics 375titanium alloys 377various substances 375

friction 165–166, 2459rolling resistance 167steel on various materials 166various materials on metal 2448

heat radiation 375heat transmission 375

Cofactors of a matrix 124



2720

Coining 1346Cold-form tapping 2035–2037Cold-work

tool steelsair hardening 453chemical composition 453heat treatment 453oil hardening 452

Collets 969–971Colloidal suspension 1394Coloring metals 1506–1508Columns 281–287

American Institute of Steel Construction 285, 287

American Railway Engineering Association formulas 281

eccentrically loaded 282Euler formula 282–285J. B. Johnson formula 284–285Rankine or Gordon formulas 281, 283steel pipe, allowable concentric loads 286–

287Combination 19

drill and tap 2039involute spline types 2263shank, helix single end mills 819

Combination die 1378Combined drills and countersinks 885Combined stress 211–214

normal stresses at right angles 211Common fractions 8Compensation, insert radius, NC 782–784Complex conjugate 18Complex or imaginary numbers 18Composite, checking of gears 2169Compound

angles 119–121indexing 2080–2086

Compound die 1378Compression

in columns 281–287springs 304–324

Compression bending 1385Compressive properties

ceramics 389definitions 201strength

ceramics 389common non-metals 394iron and steel 432magnesium alloys 547wood 386

strength, wood 386Concave arbor-type milling cutters 827Concrete strength 394Conductance, thermal 2694Conductivity

electrical, of metals 1398electrical, of plastics 572

Conecenter of gravity 225clutches 2448–2449

Cone (continued)frustum

center of gravity 225of volume 84polar moments of inertia 248radius of gyration 230

polar moments of inertia 248radius of gyration 230volume 84

Coned springs 350Conical pendulum 173Conjugate fractions 12, 14Constants, fundamental 2660Constructional steels 1227–1228Contact

diameter 2126, 2155diameter, gearing 2155ratio 2126, 2156

face 2126gearing 2156total 2126

stress 2126stresses, cams 2306

Contamination of lubricants 2438Contents of tanks 68–69Continued fractions 11–12

use of as conjugates 13–14Convergents 11–14Conversion

acceleration 2698acres to hectares 2675bending moments 2689Celsius to Fahrenheit temperatures 2695centimeter to inch 2665coordinate systems 43–45cutting speed formulas 1015density units 2684energy units 2693fahrenheit and celsius temperatures 2695flow units 2682force units 2688fractional inch to millimeter 3millimeter to fractional inch 3moment and torque units 2689moment of inertia units 2699newton-meters into pound-inches 2689numbers to powers-of-ten notation 15pound-inches into newton-meters 2689power units 2693pressure units 2688section modulus units 2699specific gravity 382tables

angular measure 103, 105cutting speed and diameter to rpm 1016,

1250cutting speed formulas 2039decimal multiples of SI units 2658foot-pounds into Btu 2691fractional inch to millimeter 2664hardness 508–509horsepower into kilowatts 2691millimeter to fractional inch 2664



2721

Conversion (continued)tables

pounds-force into newtons 2689power and heat 2690radians into degrees 103, 105

thermal conductance 2694torque units 2689U.S.gallons into liters 2678UK gallons into liters 2678velocity units 2698viscosity 2698work units 2693

Convex arbor-type milling cutters 827Coolants for

lapping 1277machining

aluminum 1192magnesium 1193–1194tool sharpening 1002–1003zinc alloys 1194

tapping 2039Coordinate system 43–45

converting to another 44Copolymers 553Copper

coloring 1506lead bearings 2357–2360passivation 1506plating 1510wire 2606

Copper and copper-base alloysclassification 514coefficient of expansion 376composition 515–527copper-silicon alloys 528copper-zinc-tin alloys 528

strength 394density 376die casting 1416elongation 391, 515–527hardness 391machinability 515–527melting points 376passivation 1506, 1508powdered metal alloys 393specific heat 376speeds, for drilling and reaming 1071

for turning and milling 1036tensile strength 391, 515–527thermal conductivity 376UNS number 514–527yield strength 391, 515–527

Copper- and iron-base sintered bearings 2363–2364

Copper-base powdered alloysdensity 393elongation 393hardness 393rupture strength 393ultimate strength 393yield strength 393

Cordeaux thread 1987Core drills 888

Corner-rounding milling cutters 812, 827Corrosion-resisting alloys 415, 418, 513, 529Cosecant 95Cosine law of 96Cost

cutting grinding 1154feeds and speeds 1157function 1147minimum 1146, 1148, 1200optimum 1148regrinding 1155tools with inserts 1155

Cotangent 95Cotter pins, standard sizes 1746, 1757, 1760Cotters 2482Coulomb shear theory (plastics) 577Counterbores

cutters and guides 898pilot 898solid 898three piece 898

Counterboring 897Countersinks 851, 903

combined with drills 884machine 851

Countersunk headcap screws 1680rivets 1734, 1736, 1742

British Standard 1742screw, British Standard 1676screws 1644–1646, 1649–1650, 1672–

1684British Standard 1672–1679

Couples of forces 156Couplings

connecting shafts 2443double-cone 2444fire-hose 1970–1972flexible 2445hose 1969–1970interference fits 2444knuckle joint 2446safety flange 2443shaft 302single keys used as fixed 2265–2266slipping 2450universal 2445

Crane motors 2576–2577Crater-resistant carbide tools 1010Creep 201, 204, 309

rupture 201, 568Critical

slenderness ratio 282speeds 197–198

formulas for 197–198of rotating bodies and shafts 197–198

speeds of rotating shafts 302temperatures, heat treatment 461, 470

determining 473Critical points of

decalescance 472–474recalescance 472–473

Croning shell mold process 1410



2722

Cross recessesfor machine screws 1652for self-tapping screws 1704

Cross section lining, ANSI Standard for drawings 611

Crossed helical gears 2125Crowned involute splines 2269Crushing strength, wood 385Cryogenic treatment, steel 505cSt (centistokes) 2425Cube, volume 82Cubes of wire diameters 347Cubic

boron nitride (CBN) 1012, 1032, 1034, 1038, 1216–1217, 1234, 1243

grinding wheels 1234, 1243conversions 2678equations 34measure 2678

Cumulative fatigue damage 203Cupola malleable iron 1405Curve, normal distribution 1319–1322Curved beams 275

stress correction factor 275Curved tooth files 988Cutoff 1338Cutoff or roughness sampling length 743Cut-off tools, circular dimensions 807Cutter

bevel gear, formed types 2185–2186box-tool 1171compensation, NC 782–784helical gear, formed type 2204internal gear 2170

Cuttingabrasive 976–978bevel gear teeth 2180blades 795clutch teeth 2452costs grinding 1154electric arc 1462–1463fluids 1182–1187

application of to carbides 1187aqueous solutions 1183broaching 1185carbides 1187chlorinated oils 1183–1185magnesium 1185, 1187mineral oil 1185selection 1183–1185soluble oils and compounds 1183sulfurized oils 1183, 1185–1186various alloys 1183–1185

gas torch cutting 1462, 1464metals oxidizing flame 1462roller chain sprocket teeth 2556time for turning, boring and facing 1081time per piece 1153

Cutting fluidsfor different materials 1184for different operations 1184for steel 1184

Cutting forces 1139

Cutting plane irons 795Cutting speed

economic 1149files and burs 990lives 1161optimum 1151

Cutting speeds and feeds 1008–1073automatic screw machine 1171–1172bandsaw 1179–1181broaching 1073chip thickness 1022–1024cutting speed calculations 1035cutting tool materials 433–459CVD diamond tools 1012diamond tools 1011drilling and turning titanium and titanium

alloys 1037drilling, reaming, and threading

copper alloys 1071ferrous cast metals 1067–1068glass 1064light metals 1069plain carbon and alloy steels 1060–1063stainless steels 1066tool steels 1065

equivalentchip thickness (ECT) 1022–1024rpm for given cutting speed 1016–1020rpm for given drill sizes and speed 1016

formulas for 1015, 1035honing 1272–1274metal cutting saws 1081milling 1039–1052

feeds for high-speed steel cutters 1053ferrous cast metals 1051–1052plain carbon and alloy steels 1044–1047stainless steels 1049–1050titanium and titanium alloys 1037

planing 1081reamers 1070rpm for different speeds and

diameters 1017–1020shaping 1081tapping 1071–1073, 2089–2103thread chasing 1071–1073tool

inserts 782–784life 1013

adjusting 1034–1035, 1039, 1042, 1058

steels 1030, 1048–1049, 1065turning

copper alloys 1036ferrous cast metals 1032–1033light metals 1037stainless steels 1031superalloys 1038titanium and titanium alloys 1037tool steels 1030unusual materials 1081

twist drills 1070work materials 1008

Cutting tool grade 1058



2723

Cutting tools 757–772angles 757–772, 782–784angular

milling 814, 820, 833, 836, 846application codes, ISO 791boring-bar 899–900carbide grade selection 785–795, 1010–

1011carbon tool steels 1009carbonitrides (cermets) 785–790, 1011cast nonferrous alloy 1011cemented carbides 785–790, 1009–1011ceramics 790–792, 1011checking relief and rake angles 838, 842chipbreaker 760chucking reamers 846clearance angles 838, 843coated carbides 1010coatings 788, 1010crater-resistant carbides 1010cubic boron nitride (CBN) 1012, 1217,

1234, 1243CVD diamond 1012diamond 793, 1011

polycrystalline 793, 1011fluting, for reamers 845–846grades 1010–1011grinding 835–843

checking rake and relief angle 841high-speed steel 1009indexable insert holder 759indexable inserts 759, 782–784machining data 794materials 779, 785, 1008–1012

carbide ceramics 792metals

compositions and properties 786hardness 786rupture strength 786structures 786tungsten carbide 786

oxide ceramics 792silicon nitride base 793superhard 793

milling 808–843hand of flute helix 811side 811staggered tooth 811

point configuration 766radial relief, eccentric type 838rake angles 838rose chucking reamers 846sharpening 997–998single-point 757–772specifications, ISO 790spline 836titanium carbides 790, 1010tool bit 759tooth rest positions 843trouble-shooting checklist 1014T-slot cutters 812tungsten carbide 779, 785, 1009

Cutting tools (continued)tungsten carbide

combined with other elements 788wheels for sharpening milling cutters 835–

837Woodruff keyseat cutters 832

Cutting, surface, peripheral speed 1288Cyanide hardening (cyaniding) 462, 468, 485Cycloid 2126

area 73curves, area enclosed by 68

Cylindercenter of gravity 224collapsing pressure 293–294hollow

polar moment of inertia 246radius of gyration 230volume 84

plates and shells 288–294polar moment of inertia 246portion of volume 83–84portion of, center of gravity 224radius of gyration 229strength to resist internal pressure 290–294volume 83working pressure vs. radius ratio 291

Cylindricalcoordinates 45tank, contents 68–69to rectangular coordinates 45

Cylindrical grinding 1251–1259automation in 1254–1255basic process data 1254high speed 1254–1255machines 1251operating data 1253selection of grinding wheels 1219, 1233–

1234, 1243, 1252–1253traverse and plunge grinding 1251troubles 1255–1258workholding 1252

Cylindrical roller bearings, symbols 2368

DDamascus steel 399Dardelet thread 1987Daylight savings time 2700Decalescence point in steel hardening 472–

474Decibel 2700Decimal

fractions 10inch into fraction inch 3, 2664multiples and submultiples of SI

units 2658Dedendum 2126Definitions

gear terms 2125–2128, 2173–2175spline terms 2253–2255, 2268surface texture 735surfaces of solid materials 733



2724

Deflectionbeams 256–267, 273–277calculation 210flat plates 288–290shaft, linear 298shaft, torsional 297–298springs

compression and extension 321–324torsion 339–342

Degrees, expressed in radians 103, 105Density 380

aluminum 376cast iron 377ceramics 389copper alloys 376copper-base powdered alloys 393ideal 2660iron-base powdered alloys 393nickel alloys 377plastics 390plastics materials 390powdered metals 393stainless steels 377titanium alloys 377tungsten-base powdered alloys 393units conversion 2684wood 387

Department of Commerce 293Deposition rates (welding) 1439Depreciation 139–140

double declining balance method 139property class and factors 140statutory depreciation system 139straight line method 139sum of the years digit method 139

Depth of cut 1013Depth of engagement 2253Derivatives of functions 35Design rules

for blanking and punching 1334parts produced by bending 1335parts produced by drawing 1336

Detachable chains 2537Diameter factor 1202Diameter of circle enclosing smaller

circles 88–91Diameters for finished shafting 299Diametral pitch

definition 2126equivalent

circular pitch and tooth proportions 2134–2135

metric modules and circular pitch 2220knurls, (ANSI) Standard 991–995system 2130

Diamondbuilt up edge 795concentration 1000–1001cratering 795dust for lapping 1276grinding wheels 1229–1246laps and lapping 1276

Diamond (continued)tool materials 793, 1011–1012truing 1235–1239wheels 1000–1002, 1240–1246

composition 1243designation symbols 1240–1243diamond concentration 1000–1002feeds and speeds 1246grades, grit sizes 1000–1001modifications 1243operating guidelines for 1246operations and handling 1246selection of 1245shapes of standard 1240–1243speeds and feeds 1246terminology 1240thread grinding 2053work speeds 1246

Di-Basic Acid Esters 2430Die

classification of 1378combination 1378compound 1378effect of clearance 1342Multiple-station 1378opening profile 1342progressive 1379sheet metal

bending allowances 1358blank diameters for drawing 1355diameter reductions in drawing 1357stripper force 1343

single-station 1378steel rule 1379, 1381–1382

cutting edges 1380dimensions 1380heat treatment 1382stamping 1379–1382

transfer 1379Die casting

alloys 1415–1418bearing metals 1417design 1414–1415dies machines 1417files 989injection molding 1417machining zinc alloy 1194porosity 1414–1415skin effect 1415

Dielectric strengthceramics 389plastics 390

Diemaker's reamers 834Dies and taps

combination drill and tap 2039maximum pitches 2060tap drill size 944, 2029

Acme threads 944formula 2030metric 2033pipe 2038Unified 2021–2028

Dies, threading, maximum pitches 2060



2725

Differentialindexing 2104pulley 171

Diffusion Bonding 1367Diffusion bonding 1365, 1367Dimensioning and tolerancing, geometric 613Dimensions and tolerancing 2463Dip brazing 1431Disc spring 350–364

contact surfaces 351, 354forces and stresses 354group classes 350materials 351nomenclature 350stacking 352

Diskcircular, radius of gyration 229clutches 2446method of measuring tapers 682springs 344

Displacement in ball and roller bearings, allowance for axial 2382

Distance across bolt circle 686Distance between two points 40Distribution curve, normal 1319Dividing

fractions and mixed numbers 9head, angular position 833–836numbers written in powers-of-ten

notation 16Dolly bars for riveting 1734Double angle milling cutters 814Double V-belts

(see Belts and pulleys: double V-belts)Double-cone clamping couplings 2444Dovetail slides, measuring 682Dowel pins 1746–1752

designation 1750–1751ductility 1750hardened ground machine 1749–1750hardened ground production 1750–1751lengths and sizes 1750metric 1746–1748shear strength 1750–1751unhardened ground 1751–1752

Drafting practices, ANSI Standard 609Draw-in bolt ends 965Drawing

ANSI Standardline conventions 609–610surface texture symbols 741–742welding 1486

applying surface texture symbols 742bisect angle 62circle around square 64circle around triangle 63circular arc 63data for gear blanks 2160data for gears 2163data for involute splines 2263data for spur and helical gear 2163data, splines 2265

Drawing (continued)dies

blank diameters 1355blanks for rectangular shells 1359

divide line into equal parts 61drafting practices 609ellipse 51, 64equilateral triangle 62helix 65hexagon around circle 64hyperbola 65involute 65ISO 1302 747metric dimensions on 744parabola 65parallel lines 62perpendicular lines 61scales of metric drawings 745sheet metal 1353

cylinders 1355cylindrical cup with flange 1355cylindrical cup without flange 1354deep 1353

drawability 1354mechanics of 1353wrinkling 1353

diameters of shell blanks 1355force for first operation 1358force for subsequent operations 1359number of draws 1354rectangular flanged shells 1360rectangular parts 1359

sheet sizes 609specifying spur and helical gear data

on 2161square around circle 64symbols

ANSI Standard section lining 611geometric 612ISO 612lines 610materials 611

tangent to circle 63tempering, steel 479triangle around circle 6345-degree angle 6260-degree angle 62

Dressing grinding wheels 1235–1239Drilling

accuracy of drilled holes 896automatic screw machine feeds and

speeds 1171cutting speeds for 1170

ferrous cast metals 1067–1068light metals 1069superalloys 1038titanium and titanium alloys 1037tool steels 1065

difficulties 1064estimating thrust, torque, and power 1089–

1091feed factors 1090holes in glass 1064



2726

Drilling (continued)holes, accuracy of 896horsepower and thrust for 1089–1091machine, shaftless motor type 2574spade 1074

Drillsaccuracy of drilled holes 896and countersink plain types 885and countersinks, bell types 885angle of cutting point 997–999ANSI Standards 866chucks, tapers 961cobalt high-speed steel 897combined drills and countersinks 884–886commercial microdrills 1125–1126core, taper shank 886counterbores 866cutting speeds and equivalent rpm 1016definitions of terms 866diameter factors, thurst 1090diameter factors, torque 1090diameters of tap 2021–2028driver, collet type 890driver, split sleeve 890drivers 890for taper pin reamers 1753, 1756grinding 997–1000jobbers length 868–874length of point 889letter sizes and gauge 891metric, British Standard 886–896nomenclature 866screw machine drills 868–879sharpening 998–1000sizes for tapping 2029

for Acme threads 944sizes for tapping Acme threads 944spade 1074specifications 1754steels for 896–897straight shank 866straight-shank drill sizes

core drills 888letter 872–873metric 868–878number 868–872

straight-shank, taper-length, drill sizesfractional 869–878letter 872–873metric 869–878number 869–872screw machine length 879

tangs for 878tap and clearance hole sizes 2030taper shank 866taper-shank core drills 885–888taper-shank drill sizes

fractional inch 880–885metric 880–885

terms 866–867twist 866–889twisted

Drills (continued)twisted

jobber series 894parallel series 895

types 866–867Drives

nose key 953–954screws 1701, 1716square, for portable tools 973studs 1760taper 952–953

Drunken thread 1987Dry measure 2679Dryseal pipe threads 1962–1965

assembly limitations 1965designations 1964–1965diameter pitch combinations 1965fine taper 1965limitation of assembly 1962limits on crest and root 1962pressure tight joints 1962taps for 940types 1962

DST 2700Ductile

cast iron 1405iron 432, 1405

Ductility 1333Duranickel, machining 1194Durometer tests 509Dynamic

balance 191stresses 279

Dynamic factor 2174Dynamic stresses 279Dynamic viscosity 2425Dynamometers 2456Dyne 2425, 2656

EEarth, composition of crust 384Eccentricity 2261Echols thread 1987Economic impact of lubrication 2423Economic tool-life 1149ECT (equivalent chip thickness) 1022–1024EDG (electrical discharge grinding) 1394EDM 1393

capacitor 1394craters 1394dielectric

filter 1394fluid 1394strength 1394

discharge channel 1394dither 1394duty cycle 1394, 1397electrical controls 1398electrode

growth 1394wear 1394



2727

EDM (continued)electrode materials 1399electrode uses 1400electro-forming 1394electronic controls 1396Farad 1394flushing 1396gap current 1394gap voltage 1394heat-affected zone 1397ion 1394ionization 1394low-wear 1394machine settings 1397materials 1399

characteristics 1399elctrode 1399

metal removal rates 1398negative electrode 1394no-wear 1394overcut 1395plasma 1395plunge (sinker) method

electrode materials 1398machine settings 1396making electrodes 1401metal removal rates 1398

positive electrode 1395power parameters 1395process 1395quench 1395recast layer 1395, 1398secondary discharge 1395spark frequency 1397spark in and out 1395square wave 1395stroke 1395UV axis 1395white layer 1395wire 1403

drilling holes 1403EDM 1395guide 1395speed 1395

wire electrode 1403wire method 1393workpiece materials 1398

Effectivedimensions, splines 2253, 2261length of bolt 1525

Efficiency 2127influence of friction on 165machine tool 1085–1091of lubrication filters 2442riveted joints 1730–1734

Elasticlimit 200limit, plastics 562modulus 200

in shear (torsion) 200spring materials 344–346various materials 200

Elastic (continued)properties of material 394region 200, 1529–1530

tightening fasteners in 1523–1528Electric

arc, cutting metals 1462–1463fixture threads 1981motor keys and keyseats 2477socket and lamp base threads 1980

Electrical fixture threads 1980lamp base 1980socket shell threads 1980

Electrical network 127Electrical relationships 2699Electrode

diameter, sheet metal 1451making 1401

machining graphite 1401material 1399

brass 1400copper 1400copper-tungsten 1400graphite 1400steel 1400zinc 1400

material selection 1401uses on various materials 1400wear 1401

Electrodes (welding)characteristics of standard types 1452

AWS E60XX 1449current to use with 1438, 1457deposition rates 1435, 1439–1441diameter to use 1434, 1443, 1451selecting GTAW tungsten type 1455–1458wire, feed rates 1438

Electrohydraulic forming 1371Electromagnetic forming 1370Electromagnetic metal forming 1370Electron beam diffusion bonding 1368Electropolishing 1512Elements, table of chemical 371Elevation reading displacements 1322Ellipse 48, 51

area 75drawing 51, 64eccentricity 48foci 48general equation 48major axis 48methods of drawing 64minor axis 48moment of inertia 238radius of gyration 238section modulus 238segment, center of gravity 223

Ellipsoidpolar moment of inertia 247radius of gyration 231volume 85

Elliptic gearsGears and gearing elliptic 2211



2728

Elongationalloy steel 1408aluminum 391aluminum alloys 534–542carbon and alloy steels 424–429carbon steel 1408carbon steel rounds, squares, and

hexagons 422–423cobalt alloys 392copper alloys 391, 515–527copper-base powdered alloys 393copper-beryllium alloys 529copper-silicon alloys 528high-strength, low-alloy steels 421iron-base powdered alloys 393magnesium alloys 547measurement of bolts 1526nickel alloys 392, 548–549plastics 390powdered metals 393ranges 1334stainless steel 392, 430–431steels 391, 1407titanium alloys 550tungsten-base powdered alloys 393

Emerygrades 1505grain numbers for polishing 1505

End millsangles for milling teeth in 833ANSI Standard 816–826combination shanks for 818high speed steel 819plain and ball end 822terminology of 815with combination shank 819with straight shanks 820–821with taper shanks 821with weldon shanks 816, 818–819, 822

Endurance limit 201, 2173–2174for spring materials 314

Energy 181–182, 1394and momentum 179kinetic 181–183potential 182units conversion 2693

Engagement, length of thread 1536Engine lathe, change gears 2042Engineering economics 134–146Enlarged pinions

center-distance system for 2154in helical gearing 2204–2207in spur gearing 2146, 2154

Epicyclic gearing 2211–2214bevel gear type 2212–2214ratios 2212–2214

Epicycloidal curves, areas 68Equations

cubic 34line 41quadratic 32simultaneous 125

Equations (continued)solution of

first degree with one unknown 32first degree with two unknowns 32numerical with one unknown 34quadratic with one unknown 32

using Newton-Raphson method 34Equilateral triangle 95Equivalent chip thickness (ECT) 1022–1024Equivalent pitch ratio 2127Equivalent uniform annual cost 142–143Erg 2656Etching and etching fluids 1505–1506Euler’s formulas for columns 282–283Evaluating alternatives 140–143

benefit cost ratio 143capitalized cost 141equivalent uniform annual cost 142net present value 140payback period 143rate of return 143

Evaluation length 736Evaporation, latent heat of 372Everdur copper-silicon alloy 528Exbi 2658Expansion

chucking reamers 854fits 631hand reamers 856

Explosive forming 1369Exponent 14External spline 2254, 2263External spur gear 2125Extrusion

applications 1422for tubes 1422of metals 1421process 1421

cold 1421hot 1421

FFabric, bonding 2582Facing cutting time for 1081Facing insert holder 770–772Factorial 19, 110Factors

of numbers 20–29prime number 20–29

Factors of safety 204machine columns 284shafts 296, 301tubes subject to external pressure 294wire rope 2619–2620

F-address, CNC programming 1288Failure

fatigue, modes of 203fatigue, springs 314of riveted joints 1730of springs 348



2729

Fastenerscompressible washers

designation 1579dimensional characteristics 1579dimensions 1579–1580finish 1579lot number 1579materials 1579performance 1579symbols 1579workmanship 1579

hardened steel beveled washers 1577designation 1577dimensional characteristics 1578dimensional conformance 1578dimensions 1577finish 1577materials 1577mechanical properties 1577slope 1578symbols 1578taper 1578workmanship 1577

hardened steel flat washersdesignation 1577dimensional characteristics 1577finish 1577materials 1577symbols 1577tolerances 1576workmanship 1577

hardened steel washers 1576circular clipped washers 1576flat washers 1576

heavy hex nuts 1573corner fill 1574countersink 1574designation 1575dimensional characteristics 1575dimensional conformance 1575grade symbols 1575materials 1575nut thickness 1575overtapping 1575proof load 1574source symbols 1575thickness 1574thread gaging 1575threads 1575tops and bearing surfaces of nuts 1574true position of tapped hole 1574width across flats 1573–1575workmanship 1575

heavy hex structural bolts 1570plastics 597structural bolts

bearing surface 1572body diameter 1570–1572bolt length 1572designation 1570dimensional characteristics 1573finish 1570

Fasteners (continued)structural bolts

grade symbols 1570head height 1571head taper 1572height 1570identification symbols 1573length 1570material 1573materials 1570thread length 1571–1572threads 1570true position of head 1572width across corners 1571workmanship 1570

structural steel 1570Fasteners detecting counterfeit 1535Fatigue

combined with creep 204contact 204corrosion 204cumulative damage 203failure, modes of 203influence of stress on 202–204life factor involute splines 2268low/high cycle 203properties 201S-N diagrams 201, 203springs 314surface 204thermal 203

FCAW (flux-cored arc welding) 1442Feed

ratescentering tools 1171for drilling 1171for milling 1039for turning 1026–1039hollow mills 1171number of teeth 1167

Feeds and speeds 1008–1073, 1078, 1170–1171, 1179–1182grinding 1197total costs 1157

Feetand inches into inches 2662into meters 2674

Feet per minute into rpm 1015–1020, 2039Fellows stub tooth gears 2137Ferrite 465Ferrous

cast metals, speedsfor drilling, reaming, and

threading 1067–1068for milling 1051–1052for turning 1032–1033

Fiber, vulcanized, strength of 394Fibers 553Files 1500

chain saw 989characteristics 987classes 987

American pattern 987



2730

Files (continued)classes

curved tooth 987machinist’s 987mill or saw 987rasp 987Swiss pattern 987

coarseness of cutbastard 987coarse 987second 987smooth 987

cross section 987curved tooth class 988–989cut

double cut 987double cut finishing 987rasp 987single cut 987

cutting speeds 990definitions of terms 986flat 988machinist’s class 988

flat 988general purpose 988half round 988hand 988knife 988pillar 988round 988square 988three square 988warding 988wood 988

mill or saw class 987blunt hand saw 988blunt mill 988blunt triangular 988cantsaw 987crosscut 987double ender 987mill 987taper saw 988triangular saw 988web saw 988

pillar 988rasps 989rifflers 989rotary 989round 988shear tooth 989special purpose 989

aluminum rasp 989brass file 989chain saw 989die casting 989foundry 989lead float 989long angle lathe 989shear tooth 989

square 988Swiss pattern class 989

Files (continued)Swiss pattern class

blunt machine 989die sinker 989die sinker rifflers 989needle 989silversmiths rifflers 989

teeth, cut of 987warding 988wood 988

Filler metals for brazing 1426Fillet

area 74center of gravity 223radius 2127

Fillister head machine screws 1649Fillister head miniature screw 1657fillister head miniature screw 1653Film

lubricating transition 2421thickness ratio 2420

Filterefficiency, lubrication 2442filtration ratio, B 2442

Filtrationlubrication 2441lubrication efficiency 2442

Fine blanking 1343tool dimensions 1345V-projections in tools 1345

Finishing, power brush 1500–1503Fire hose connection

screw threads 1970–1972Fire hose connection screw threads

ANSI Standard 1970thread designation 1970thread form 1970

Fits 635actual 635and limits

graphical representation 638–640tolerances designation 649

basic shaft fits 639bilateral hole fits 639British Standard

limits and fits 667minimum and maximum clearances 666tolerance limits

holes 665shafts 665

clearance fits 653–654, 657–658cylindrical

allowances and tolerances for 628ANSI Standard 634–660British Standard 662definitions 628expansion 631forced 629, 646metric ISO, British 662–671metric radial, ball and roller bearing shaft

and housing 2382preferred series 635shrinkage 631, 646



2731

Fits (continued)cylindrical

transition 640, 645drive 639expansion 631force 638–639, 646

allowance 630pressure in assembling 630

hole basisBritish Standard 663figure 651

hole system 635interference 635, 652locational 638

clearance 638, 643interferance 648interference 638transition 638, 645

metric clearance fits 653–654, 657–658metric interference fits 655–656metric transition fits 655–656running 638, 641shaft basis

British Standard 663figure 651

shaft system 635shrinkage 631, 638–639, 646

allowance 631–633sliding 638, 641transition 635, 652

Flamecutting of metals 1462–1464cutting torch 1463hardening 487spraying process 1516

Flanged duct connections 1377Flanged housing bearings 2373Flank of tooth 2127Flat

belts rivets 1736head cap screws 1680, 1684head machine screws 1644–1646, 1676metal products, preferred thicknesses 2610plate

circular 290square and rectangular 288–289strengths 288–290thin radius of gyration 228

stayed surfaces in boiler work, strength 288

Flat head miniature screw 1654Flexible

belts 2484couplings 2445

Flexural modulus, plastics 390Floor and bench stand grinding 1268Flow, units conversion 2682Fluid maintenance 1190

biocide treatment 1190personal protective clothing 1190system service 1190

Fluidized bed furnace 461, 470Fluting cutters, reamers 845–846

Fluxesbrazing 1426soldering 1424

Foot-poundequivalents 2690into British thermal units 2691

Force 149, 199acceleration resulting from 179–180addition and subtraction of 153algebraic composition and resolution

of 156–164algebraic solution

forces in same plane 157–159forces not in same plane 161–164

and couples, work performed by 182centrifugal 187–190

calculating 188colinear 156components of 153, 156composition 153, 156concurrent 156

components of single force 157coplanar 156couples of 155–156differential pulley 171disc springs 354for moving body on horizontal plane 169friction 179graphical representation 153–157moment of 149, 155noncoplanar 156normal component 179of blow 183of gravity 179on inclined plane 168parallel 154parallelogram of 154polygon of 154pound 150–151relationship to time 199resolution of 153, 156

into rectangular components 161resultant 153, 156

any number of concurrent forces 161locating when components are

known 164non-intersecting forces 159–160non-parallel, non-intersecting forces 163parallel forces 158parallel forces not in same plane 162single force and couple 158three or more concurrent forces 157two concurrent forces 157

screw 171sheet metal work 1342systems 153toggle joint 172units conversion 2688work performed by 182

Formed cutters for internal gears 2170Formica, machining 1195Forming

electrohydraulic 1371



2732

Forming (continued)electromagnetic 1370explosive 1369radial 1371rubber pad 1364stretch 1361stretch-draw 1361stretch-wrap 1361superplastic 1365

Forming tools 796–807arrangement of 801circular 799

constant for determining 801corrected diameter 801diameters of 801–807with top rake 801

diameter 800dimensions 797feeds per revolution 801, 807, 1170formula 799

Acme machine 799Brown and Sharpe machine 799Cleveland machine 799

screw machine dimensions 806speeds for 801, 807straight 796

with rake 796Formulas

algebraic 31area 70–75column

American Railway Engineering Association 281

Euler 282–285Johnson 282Rankine or Gordon 281straight-line 281

contour milling 2121critical speeds 197–198cutting speed 1015derivative 35dimensions of milled bevel gears 2181,

2183dimensions of SAE standard splines 2281dimensions of standard spur gears 2131distance across bolt circle 686for helical gears 2195, 2197–2201, 2203,

2206for module system gears 2217, 2219integral 35internal gears 2171linear motion, constant acceleration 175pendulum 173proportions of ANSI fine-pitch worms and

wormgears 2191rearrangement of 30rotary motion, constant acceleration 177tooth parts, coarse pitch spur gear 2131torque capacity of involute splines 2266transposition 30triangle

oblique 71, 101–102

Formulas (continued)triangle

right 71, 98, 100trigonometric 96–97volume 82–87work and power 186

Fractional inch to millimeter conversion 3, 2664

Fractional threads 2042Fractions 10

conjugate 12continued 11–12

use of 13–14mixed numbers 9

Freebody diagram 179cutting steels 412wheeling clutches 2450

Freezing mixtures 376French

metric screw threads 1920thermal unit 2695thread 1987

Fretting damage 2270Friction 165–167, 179, 2420

brakes 2455–2458clutches 2446, 2448coefficient in gears 2174coefficients 166, 1531, 2448, 2455–2459

bolts 1524hexagon head bolt and nut 1530–1531nuts 1524rolling resistance 167static steel on various materials 166torque 1530–1531

effect on efficiency 165fluid 2420in brakes 2457kinetic 2420laws of 165rolling 167solid 2420static 2420wheels horsepower 2459wheels, power transmission 2457–2458

Friction loss in bearings 2398Fuels, equivalent 2694Full film lubrication 2421Functions

derivatives 35integration 35involute 110–114of angles graphic illustration 105sevolute 110trigonometric 95–97, 106

tables of 106–109versed cosine 110versed sine 110

Fundamental constants 2660Furnace brazing 1431Furnaces, steel heat-treating 461, 469–470,

501Fusion, latent heat of 372



2733

GG-address, CNC programming 1284Gage blocks 705–708

calibration and verification of 706care of 705precision 707

federal specifications for 707inch sizes 707metric sizes 708

setsinch sizes 707metric sizes 708

wringing 706–707Gage tolerances 2012–2013Gagemakers tolerances 661Gages

ANSI Unified threadclassification 2007constants for computing

dimensions 2012form 2009, 2012formulas for limits 2014tolerances for plain gages 2012

hypodermic needle 2606rods 2604sheet metal 2608–2610sheet zinc 2608–2609thickness and diameter sizes, galvanized

sheet 2608–2609thread form 2010tolerances 2010tubing 2604usage, ANSI Standard recommended 661wire 347, 2604, 2606zinc 2608–2609

Gaging methods and measuring instruments 675

Gallonscylindrical tanks 68–69in tank at given level 68–69into cubic inches 2678U.S. into liters 2678, 2681

Galvanized, (welding) 1434Gap-frame press 1388Gas

carburizing 486illuminating, specific gravity 381metal arc welding (GMAW) 1434specific gravity 381specific heat 373tungsten arc welding (GTAW) 1453–1458

Gear cutters, formedinvolute 2144, 2170, 2205milling cutters for

chain sprockets 829–83014.5 deg pressure angles 828–829

number for bevel gears 2185–2186Gear cutting

block or multiple indexing 2117–2118

Gear cutting (continued)excess depth to obtain backlash 2166formed cutter selection 2148, 2185–2186,

2204internal gears 2170

Gearing materialseffect of alloying metals 2242

chrome-molybdenum 2243chrome-nickel 2243chrome-vanadium 2243chromium 2242manganese 2243molybdenum 2243nickel 2242nickel-modybdenum 2243vanadium 2243

forged and rolledalloy steels 2241carbon steels 2241

non metallic 2245applications 2246bore sizes 2247diametral pitch for given power 2247diametral pitch for given torque 2248keyway stresses 2247mating gear 2246power transmitting capacity 2246preferred pitch 2247safe working stress 2246tooth form 2246

sintered materials 2243steel castings 2242

Gears and gearing 2195–2239active face width 2125active spline length 2253actual safety factor 2174actual space width 2253actual tooth thickness 2253AGMA Standards 2164, 2168angular backlash 2163–2169arc

of action 2125of approach 2125of recession 2125thickness of internal gear tooth 2170thickness of pinion tooth 2170

axialpitch 2125plane 2125thickness 2126

backlash 2163–2169, 2235angular 2169recommended 2165

bearing spacing and shaft stiffness 2180bevel gears 2177–2189blanks

design of 2161for fine pitch gears 2160

bottom land 2126bronze and brass castings for 2243bulk temperature thermal flash factor 2175bushings for gears 2245calculated safety factors 2174



2734

Gears and gearing (continued)calculating

dimensions of milled bevel gears 2183replacement gear dimensions 2249spur gear proportions 2131

case hardening steels for 2240change gears, for lathe 2042checking

gear sizes 2221–2239pressures 2169spur gear sizes 2231–2234

chordal measurement of teeth 2236–2238circular pitch system 2130coefficient of

friction 2174contact ratio factor 2156, 2173–2174crossed helical 2125deburring tooth profile 1500design of bevel gear blanks 2179diametral pitch

definition 2126preferred 2136system 2130

differential indexing ratio 2104drawing

data for spur and helical gears 2163information to be given on 2172

efficiency 2127elasticity factor 2173–2174endurance limit 2174enlarged pinion

fine-pitch 2150meshing without backlash 2154reduced dimensions to avoid

interference 2146epicyclic 2211–2214equivalent pitch radius 2127external spur gears 2125

dimensions for checking over wires 2222–2225

face advance 2127Fellows stub tooth 2137fillet radius 2127fillet stress 2127finishing gear milling cutters 2150flank of tooth 2127forged and rolled

alloy steels for gears 2241carbon steels for gears 2241

formed cutters for bevel gears 2187formulas

for helical gears 2195, 2197–2201, 2203, 2206

for module system gears 2217, 2219for spur gears 2131–2132, 2135, 2137–

2138given center distance and ratio 2137,

2139to mesh with enlarged pinion 2154

gear ratio, definition 2127geometrical factor 2174–2175given center distance and ratio 2139

Gears and gearing (continued)harder pinion 2241heat treatment to permit machining 2240helical 2125, 2195–2210herringbone 2210highest point of single tooth contact

(HPSTC) 2157hypoid bevel gears 2125, 2178increasing pinion diameter to avoid

undercut or interference 2148inspection of gears 2169integral temperature criterion 2175interference 2127internal diameter 2127internal gears 2127, 2170

spur 2125, 2170–2171dimensions between wires 2226–2229

invention 2248involute curve 2130land 2127lead 2127length of action 2127life factor 2173–2174line of action 2127load distribution 2174lowest point of single tooth contact

(LPSTC) 2127, 2155–2156lubricant influence 2174

roughness, and speed 2173lubrication film factor 2174material quality 2173materials for 2240–2246

bevel gears 2190maximum hob tip radius 2156measuring

gear size over wires 2221–2239teeth 2147

methods of cutting internal gears 2170metric module gear cutters 2148module system 2217–2220module, definition 2127mountings for bevel gears 2180nomenclature of gear teeth 2129non-metallic 604, 2245normal plane 2127number of teeth 2127

to avoid undercutting 2154outside diameter 2127pin method of checking size 2221–2239pinions flanges composition 2245pitch diameter 2130

obtained with diametral pitch system 2130

pitch point 2127plane of rotation 2127planetary 2211plastics gearing 604pressure angle 2128, 2135profile checker settings 2158rack 2128ratchet gearing 2215–2216ratio, defined 2127



2735

Gears and gearing (continued)relative sizes of internal gear and

pinion 2170replacement gear dimensions 2249roll angle 2128root diameter 2128selection of involute gear milling

cutter 2148shapers, root diameters of gears cut

on 2138size factor 2173size, checking 2221–2239specifications 2163spur gear 2129–2163

external 2125internal 2125, 2170–2171

standard normal diametral pitches 2172steels for 2240, 2242straight bevel 2125surface condition factor 2174tangent plane 2128tangential force 2173teeth invention 2248terms used in gear specifications 2161through hardening steels for 2240tip relief 2128tooth caliper, vernier 2147tooth face 2128tooth profile

deburring 1500producing a radius 1500

tooth proportionscomparative sizes and shape of 2129fine-pitch involute spur and helical

gears 2135for enlarging fine-pitch pinions 2152–

2153tooth stiffness constants 2174tooth surface 2128tooth thickness allowance for

shaving 2141tooth-to-tooth composite error 2169total composite error 2169total face width 2128transverse load distribution factor 2174transverse plane 2128trochoid curve 2128true involute form diameter 2128, 2157undercut 2128

limit for hobbed involute gears 2157Van Keuren wire diameter 2229wear equalizing 2241welding factor 2175whole depth 2128wire diameter 2229work hardening factor 2173–2174working depth 2128worm gears 2125, 2191–2194zerol bevel 2125zone factor 2173–2174

Gears, metric thread on inch lead screw 2044General purpose Acme threads 1921–1928

General purpose Acme threads (continued)data 1923designation 1922–1923form 1921, 1923, 1930formulas for diameters 1923limiting dimensions 1922–1926, 1930pitch diameter allowances 1923thread form 1923, 1930

Generator shaft keys and keyseats 2477Geneva wheel 171Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing 613

datumfeature 615

material removal required or prohibited 741

mean line 735relation of surface roughness to

tolerances 738Geometrical

constructions 61–65dimensioning and tolerancing 613progression 37–39propositions 56–60symbols for drawings 612symbols, comparison of ANSI and

ISO 612German standard

gear tooth 2217screw threads, metric 1920

Gib-head keys 2475Gibi 2658Gleason system, Zerol bevel gears 2178Glue, pattern 1412Glue, plastics 593GMAW

(gas metal arc welding) 1434welding carbon steels 1437welding stainless steel 1437

GO and NOT GO gages 2271Gold, plating 1512Goodman diagram 202–203Gordon formula for columns 281, 283Grade markings on bolts and nuts

ASTM and SAE 1534inch 1534metric 1634

Gramsinto ounces, avoirdupois 2683–2684per cubic centimeter into pounds per cubic

inch 2685Granite parallel, high precision 719Granite rock-types and properties 709Granite, strength 394Graphical solution of force systems 153–157Graphite materials for bearings 2362Graphitic materials for bearings 2362Gravitational system of measurement 150Gravity

acceleration due to 150center of, in various geometrical

figures 221–227die casting process 1410force of 179



2736

Gravity (continued)specific 380

gases 381liquids 381various substances 381

Gray cast iron 1404Grease 2420, 2431

additves 2433application 2435classification 2433consistency rating 2433National Lubricating Grease Institute 2433properties 2432

Greek symbols and alphabet 2652Green sand molding 1409–1410Green wood, weight per cubic feet 387Grind

wheelssafe operating speeds 1248–1250

Grindability data 1205–1207, 1228–1229Grindability of tool steels 1228–1232Grinders spindles for portable 974Grinding 1216

abrasive belt grinding 1269abrasives 1216–1218basic rules 1197carbide materials, diamond wheel 1212carbide tools 1000–1003cast iron 1209centerless 1259–1261centerless grinding troubles 1260–1261ceramic materials, diamond wheel 1212chip breakers 1002–1003cost 1215cutting forces 1203cutting time formula 1153cutting torque 1203cylindrical 1251–1259cylindrical grinding troubles 1255–1258data selection including wheel life 1204data, wheel life selection 1204diamond wheel 1000–1002, 1212–1213,

1240–1246ECT,grinding 1198equivalent diameter factor 1202feeds 1197finishing 1205floor and bench stand 1268fluids 1183grindability groups 1205grinding rules and data selection 1197heat resistant alloys 1211inconel 1211internal centerless 1259milling cutters 835minimum cost conditions 1200mounted wheels and points 976offhand grinding 1268optimization planning 1215optimum grinding data for roughing 1200planing tools 764plunge 1251

Grinding (continued)portable grinding 1268power 1203procedure to determine data 1207ratio 1197relative grindability 1206rene 1211rpm, various speeds and diameters 1250screw threads 2053–2056side feed, roughing and finishing 1205silicon carbide wheels 1000–1002spark-out time 1202specific metal removal rates 1202speeds 1202spindles for portable tools 972stainless steels 1208surface 1261–1267surface finish, Ra 1201surface grinding troubles 1266swing-frame 1268terms and definitions 1206tool steels 1209–1211tools

carbide 1000–1002twist drills 997–1000

traverse 1251unhardened steels 1208user calibration of recommendations 1213vertical and angle spindles 972wheel life

cost 1215grinding data relationship 1199grinding ratio 1197life vs. cost 1215relationships and optimum grinding

data 1199wheel safety 1246–1250

handling 1246inspection 1246machine conditions 1246mounting 1246portable grinders 1249safe operating speeds 1248–1250speed conversion table 1250speeds, maximum 1249storage 1246

wheels 1216–1239, 1246–1250abrasive materials for 1216–1217angles for eccentric type radial relief

angles on milling cutters 840–841bond properties 1217, 1266CBN 1217, 1234, 1243cubic boron nitride 1216, 1234cutting fluids 1204diamond 793

truing of 1235–1239dressing and truing of 1235–1239eccentric type 840faces, shapes of 1227finishing 1205grades 1217handling 1247inspection 1247



2737

Grinding (continued)wheels

markings, standard 1218–1219mounted wheels and points

metric 978mounting and safety 1246–1247radial relief angle 840roughing 1205safe operating speeds 1204selection of 1204, 1219–1239sequence of markings 1218shapes and sizes, standard 1219–1227

metric 1225–1226side feed 1205silicate bonding process 1266single point truing diamonds 1239storage 1247structure 1217–1218truing

diamond feeds 1238diamond sizes 1238dressing of 1235–1239

vitrified 1266wheel markings 1218

work speedand depth of cut selection 1198in rough and finish grinding 1202

Grooved drive studsdimensions 1760hole sizes 1760

Grooved pins 1756designation 1757hole sizes 1757lengths and sizes 1756materials 1757, 1759properties 1759requirements 1757standard sizes 1759type 1758

Grooving and oil feeding of bearings 2325Grooving insert holder 770–772GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) 1453–1458Guerin process 1364Guide bearings 2317, 2356Guldinus or Pappus rules 66Gutta percha, turning 1082Gyration, radius of 228

bar, small diameter 228circular disk, thin 229circular ring, thin flat 229cone, frustum 230cylinder, hollow 230ellipsoid 231flat plate, thin 228hollow cylinder, thin 230hollow sphere 231paraboloid 231parallelepiped 229parallelogram 228prism, rectangular 230ring 228sphere, hollow 231

Gyration, radius of (continued)spherical shell, thin 231thin flat plate 228

HHalf circle

moment of inertia 237radius of gyration 237section modulus 237

Handexpansion reamers 856of flute helix 811of milling cutter 809reamers 844

Hard facing 1464austenitic high chromium irons 1465austenitic manganese steels 1465cobalt base alloys 1465copper base alloys 1466high speed steels 1464materials 1464nickel-chromium-boron alloys 1467

Hard rubber, machining 1195Hardening 471–473

alloy steels 414steel 461, 470, 473

flame 487induction 487

temperaturesstainless steel 494–495tool steels 473

test methods 466tool steels 435

Hardmetals 785–795carbonitride based 788coated 790ISO classifications 791titanium carbide 787tooling for wood and nonmetals 795tungsten carbide 786–788

Hardness 465aluminum alloys 534–542bearings 2321ceramics 389cobalt alloys 392copper alloys 391copper-base powdered alloys 393heat-treated steels 422–423iron-base powdered alloys 393magnesium alloys 547nickel alloys 392number

Brinell 510Rockwell 510steel 1407

O-ring 2587, 2589plastics 390powdered metal alloys 393relation to tensile strength 509scales

comparison 507–509



2738

Hardness (continued)scales

Rockwell 506unhardness scales 510

stainless steel 392steel 391

carbon and alloy 424–429tool steels 446, 448–449, 455, 458

testing 505Brinell 505conversion errors, causes 509conversion tables 508durometer 509, 2590Hultgren ball 505, 509Keep’s test 507Mohs hardness scale 509monotron 507Rockwell 506, 508scleroscope 506, 509Turner's sclerometer 509Vickers 506, 509

tungsten-base powdered alloys 393Hardness number conversion 1625Harmonic 174Harvey grip thread 1987HDL, Hydrodynamic Lubrication 2421Heat

absolute temperature and zero 2695coefficients of radiation 375coefficients of transmission 375fahrenheit-celsius conversion 2695freezing mixtures 376ignition temperatures 376latent 372loss from uncovered steam pipes 373mechanical equivalent 2695power equivalents 2690quantity measurement 2695radiating capacity of bearings 2325–2326radiation coefficient 375scales 2695specific 372–373temperature scales 2695thermal energy 2695

Heat treating furnacefluidized bed furnace 471oven or box 470pit type 470pot type 470retort 470vacuum furnace 470

Heat treatment 461–505alloy steel 491

carburizing temperatures 491normalizing temperatures 491tempering temperatures 491

carbon steels 490molybdenum high speed steels 500stainless steel 494–495

quenching medium 494–495tempering temperatures 494–495

stainless steel temperatures 494–495

Heat treatment (continued)steel 407, 461–470, 473, 1407

annealing 408, 461, 465, 482annealing temperatures 483baths quenching 477carburizing temperatures 484, 490case hardening 484cleaning work after case hardening 486colors for tempering 480cooling period 504cooling subzero, to improve

properties 504cyanide hardening 485decalescence point 461, 470defects in hardening 475flame hardening 487furnaces 461, 469–470hardening baths 475hardening temperatures 461, 470, 473,

491hardening, defects in 475induction hardening 487–489interrupted quenching 477lead bath temperatures 475liquid baths 474nitriding 501normalizing 408, 482, 484

temperatures 490oil quenching 475pack-hardening 485pressure-spraying quenching 476protective coatings for molybdenum

steels 500quenching 498

temperatures 491quenching baths 475recalescence point 461, 470scale formation 475spheroidizing 482, 484stabilizing dimensions 503–504strength and hardness of AISI steels 424–

429stress relieving 408subzero treatments 504surface hardening 489tanks for quenching baths 477tempering 464, 479

temperatures 490tempering period 504time aging 503water quenching 476

Hectares into acres 2675Helical

end mills 821gear, helix angle 2062milling, change gears 2061wire screw thread inserts 1716

Helical coil insert 1614block and spacer torque test 1618breakaway toque 1623coatings 1614configuration 1614dimensions 1614



2739

Helical coil insert (continued)maximum locking torque 1623properties 1614self locking toque 1623torque test 1618torque test spacer 1624

Helical coil screw thread Insertschemical composition 1617compatibility 1613dimensions 1613hardness 1625helical coil insert 1614insert length data 1617–1622inspection 1617length selection 1624–1625material selection 1624tapped hole 1613taps 1625threaded hole data 1615–1616tolerance classes 1613types 1613

Helical coil screw thread inserts 1613Helical gearing 2125, 2195–2210

addendum 2195modifications 2173

backlash 2164British Standard 2172calculations 2195center distance 2195

exact 2198for enlarged 2207

change gears 2208checking gear size 2230, 2235cutter for milling 2204data on drawings 2163direction of thrust 2195enlarged fine-pitch pinions 2204, 2206–

2207feed rate change 2209fine pitch teeth 2206formulas 2195, 2197–2201, 2203, 2206helical overlap 2127helix angles 2196, 2201herringbone type 2210hobbing 2208, 2210involute form milling cutter 2205lead accuracy 2209lead of tooth 2195machine

with differential 2209without differential 2208

measurements using wires or balls 2235milling the helical teeth 2205minimum center distance 2201, 2203normal tooth thickness 2135pitch diameter 2195pitch of cutter 2196replacement gear dimensions 2251shafts

at right angles 2199–2200parallel 2197–2198

shafts at right angle 2202

Helical gearing (continued)specifications 2161spur gear replacement by helical

gears 2249, 2251thrust 2195tooth proportions 2135tooth thickness measurement 2235troubleshooting 2210wire diameter 2230

Helical millingdevelopment of helix 2061helix angle 2062lead of ahelix 2061

Helical overlap 2127Helix 2061

angle 2062, 2127angle factor 2174angles, screw threads 1844–1853constructing 65end mills with welden shanks 817lead and diameter 2077–2078lead and pitch radius 2078lead angle 2062lead for given angle 2073–2075measurement of angle 2061number of tooth 2078

Herringbone gearing 2210failures 2210

Hertz stress 2127Hertzian contact area 2421Hexagon

area 72distance across corners 81moment of inertia 236radius of gyration 236section modulus 236

High-energy-rate metal forming 1369Highest point of single tooth contact

(HPSTC) 2127, 2157High-speed steels 446–448, 1009

annealing rehardening 498as cutting tool materials 1009cobalt 896–897cobaltcrom 496cooling period 504cutters 838drawing 498hardening molybdenum 499heat treatment 496

annealing 499cutting efficiency 497equipment 501hardening temperatures 497preheating tungsten 496quenching

molybdenum 500tungsten 497–498

subzero treatment 505tempering molybdenum 500time for through hardening 497

molybdenum 446, 451, 499–501hardening 499

quenching straightening 498



2740

High-speed steels (continued)tempering 498tool 448tungsten 448, 451, 496, 499tungsten annealing 499

High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels(see HSLA steels)

Hob tip radius, maximum 2156Hobs

change gears for relieving 2046roller chain sprocket 2555–2556tip radius, maximum 2156worm gear 2191

Hoisting chain and wire rope 2613Holders for NC, insert 766–772, 782–784Hold-on or dolly bars for riveting 1734Hole circles

adapting equations for geometry 694coordinates for 692–704Type “A” 692, 696, 698Type “B” 693, 700, 702

Hole sizes, tapping 2031–2032Holes

accuracy of drilled 896difficulties in reaming 852for riveted joints 1729for tapping 2021–2028in glass, drilling 1064sizes for self-tapping screws 1709

Hollowcircle, moment of inertia 237circle, radius of gyration 237circle, section modulus 237cylinder, radius of gyration 230mills, feeds and speeds 1171sphere, radius of gyration 231

Homopolymers 553Honing process 1272–1274

adjustments 1273–1274carbide tools 1002–1003rotative speeds in 1272–1274stock removal, rate of 1272tolerances 1274

Hooke’s law 561plastics 555

Horsepower 149calculating by dynamometer 2457chain transmission 2547–2551converted into kilowatts 2690–2691disk clutches 2447drilling different materials 1089dynamometer test 2456–2458electric motor 2573

ratings 2566equivalents 2690–2691formulas 186friction wheels 2457–2459gearing 2245–2246hour equivalents 2690machining 1083–1091nonmetallic gears 2245–2246planing and shaping 1083–1087

Horsepower (continued)roller chains 2547–2551set-screw transmitting capacity 1699shafting 295–297spade drilling 1079, 1089–1090torque equivalent 295–297V-belt drives 2487

Hose connection screw threads 1968–1972ANSI Standards 1968basic dimension 1971tolerances 1971

Hot-working, tool steels for 449HSLA steels 400–401

application 420chemical compositions 421composition 420elongation 421formability 421properties 420tensile strength 421toughness 421weldability 421yield strength 421

Hunting tooth ratio 2194Hydrant screw thread 1970–1972Hydraulic press 1389Hydrodynamic film lubrication 2421Hydroforming process 1364Hydrometer, Baumé’s, and specific

gravity 381Hyperbola

area 75area construction 65eccentricity 54foci 54general equation 54major and minor axis 54

Hypocycloidal curves, areas 68Hypoid gears 2125, 2176, 2178–2179

applications of 2179Hypotenuse 95Hysteresis 309

II-beam

aluminum 2603standard structural steel 2598structural

moment of inertia 2594–2598section modulus 2594–2598steel 2594weight per foot 2594–2598

Idler gears 2105Ignition temperature 376Impact force of 183Impact strength, Izod

carbon and alloy steels 424–425plastics 390

Impulse 184–186angular momentum 185



2741

Inchdecimals of, into millimeters 2668–2669into centimeter and millimeter 2665millimeters into decimals of 3, 2664,

2670–2671Inclinable-frame press 1388Inclined plane 169, 179

force for moving body on 169forces on 168motion on 179

Inconel metals 548–549Index plates, one hole moves of angular

values 2087Indexable

carbide inserts 764insert holder

boring 770–772chamfering 770–772end cutting edge angle 769facing 770–772grooving 770–772identification system 765, 767insert shape 769lead angle 769NC 766–772, 782–784planing 770–772plunge angle 770rake angle 769selection 769shank sizes 767shape 770tracing 770–772turning and backfacing 770–772turning and facing 770–772

Indexingangular 2086–2103block or multiple 2117–2118Brown and Sharpe milling machine 2107–

2112compound 2080–2085compound gearing ratio 2105differential 2104

ratio of gearing 2104gear ratio finding 2105head angular position for

milling end mills and angular cutters 833–836

head worm wheel with 64 teeth 2119hole circles 2079milling machine 2079–2085movements 2081–2103, 2105–2116,

2119–2120number of holes 2079ratio of gearing 2105reamer teeth for irregular spacing 845simple 2079–2085, 2107–2112simple and differential 2107–2112smaller angles 2103tables 2117

Indicator drop method 841Induction

annealing 489

Induction (continued)brazing 1431hardening 468, 487, 489

equipment 487gear teeth 489

normalizing 489Inertia 149

electric motor 2574moment of 233–255

polar 244–245Injection mold design 585Injection molding 584

plastics 592Injection molding, metal 1417Insert configuration 1617Insert length data 1617–1622Insert length selection 1624–1625Insert radius compensation 782Inserts

hardmetal materials 785–795holders for NC 766–772, 782–784indexable 764–772, 782–784radius compensation, NC 782–784screw thread 1716self-tapping screw 1716throw away carbide 785

Inspection methods 675Instrument maker's thread system 1980Integration of functions 35Interest 134–137

compound 134finding unknown rate 136nominal vs. effective 135simple 134

Interference 2127Interference fit threads 1973–1978

allowances 1977British Standard 1637change in diameter 1978coarse threads 1977design and application data 1974designation symbols 1974dimensions 1975driving speed 1976driving torque and length of engagement

relation 1977engagement lengths 1976interferences 1974, 1976lead and angle variations 1978lubrication 1976materials for 1976profile 1973spur gearing 2146, 2148surface roughness 1977thread dimensions 1975tolerances for pitch diameter 1977torques 1976variation in axial lead 1978

Interferometer 714, 732, 1322Internal diameter 2127Internal gears 2127

spur 2125, 2170International System (SI) units 2656



2742

Interpolation 121Interrupted quenching 476–477Inverse

and direct proportions combined 7of a matrix 125ratio or reciprocal 5

Investmentcasting 1418

design 1420making procedure 1418milling cutters 1421

materials 1419Investment casting alloy

elongation 391–392hardness 391–392tensile strength 391–392yield strength 391–392

Involute 2127constructing 65curve properties 2131curve, properties 2130functions 110–114gear cutters, formed type 2148, 2170serrations 2252true form diameter in gears 2128

Involute splines 2127, 2252, 2255–2273American National Standard 2252application factor 2267basic dimension 2258basic rack profile 2277bursting stress 2269chamfers and fillets 2260, 2277circular pitch 2253, 2258classes of tolerances 2258combinations 2263combinations of types 2263compressive stress at side teeth 2269compressive stresses allowable 2268crowning for misalignment 2269diametral pitch 2254dimensions, effective and actual 2273,

2275drawing data 2263, 2265effect of spline variations 2261effective

and actual dimensions 2261–2262, 2271clearance 2254space width 2254tooth thickness 2254variation 2254, 2276

fatigue life factor 2268fillet 2254

chamfers 2260, 2277root splines 2254, 2260

fit classes 2258, 2273, 2277flat root splines 2254, 2260form circle 2255form clearance 2255form diameter 2255formulas 2277

basic dimension 2257, 2273, 22752-pin measurement 2271

Involute splines (continued)fretting damage 2270inspection

methods 2270types of gages 2271with gages 2271

interchangeability 2263internal splines 2255, 2263lead variations 2255, 2261length of engagement 2255length of splines 2266load distribution factors 2267machining tolerance 2255, 2277major circle 2255major diameter fit 2255, 2258manufacturing 2283maximum

actual space width 2262actual tooth thickness 2262effective space width 2263effective tooth thickness 2262

metric module 2272–2277milling cutter 836minimum

actual space width 2262actual tooth thickness 2262effective space width 2262effective tooth thickness 2263

minor circle 2255minor diameter 2255misalignment 2267parallelism variation 2255pin measurement of 2271pitch 2255

circle 2255diameter 2255point 2255

pressure angle 2255rack profiles 2276reference dimensions 2263, 2265, 2277shear stress

allowable 2268at pitch diameter 2269at the pitch diameter of teeth 2269under roots of external teeth 2268

side fit 2258sizes and lengths, estimating 2265–2266space width and tooth thickness

limits 2262, 2273stub pitch 2255symbols 2255–2256, 2263, 2273tensile stresses allowable 2268terms and definition 2253, 2273tolerances 2258, 2273, 2276tolerances and variations 2276tooth

numbers 2255, 2258proportions 2255–2277thickness limits 2262, 2276thickness modification 2276

torque capacity formulas 2266total index variation 2255total tolerance 2255



2743

Involute splines (continued)types and classes of fits 2258variations 2261, 2276

allowance 2255, 2261eccentricity 2261effect of 2276effect of profile 2261lead 2261types of 2253, 2276

wear life factors, flexible splines 2268width and tooth thickness 2276

Ironand copper-base sintered bearings 2364castings 1404coloring 1507copper-base sintered bearings 2363

Iron-base powdered alloys 393density 393elongation 393hardness 393rupture strength 393ultimate strength 393yield strength 393

I-sectionmoment of inertia 238radius of gyration 238section modulus 238

ISO Standardcleanliness code for lubrication 2439drawing symbols, compared with

ANSI 612geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 613metric

grade markings on bolts 1634hexagon bolts, screws and nuts 1630limits and fits, British Standard 662thread 1901, 1919thread system, miniature screw

threads 1910surface finish 747

profiles 750surface parameter symbols 748washers, compared with ANSI 1607

ISO surface finish 747ISO VG - viscosity 2425Isosceles triangle 95Isothermal

quenching 479Izod impact strength

carbon and alloy steels 424–425plastics 390

JJacobs tapers 961Jam nuts, standard 1539, 1545–1546

metric 1605Jarno taper 948, 959Jig

boringlengths of chords 704

Jobbers reamers 857drills 868–874

Johnson, J. B., column formula 284–285Joining plastics 593Joints

riveted 1729toggle 172universal 2445

Journal bearing (see Bearings: journal)

KKarat 2683Keep’s hardness test 507Kelvin, degrees 2695Key and spline sizes and lengths 2265Keying bearings 2319Keys and bits, hexagon and spline 1692Keys and keyseats 2460

alignment tolerances 2473ANSI Standard 2460chamfered keys 2477, 2482cotters 2481–2482depth control values 2473depth of keyseat 2482depths for milling keyseats 2482effect on shaft strength 301estimating key sizes 2265filleted keyseats 2477, 2482fitting 2476gib-head keys 2475keyseat milling cutters, Woodruff 832keyseats, depth of 2473, 2482milling cutters and arbors 831parallel and taper 2473, 2476plain 2475rectangular parallel keys 2469set screws for keys 2477shaft diameter 2472size vs. shaft diameter 2472, 2482strength considerations for shafts 301tolerances 2475, 2477–2479transmission chain 2542woodruff keys and keyseats 2477

Keys and keywaysdesignation 2460, 2469dimension of square and rectangular

parallel keys 2461dimensions and tolerances 2467dimensions and tolerancing 2463keyways dimension 2463keyways tolerances 2463lengths and tolerances 2460–2461, 2466materail 2469material 2460parallel keys dimensions 2465parallel keys tolerances 2465square and parallel keys 2461square and rectangular type 2460–2464tolerances 2460, 2469woodruf 2469

Kibi 2658



2744

Kilogram calorie 2695Kilograms

into pounds 2683–2684per cubic meter into pounds per cubic

foot 2685per square centimeter into pounds per

square inch 2687per square meter into pounds per square

foot 2687per square meter into pounds per square

inch 2687Kilometers into miles 2674Kilopascals into pounds per square inch 2687Kilowatt

hour equivalents 2690into horsepower 2691power required for machining 1083

Kinematic viscosity 2425Kinematics and kinetics 149Kinetic energy 181–183Kingsbury thrust bearing 2338Kirchoff current law 127Kirchoff voltage law 127K-Monel, machining 1194Knee tools, speeds and feeds 1171Knees (see Right angle plate) 723Knoop hardness numbers 507Knuckle joints 2446

proportions 2446Knurls and knurling 991–995

automatic screw machines 1170–1175concave 995diagonal teeth 991diametral pitch knurls 991–995dies marking 995flat tools 993formulas 993lathe knurls 991revolutions required for top knurling 1170sizes, preferred 991speeds and feeds 1171straight teeth 991tools 992tracking correction 991work diameter tolerances 994–995

LLag screws and threads 1543–1544

metric 1586Lame’s formula for internal pressure 291Land gear tooth drill 866Laps and lapping 1274–1278

abrasives 1277carbide tools 1002–1003charging laps 1276cutting properties 1277cutting qualities 1277flat surfaces 1275grading abrasives for 1275grading diamond dust for 1276

Laps and lapping (continued)lubricants 1277materials for 1274–1275pressures 1278rotary diamond 1276tests 1278wear 1277wet and dry 1278

Lasers 1487–1499beam focusing 1487–1488beams 1487cladding 1498cutting metal with 1491

cut edge roughness 1492cutting speeds 1495heat-affected zone 1493–1494kerf widths 1492narrow kerf 1492

cutting nonmetals 1493–1494direct drilling 1497drilling 1497drilling rates 1498drilling theory 1497hardening rates 1498heat affected zones 1493heat treatment 1498industrial applications 1489industrial systems 1489light 1487marking 1499mask marking 1499materials 1490, 1498nonmetals cutting rates 1495safety 1490scanned beam marking 1499thermal properties 1491trepanning 1498types of industrial 1489welding

conduction 1495deep penetration keyhole 1495joint design 1495–1496processing gas 1496

helium 1497rates 1495–1496theory 1495

Latent heat 372Lathe

change gears 2042fixtures, balancing 195–196screw constant 2042

Law of cosines 96Law of sines 96Lay symbols 744Lead

angle of cutting tools 757inserts 782

angle of screw thread 2061tables for 1844–1853, 1923, 1931, 1942,

2004of helix

change gears and angles for milling 2076–2077



2745

Lead (continued)of helix

find change gears for milling 2063–2072for given angles 2073–2075, 2078

of milling machine 2060of screw thread 1989, 2061side cutting edge 762

Lead and lead alloyselement 371lead bath 475

tempering in 481melting temperatures 371, 481solder 1424

Lead-base alloys, die casting 1417Leaded-bronze bearings 2357–2360Leadscrews 2561Length

differences due to temperature 378engagement of screw thread 1536of action 2127of engagement 2031of rivets for forming heads 1734units and conversion of 2661–2674

Lengths and tolerances 2460–2461Letter symbols for mechanics 2655Levers 167Light

duty Belts and pulleysV-belts 2506–2513

laser 1487metals

drilling, reaming, and threading 1069milling 1043turning 1037

wave interference bands, measuring surface variations with 731

Limestonecutting speed for 1082strength 394

LimitD or DU on taps 911elastic 200endurance 201H- and L-limits 906proportional 199–200

Limits and fitsactual size 634allowance 634ANSI Standard preferred metric 639basic size 634–635, 648, 663British Standard for holes and shafts 663–

671cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard 634–660definitions 639design size 634deviations for holes 670deviations for shafts 668dimension 634gagemakers tolerance 661gages, plain 629, 661gages, thread 2010graphical representation 639–640

Limits and fits (continued)indicating on drawings 628maximum material condition 635metric screw threads 1882minimum material condition 635screw thread gages 2010size, nominal 634symbols 650tolerance 634, 649

bilateral 635unilateral 635

tolerance limit 635tolerances 635, 663woodruff keys 2478–2479

Lineangle between two 43conventions for drawings 609distance between point 40, 43distance to external point 41equation of 41geometry of 58intermediate points on 40of action 2127parallel 42perpendicular 42slope of 41

Linearcoefficient of expansion 375, 378–379

metals 375–377plastics 375

deflection of shafting 298Linear motion 2561Liquid

baths, heating steel in 474depth to volume conversion 68–69specific gravity 380

Litersinto cubic feet 2680into U.S. gallons 2678

Lloyd and lloyd thread 1988Load

rating, static, bearings 2415ratings and fatigue life, bearings 2403–

2419Lobing 690Lock nut pipe thread 1988Lock nuts, ball and roller bearing 2395Lock wire proceedure 1537Locking torque 1623Locknuts, ball and roller bearing 2395

shafts for 2396–2397Lockwashers

ANSI Standard 1566–1569ball and roller bearing 2394British Standard, metric

plain 1640–1642spring 1638–1640

spring type 1566–1567tooth lock 1568tooth type 1566, 1568–1569

Logarithms 17common 17mantissa 17



2746

Logarithms (continued)natural 17using calculator to find 17

Long angle lathe file 989Long hand threading, CNC 1304Low pressure casting 1411Löwenherz thread 1945L-section


Lubricants 2423bearings 2323–2325cutting 1182–1187electric motors 2578grease 2323, 2431operating temperature 2325press work 1372

blanking operations 1372drawing operations 1372effects on 1372removal from formed parts 1373

properties of additves 2429temperature vs. viscosity 2324

Lubrication 2322–2325, 2420–2442absolute viscosity 2425additive properties 2429analysis 2335analysis, journal bearings 2329application 2433

comparison of methods 2437bearings

grease packing guidlines 2436blanking 1372boundry film 2421chain 2559cleanliness codes 2439contamination 2438contamination with water 2440delivery methods 2436drawing 1372economic impact 2423efficiency filtration 2442film thickness 2335film thickness ratio 2420film transition 2421films 2420filter efficiency 2442filter filtration ratio 2442filtration 2441grease 2431

application 2435greases 2324hertzian contact area 2421hydrodynamic 2421hydrodynamic flow 2334ISO cleanliness 2439kinematic viscosity 2425method 2400mixed film 2421motors 2578oil 2424

Lubrication (continued)oil bath 2323oil film thickness values 2423oxidation 2430plain bearings 2322press work

mechanical and hydraulic presses 1391pressure flow 2334recirculative oil systems 2435replenishment rates 2435roller chain 2559selection 2433selection for bearings 2323surface degredation 2423systems 2436

lost lubricant 1392re-circulating 1392

temperature effects 2426terminating oil systems 2435theory 2420total flow 2335viscosity 2324, 2425viscosity index (V.I.) 2426viscosity selection 2433waste pack 2323wear

corrosive 2424mechanical abrasion 2424mechanical adhesion 2424mechanical fatigue 2424

Lumber, sizes of sawn 388

MM codes, CNC 1287M profile tap limits 930Machinability

copper alloys 515–527of wood 387

Machineaccuracy, effect of on part tolerances 1323countersinks 851cutting time formula 1153elements, subjected to compressive

loads 282nuts coating 1667screw coating 1667screw nuts 1676settings costs 1152settings economy 1152tool

accuracy 1319efficiency 1087repeatability 1319resolution 1319

Machine screw taps 904Machine screws

ANSI Standard 1643–1665binding head 1651body diameter 1644British Metric 1666, 1679British Standard 1675–1676



2747

Machine screws (continued)British Unified 1676–1678BSW and BSF 1666, 1672, 1679cheese head 1674chesse head screw 1674, 1677clearance holes, metric 1665countersunk head 1645, 1660–1661, 1671countersunk head screw 1676cross recesses 1652designation 1644, 1658diameter of body 1658diameter of unthreaded shank 1668end of screws 1671fillister head 1649flange head metric 1663flat head 1644–1646, 1660header points for metric 1649–1650, 1666header points for threading 1650–1651hex and hex flange 1663hexagon head screw 1647, 1677hexagon nuts 1643hexagon washer head 1646lengths of thread 1658, 1667–1668metric countersunk 1659, 1661metric recessed countersunk head 1659metric thread lengths 1659metric, ANSI standard 1658–1665mushroom head screw 1677nuts for 1643oval head 1649–1651, 1661pan head screw 1648, 1662, 1673, 1677radius under the head 1668recessed flat head 1660recessed pan head 1662round head screw 1652, 1676slotted and crosses 1660, 1662slotted countersunk head 1645, 1670slotted pan head 1673slotted, recessed 1661square nuts 1643tap and clearance drills 2021–2028, 2030,

2034thread 1659, 1667truss head 1647washerhead 1646washers for 1562–1567, 1640–1642

Machine toollathe, change gears for fractional

ratios 2043motor types 2576–2577

Machinery foundations 384Machining

aluminum 1192bearings 2321copper alloys 1195economy

chip thickness 1162, 1164depth of cut 1162, 1164high speed 1161high speed milling 1168

formica 1195hard rubber 1195

Machining (continued)magnesium 1193–1194micarta 1196monel and nickel alloys 1194–1195nonferrous metals 1192–1195plastics 598power constants 1083–1084power factors

chisel-edge 1090drill diameters 1090feeds 1084, 1091machine tool efficiency 1087metal removal rates 1087tool wear 1084work materials 1089

power, estimating 1083–1090unit horsepower for 1079, 1083–1084,

1088processes, ANSI Standard tolerance grade

relationships 635, 637, 662speeds and feeds (see Speeds and feeds)tolerances and variations 2276ultrasonic 1196zinc alloy die castings 1194

Machining holes, CNC 1294Macromilling 1108Magnesium alloys 545–547, 1416

applications 545bearing strength 547coloring 1508compositions 546compressive strength 547cutting fluids for 1187, 1193–1194designations 545die casting 1416elongation 547extruded bars 546machining 1193–1194mechanical properties 547plate 546pressure die casting 546properties 547sand and permanent mold 546shear strength 547sheet 546soldering of 1426tensile strength 547yield strength 547

Magnesium, coating 1510Magnetic clutches 2449–2450Malleable

iron castings 1405Iron Research Institute 1413strength 1405

Manganesebronze castings 517gearing material 2243steel 404–405

Manganese-bronze castings 517Mantissa, logarithm 17Manufacturers' standard gage for sheet

steel 2608Marble turning 1082



2748

Martempering 479Martensite 469Mass 149–151

units and conversion of 2683–2685Material 2460, 2469–2470Material strength 1624Materials

disc spring 351mechanical properties of 199–200spring, disc 351

Mathematicalconstants, frequently used 16signs and abbreviations 2654

Matrix 122–125addition 122adjoint 124cofactors 124column 122determination 123diagonal 122identity 122inverse 125minors 124multiplication 122rank 125row 122simultaneous equations 125singular 125square 122–123subtraction 122zero 122

Maximumbending load, wood 386temperature, plastics 390

MBEC bearing tolerances 2359MDI 1283Mean positional deviation 1319–1322Measurement of backlash 2167Measuring

angles with sine-bar 678buttress thread 2006compound angles 119–121dovetail slides 682gear size 2221–2239instruments and gaging methods 675over pins

bolt circle 686gear size 2221–2239splines 2271

over pins, bolt circle 686pitch diameter

thread ring gages 2007three wire method 1996

radius or arc, over rolls 686–687tapers 681

center distance 685diameter 685

threadsAmerican standard 1995–1997buttress 2006–2007taper screw 2005tapered 2005

Measuring (continued)threads

using micrometer 1989using screw thread gage 2006using three-wire method 1990, 2006Whitworth 1997

V-shaped groove, over pins 686with light-wave interference bands 731with micrometer 677–678, 1989with vernier 675–676

Measuring screw threadsAcme thread 1995Acme thread thickness 2001ball point micrometer 1990buckingham involute helicoid

formula 1999buttress thread 1995, 2006contact pressure, measurement 1993formula for checking pitch diameter 1995formula to taper pipe threads 2005formula, three wire method 1994helical gear formula 1999lowenherz 1995pipe thread 1995pitch diameter equivalent 2005profiles 1991three wire method 1993

Acme threads 2001, 2003buttress thread 2006checking thickness of Acme thread 2001stub Acme threads 2001, 2003testing angle of thread 2002wire diameters and constants 2003wire sizes 2002

V thread 1995Whitworth 1995, 1997wire accuracy 1993wire diameter 2006wire sizes for checking pitch

diameters 1992worm thread 1995

Mebi 2658Mechanical equivalent of heat 2695Mechanical press 1386Mechanical properties

aluminum alloys 542bolts, inch sizes 1534–1535bolts, metric sizes 1581ceramics 389copper 528magnesium 545–547nickel 548–549plastics 390, 575powdered metal alloys 393spring wire 395stainless steels 430–431steel 432titanium 548, 550tool steels 433various materials 199–200wood 385–386

Mechanics of materials 149acceleration 177, 179



2749

Mechanics of materials (continued)acceleration

due to gravity, g 150algebraic solution of force systems 153,

156–164angular

impulse 185momentum 185velocity 175, 177

centerand radius of oscillation 231of gravity 221–227, 231of percussion 231

centrifugal force 187–190calculating 188

couples 155–156differential pulley 171dynamics 149energy 181–182force 153, 156–157force of a blow 183graphical solution of force systems 153–

157impulse and momentum 184–186

angular 185inclined plane 169, 179kinetic energy 181–183levers 167linear velocity 175metric SI units 149–153moment of inertia 232–248momentum 184–186Newton's laws 179pendulums 173–174potential energy 181–182pound force 150power 186–187pulleys 170radius of gyration 228–231radius of oscillation 231scalar and vector quantities 153screw 171SI metric units 149–153statics 149toggle joints 172torque 180units 150vectors 153velocity, angular 175–178velocity, linear 175–176wedge 169wheels 170work 182, 186–187

and energy relation 182and power formulas 186–187performed by forces and couples 182

Melting pointsalloys of copper and zinc 1426–1427alloys of lead and tin 1424aluminum 376brazing alloys 1426–1429cast iron 377

Melting points (continued)chemical elements 371copper alloys 376–377solder 1424stainless steels 377titanium alloys 377

Metalaluminum alloys 376balls, standard 2419bonded grinding wheels 1000–1001, 1217casting 1409coatings

conversion coatings 1506–1508surface coatings 1508–1515

coloring 1506–1508drawing 1353etching 1505–1508foundry patterns 1413identification 399, 509injection molding 1417numbering systems for 398–407patterns 1413plasma welding 1458–1460removal rate 1087, 1202slitting saws 813spraying process 1516temperature effect on strength 395working

basic theory 1331fluids

application 1189occupational exposure 1188–1191

working fluids 1188–1189Metal washers

bright 1640metric series 1640–1641

Metallography 492Metallurgy, powder 1423Meters into feet 2674Metric

basic sizes, British Standard preferred 674bolts and screws, British Standard

clearance holes for 2034box wrench 1561conversion factors 2665dimensions on drawings 744dowel pins, British Standard 1747–1748drawings, scales 745fasteners

ANSI hex nuts 1601ANSI nut thread series 1603bolts and screws

bolt designation 1593bolt thread lengths 1593cap screws 1595, 1598–1599, 1612clearance holes 1611countersink 1612diameter-length combinations 1594,

1596drill and counterbore sizes 1612drilled head dimensions 1599hex flange screws 1595hex screws 1595



2750

Metric (continued)fasteners

hex structural bolts 1596identification symbols 1593neck bolts 1596, 1611socket head cap screws 1597socket head neck screws 1611thread length 1593–1594

hex structural bolts 1591nuts 1601, 1603

ANSI Standard 1601bearing surfaces 1601materials 1601mechanical properties 1601

heavy hex structural bolts 1591hex bolts 1592inch vernier, dual 676–677International System of Units (SI) 2656–

2658ISO limits and fits, British Standard 662micrometer, reading 677–678module, gear cutter 2148

gear teeth 2217–2220round head square neck bolts 1589–1590screw

shouldersocket head 1587

shoulder socket head 1587screw threads

aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1901basic profile 1808, 1883crest diameter tolerance 1915design profiles 1913designation 1913–1914diameter pitch combinations 1900–1901,

1919dimensional effect of coating 1888fits 1883fundamental deviation 1885, 1914length of thread engagement 1885, 1913lengths of engagement 1915–1918limiting dimensions formula 1888limits and fits 1882limits and tolerance 1915–1918M crest 1879M profile 1879

external thread 1879internal thread 1879

M profile designations 1885minor diameter tolerances 1885MJ profile

designations 1903symbols 1903

root form 1879tolerance system 1885tolerances of external threads 1890,

1892–1893tolerances of pitch -diameter 1890

series British ISOhexagon bolts, nuts, and screws 1630machine screws and nuts 1666–1675metal washers 1640–1642

Metric (continued)series British ISO

spring washers 1638–1640SI units, factors and prefixes 2658sizes, preferred for flat metal

products 2610systems of measurement 2656threads, British (ISO) 1901, 1910, 1919threads, SI 1953twist drills, ANSI 866–885vernier, reading 676washers, plain, ANSI 1604, 1607wrench, clearances 1561

Metric system (SI) 149–150base units 151in mechanics calculations 149–153in strength of materials calculations 199,

209–211, 214, 217–220, 228, 232–233, 256, 269, 273–274, 276–277, 279–280, 282, 289–293, 296–298, 300–302

Metrologygage blocks 705–708parallel bars 716–723right angle plate 723–731surface plates 708–715

Micarta, machining 1196Microfabrication processes and

parameters 1122Microinch 2661

into micrometers (microns) 2672–2673Micromachining 1092

abrasive wear 1100, 1102, 1106attrition wear 1100, 1127brittle materials 1109–1110chip load 1094–1095, 1103, 1108, 1120–

1121, 1128–1131chipping 1096, 1100–1104, 1111coatings for microtools 1097commercial microdrills 1125–1126commercial micromills 1122, 1124compared with macromachining 1092–

1093, 1098, 1102, 1104, 1106, 1111, 1128

crater wear 1102–1103, 1121cumulative tool life 1106cutting fluid 1102, 1110–1113, 1118,

1121, 1125, 1130cutting speed 1129CVD 1097depth of cut 1092, 1094–1096, 1103–1104,

1106, 1110–1111, 1121–1122, 1128–1130

diamond machinable materials 1127ductile-regime machining 1108–1110

theory 1109elastic modulus 1110flood cooling 1111–1112, 1121–1122goniometer 1113grain size 1092, 1096, 1103, 1106, 1108,

1128laser displacement sensor 1098–1099lateral tool offset calculation 1098machine tool requirements 1092



2751

Micromachining (continued)macrofacing 1121–1122mechanical edge finder 1098–1099microcutting tools 1093–1094, 1096microdrill 1092–1094, 1098–1101, 1112,

1125–1126, 1130microdrilling 1092, 1096–1098, 1104,

1111–1112, 1122, 1125, 1128–1130microdrilling/milling parameters 1129microdroplet 1113–1114, 1118–1120microfabrication 1092, 1122microfacing 1095microhardness 1110, 1128micromill selection 1130micromilling 1092–1093, 1095–1097,

1104, 1108, 1111, 1120–1123, 1128–1130

micromist 1112–1114, 1120–1123, 1125–1126, 1128

micromist lubricationcontact angle 1113, 1115–1119contact angle measurement 1115, 1118drop size measurement 1113

sessile drop technique 1113, 1115slide technique 1114–1115

droplet measurement techniques 1114dynamics of microdroplets 1118force balancing of microdroplets 1119wetting 1113–1114, 1116, 1118–1119

microtool 1092–1130microtool offset 1100microturning 1092, 1096, 1122, 1127–

1128microturning parameters 1128miniaturization 1092, 1127minimum quantity lubrication

(MQL) 1112mirror-finish 1110MQL (minimum quantity

lubrication) 1112, 1120–1121negative rake 1110, 1127normalized diameter 1116, 1118pecking cycle 1125–1126pendant drop technique 1113physical vapor deposition 1097plug gage 1093, 1098propelling microdroplets 1118properties of selected lubricants 1115p-type silicon wafers 1110PVD 1097selection of cutting fluid 1113sensor requirement 1098single crystalline diamond tools 1094,

1110, 1127speeds and feeds 1128, 1130–1131spindle runout 1092–1093, 1096, 1125,

1129spindle speed, macro vs. micro

machining 1093stiffness of microtools 1094surface finish 1094, 1104, 1108, 1110–

1111, 1128–1129

Micromachining (continued)surface microhardness 1110Taylor equation 1103, 1106tool

damage 1100–1102, 1105edge radius 1094–1097, 1102, 1110–

1111, 1128flank wear 1102–1104, 1106–1107,

1121–1122geometry 1096, 1110, 1122materials 1096offset 1097–1101offset and positioning 1097offset calculation 1098, 1100required included angle 1097sharpness 1094stiffness 1093–1094

tool life 1102–1107, 1111–1112, 1120–1121, 1123, 1128, 1130

torsional stiffness 1093–1094turning parameter selection 1129vertical tool offset 1099–1101vertical tool offset calculation 1100work hardening of titanium alloy 1128workpiece materials 1106

Micrometerinto microinches 2672–2673reading 677–678screw thread 1989

Micromist lubricationbenefits 1112contact angle measurement 1115, 1118cutting fluids in micromachining 1111drop size calculation 1115drop size measurement 1113

sessile drop technique 1113, 1115slide technique 1114–1115

dynamics of microdroplets 1118force balancing microdroplets on tool 1119in macrofacing 4140 Steel 1121in micromilling 316L SS 1120propelling microdroplets toward tool 1118properties of selected lubricants 1115safety 1112selection of cutting fluid 1113

Microscope screw thread 1981–1985Mil 2661Miles into kilometers 2674Military plating specifications 1508–1515Mill or saw files 987Miller index nomenclature 1109Miller indices 1108–1109Millimeters

hundreds of, into inches 2665into inches 3, 2664–2665, 2670–2671thousandths of an inch, into 2668–2669

Millingangular 814, 820cam 2308change gears for helical or spiral 2060–

2078chip geometry 1162cost 1161



2752

Milling (continued)cutters, hollow 1171depth of cut 1055–1057economy 1168feeds for

cemented carbide cutters 1043–1052high-speed steel cutters 1053in inches per tooth for cemented carbide

cutters 1043–1052helical, change gears for different

leads 2060–2078horsepower for 1081–1091lead angle 1055, 1057machine tool shanks 967short lead 2061speed adjustment factors 1055–1057speeds and feeds

aluminum alloys 1043automatic screw machine 1171copper alloys 1036, 1054ferrous cast metals 1051–1052light metals 1043metal slitting (saws) 813, 1042plain carbon and alloy steels 1044–1047stainless steels 1049–1050titanium and titanium alloys 1037tool steels 1048–1049

thread 2058–2059Milling cutters 808–843

ANSI Standard 809–832arbor keys and keyways 831arbor type 827bevel gear 829, 2185–2186casting 1421clearance angles 808, 837commercial micromills 1122, 1124concave and convex 827corner rounding 812, 827double angle 814eccentric type radial relief 838end mills 816–826

medium helix 825stub length 825terminology 815with weldon shanks 825

gear 828–829grinding or sharpening 835–843hand of

cut 809–810cutter 809flute helix 811rotation 810

helical gear 2205high speed steel 819indicator drop methods of checking relief

and rake angles 838keys and keyways 831keyseat 832metal slitting (saws) 813mounting method 809multiple flute 821number of teeth 808

Milling cutters (continued)peripheral teeth 839pitch diameter 2205plain and ball end 822radial relief angle 839rake angles 808, 838relief on cutting edges 809relieved corner rounding cutters 812roller chain sprocket 829–830selection of 808setting angles for milling teeth in 833–836sharpening wheels 836shell mills 815single angle 814, 820–821sintered carbide 838speeds and feeds for sharpening 837spline shaft 836spur gear 828, 2148taper and weldon shanks 812teeth, clearance angles 837terminology 813tool material 838T-slot 812weldon shanks 812, 824, 826with taper shanks 821Woodruff keyseats 832

Milling machineBrown & Sharpe 2107centering plugs 965Cincinnati 2113–2116cutters for 14.5-deg. pressure angle

gears 828–829draw-in bolt ends 965indexing 2079–2120lead of 2060spindle noses 962–963, 966

tapers for 962tool shanks 964

V-flange, NC 967Miner's law of linear damage 203Mineral oil 2427Miniature end mills 820–821Miniature screw threads 1858–1862

basic thread form 1858design thread form 1858–1859formulas 1858hole sizes 2032root flats 1862tapping 2032tolerances and size 1861

Miniature screws 1653binding head 1653–1654fillister head 1653, 1657flat head 1653–1654pan head 1653–1654, 1657

Minors of a matrix 124Minutes into decimals of a degree 103, 105Miscelaneous threads, aero-thread 1986Mixed film lubrication 2421Mixed numbers 9Mixtures, rule of 384Modal, CNC G-codes 1284



2753

Module 2127splines, metric 2272–2277system gearing 2217–2220

diametral pitch 2219formulas 2217, 2219rules 2219

Modulus ofelasticity, E (Young’s modulus) 200

for various materials 200iron and steel 432nickel-based alloy 308–309nonferrous metals 513of various materials 394perforated metal 2607plastics 390, 557, 561–562spring materials 345–346

elasticity, plastics 555polar section 209, 244–245rupture

powdered metal alloys 393wood 385–386

secant 562shear, G (rigidity) 200

for various materials 200, 577in angular deflection formula 210nonferrous metals 513spring materials 346

Mol 384Mold dispensable patterns 1419Molding

green sand 1409–1410shell 1410

Molds, steels for permanent 455Molecular weight 384Molybdenum

gearing material 2243high-speed steels

chemical composition 499tool steels 446, 448–449, 451

steels, SAE 400Moment and torque

in combined stresses 211in simple stresses 209unit conversion 2689–2690

Moment of a force 149, 155Moments of inertia 232–248

angles, steel 2600–2602built-up sections 233channels, aluminum 2603channels, steel 2599circle 237circular ring 238cross-sections 234–243ellipse 238formulas for various sections 234–243half circle 237hollow circle 237I or S shapes, steel 2598I-beams, aluminum 2603I-beams, steel 2594–2598I-section 238L-section 242

Moments of inertia (continued)octagon 237of complex areas 248pipe 2457–2458plane areas 232polar 232, 244–248

cone, frustum 248cylinder, hollow 246ellipsoid 247paraboloid 247prism 246pyramid 246solid ring 247sphere 246spherical sector and segment 247torus 247

rectangles 235, 249round shafts, table for 250–255structural channels 2599, 2603trapezoid 236triangle 236T-section 241units conversion 2699wide flange, steel 2594–2597Z-section 243

Momentum 184–186Monel metals, machining 1194

properties 548–549Monotron for hardness testing 507Morse

reamers for sockets 863stub taper shanks 948taper shank twist drill 893tapers 948–959

Mortising wood 388Motion

accelerated 177, 179–180constant acceleration 175constant velocity 175force and work 179, 182general formulas 175, 177

constant acceleration 175, 177Newton

first law 179second law 179third law 179

on inclined plane 169, 179rotary, formulas 177uniformly accelerated 175

Motors, electric 2565adjustable speed motors 2568adjustable-voltage, shunt-wound 2569alternating current 2569–2572armature rotors 2579ball or roller bearings 2578brushes 2578characteristics 2568–2577classes of standards 2565commutators 2578compound-wound 2569–2570constant speed motors 2568current definitions 2565DC motors 2576–2577



2754

Motors, electric (continued)design letters 2565direction of rotation 2567frame sizes, standard 2565high frequency induction 2571horsepower requirements 2573induction motor 2570injurious operating conditions 2575inspection schedule 2578–2579insulating materials 2575locked rotor current and torque

ratings 2566–2567lubrication, proper 2578maintaining and repairing 2578–2579maintenance 2578mechanical condition 2578monthly inspection 2578mounting dimensions, standard 2565multiple speed induction 2571multispeed motor 2568NEMA 2565–2567

standards for 2565–2566polyphase AC motor 2570polyphase wound-rotor 2566pull up torque 2566, 2568rotation, standard direction 2567rotors and armatures 2578selection 2573–2574shunt-wound 2569single-phase motors characteristics 2572space limitations 2574speed reducer type 2573speed requirements 2573squirrel cage induction 2569–2570squirrel cage rotors 2579synchronous motor 2570temperature effects 2575torque and inertia requirements 2573torque definitions 2567type, dc and ac 2568types and characteristics for different

applications 2576–2577variable speed 2567–2568weekly inspection 2578windings 2578wound rotor induction 2571wound rotor type 2570

Mounted wheels and points 976–978Mounting bearings 2390Multiple or block indexing 2117–2118Multiplication of matrix 122Multiplying

decimal fractions 10fraction and mixed numbers 9numbers written in powers-of-ten

notation 15Music wire 305Music wire, gages 2604

NN-address, CNC programming 1284Nails and spikes, standard 1800Napthenic oil 2427National Tube Co. 294Nautical measure 2661Neat resins 552Negative and positive numbers 4Negative functions of angles 106NEMA standards for electric motors 2565–

2567Net present value 140Neutral axis

sheet metal 1347Newton's laws of motion 179Newton’s laws of motion 151Newton-Raphson method 34Newtons into pounds force 2689Nickel alloys 548–549

applications 548–549chemical composition 548–549chromium steels, SAE strength 432coefficient of expansion 377density 377elongation 392, 548–549gearing material 2242–2243hardness 392machining 1194–1195melting points 377plating 1511, 1513specific heat 377tensile strength 392, 548–549thermal conductivity 377yield strength 392

Nitinol, machining 1194Nitralloy steels 485Nitriding 467, 485

high-speed steel tools 501ion nitriding 485

Nitrogen, liquid temperature 631Nodular cast iron 1405Nomenclature

bevel gears 2181gear teeth 2129spur gears 2130

Nominal clearance 2255Nominal vs effective interest rates 135Nondestructive testing symbols 1485–1486Nonferrous metals 513

machining 1192–1195modulus of elasticity 513modulus of shear 513shear strength 513strength 394, 513tensile strength 513yield strength 513

Normaldistribution curve 1319–1322positional deviation 1319–1322



2755

Normalizing 408temperatures, alloy steel 490–491

Norton Company 1219, 1227–1233Nose radius 762

carbide tools 774single point tool 774

Number of nails and spikes in a pound 1800Number of teeth 2127Numbering systems

for aluminum alloys 534for aluminum alloys, wrought 537for metals and alloys 398, 400for steel 398–401

Numbersassociative law 4commutative law 4distributive law 4identity law 4inverse law 4positive and negative 4powers-of-ten notation 14, 16preferred series 639, 674prime 20–29progressions 37–38

Numerical controlaccuracy, repeatability, and

resolution 1319–1322axis nomenclature 1315–1318cutter compensation 782insert holders for NC 782insert radius compensation 782part tolerance symbols

ANSI 1324–1327compared to ISO 612

repeatability, accuracy, and resolution 1319–1322

tapping 2038tool

compensation 782nose radius compensation 782–784

total indicator reading 1317V-flange tool shanks 967

Nut taps 927Nuts

acorn 1549ANSI, inch dimensions

flat jam 1546hex 1539hex flat 1546hex slotted 1546, 1548hex thick slotted 1547–1548jam 1545machine screw 1643square 1539, 1548T-type 1728Unified 1545, 1548

ANSI, metric dimensionsheavy hex 1605hex jam 1605hex, styles 2 and 3 1601metric hex flange nuts 1601, 1603prevailing torque, hex 1604, 1606slotted hex 1601, 1603

Nuts (continued)British Standard 1676

ISO metric 1630–1633metric 1666, 1670, 1672, 1677

British StandardUnified 1678Whitworth 1627, 1629, 1679, 1700

crown, low and high (SAE) 1549friction coefficients 1524high, SAE 1550slotted, high hex (SAE) 1550wing nuts 1791–1794wrench clearances 1555wrench openings 1555

Nylonbearings 2361properties 390

OO-address, CNC programming 1284Obtuse-angle triangles solution 71, 101–102Octagon

area 72moment of inertia 237radius of gyration 237section modulus 237

Offhand grinding 1268Offsets

CNC milling 1292Ohm’s law 2699Oil feeding and grooving of bearings 2325Oilless bearings 2363–2364Oils 2420

additive ingredients 2427additives 2427and compounds, machining 1182–1195

emulsifying or soluble 1183mineral 1185–1186sulfurized and chlorinated 1185–1186

application 2435coating 1512film thickness in machine parts 2423film thickness values 2423lubricating 2424mineral 2427synthetic 2429temperature effects 2430temperature oxidation effects 2430tempering 479

Open end wrench clearances 1556Open-end press 1388Operations on complex numbers 18Orbit 1395Order of performing arithmetic 5O-ring 2587–2592

applications 2588, 2590compounds 2591diametral clearance 2590flurocarbon 2591gland depth 2588



2756

O-ring (continued)groove dimensions and clearances 2587,

2590hardness 2589nitrile 2591reciprocating seals 2588ring materials 2592silicon 2591squeeze 2587static seals 2588surface finish in contact with 2589tolerances 2590washers, backup 2588

Oscillation, center and radius of 231Ounces, avoirdupois, into grams 2683–2684Out of roundness 690Oval head machine screws 1649–1651Overhead

machine-hour distribution 146man-hour distribution 146man-rate distribution 146

Oxidation effects on oil 2430Oxygen gas in welding 1438, 1463

PPack hardening 485Packing

in circles 88–91in circles and rectangles 88–93in rectangles 93

PAG 2429Palladium, plating 1513Pan head machine screws 1648Pan head miniature screw 1654, 1657PAO 2429Paper, bonding 2582Pappus or Guldinus rules 66Parabola 54

area 74–75center of gravity 224constructing 65directrix 54focus 54general equation 54latus rectum 54segment of area 75vertex 54

Paraboloidcenter of gravity 226polar moment of inertia 247radius of gyration 231segment volume 87volume 86

Parallel bars 716–723Airy points 720calibration

flatness (straightness) 720height and width, matched sets 722precision 720

Type I, solid 716Type II, ribbed 717

Parallel bars (continued)Type III, box parallel 718Type IV, adjustable parallel 719

Parallel lines 42Parallelogram

area 70center of gravity 221geometry of 58of forces 154radius of gyration 228

Parison 581Parraffinic oil 2427Parting 1339Passivation of copper 1506Patterns for castings 1412

dispansable 1419master mold 1419materials 1412metal 1413shrinkage allowances 1413, 1419varnish 1413weight of casting from 1414wood selection 1412–1413

Payback period 143Pearlite 465, 469Pearlitic malleable iron 1405Pebi 2658Pendulum 173–174

calculations 173conical 173formulas for 173physical 173simple and compound 173torsional 173types of 173

Penetration 1336Percentage 7Percussion, center of 231Perforated metals, strength and stiffness

of 2607Peripheral speed, CNC spindle 1288Permanent mold, casting process 1410Permanickel, machining 1194Permutation 19Perpendicular lines 42Petroleum oils, application 2694Phenolic plastics 2361Philadelphia carriage bolt thread 1988Phonetic alphabet 2700Phosphor-bronze, worm gearing 2245Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 788Piano wire, working stresses 314

at elevated temperatures 315–316Piles, weight of 382Pillow block bearings 2373Pin method for checking

gear sizes 2221allowance for backlash 2235for involute splines 2271wire diameters 2221, 2230

spur gear sizes 2231–2234V-shaped grooves 686



2757

Pinion, spur gearenlarged to avoid undercut 2146

Pinsclevis 1747cotter 1746, 1757, 1760dowel 1746–1752grooved 1756, 1760metric dowel 1746, 1748spring 1761–1762straight 1751–1753strength of taper 220taper 1753–1756

Pintle chains 2537Pipe and pipe fittings

British threads 1966–1967columns 286–287dryseal 1962–1965

measuring by wire method 2005taper 1956threads 1962–1965

heat loss from uncovered steam 373internal thread in pipe couplings 1960loads, table of 286–287plastics

threads 578reamers, taper 864sealing joints 1730taps, dimensions

Briggs and Whitworth 2037internal dryseal 1964power for driving 2037

threadsAmerican National Standard 1956–1964British Standard 1965–1967designation and notation 1956

welding 1469fill passes 1471flux cored electrode 1472fusion 1472position 1470

flat 1470horizontal 1470–1471overhead 1470vertical up and down 1471

procedure 1473carbon steel 1473–1475MIG 1473–1475root 1473–1475thick walled 1473–1475

root passes 1470thin wall 1472

Pipe and tube bending 1382Pitch 2127

broach teeth 979–982circle 2127circular, of gears 2130diameters, gears

circular pitch 2148helical 2195pin method of checking 2221spur 2131, 2148worms 2191

Pitch (continued)diameters, roller chain sprockets 2543–

2544diameters, threaddiameters, thread

checking 1989for tensile stress area 1528metric, M profile 1890–1892unified 1813–1853wire sizes for measuring 1991

diameters, thread unified 1817gear 2131plane 2127rivets 1729, 1733–1734screw threads, measuring 1989worm gearing 2191worms 2191

Pitot tube 2682Plain bearing (see Bearings: plain)Plain milling cutters 810Plain washers

inch 1562–1565metric 1607types 1607

Plane figures, areas and dimensions 70–81Plane of rotation 2127Planetary gearing 2211–2214

bevel gears 2211compound drive 2211direction of rotations 2211

Planetary thread milling 2059Planing

estimating cutting speeds 1081power required 1083–1087speeds and feeds 1081time 1081tool grinding 764wood 388

Planing insert holder 770–772Plastic deformation 1336Plasticizers 553Plastics 551–607

aging at elevated temperature 571amorphous 552anisotropy 556application properties 554assembly 597assembly with fasteners 597ASTM tests 554beams 588bearings 2372

anti-friction 2372laminated, plain bearings 2361sleeve 2361

bending stress 606blow molding 581bonding 593brittleness 556cellular 553characteristics 551chemical bonding 593chemical resistance of 575closed cell 553



2758

Plastics (continued)coefficient of expansion 390coefficient of friction 557compressive strength 566creep 558, 569crystalline 552density 390, 554design

analysis 575for assembly 593for injection molding 579stress 577

developing prototypes 602–603drilling speeds and feeds 601effects of temperature 570elasticity 555, 562electrical properties 572

conductivity 572elongation 390environmental effects 574fasteners 597fibers 553fillets 591flexural modulus 390flow properties 592gearing 604

accuracy 607backlash 606service factors 606tooth form factors 605

hardness 390, 556haze 555heat dissipation factor 573hetrogeneous 556homogeneous 556homopolymers 553Hooke’s law 555impact resistance 592inhomogeneous 556injection mold design 585injection molding 584isotropy 556izod impact 390Izod test 556LCP 552Liquid-crystalline Polymers 552load-bearing 588machining 598

cutting off 600drilling 600molded 602sawing thermoset cast 602tapping 601threading 601turning 600

manufacturing 579material 551–552

elastomers 552thermoplastic 552

maximum temperature 390mechanical fasteners 593mechanical properties 575

effect of temperature on 570

Plastics (continued)milling 602mixtures coploymers 553modulus of elasticity 555, 561mold flow 592non newtonian 592normal strain 561notch sensitivity 556open cell 553parison 581physical properties 554, 557pipe threads 578plasticity 555polyurethanes 583press fits 577processing thermosets 581proportional limit 562PUR 583region 200reinforced 583relaxation 569resins 552sawing, speeds and numbers of teeth 602secant modulus 562shear modulus of G 565shear stress 563sheet thermoforming 581shrinkage 555snap-fit 593specific gravity 390, 554sprue 584stiffeness 579stress 559

normal 560stress relaxation 569stresses and deflections 588structural analysis 575

safety factors 575structures 552temperature index 571tensile impact 570tensile modulus 390thermal properties 570thermal stresses 578thermoplastic 551thermosetting 551toughness 556transparency 555ultimate strength 562undercuts 591viscoelastic 557wall thickness 587water absorption 555welding 595

dielectric 597electromagnetic 597hot gas 596induction 597spin 596vibration 596

yield point 555, 562



2759

Platesflat, strength and deflection of 288–290shells and cylinders, strength of 288–294

Plating 1508–1515chromium 1467magnesium anodic treatment 1510magnesium, coating 1510phosphate coating 1513–1514surface coatings 1508zinc 1515

Plow steel haulage rope, strength of 2616–2621

Plunge angle 770Poise 2425, 2698Poisson’s ratio 200

flat plates 288for various materials 200, 290, 394perforated metal 2607plastics 562

Polar coordinates 43Polar moment of inertia 232, 244–248, 250–

255cone 248

frustum 248cylinder, hollow 246ellipsoid 247formulas 246–248masses 232paraboloid 247plane areas 232prism 246pyramid 246solid ring 247spherical sector 247spherical segment 247torus 247

Polar section modulus 244–245, 250–255Polishers, spindles for portable 974Polishing and buffing 1501

abrasives 1501, 1504operations 1504speeds 1504wheels, material 1501

Polyalkylene glycols 2429Poly-alph-olefins 2429Polygon

area 72, 76forces 154formulas and table 76length of side 76radius of circumscribed circle 76radius of inscribed circle 72, 76

Polygon shafts 2282connections 2282

dimensions of 2282manufacturing 2283strength of connections 2283three- and four-sided designs 2282

Polyol-Esters 2430Polyphase motors 2567, 2570Polyurethane plastics 2591Polyurethanes 583Porosity, pressure die castings 1414

Porous bearings 2361Portable grinding 1268

safety 1249Portable tools

hexagonal chucks for 975spindles and drives for 972–975

Positional deviation, mean 1319–1322Positioning accuracy 1319–1322Positive and negative numbers 4Positive clutches 2451Positive functions of angles 106Potential energy 181–182Poundal 2690Pounds

force 150–151force into newtons 2689mass 151per cubic foot into kilograms per cubic

meter 2685per cubic inch into grams per cubic

centimeter 2685per square foot into kilograms per square

meter 2687per square inch into kilograms per square

centimeter 2687per square inch into kilopascals 2687

Powder metallurgy 1423briquetting tools 1423design 1423limiting factors 1423metal process 1423

Powdered metal alloyscopper base 393density 393elongation 393hardness 393iron base 393tungsten base 393

Powdered metal bearings 2361Power

calculating by dynamometer 2457consumption spade drilling 1079cutting tool 1085feed factors 1084for driving pipe taps 2038general formulas 186heat equivalents 2690in mechanics 149motor 1085required for machining 1083–1091roots of numbers 14transmission

belting 2487–2536by friction wheels 2458capacity 2246, 2447chain 2547–2551disc clutch 2447friction wheels 2457–2459

units conversion 2693



2760

Power brushbrush finishing 1500–1503brush uses 1500deburring 1500deburring tooth profile of gears 1500

Power constantalloy steels 1085high temperature alloys 1084nonferrous metals 1084plain carbon steels 1085stainless steel 1084tool steels 1084wrought steels 1085

Power of ten notation 14, 16expressing numbers in 15

Power transmissionroller chain 2537–2560

Precipitationhardening 462heat-treatment 542

Precisionbolts and screws, British 1627–1628, 1634gage blocks 707investment casting 1418

Preferredbasic sizes, ANSI Standard 673hole basis metric fits, ANSI Standard 652,

656metric sizes

ANSI Standard 648, 673, 2610British Standard 674

numbers, ANSI Standard 672numbers, British Standard 674roughness average values (Ra) 743roughness values and roughness

grades 751series for tolerances and allowances 635series maximum waviness height

values 744shaft basis metric fits, ANSI Standard 651,

657–660thicknesses for

flat metal products, metric 2610uncoated metals and alloys 2608

Preload measurements 1525Preload relaxation 1525Preparatory command, CNC 1284Present value and discount 136Press

adjustable-bed 1388bending 1383gap-frame 1388hydraulic 1389inclinable-frame 1388lubrication 1372mechanical 1386mechanical vs. hydraulic

advantages, disadvantages 1390open-end 1388selection 1392sheet metal working 1386solid-frame 1388straight side 1389

Pressureangle 2128angle, cams 2293composite checking of fine-pitch

gears 2169cylinders and tubes, collapsing

pressure 293–294definition and units for 152–153effect on wood property 386Lame’s formula for internal 291spherical shells, strength to resist

internal 291tight joints 1960tube, collapsing pressure 294unit conversion 2686–2687

Prime numbers and factors 20–29Principle reference planes 2128Prism

polar moment of inertia 246volume 82volume formula 66

Prismoidal formula for volume 66Processing thermosets 581Production rate 1147Profile checking, gearing 2158Progression

arithmetical 37–38geometrical 37–39

Prony brake dynamometer 2457–2458Properties

mechanical 199–200, 394compressive 201definitions 199fatigue 201modulus of elasticity values 200perforated metal 2607Poisson’s ratio values 200shear 201strength 394–395, 422–423thermal 372–373, 395yield point values 200

of materialsaluminum alloys 530copper alloys 513copper-zinc-tin alloys 394magnesium alloys 545–547metals 394nickel alloys 548–549nonferrous alloys 513plastics 390powdered metal alloys 393specific gravity 381spring wire 395standard steels 396, 418, 422–423titanium alloys 548, 550tool steels 448, 459wood 387

strength effect of heat or temperature 570Proportion 5–7

compound 5inverse 6–7simple 6



2761

Proportional limit 199plastics 562

Protractor, reading vernier scale on 675Providing backlash 2166PTFE plastics 2361, 2585Pulley

speeds, rpm into feet per minute 1015–1020

taps 927Pulleys and belts

and belt drives 170–171and wheels in mechanics 170–171arc of contact correction factors 2495center distances, V-belt 2487center to center distance 2484cross section correction factors 2494diameter and speeds 2485diameter in compound drives 2485differential 171flat belt 2484, 2487length correction factors 2495length of belt traversing three pulleys 2486lengths of open and crossed belts 2484lengths of V-belt 2490rules for calculating diameters and

speeds 2484sheave size 2493speed in compound drive 2486speed ratio correction factors 2494speeds, rpm into feet per minute 2039V-belt 2484wrap angles 2484

Pull-up torque 2566Punching and blanking 1339

deformation force 1342deformation work 1342–1343force of press 1342

PUR 583Pyramid

center of gravity 225frustum center of gravity 225polar moment of inertia 246volume 82volume of frustum 83

QQuadrant 106Quadratic equations 32Quenching 407

baths 477tanks for 476

high speed steel 498induction heating 489interrupted 476–477media 466self 489tungsten 498

air cooling 498salt bath 498

RRack 2128

gear 2132milling, indexing 2120spline, metric 2277

Radial forming 1371Radian per second conversion from rpm 177Radians equivalent to degrees 103, 105Radius

of arc, checking 686–687of curvature 2299of gyration 228, 231

angles, steel 2600–2602bar of small diameter 228bar, small diameter 228channels, aluminum 2603channels, steel 2599circle 237circular disk, thin 229circular ring 238circular ring, thin flat 229cone 230cone, frustum 230cylinder 229cylinder, hollow 230ellipse 238ellipsoid 231flat plate, thin 228half circle 237hexagon 236hollow circle 237hollow cylinder, thin 230hollow sphere 231I-beams 2594–2597I-beams, aluminum 2603I-section 238L-section 242octagon 237paraboloid 231parallelepiped 229parallelogram 228prism, rectangular 230rectangle 235, 249ring 228S- or W-shape, steel 2598sphere 231sphere, hollow 231spherical shell, thin 231structural angles 2600–2602thin flat plate 228thin spherical shell 231trapezoid 236triangle 236T-section 241various cross-sections 234–243wide flange, steel 2594–2597Z-section 243

of oscillation 231



2762

Railssize to carry given load 277strength of 277

Rake angles 761checking milling cutter 838single-point cutting toolssingle-point cutting tools

lead angles 761turning tool 758

Ram tube bending 1385Rank of a matrix 125Rankine's formulas for columns 281, 283Rankine, temperature 2695Rasps 989

aluminum 989Ratchet gearing 2215–2216

frictional 2216multiple pawl 2216pitch of wheel teeth 2216reversing 2216shape of wheel teeth 2216types 2215

Rate of return (interest) 135–136, 143Ratio 5–7

and proportion 5–7compound 5contact, in gearing 2151–2156epicyclic gearing 2211–2214fractional, change gears for 2043gear for differential indexing 2104geometrical 37–39inverse or reciprocal 5mean proportional 6of volumes 87Poisson’s 200slenderness, columns 281

Ream, paper 2699Reamer

bull center 863center 863

Reamers 844–865ANSI Standard 844–865arbors for shell 862Brown & Sharpe taper socket 864center and countersink 851centers for 851chucking 846, 849, 853, 858–859

straight flutes 858–859definition 847die-maker's 865drills for taper pin 1754–1756driving slots and lugs 857expansion chucking 854expansion hand 856finishing 863fluting cutters 845–846

dimension 846fluting to obtain negative rake 844formed 846hand 845, 855–856

squared shank 856straight and helical flutes 855–856

helical flutes 862

Reamers (continued)jobbers 857letter sizes 859machine countersinks 852morse taper socket 863negative front rake 844pipe 864rose chucking 846, 860

straight and helical flutes 860shell 857, 861straight and helical flutes 853, 861straight flutes 857–858straight shank 852stub screw machine 859, 862taper pin 865taper pin reamers, drills for 1753, 1756taper pipe 864taper shank 853taper, milling teeth 833terms applying to 847threaded end 845

dimension 845tooth-rest position for grinding

clearance 847wire gage sizes 858

Reamingautomatic screw machines 1171cutting speeds for

copper alloys 1071ferrous cast metals 1067–1068light metals 1069stainless steels 1066tool steels 1065

difficulties 852bellmouth holes 852oversize holes 852poor finish 853

taper pin 1755Rearrangement of terms in formulas 30Recalescence point in steel hardening 461, 470Recessing tools, speeds 1171Reciprocals of numbers 5, 8Rectangle

area 70moment of inertia 235, 249radius of gyration 235, 249section modulus 235, 249table of section moduli 250

Rectangularcoordinates 43cylindrical coordinates 45spherical coordinates, relationship 44

Rectangular keys 2460Refrigeration of steel 504Reinforced plastics 583Relative density 380Relief and rake angles

for single-point cutting tools 760, 2040indicator drop method of checking 838

Relief anglesfor single-point cutting tools 760turning tool 758

Repeatability, accuracy, and resolution 1319



2763

Replacement-gear dimensions 2249Resinoid bonded wheels 1000–1001, 1217

thread grinding 2053Resins 552Resistance brazing 1431Retaining rings 1763

ANSI Standard 1763–1771centrifugal capacity 1787compressed in bore 1769diameter tolerances 1781–1782dimensions in inches 1780, 1783expanded over shaft 1767external dimensions 1784, 1787external series 1763–1764external spiral 1774, 1778failure of 1781, 1788groove bottom radii 1764groove design and machining 1785–1786,

1789groove diameter 1764groove diameter tolerances 1782groove failure 1788groove width 1764groove width tolerances 1782industrial 1786internal 1787internal spiral 1772, 1776load capacity 1779material 1779metric performance data 1767ring free diameter 1764rotation between parts 1788seated in groove 1767, 1769, 1771–1772selection 1763self locking dimensions 1786self locking external and internal 1787self locking inch series 1787self locking types 1786spiral 1774standards 1787–1790tapered 1763–1764thickness 1775, 1779thickness tolerances 1775, 1779, 1781–

1782thrust load capacities 1785thrust load safety factors 1784width capacity 1781

Retarded motion 175Retention knobs, V-flange tool shanks 967Reyn 2425, 2698Rhodium plating 1514Right angle plate 723–731

calibration and maintenance 728flatness calibration 729parallelism calibration 729squareness calibration 730

grades 723types 726

Type IClass 1, plain 726Class 2, slotted 726Class 3, measuring plane 726

Type II, inside right angle 726

Right angle plate (continued)Type III, universal 727Type IV, machinist’s adjustable 727Type V, toolmaker’s adjustable 728Type VI, toolmaker’s non-adjustable 728

Right-angle triangles solution 71, 98–100Rigidity

modulus of (shear) 200spring materials 344–346

Ringarea and volume 66radius of gyration 228solid

polar moment of inertia 247stresses in loaded 219–220

Rivetallowable stresses 1731ANSI Standard 1734–1736belt 1736British Standard 1742, 1745

cold forged 1742hot forged 1742lengths 1742snap head 1742universal head 1742

button head 1734, 1736cone head 1734cooper's 1736countersunk 1734, 1742diameters for given plate thicknesses 1729dimension countersunk head 1745dimension snap head 1745excess length to form head 1734flat head 1736, 1742hold-on or dolly bar sets 1734large rivets, standard 1734material 1730mushroom head 1742pan head 1734, 1736pitch 1729, 1733–1734sets, dimensions of impressions in 1734shearing strength 1733–1734small rivets, standard 1734–1736spacing 1729steel 1730strength 1730tinner's 1736truss 1736types 1729

Riveted joints 1729–1734allowable stresses 1730double and triple 1733efficiency 1730–1731failure 1730holes for 1729joint failure 1730joint strength 1730–1731rivet length for forming heads 1734rivet materials 1730strength 1731types of riveted joints 1729working strength 1730



2764

Rockwell hardnessconversion to Brinell hardness 508–509number 510scales 506

Rod gages 2604Roebling wire gage 2604Roll pipe and tube bending 1385Rolled threads, electric socket and lamp

base 1980Roller bearing (see Bearings: roller)Roller chain, double pitch 2538Rolling

contact bearings 2365–2419friction resistance 167

Rolling screw threads 2048–2052cylindrical die machines 2048diameter of blank 2049diameter of threading roll 2050flat die machines 2048in automatic screw machines 2050shapes and kind of thread 2050speeds, and feeds 2051steels for 2049

Root diameter gearing 2128Roots

and powers of numbers 14finding square and cube 14

Ropewire 2613

definitions of terms 2613–2614strength and properties 2616–2621

Rose chucking reamers 846fractional sizes 860

Rotary draw bending 1384Rotary file or burs 989Rotary motion formulas 177Rotating parts, balancing 191–196Roughness

control of 733cutoff 743height values 735–736parameters

rules for determining 751rules for measurement of 751

symbols indicating degree of 733–736values, grades, surface finish 751

Round head machine screws 1652Royal Microscopical Society thread 1982–

1983, 1985Rpm

conversion to radian per second 177for various cutting speeds and diameters,

inch units 1017–1020metric units 1019–1020

for various grinding speeds and diameters 1250

Rubberbearings 2362bonded grinding wheels 1217bonding 2581turning 1081

Rubber pad forming process 1364Running balance 191

Rupture strengthcopper-base powdered alloys 393iron-base powdered alloys 393tungsten-base powdered alloys 393

SSAE Standards

babbitt metals 2359bearing metals 2359crown or acorn nuts 1549die casting alloys 1415high nuts 1550V-belts 2525Woodruff keyseat cutters 832

SAE steelsbasic numbering system 398compositions 398, 400, 404–405heat treatments for 490

Safe loads for wire rope 2616–2621Safety

factors of 204, 2174flange couplings 2443for wire rope 2619–2620

Salt baths for heat treating 474Sand blast cleaning 1412Sanders, spindles for portable 974Sanding wood 388Sandstone and limestone, strength 394Saw tooth clutches 2453Saws

band 1177–1182circular, arbors for 972metal-cutting, speeds 1081metal-slitting 813sharpening files 987slitting 813

Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) 2425Scalar and vector quantities 153Scleroscope 506Screw machines

automatic 1170–1175automatic box-tools 1171drilling speeds and feeds 1171drills 872, 879forming tools with rake 796–801knurling 1170–1171reaming speeds and feeds 1171speeds and feeds 1171–1172stock required for given production 1175threading cams 1170

Screw thread insert taps 1625Screw thread Inserts

chemical composition 1617compatibility 1613dimensions 1613hardness 1625helical coil 1613helical coil insert 1614insert length data 1617–1622inspection 1617length selection 1624–1625



2765

Screw thread Inserts (continued)material strength 1624tapped hole 1613taps 1625threaded hole data 1615–1616tolerance classes 1613types 1613

Screwsand bolts 1538angularity and eccentricity 1635ANSI head recesses 1704breaking load 1537British Standard

BSF 1679inch 1626–1629, 1666, 1694–1700metric 1634, 1666–1675, 1694–1699Unified 1676, 1678Whitworth 1626, 1629, 1679, 1700

cap 1542, 1680–1685cap, metric 1582drive 1701, 1716force for turning 171form 1635grade markings for steel 1534–1535head recesses 1704heavy hex 1542hex cap 1539inserts 1716jig and fixture

button head 1698heavy hex 1542hex 1539

lag screw 1543–1544metric 1586

length of engagement 1536length of thread 1635mechanical principle of 171metric

British Standard 1675cap 1582diameters 1584flange 1588–1589formed 1583heavy hex 1584ISO 1631reduced body diameter 1585shoulder

socket head 1587socket 1694

miniature 1653self-threading 1701–1725set 1687–1700shoulder 1686shoulder, metric 1587sockets for 1689sockets metric series 1696strength of 1535stress areas 1528, 1536tap drills 2029–2037tap marking symbols 908thumb 1795, 1798–1799Unified Standard 1538, 1678wing 1795

Screws (continued)wood 1801worm threads 2191–2194

Sealants 2584anaerobic pipe 2586gasket materials 2585pipe joining 2584silicone rubber gasketing 2585tapered pipe threading 2585types 2584

Sealing bearings 2319–2321Seasoning steel, sub zero 505Secant 95Secant modulus (plastics) 562Section lining, standard for drawings 611Section modulus

angles 2600–2602circle 237circular ring 238ellipse 238for torsion 279formulas for various sections 234–243half circle 237hexagon 236hollow circle 237I-beams 2594–2598I-section 238L-section 242octagon 237polar 244–245, 250–255rectangle 235, 249rectangles, table for 249–250round shafts, table for 250–255structural shapes

angles, steel 2602channels, aluminum 2603I-beams or S-shapes

aluminum 2603steel 2598wide flange, steel 2594–2597

steel 2599trapezoid 236triangle 236T-section 241units conversion 2699Z-section 243

Segment, circular 73, 77–79area 46, 73, 78–79height for given angle and radius 73, 77–79

Self alignment roller bearingssymbols 2368

Self locking torque 1623Self-threading screws 1701–1725

countersink heads 1701cross recesses 1704designations 1702drill size 1712drilled hole sizes 1710drive type 1701–1702extruded hole sizes 1710fillister head 1702head cross recesses 1704hex head 1702



2766

Self-threading screws (continued)hex washer head 1702hole sizes 1709, 1712inch, metric 1716metallic drive 1702metals

brass sheet metal 1712monel steel 1712stainless steel 1712steel 1712

metric 1716–1725clearance holes 1721cutting tapping 1718designations 1717–1718drilled hole sizes 1722, 1724extruded hole sizes 1721head types 1716–1717heat treatment 1720hole sizes for steel 1721–1725hole sizes for tapping 1721material 1720punched hole size for steel 1722, 1724recommended lengths 1719tapping 1721thread and point types 1717thread cutting types 1716–1720

tapping 1718thread forming 1718

tapping 1722–1723types 1716–1719

thread tappingin asbestos 1723in cast metals 1724–1725in plastics 1723, 1725in plywoods 1723in sheet metal 1724

pan head 1702round head 1701self-tapping inserts 1716sheet metal hole sizes 1712slotted pan head 1702steel thread cutting 1713thread and point

dimensions 1705–1708types 1703–1704

thread cutting 1708sheet metals 1712tapping 1704types 1701, 1704, 1706

thread forming 1705–1706, 1709–1710types 1703–1704

torsional strength requirements 1716truss head 1702types of 1701

Sellers screw thread 1988Sensitivity factor, gear material 2174Series, infinite 35, 110Set-screws

British Standardmetric 1694–1700Whitworth 1700

cone point 1687–1699cup point 1687–1699

Set-screws (continued)dog point 1687–1699flat point 1687–1699headless 1687hexagon and spline 1688hexagon socket 1694, 1697, 1699hexagon socket type 1699holding power 1699oval point 1687spline socket type 1693square head type 1690–1691, 1700

Sevolute functions 110Shaft alignment 2622–2650

dial indicators 2623–2632indicator formats 2633–2650procedure 2628rim and face method 2623, 2629, 2633–

2650soft legs 2625tolerance guide 2622

Shaft conditionschecking 688out of roundness 692

no. of lobes 692V-block angles 692

out-of-roundness, lobing 690Shafts 295–303

allowances and tolerances for fits 628British Standard for fits 662–671brittle materials, formulas for 301checking for various conditions of 688–

692critical speeds of 302deflection, linear 298deflection, torsional 297–298effect of keyways on strength 301factor of safety 296, 301hollow 303horsepower transmitted by 295–298linear deflection 298maximum allowable working stress 301moment of inertia, polar 244–245, 250–

255polygon type connections 2282round, section moduli 250–255steel, diameters of 299strength 295–297torsional

deflection 297–298strength 295–297

hollow vs. solid 303transmission, design of 299–301

Shanks taper 948–959Shapes

of grinding wheels 1219–1227of mounted wheels and points 976–978

Shaping wood 388Shaping, speeds and feeds 1081Sharp V-thread 1806Sharpening

carbide tools 1000–1002circular saws 987diamond wheels for 1001



2767

Sharpening (continued)drills 998–1000milling cutters 832–833, 836–837

Shavingblanked workpiece 1346punched workpiece 1345

Shearformulas for 209modulus 200

of G spring materials 344–346of various materials 200, 394

properties 201spring design 346stress 199, 210

combined with tension or compression 211

in beams 211–214Shear spinning 1363Shear strength

cast iron 432magnesium alloys 547nonferrous metals 513rivets 1733–1734steels 432wood 386wrought iron 432

Shear tooth files 989Shearing 1336

clearance 1338cutoff and parting 1338forces 1336fracture 1336parting 1339rotary cutters 1337straight inclined blades 1337straight parallel blades 1336with rotary cutters 1337

Sheavesfor V-belt drives 2489for wire rope 349, 2614

Sheet metal 1331–1392and wire gages 2608–2610bending 1346

allowances 1347, 1352, 1358formula 1347, 1351

formulas 1347, 1351radius 1346

maximum 1347minimum 1347

springback 1351blanking and punching 1339

clearances 1335, 1340cutoff 1338deep drawing 1353designing parts for production 1334die opening profile 1342drawing 1353edging process 1373fine blanking 1343forming 1371ironing force 1360ironing process 1360joining and edging 1373

Sheet metal (continued)joining process 1373joint typesjoint types

angle frame 1377button punch snap lock 1375clinch bar slip and angle 1377clinch type flanged connections 1377corner standing seam 1375double flanges and cleats 1377double seam 1375flange 1375flange and flange corner 1374flanged duct connections 1377flanged end and angle 1377flat drive slip 1376flat S slip 1376flush lap 1374formed flanges 1377groove seam 1375hem 1376hemmed S slip 1376pittsburg 1375plain lap 1374raw and flange corner 1374slide corner 1375standing drive slip 1376standing seam 1374

joints 1374neutral axis 1347parting 1338punching 1339screws 1701shaving 1345shearing

inclined blades 1337rotary cutters 1337

springback 1351stock allowances 1348–1350stress 1331stripper force 1343theory of metalworking 1331work and force 1342

Sheet sizes for drawings 609Sheet steel

bending 1347, 1351Sheet thermoforming 581Shell

blanks, diameters 1355mills 815molding 1410plates and cylinders, strength 288–294reamers 861

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) 1449–1452

Shielding gases 1437Shipping measure 2678Shock-resisting

tool steels 453chemical composition 455heat treatment 455

Shocks, stresses in springs 279stresses produced by 279



2768

Shore’s scleroscope 506, 508–509Shoulder screws 1686Shrinkage allowance, patterns 1413Shrinkage fits 631, 638–639, 646

allowances 631–633SI system units

binary prefixes 2658factors and prefixes 2658history 2656in strength of materials calculations 199,

209–211, 214, 217–220, 228, 232–233, 256, 269, 273–274, 276–277, 279–280, 282, 289–293, 296–298, 300–302

list of 2658–2659metric 151use of in mechanics 149–153

Side cutting edge 762Side milling cutters 811Sigma (standard deviation) 1320–1321Significance of accuracy 1319–1322Signs and abbreviations

mathematical 2654scientific and engineering 2652–2655

Signs of trigonometric functions 96Silicon carbide grinding wheels 1000–1001Silicone 2430Silver

bearing material 2360brazing filler alloys 1426plating 1514

Simpleindexing 2107–2112proportion 6stresses 209–210

Simpson's rule 67Simultaneous equations 125Sine bar

checking angle 679checking taper per foot 680checking templets 680measuring angle of templet 679settling to a given angle 679settling10- inch to an angle 680types of 678use of 678

Sine, law of 96Single tooth contact 2127Single-angle milling cutters 814, 820–821Single-point cutting tools 757–780, 899–900

angle tolerances 780carbide tips and inserts for 772–780chipbreakers 763–764definitions and terms 757–760end cutting edge angles 762indexable inserts 764–766insert toolholders 764–772, 782–784lead angles 762nose radius 762, 779numerical control tool compensation 782–

784planing tools 764rake angles 761relief angles 760

Single-point cutting tools (continued)relief angles for thread cutting 2040side cutting edge angle 762tip overhang 773–774tool contour 757tool holders, indexable inserts 764–772

Single-station dies 1378Singularity of a matrix 125Sinking funds 137Sintered

carbide toolsANSI Standard 772–780tool materials 1009–1011

gear materials 2243metal bearings 2361

Sixty (60)-degree stub threads 1942Size factor cover 2174Sizes of sawn lumber 388Slate cutting speed for 1081Sleeve bearings 2325Sleeves, Morse taper 957Slenderness ratio, columns 281–282Slides, measuring 682, 686Slipping clutches, couplings 2450Slitting saws, metal 813Slope of a line 41Slots for T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1726Slug 150S-N diagrams 201, 203Socket

ANSI hexagon and spline 1689head, screw type

British Standard metric 1694cap 1682–1685, 1695drill and counterbore sizes for 1683keys and bits for 1692set 1699shoulder 1686

metric socket head 1587reamers, Morse taper 863taper shank 948–959threads for electric 1980wrench clearances 1557, 1559

Solders and soldering 1424, 1426alloys for 1424aluminum 1424fluxes 1424forms 1424magnesium 1426methods 1424–1426stainless steel 1426ultrasonic fluxless 1426

Solid-frame press 1388Solidification temperature 631Solids, volumes and dimensions 82–87Soluble oils for machining operations 1183Solution heat treatment 462Sorbite 479Space cutters, roller chain sprockets 2556–

2557Spacing holes on jig borer 695



2769

Spade drills and drillingblades 1075–1076drilling 1076, 1078feed rates for 1077–1078geometry of 1074power consumption and thrust 1079–1080

Spandrelarea 74center of gravity 223

Spark out time 1202Spark plug

threads 1979dimensions 1979hole in cylinder head 1979

Spatter, (welding) 1458Specific gravity 380

conversion 382gases 381liquids 381of various metals 380plastics 390

Specific heat 372–373aluminum 376copper alloys 376gasses 373

Speed reducers, motors, built-in 2573Speeds

calculating cutting speeds 1015–1020critical, of rotating shafts 302pulleys, rules for calculating 2484rpm for different diameters and cutting

speeds 1015–1020Speeds and feeds, machining 1008–1073

abrasive belt grinding 1269bandsawing 1179–1182CBN grinding wheels 1234cutting 602, 1013, 1015, 1070, 1077,

1170–1182drilling 1171

diameters and rpm 1016feeds for spade drills 1077–1078

end milling 1039face milling 1039form-turning 1171, 1187general 1070, 1170–1171grinding wheels

maximum peripheral speeds 1249truing and dressing 1237–1238wheel and work speeds 2055

grinding with diamond wheels 1246honing 1269–1274milling 1021nonferrous metals 1192–1195reaming 1070, 1171reaming and threading 1021rotary files and burs 990sawing

band 1179–1182circular 1081

shaping 1081slit and slot milling 1039, 1042–1057superalloys 1038surface grinding 1265–1267

Speeds and feeds, machining (continued)tables, how to use 1021–1024tapping and thread cutting 1060–1069,

1071–1073, 1171, 2016–2017thread rolling 2051–2052titanium and alloys 1037tool life 1013–1024

adjusting 1034–1035, 1039, 1042, 1058tool steels

drilling reaming, and threading 1065milling 1048–1049turning 1030

turning 1021, 1025–1039carbon and alloy steels 1026–1029copper alloys 1036ferrous cast metals 1032–1033hard-to-machine materials 1038light metals 1037speeds and feeds 1025–1039, 1171stainless steels 1031superalloys 1038titanium 1037tool steels 1030

Spherehollow

center of gravity 226radius of gyration 231

polar moment of inertia 246radius of gyration 231surface area 85volume 85

Sphericaland rectangular coordinates,

relationship 44coordinates 44sector

center of gravity 226polar moment of inertia 247volume 85

segmentcenter of gravity 226polar moment of inertia 247volume 85

shell, thin 231shells, strength to resist internal

pressure 291–293surface center of gravity 223wedge volume 86zone volume 86

Spheroidal graphite iron 432, 1405Spheroidize, annealizing 408Spheroidizing 408, 484Spikes and nails, standard 1800Spindle

for portable tools 972–975noses 962–967

Spinning 1362conventional 1362shear 1363tube 1363

Spiral bevel gears 2125, 2178–2179tooth contact 2178

Spline keys and bits 1692



2770

Splines 2255application factors 2267comparison of symbols 2273data and reference dimensions 2265dimensions, formula 2281fatigue-life factors for 2268fittings 2279–2281fittings, torque capacity 2281for large misalignments 2269formulas for SAE standard 2281involute 2252–2277

(see also Involute splines)involute, socket keys and bits 1692machining tolerances and variations 2276milling cutter 836SAE standard splined fittings 2280–2281terms, symbols, and drawing data 2263variations 2261

Spray transfer (welding) 1436Spraying process, flame (metal) 1516Spring 304–349

arbor diameters for 349Belleville 344, 350–364clock 344compression, formulas for 317–318coned 350–364conical compression 344constant force 344copper-base spring alloys 307–308deflections for

compression 321–324extension 321–324torsion 339–342

design data 315–349disc 350–364

contact surfaces 351, 354forces and stresses 354group classes 350materials 351nomenclature 350stacking 352stress 354

elevated temperature stresses 314–315endurance limit for spring materials 314–

315extension 320–329extension spring design 327–329failure in 348force, disc 354heat treatment of 344–346helical compression spring design 316–

320helical, shock stresses produced in 279high-carbon spring steels 305index 315materials 305–309miscellaneous 344moduli of elasticity 344motor 344music wire arbor diameters 349nickel-base spring alloys 307–309pins 1761–1762shock stresses produced in helical 279

Spring (continued)spiral 344stainless spring steels 306–307steels for 305–307stresses 315–316

produced by shocks 279tolerances

compression and extension 328–331for torsion 337–344

torsionbars 343design 331–337modulus 344–346

volute 343–344wire

diameters for 305maximum working temperature 308tensile strength 395

Spring pinscoiled type 1762designation 1761lengths and sizes 1761materials 1761slotted type 1761

Spring washersdouble coil rectangular section 1639single coil square section 1640

Springback, sheet metal 1351Sprockets

chain transmission 2537idler 2553

Spur gearing 2129addendum modifications 2173AGMA tolerances for fine pitch

gears 2168American National Standard tooth

forms 2131, 2135angular backlash 2169backlash 2163–2169, 2235backlash range 2164basic dimensions 2137blanks for fine pitch gears 2160British Standard 2172bronze and brass gears 2243caliper measurement of tooth 2147center distance 2155

variable 2137, 2139, 2141center distance for enlarged pinion 2154checking gear size 2221chordal

addendum 2144–2145, 2147measurement 2238

thickness 2142, 2144–2145, 2147circular

pitch system 2130, 2148thickness 2142

given outside diameter 2141composite error inspection 2169contact

diameter 2155lowest point of single tooth 2155–2159ratio 2155–2156

data on drawings 2163



2771

Spur gearing (continued)diameters for hobbing, preshaving, and

shaping 2138diametral pitch shown full size 2129diametral pitch system 2129–2130dimensions and formulas 2131drawing data 2163enlarged pinions 2146, 2204–2207external 2125Fellows stub tooth systems 2137fine-pitch 2135, 2160finishing gear milling cutters 2150formulas for basic dimensions 2257full-depth, teeth 2131, 2142gear milling cutters, series of

metric module 2148gear tooth parts 2132–2137

checking 2221German standard tooth form 2217hob tip radius, maximum 2156interference, avoiding 2146, 2148internal 2125, 2170internal arc thickness 2170internal gear and pinion sizes 2170internal gears rule 2171involute curve properties 2130lowest point of single tooth contact 2156measurement of tooth with caliper 2147measurement over pins 2221measurement over wires 2231–2234mesh with enlarged pinion 2154milling cutters 2148

metric module 2148minimum number of teeth 2154module system 2217–2220nonmetallic 604, 2245outside and root diameters 2138, 2148pinion arc thickness 2170pitch diameters, tabulated 2148profile checker settings 2158reduced gear 2146replacement gear dimensions 2249root and outside diameters 2138, 2148specifications 2161to avoid undercutting by hob 2154tooth

contact of highest point 2157dimensions 2132–2137forms 2131measurements over wires 2231–2234proportions 2135thickness measurement 2141

true involute form (TIF) diameter 2157undercut, limit for hobbed gears 2157

Squarearea 70circles of area equal to 80distances across corners 81of wire diameters 347prism volume 82recesses, for machine screwsrecesses, for machine screws

for self-tapping screws 1704

Square (continued)roots of numbers 14

Square and rectangular parallel keys 2461Square keys 2460Square rectangular keys and keyways 2460Square thread 1944Squeeze casting 1410Squirrel cage induction motors 2566S-shapes, structural steel 2598

moment of inertia 2598radius of gyration 2598section modulus 2598weight per foot 2598

Stabilizing gages 503Stacking disc springs 352Stainless steels 397, 415, 418

application 418–419characteristics and applications 415chemical compositions 406–407coefficient of expansion 377compositions 406–407, 418–419cutting, flame 1462–1463density 377electrodes (welding) current to use

with 1457elongation 392, 430–431hardness 392heat treatments 494–495mechanical properties 430–431melting points 377properties 418–419soldering 1426

ultrasonic 1426specific heat 377speeds

for drilling, reaming, and threading 1066for milling 1049–1050for turning 1031

strength 432tensile strength 392, 430–431thermal conductivity 377yield strength 392, 430–431

Stampingblank diameters 1355fine blanking 1343steel rule dies 1379–1382

Standarddeviation 1319–1321nomenclature 2175organizations 2175wire gage (SWG) 2605

Static 149balancing 191equivalent load, bearings 2415load rating, bearings 2415

Statisticsabsolute error of the sample mean 129analysis 128applications 130coefficient of variation 129confidence interval 129degrees of freedom 129distribution curves 128



2772

Statistics (continued)example, manufacturing 132–133normal distribution curves 128normal distributions 1319population mean 129relative error of the sample mean 129sample mean 128sample standard deviation 128standard deviation 1320Students distribution 131t-distribution 131

Stayed surfaces, flat 288Steel

alloycompositions of SAE 404–405general properties 424–429

Bessemer 410, 412carbon steel structure 465carburizing 411, 413, 484case hardening 484cast for gears 2242castings 1406

brinell hardness number 1407elongation 1407mechanical properties 1407tensile strength 1407yield point 1407

chromiumcompositions 418nickel austenitic 415, 418

classification 396, 401cobalt high-speed 896–897cobaltcrom 496color of heated 480coloring 1507columns, pipe 286–287corrosion-resisting 415–418Damascus 399deep-drawing 410elongation 391free-cutting 412, 414

stainless 415gearing, hardness 2243gearing, industrial 2243hardening 461, 470hardness 391

and tensile strength relationships 509of heat-treated 424–429

heat treatment 407–408, 461–470, 496–505

of high speed steel 496high-speed 438hypereutectoid 468hypoeutectoid 468induction hardening 487killed 410molybdenum

compositions 415, 418high-speed 446

molybdenumnickel chromium, SAE

compositions 415, 418nickel, SAE compositions 415

Steel (continued)SAE compositions 404–405

nitriding 485numbering systems for 398–400pipe

columns, allowable concentric loads 286–287

rimmed 410rivets 1730rolled sections, shape designations 2593SAE specification numbers 398, 400–401sheet, standard gage 2608–2609silicon-manganese, SAE

compositions 404–405stainless 406–407, 415, 418strength 432

and hardness data 424–429, 432of heat-treated 432

structural shapes 2593–2602subzero treatment 502–505taps 2016tensile strength 391tool 433–459tungsten

compositions 448high-speed 448twist drill 896–897

yield strength 391Steel rule dies 1379, 1381–1382

cutting edges 1380dimensions 1380heat treatment 1382

Steel wool 990Steel-threading screws

cast metals 1713, 1715depth of panetration 1715drill sizes 1715hole sizes 1715plastics 1713, 1715

Stellite alloy 1011Step bearings 2338, 2344–2347STI tapped holes 1613STI threaded hole data 1615–1616Stock, amount required for screw machine

production 1175Stoke 2698Straight

bevel gears 2125line 40line column formula 281pins 1751–1753

designation 1753materails 1753

Straight pipe threadsfree fitting mechanical joints 1960hose couplings 1960locknuts 1960mechanical joints 1960–1961

Straight splines, British Standard 2278Strain

lateral 200longitudinal 200ratio of 200



2773

Strain-hardening exponent 1333Strength

hollow vs. solid shafts 303of polygon connections 2283of screws and bolts 1535riveted joints 1730struts or columns 281–287tensile 200ultimate 200wire rope 2614–2621yield perforated metal 2607

Strength of materials 199angles, lengths of bent 2593beams 268–272

shock stresses in 279channels, elements of 2599, 2603columns 281–287

AISC formula 285AREA formula 281Euler formula for 282–285Gordon formula 281, 283Johnson formula for 282

combined stresses 211–214compression 201critical speeds of shafts 302curved beams 275cylinders 290–294definitions 199–200deflection of beams 256–267, 273Euler formula 282–285factors of safety 204ferrous metals 432flat plates 288–290heat-treated steels 424–429influence of temperature 394Izod impact 390, 424–429J. B. Johnson column formula 282–285keyways in shafts 301linear deflection in shafts 298mechanical properties 199–200metals, properties of 394modulus of elasticity 200modulus of shear 200moment of inertia 234–243

built-up sections 233perforated metals 2607pipe columns 286–287plates, shells, and cylinders 288–294polar

moment of inertia 244–245, 250–255section modulus 244–245, 250–255

rails 277Rankine, column formula 281, 283rings, stresses and deflections 219–220section moduli tables 234–255shafts 295–303

American Standard design code 301brittle material formula for 301

shaftscritical speeds of 302effect of keyways on strength of 301horsepower transmitted by 295–298torsional strength of 295–297

Strength of materials (continued)shear 199, 201shells, spherical 291–293shocks, stresses produced by 279simple stresses 209–210springs, shock stresses in 279steels 432straight-line column formula 281stress 152, 199

areas of screw threads 1536concentration factors

grooved shaft in torsion 208shaft with transverse hole in

bending 208relieving 408working 204

struts or columns 281–287taper pins, strength of 220temperature effects 395tensile stress 199torsional strength of shafting 295–297tubes 293–294working stresses 204Young’s modulus 200

Stress 152alternating 202–203area of thread 1528, 1930combined 211–214concentration factors 205–208

grooved shaft in torsion 208shaft with transverse hole in bending 208

contact, in cams 2305–2306cyclic 201disc springs 354in beams 209–214, 256–279in bolts when tightening 1523, 1531–1533in involute splines 2268in loaded ring 219–220in shafting 299–301in splines

allowable contact stress 2174allowable shear 2268

in springs 279, 315–316produced by shocks 279relieving 408shear 210

in beams 211–214simple 209–210spline teeth compressive 2269strain curves 199–200superposition of 211three-dimensional, or triaxial 215–217true 1332units and conversion of 2686–2688working, of various materials 204

Stress-strain 1332curve 1333nominal 1332true 1332

Stress-strain relationship 1332Stretch-draw forming 1361Stribeck curve 2421



2774

Structural shapesaluminum 2603steel 2593–2602

angles, properties of 2600–2602channels, properties of 2599I- or S-shapes, properties of 2598standard designations 2593strength 432wide flange, properties of 2594–2597

Structure of carbon steel 468Stub Acme screw threads 1921, 1932–1939

alternative 1939, 1942ANSI Standard 1932–1942basic dimensions 1922designations 1939formula for determining diameters 1939limiting dimensions 1923shear area 1923stress area 1923thread data 1942thread form 1921, 1939wire sizes for checking 200429- and 60-degree 2059, 2064

Stub screw machine reamers 859Stub tooth gearing 2132, 2137

Fellows 2137former American Standard 2132, 2137outside and root diameters 2131, 2138

Stub’s iron and steel wire gage 2605Studs

British 1626, 1637drive 1757

Studs and pinsdesignation 1757hole sizes 1757material 1757standard sizes 1757

Subtractingdecimal fractions 10fractions 9matrices 122

Subzero treatment of steel 502–505carburized parts 504

Superhard tool materials (CBN) 1012, 1038, 1217, 1234, 1243

Superplastic forming 1365–1366Surface

coatings for metals 1508–1515finish and hardness of bearings 2321grinding 1261–1267

advantages 1261common faults and causes 1266–1267principal systems 1262–1264process data for 1265selection of grinding wheels for 1216–

1227, 1261, 1264–1265wheel recommendations 1264–1265

of revolution, area 67roughness

measurements 740produced by common production

methods 738–739produced by laser cutting 1493

Surface (continued)relationship to tolerances 738, 740

speeds, diameters and rpmCNC spindle 1288cutting speeds formula 1015–1020, 2039grinding wheels 1248, 1250pulleys and sheaves 1015, 1017–1020,

2039Surface finish standards, list of ISO 748Surface finish text height 747Surface parameter symbols, ISO 748Surface plates 708–715

calibration 711autocollimator 713interferometer 714repeat-o-meter 712

granite properties 709materials and grades 708

Surface texture 734applying symbols 741castings 744comparing measured values to specified

limits 750control and production 733cutoff for roughness measurements 740definition of terms 733, 735drawing practices for symbols 740–742error of form 733finish 1201

differences between ISO and ANSI 747flaws 733graphical centerline. 735instruments of measurements 739lay 733, 744

symbols 744–745measurement 738

area averaging methods 740instruments 739

non-contact 739probe microscope 739skidded instruments 740skidless instruments 739

profile 735measured 735modified 735nominal 735real 735total 735variation 2255, 2261

root mean square 738roughness 733

average (Ra) 737, 743evaluation length 737parameters 737production method 739profile 735sampling length 736

roughnessspacing 735topography 736

roughness average (Ra) 737roughness sampling length 743sampling length 736



2775

Surface texture (continued)spatial resolution 736standard roughness sampling lengths 743symbols 613, 740–742, 744

lay 744–745material removal 741proportions of 741

system height resolution 736topography 736

measured 736modified 736

traversing length 736use of symbols 741valley 736waviness 734, 736

evaluation length 736, 738height 738, 744long-wavelength cutoff 736parameters 738profile 736sampling length 736short-wavelength cutoff 736spacing 736topography 736

Surveyor's measure 2661SUS (Saybolt Universal Seconds) 2425Swing frame grinding 1268Swiss pattern files 989Symbols

abbreviations 2652, 2654–2655ANSI Y14.5M 611–612applying surface texture 741arc and gas welding 1476–1484arrow 1476basic weld 1476bearing

ball bearings 2365, 2367cylindrical roller bearings 2368needle bearings 2370roller bearings 2365self alignment roller bearings 2368tapered roller bearings 2369thrust ball bearings 2368thrust tapered roller bearings 2369

between, ANSI 612brazing 1431–1432buttress threads 1946cams and cam design 2285chemical elements 371concentricity, ANSI 612, 1326contour and finish 1477controlled radius, ANSI 612diameter, ANSI 612, 1325diamond wheel marking 1240–1243dimensions 1477drawing practices for surface texture 740–

742gagemakers tolerance 661geometric characteristic 612geometric controls

forms 613locations 613orientation 613

Symbols (continued)profiles 613runout 613straightness 613

Greek 2652grinding wheel markings 1218–1219hole basis 652involute splines 2255–2256, 2263lines for drawings 610mechanics 2655metric module involute splines 2273nondestructive testing 1485–1486parallelism, ANSI 612, 1326perpendicularity, ANSI 612, 1327reference line 1476roundness, ANSI 612, 1325runout, ANSI 612, 1327screw thread, for tap marking 908section lining

aluminum 611bronze 611cast and malleable iron 611earth 611insulation 611magnesium 611materials 611rock 611sand 611steel 611white metal 611

shaft basis 652standard geometric section lining 611statical tolerance, ANSI 612surface profile, ANSI 612, 1325surface texture 741–742, 744tolerances 650total runout, ANSI 612, 1327welding 1476, 1486

Synchronous belts(see Belts and pulleys: synchronous belts)

Synthetic oils 2429System of measurement

absolute 150gravitational 150

Système International d’Unites (SI)in mechanics calculations 149–153units of 2656–2659

TTangent 95Tangential force 2174Tanks

contents at given level 68–69, 78cylindrical, capacity in gallons 68–69quenching bath 476–477

Tantung alloy 1011Tap drill selection

(See Tapping and tap drilling: tap drills)Taper

American (ANSI) Standard 948–960applications of standard 959



2776

Taper (continued)British Standard 948Brown & Sharpe 948, 957–958collets 969–971for given angle 684gages for self-holding 956Jacobs 961Jarno 948, 959machine tool spindle 948, 959measurement methods 681measuring with

V-block and sine bar 681method of dimensioning 681milling machine spindles, arbors and

spindle noses 962–966Morse 948–959

stub taper shanks 948per foot and corresponding angles 683pin reamers 865, 1755pins 1753, 1756

designation 1754diameter 1754drilling spefications 1754drills for 1753, 1756hole sizes 1753materials 1753small ends 1754strength 220

reamersBrown & Sharpe 864Morse 863

rules for figuring 684self-holding and self-releasing 948–956steep machine 955, 960

Taper pipe threads 1956–1958angle of thread 1959basic dimensions 1957external 1959form 1956internal 1959lead 1959pitch diameter formula 1956railing joint 1960taper 1956taps 940thread length 1956tolerances on taper 1959

Tapped holes 1613Taps 912–917

blank number 926cut thread 936D or DU limits 911definitions 912–917dimensionsdimensions

cut thread 917, 919–920, 924–925extension taps 924fine pitch taps 925fractional size 922ground thread 917, 919–922, 924–925machine screw 922metric size taps 923neck and shortened thread length 921

Taps (continued)screw thread inserts 922–923straight pipe 927–928taper pipe 927–928tolerances 920

fractional sizes 930, 937ground thread 906, 911, 941–942ground thread limits 930, 933–934limits and tolerances 910–911locational tolerance 929M profile thread limits 930machine screw sizes 926, 933, 941marking 906metric

sizes 926, 930, 934thread 911thread in inches 942

number of flutes 926oversize 907pulley 906runout tolerance 929screw thread insert 1625spiral point 926straight flutes 926straight pipe 939styles 904tap thread H- and L-limits 906taper pipe 940terms 912thread forms 904thread limits 909thread tolerances 909tolerances

straight pipe 929taper pipe 929

types of 904undersize 907UNS thread 906

Taps and tapping 2015–2040automatic screw machine 1171clearance holes

ISO metric bolts and screws 2034CNC machine 2038cold form tapping 2035–2037coolant 2039cutting oils 1186cutting speeds 1060–1069, 1071–1073,

1171, 2017hole size before tapping 2031–2032

Unified miniature thread 2021–2032length of engagement and tolerances 2031lubrication 1186methods of tapping 2015nitriding of 2016numerically controlled 2038pipe

power for driving 2038tap drills for 2037

pipe threadsdrill sizes 2037power required 2038

pitch increased to compensate for shrinkage 2059



2777

Taps and tapping (continued)rake angles for various materials 2017removing a broken tap 2037serial taps and close tolerances 2016speeds 2016–2017spiral

fluted 2016pointed 2015

square threads 944, 947steel 2016surface treatment of 2016tap drills

Acme threads 944American National threads 2029

machine screws 2030diameter of tap drill 2020ISO metric threads 2033

coarse pitch 2033cold form 2037

pipeBriggs (NPT) 2037Whitworth 2037

Unified thread systemcold form 2036miniature 2032

tapping specific materials 2017alloy steel 2018aluminium 2019carbon steel 2017copper alloys 2020free cutting steel 2019gray cast iron 2019high temperature alloys 2019high tensile strength steels 2018malleable cast iron 2019nodular cast iron 2019stainless steel 2018titanium and titanium alloys 2019

tapsAcme 944

drill hole size 944–945, 947adjustable 944markings

standard 908square thread 944thread series designations 908

tolerances on minor diameter 2030–2031Unified thread form 1806

Taylor tool life equation 1022, 1103–1104, 1106, 1134–1136, 1149, 1156

T-bolts and T-slots, ANSI Standard 1726–1727

Tebi 2658Teflon (TFE) bearings 2361Temper designations, aluminum alloy 531–

542Temperature

absolute 2695boiling points, various substances 372changes in length due to 378critical, heat treating of steel 462, 465, 469effect on working stresses, of springs 314–

315

Temperature (continued)effects on drawing dimensions 613effects on oil 2426, 2430fahrenheit and celsius 2695ignition 376influence on strength of metals 395judging by color, steel 480of carbon dioxide, solid 632of freezing mixtures 376of ignition, various materials 376of lead bath alloys 481of nitrogen, solid 632required to develop tightening stress in

bolt 1526, 1528Tempering 407–467, 479–480

double 482in oil 481in salt baths 481in sand 482lead bath temperatures 481steel 408, 481temperature 480

carbon steel tools 480Tensile

modulus (See Modulus of: elasticity)strength 200, 202–203

aluminum alloys 391, 534–542ceramics 389cobalt alloys 392copper alloys 391, 515–527

copper-beryllium alloys 529copper-silicon alloys 528copper-zinc-tin alloys 528Everdur 528

magnesium alloys 547nickel alloys 392, 548–549nonferrous metals 513spring wire 395stainless steel 392, 430–431steel 391, 422–431

heat-treated 424–429high-strength, low-alloy 421relation to hardness 509

titanium alloys 550wood 386

strength, alloy steel 1408strength, carbon steel 1408strength, steel 1407stress 199, 202test 203

Test Instrument (TI) 729Therm 2690, 2693Thermal

conductance 374conductance units conversion 2694conductivity 374

aluminum 376cast iron 377ceramics 389copper alloys 376nickel alloys 377stainless steels 377titanium alloys 377



2778

Thermal (continued)cracking of cutting tools 1187energy 2695expansion coefficients 375, 378stresses 378

plastics 578Thermometer scales 2695Thicknesses, preferred

metal products 2610uncoated metals and alloys 2608

Thin flat plate 228Thin spherical shell

radius of gyration 231Thread cutting, CNC 1302–1305Thread locking 2584Threading cam, screw machine 1170, 1174

cutting speeds, threading dies 1170Threads and threading 1806, 1857, 1878,

1882, 1889, 1892, 1899–1942Acme thread 1921–1944

pitch diameter allowance 1923, 1928aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1901Aero-thread 1986allowance and tolerance 1951American microscope objective

(AMO) 1982–1985American National form 1806angle, wire method of testing 2002ANSI Standard

Acme thread 1921–1939buttress thread 1946–1952form or profile 1806M profile thread 1878–1899

allowances 1883–1886basic profile 1808, 1883coarse pitch 1882–1883coated threads 1886, 1888crest and root form 1879–1884data 1881design profile, M series 1879, 1882–

1883designations 1899external thread design 1884external thread root 1884fine pitch 1884lengths of engagement 1885–1890limiting dimensions 1893, 1920limits and fits 1882limits of size 1888major diameter tolerances 1890minor diameter tolerances 1889, 1899pitch diameter tolerances 1890profile data 1881profile series 1882

ANSI Standardsymbols 1880thread series 1880, 1884tolerance grades 1883–1888

MJ profile thread 1899–1902Unified thread system 1813–1864

allowances 1817–1843basic dimensions 1844, 1853coarse thread series 1816–1844

Threads and threading (continued)coated 1857definitions 1808–1812design profile 1814designations 1856–1857dimensions 1817–1843external and internal thread

forms 1806, 1860fine and extra fine series 1816–1849hole sizes for tapping 1857internal and external profile 1814limits 1817–1843, 1854miniature screw thread 1858–1862miniature, design dimensions 1860pitch diameter tolerances 1856standard series, tables of 1817–1843thread classes 1845–1849thread form, data and formulas 1806,

1813–1816thread series 1814uniform 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 20-, 28-, and

32-pitch series 1816–1853Briggs pipe thread 1986British Standard

buttress threads 1945ISO metric 1901, 1919ISO profile 1910pipe 1965–1967RMS thread 1982UNJ profile 1863Whitworth 1953–1955

casing thread 1986change gears for lathe 2042

for fractional output 2043modifying the quick change gearbox

output 2043changing pitch slightly 2060chasing, cutting speeds for 1060–1073checking by three-wire method,

tables 1997, 2002classes of tolerance 1845–1928, 1946CNC 1302–1305

cutting calculations 1302lathes, cutting threads 1302long hand threading 1304multi-start threads 1305thread milling 1292threading commands 1304threading operations 1304

Cordeaux thread 1987crest diameter tolerance 1915cutting 2040

square 944cutting, change gears 2042cutting, change gears

fractional ratios 2043Dardelet thread 1987definitions 1808–1812design and application data 1974design dimensions and tolerances 1860designation of Unified threads 1817–1857designation symbols for 908



2779

Threads and threading (continued)on taps, marks and symbols for

identifying 908deviation formulas 1914diameter pitch combinations 1816, 1901,

1919diameters of wires for measuring 1991dies, maximum pitches 2060dimensional effect of coating 1888drunken thread 1987dryseal pipe 1962Echols thread 1987electric socket and lamp base 1980electrical fixture threads 1980external thread tolerances 1893formulas for three-wire

measurement 1990–1991French thread 1987fundamental deviation 1885gages for screw threads 2007

classification 2007for unified screw threads 2007standard tolerances 2013

grinding 2053–2056centerless method 2057

Harvey grip thread 1987helix angle 1810, 1844–1853hole size for tapping 1857hose coupling 1971–1972indexable threading insert, CNC 1302instrument makers' 1980interference fit 1810, 1973–1978internal threads in pipe couplings 1960International Metric thread system 1807ISO metric 1808, 1901, 1919

design profile 1913designation 1913–1914fundamental deviation formulas 1914lengths of thread engagements 1913

lead angle 2062length of thread engagement 1810, 1913,

1915–1918limiting dimensions formula 1888limits

Class 1A and 1B 1818–1843Class 2A and 2B 1817–1843Class 3A and 3B 1817–1843

limits and tolerance 1915–1918Lloyd and Lloyd thread 1988lock nut pipe thread 1988Löwenherz 1945M profile limits of size 1892maximum material condition 1810measuring screw threads 1989–2014measuring screw threads

three wire method 1990–2007contact pressure 1993formulas 1994–1995, 1997, 1999,

2005–2006accuracy 2000

Whitworthbest wire sizes 1992–1993formulas 1995

Threads and threading (continued)metric screw threads

ANSI StandardM profile 1878–1899

allowance 1878comparison with inch threads 1878

MJ profile 1899–1902designations 1903diameter-pitch combinations 1900symbols 1903

British Standard ISO metric 1910–1919ISO metric 1808

British Standard 1910–1919miniature 1910trapezoidal 1903–1909

micrometers for measuring pitch diameters 1989

microscope objective thread 1981milling 2058–2059

changing pitch of thread slightly 2059classes of work 2059multiple cutter method 2058planetary method 2059single cutter method 2058–2059

miniatureISO metric 1910Unified 1858–1862

minor diameter tolerances 1857modified square thread, 10-degree 1944molded in 593multiple, designation 1857multi-start threads, CNC 1305National standard form or profile 1806Philadelphia carriage bolt thread 1988pipe

ANSI Standard 1956–1965dryseal 1962–1965taper 1956–1958

pitch 1811pitch diameter 1811pitch, changing slightly 2060pitch, maximum when die cut 2059pressure tight joints 1960rolled lamp base threads 1980SAE standard screw thread 1988saw-tooth 1945screw thread, definition 1812self-forming screws 1701–1704, 1709self-tapping screws 1704Sellers screw thread 1988sharp V-type thread 1806single point threading, CNC 1302spark plug threads 1979square thread 1944

ten-degree modified 1944stress area 1528, 1536, 1812, 1930

Acme thread 1923, 1927Unified fine thread 1844

stub Acme screw threads 1921, 1932–1939stub thread, 60-degree 1942tap drill sizes 2021–2029taper, measurement by wire method 2006thread calculations 1302



2780

Threads and threading (continued)thread cutting, CNC 1302thread forms 1806thread grinding

accuracy obtainable 2053from the solid 2055multi-ribbed wheels 2054number of wheel passes 2054–2055ribbed wheel for fine pitches 2055roughing and finishing wheels 2054single edge wheel 2053wheels 2053

and work rotation 2055grain size 2057hardness of grade 2056speeds 2056truing 2056types for 2053

work speeds 2056thread milling, CNC 1292thread rolling 2048–2052

advantages of process 2051automatic screw machines 2050blank diameter 2049dies, cylindrical 2048dies, flat 2048in automatic screw machines 2050machines used 2050precision thread rolling 2049production rates 2048speeds and feeds 2051steels 2049

thread selection 1856tolerance system 1885, 1911tolerances

grade dimensions 1892of external threads 1890of pitch diameter 1890

toolsrelief angles, single-point 2040–2041

tools for square threads 944trapezoidal metric thread 1903, 1905, 1909

formulas 1904US Standard 1806watch 1858–1862Whitworth 1983

truncated 1983, 1985wire sizes for checking pitch

diameters 1991–1992Three-dimensional stress 215–217Three-wire measurement

gears 2221–2239screw threads 1990–2007

Thrust bearing (see Bearings: thrust)Thumb screws

dimensions 1798flat-head type 1795, 1798–1799lengths 1798materials 1795points 1799

cone point 1799cup point 1799dog point 1799

Thumb screws (continued)flat point 1799oval point 1799

threads 1799types 1795

TI (Test Instrument) 729Tin lead, plating 1510Tin plating 1515Tin-base alloys, die casting 1417Tin-lead alloys for soldering 1424Titanium and titanium alloys

coefficient of expansion 377density 377melting points 377properties 548, 550specific heat 377speeds and feeds 1037, 1073, 1181thermal conductivity 377Titanium Metals Corp. 550

Titanium carbides as cutting tool materials 1010

T-nuts, ANSI Standard 1728Toggle joint 172Tolerances 784, 1911

ANSI Standard 635application of tolerances 629bilateral and unilateral 628symbols 612, 650

ANSI symbols 1324–1327ball and roller bearing 2374–2384British Standard 663British Standard ISO threads 1911buttress threads 1946–1947, 1950clearance fit 649compression spring 328–331core drill, metric 893cut thread 937cylindrical fits 628designation of limits and fits 649dimensions on drawings 628drilled holes 896extension spring 328–331fundamental deviations 663gagemakers 661gages, direction of tolerances on 629gear, composite tooth to tooth 2169gear, composite total 2169grades relative to machining

processes 637, 662hole basis 649honing 1274interference fit 649involute splines, inch 2252involute splines, metric 2273, 2276ISO metric threads 1911

crest diameter tolerance 1915finished uncoated threads 1915, 1918tolerance classes 1912tolerance grades 1912tolerance positions 1912–1913tolerances classes 1912

keys and keyways 2475knurling 995



2781

Tolerances (continued)limits and fits 663machine screw taps 931–932nut threads 1911obtainable by various operations 635, 637,

662preferred series of 635relationship to surface roughness 738, 740screw thread inserts 941–942shaft basis 649symbols 612, 1324–1327tapped holes 2030taps 904, 931–932, 937thread gage 2010torsion springs 337–344transition fits 649twist drill, metric 893Unified screw tap threads 932, 937Unified thread gages 2013unilateral and bilateral 628

Tolerancing and dimensions 2463Tolerancing and geometric dimensioning 613Ton

long and short 2683metric 2683

Toolchange schedule 1153–1154compensation, NC 782–784contour, cutting tools 757cost per batch 1154cost per edge 1155cost, cutting 1154forming 796–807grade, cutting 1058grinding, angles 757–763holders 766–772

letter symbols 768indexable inserts 764–772, 782–784, 791knurling 991–995life 1013, 1133, 1141, 1153

adjusting 1034–1035, 1039, 1042, 1058adjusting factors

drilling 1058end milling 1058face milling 1058reaming 1058

colding relation 1136cutting speed 1146drilling 1145economic 1149economy 1149envelope 1138factors for turning

lifecarbides 1034CBN 1034ceramics 1034cermets 1034polycrystalline diamond 1034

feed speed 1146global optimization 1150grinding 1145milling 1145

Tool (continued)optimization models 1149optimum 1151surface finish 1143Taylor’s equation 1134–1136turning 1145

materials 785–795, 1008–1012nose radius compensation, NC 782–784shanks, ANSI Standard for milling

machines 964sharpening

carbide tools 1000grinding wheels for 1000–1003twist drills 997–1000

single-point 757, 899–900steels 433–459

air hardening 453alloying elements effects 437–438applications 443chemical compositions 441chromium types 449classification of 438cold work 452–453cutting speed for 1030, 1048–1049, 1065decarburization limits 459dimensional tolerances 459faults and failures, common 436–440grindability of 436, 1228–1232hardening 435hardness 436high-carbon, high-chromium 452high-speed 446hot work 449, 451machinability 435machining allowances 459mechanical properties 433mill production forms 458–459mold 453, 455molybdenum types 446, 451numbering system 398, 400oil hardening 453properties of 433–436shock resisting 453, 455special purpose 453–457speeds drilling, reaming, and

threading 1065speeds, milling 1048–1049speeds, turning 1030tolerances on dimensions 459toughness 436, 441tungsten types 448water hardening 457–458wear resistance 436

trouble-shooting checklist 1014wear 996–998, 1132

Tooling cost equivalent 1154Tooling cost time 1154Tooth rest position

milling cutter grinding 843reamer grinding 847

Torches, metal cutting 1462



2782

Torque 149calculating, for tightening bolts 171capacity

formulas involute spline 2266spline fittings 2281

clamping force 1529coefficient 1530–1531electric motor 2567, 2574pull-up 2566relationship to angular acceleration 180starting, small bearings 2399tension relation 1532tightening, for bolts 1521–1533torsion springs 331, 333unit conversion 2689

Torque test 1618Torque test spacer 1624Torsion

and bending of shafts, combined formulas 209, 215, 299–301

deflection of shafts, formula 297–298formulas for shafts 295–297modulus 209, 344–346springs, design 337strength of shafts 295–297

Toruspolar moment of inertia 247volume 87

Total indicator reading, NC 1317Toughness

HSLA steels 421tool steels 441

Transfer die 1379Transmission chains 2537

cast roller chains 2537detachable chains 2537nonstandard 2537pintle chains 2537roller chain sprockets 2540

caliper diameter 2544classes 2542diameters 2542–2543flange thickness 2545manufacture 2557materials 2557proportions 2546

roller chains 2537, 2539attachments 2541bar steel sprockets 2546bent link plate 2541bore and hub diameters 2552bottom diameter 2544center distances and chain links 2552

roller chainscutters for sprockets 2557cutting sprocket tooth forms 2556design procedure 2560dimensions 2539drive ratings 2558hob design 2555horsepower ratings 2547–2560idler sprockets 2553installation and alignment 2559

Transmission chains (continued)keys, keyways and set-screws 2542length of driving chain 2553lubrication 2559multiple strand cast sprockets 2546nomenclature 2538nonstandard 2537numbering system 2540parts 2538pin dimensions 2541pitch 2540selection 2547single strand cast sprockets 2546straight link plate 2541tolerances 2540, 2544tooth form 2554tooth section profile dimension 2545types 2537ultimate tensile strength 2540

types 2537Transmission shafting design 299–301Transpose of a matrix 123Trap rock, strength 394Trapezium area 72Trapezoid

area 71center of gravity 222moment of inertia 236radius of gyration 236section modulus 236

Trapezoidal screw threads 1903–1909data 1905–1909formulas 1904

Trepanning 1080, 1498Tresca shear theory (plastics) 577Triangle

acute 71, 95, 101–102area 71center of gravity 221equilateral 95geometry of 56isosceles 95moment of inertia 236obtuse 71, 95, 101–102radius of gyration 236right-angle 71, 95, 98–100section modulus 236solution 95–102

oblique angle 101–102right angle 98–100

Triaxial stress 215–217Tribology, see lubrication 2420Trigonometric

formulas 96–97functions

of angles 95–114signs of 96using calculator to find 110

identities 96–97tables 106–109

Trochoid curve 2128Troostite 479



2783

Trouble-shootingbroaching 985drilling 1064machining difficulties 1014–1015reaming 852tools 437–440

Troy weight for gold and silver 2683True stress-strain 1332Truing and dressing grinding wheels 1235–

1239T-section


T-slots and T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1726–1727T-slot cutters, standard 812

Tubecollapsing pressure 293–294gages 2604maximum allowable pressures 294strength of 293–294subjected to external pressure

factor of safety 294thickness and working pressure 293–294wall thickness gages 2593, 2604

Tube spinning 1363Tungsten

carbide tools grinding 1000–1002carbide tools materials 1009electrodes, welding 1453–1458powdered alloys

density 393elongation 393hardness 393rupture strength 393ultimate strength 393yield strength 393

steels 448compositions 442, 448high-speed, heat-treatment of 496tool steels 448

Turner's sclerometer 509Turning

and facing, insert holder 770–772cutting speeds for

copper alloys 1036ferrous cast metals 1032–1033hard-to-machine materials 1038light metals 1037plain carbon and alloy steels 1026–1029stainless steels 1031

cutting speeds forsuperalloys 1038titanium and titanium alloys 1037tool steels 1030unusual materials 1081

cutting time for 1081insert holder 770–772speed adjustment factors

depth of cut 1034feed 1034lead angle 1034

Turning (continued)speeds and feeds 1025–1039, 1171

Twist drill 866, 870–896equivalent of gage or letter size 868–872grinding (sharpening) 997–999length of point on 889parallel shank jobber 894parallel shank long series 895tolerances, metric 893types 866

Type metal 544

UU.S.

Board of Supervising Inspectors 288Dept. of Commerce, formula for pressure in

tubes 293gallons into liters 2681standard screw threads 1806standard sheet metal gage 2608

UK gallons to liters 2678, 2681Ultimate strength

common materials 394compressive 201copper-base powdered alloys 393iron and steel 432iron-base powdered alloys 393nonferrous metals 513plastics 562shear 201tungsten-base powdered alloys 393

Ultrasonic fluxless soldering 1426Uncoated metals and alloys, preferred

thicknesses, metric 2608Undercut, in spur gearing 2146Unified numbering system for metals

(See UNS number)Unified thread system

cold form tap drill sizes 2036screw thread form 1806–1808, 1812–1864

British UNJ 1863diameter-pitch combinations 1816hole sizes for tapping 1857, 2021–2028miniature screw thread 1858–1862standard series 1814, 1817–1843

coarse thread 1844constant pitch 1846–1853extra-fine thread 1845–1846fine thread 1844–1845

thread classes 1854–1856screw thread form

thread designation 1856–1857thread formulas 1815

threaded fastenersbolts, screws, and nuts 1538–1580, 1626,

1643, 1666, 1676–1678, 1680–1682, 1684–1687, 1690, 1693, 1701, 1716, 1794, 1799

tensile stress area 1528–1529, 1536tensile stress due to tightening 1524

Uniform motion 175



2784

Unit systemscgs 150, 2656MKS 150, 2656MKSA (m-kg-s-A) 2656SI metric 2656, 2658–2659US customary 2660

Unit under test (UUT) 720Units of measure and conversion factors

angular and circular 2662Apothecaries’ fluid 2679area 2675barrel 2679dry 2679electric wires 2675energy 2693flow 2682fluid 2678–2679force 2688heat 2690inertia and momentum 2699length 2661mass and weight 2683

Apothecaries’ weight 2683Avoirdupois or commercial 2683Troy weight 2683

miscellaneous 2699nautical 2661power 2690, 2693pressure and stress 2686shipping 2678surveyors 2661temperature 2695thermal conductance 2694velocity and acceleration 2698viscosity 2698volume 2678–2679work 2693

Universal joints 2445angular velocity of driven shaft 2445intermediate shaft 2446maximum and minimum velocities 2445

UNS number 398copper alloys 515–527copper and copper alloys 514number 402–403plain carbon, alloy and tool steel 398, 400,

404–405series of different metal 398stainless steel 398, 406

Upsetting, steel for cold 410UUT (Unit under test) 720

VV.I. (Viscosity Index) 2426Vacuum furnace brazing 1431Van Keuren gear measuring tables 2221–2234Vanadium, gearing material 2243Variable speed belts (see Belts and pulleys:

variable speed belts)Varnish, pattern 1413V-belts (see Belts and pulleys: V-belts)

V-block 686, 688–692Vector and scalar quantities 153Vee-block 686, 688–692Velocity 149, 175–178

angular 175, 177rpm to radian per second conversion 177

converting to rpm 1015–1020linear 175

of points on rotating bodies 177unit conversion 2698

Vernier scaledual metric-inch 676–677reading 675reading a metric 676reading on a protractor 675

Versed sine and versed cosine 110V-flange tool shanks and retention knobs 967–

968Vickers hardness 506Viscosity

absolute 2425conversion table for lubricating oils 2698index (V.I.) 2426kinematic 2425lubrication 2425temperature chart for SAE oils 2324unit conversion 2698

Vitrified bonded wheels 1000–1001, 1217coolants for 1185thread grinding 2053

Volumebarrel 87cone 84cube 82cylinder 83

hollow 84portion of 83–84

ellipsoid 85frustum of cone 84geometrical figures 82–87measures 2678of solids 82–87paraboloid 86paraboloidal segment 87prism 82prismoidal formula 66pyramid 82

frustum of 83solid of revolution 66specific gravity 380–382sphere 85sphere

hollow 86spherical

sector 85segment 85wedge 86zone 86

square prism 82torus 87units and conversion of 2678, 2682wedge 83

V-process, casting 1410



2785

V-shaped groove, checking by pins 686V-thread 1806Vulcanized fiber, strength 394

WWahl spring curvature correction factor 314Washburn & Moen wire gage 2605Washers

ANSI, lock 1565ANSI, plain 1562–1567, 1604, 1607Belleville or disc spring 344, 350British Standard metric 1640–1642

metric spring 1638–1640designations 1641metric 1604, 1607

designations 1607materials 1607

preferred sizes 1562–1565spring lock type 1566–1569tooth lock type 1566–1569

Watch screw threads 1858–1862Water contamination of oil 2440Watt equivalent 2690Waviness 733

height values 738Wax in oil 2427Wear life factor involute spline 2268Wear resistance cutting tool 996–997Wedge 169

center of gravity 226mechanical principle of 169spherical, volume 86volume 83

Weight 151air 381, 384angles, structural steel 2600–2602avoirdupois or commercial 2683castings, from pattern weight 1414channels, structural 2599, 2603earth 384earth or soil 384hollow shafts 303I-beams 2594–2598metric measures 2683mol 384molecular 384nails and spikes 1800of natural piles 382per feet of wood 386specific gravity 380–382steel S-sections 2598troy, for gold and silver 2683water 380wide flange, steel 2594–2597wood 386–387

Weldability, HSLA steels 421Welding 1433–1486, 1495

aluminum 1460ANSI welding symbols 1476–1486

application of 1480–1484nondestructive testing 1485–1486

Welding (continued)arc cutting of metals 1463basic symbols 1476–1477codes, rules, regulations,

specifications 1478controls 1437current ranges diameter, sheet metal 1451current selection 1456cutting

metals with electric arc 1463metals with oxidizing flame 1462with lasers 1491

definitions and symbols 1476–1484designations 1479dies 1485dimensions 1477electrode 1433–1434, 1438, 1456–1458

AWS E60XX 1450AWS E70XX 1452carbon steels 1434characteristics 1451composition 1456current ranges 1456diameters 1451sizes 1434stainless steels 1434thoriated 1457zirconiated 1457

electron beam welding 1468FCAW (flux-cored arc) 1442–1449

all position electrodes 1445–1446alloy steeels 1442carbon steels 1442, 1444contact tip recess 1445deposition rates 1447–1449electrodes 1442–1443, 1448

diameter 1447gas shielded 1442, 1444material condition 1443porosity and worm tracks 1445selection 1443settings 1443shielding gases 1449stainless steeels 1442weld requirements 1443

fill passes 1471, 1474–1475filler metals 1458fluxes 1433gas shielded, all position 1442GMAW (gas metal arc)

electrode diameters 1434metal thickness 1439–1440optimum settings 1441shielding gases 1435, 1437

alloy steels 1435aluminum 1437carbon steels 1435stainless steels 1436

spray transfer 1439–1441welding sheet steel 1435

GTAW (gas tungsten arc) 1453–1458aluminum 1457current 1453



2786

Welding (continued)EWP electrode 1457filler metals 1458selecting tungsten electrode 1456–1458shielding gases 1458

hard-facing 1464laser

cutting 1491–1495welding 1495

letter designations for processes 1479materials used in welding 1476nondestructive testing 1485–1486PAW (plasma arc) 1458

applications 1459cutting 1461–1462equipment 1459fusion 1460gases for 1458of aluminum 1460surface coating 1461–1462surfacing 1461

pipe welding 1469plasma arc welding

gases 1458shielding gases 1459

argon 1459helium 1459hydrogen 1459

plastics 595process letter designation 1479process names 1433shielding gas 1458SMAW (shielded metal arc) 1449–1452

characteristic of electrodes 1449specifications 1478supplementary symbols 1477–1478symbol 1477

arrow side 1482bead type back 1481bevel groove 1480built up surface 1481electron beam 1480, 1484fillet 1480–1481intermittent fillet 1482letter designations 1478melt thru weld 1484plug groove 1480process 1478

symbolresistance-seam 1480single pass back 1481square groove 1480U- groove 1483V-groove 1482

tungsten electrode compositions 1456Weldon shanks

dimensions of 816–826end mills 816–817, 819

Wheel life in grinding(See Grinding: wheel life)

Wheelsabrasive cutting 976–978and pulleys in mechanics 170–171

Wheels (continued)buffing 1504diamond 1000–1002, 1240–1246

dressing 1235–1238Geneva 171grinding 1216–1239

diamond 1240–1246mechanical principles of 170polishing 1501, 1504silicon carbide 1000–1001

White cast iron 1404White metal bearing alloys 2357–2358Whitworth

bolts, screws, nuts, washers, and studs 1626–1629, 1666–1667, 1679, 1700

screw thread form 1806, 1953–1955, 1965–1966, 1981–1985, 1987–1988

drills for pipe taps 2037measuring 1992–1993, 1995–1996, 1998

truncated thread 1983wire size for measuring threads 1992

Wide-flange shapes, steel 2594–2597moment of inertia 2594–2597radius of gyration 2594–2597section modulus 2594–2597weight per foot 2594–2597

Wind chill temperature 2700Wind velocity to pressure 2700Windlass 170–171Wing nuts and screws

nutsdimensions 1791–1794finish 1795materials 1795standard 1791–1794types 1791

screws 1791–1799dimensions 1795lengths 1798materials 1795points 1799

cone point 1799cup point 1799dog point 1799flat point 1799oval point 1799

threads 1799screws

types 1795Wire

checking screw threads 1990Acme threads 1995, 2004buttress threads 2006contact pressure 1993formulas for large lead angles 1993–

2004taper screws 2005

circular mill measurement 2675copper 2606diameters, raised to powers 347EDM 1393, 1402music 347, 2604



2787

Wire (continued)nails and spikes 1800preferred thicknesses 2609rod gages 2604rope 2613sheet metal gages 2608–2610size for checking gears 2221

for external spur gears 2221for helical gears 2235for internal gears 2230for spur and helical gears 2230

spring, tensile strength 395tubing, wall thickness gages 2604wire gages 2604

Wire ropebreaking strengths 2614classes 2614–2618construction 2613definitions of terms 2613–2614factors of safety 2619–2620installation 2620plow steel, strength of 2616–2621properties 2614safe loads for 2619–2620simplified practice recommendations 2618sizes 2616–2621specification 2614strength 2616–2621weight 2616–2621

Woodbearings 2362bonding 2580boring 388compression perpendicular to grain 385compression strength 386crushing strength 385–386density 387dimensions of sawn lumber 387hardmetal tooling for 795ignition temperatures 376machinability 387maximum bending load 386mechanical properties of 386

effect of pressure treatment 386mechanical property 385modulus of rupture 385–386mortising 388patterns 1412planing 388sanding 388screws 1801shaping 388shear strength 386shear strength parallel to grain 386tensile strength 386tooling for wood and nonmetals 795

Woodruff keys and keyseatsANSI 2477

cutters 832key 2481

dimensions 2478–2479number 2481

keyseat

Woodruff keys and keyseats (continued)dimensions 2480–2481hub 2481milling cutter 2481shaft 2481

Woodruff keys and keyways 2469designation 2470materials 2470tolerances 2470

Woodruff keys dimensions 2470Woodruff keyways dimensions 2471Woodworking cutters 795Work 149, 182

formulas 182formulas for work and power 186maximum load in bending

wood 385relation to energy 182sheet metal forming 1342units conversion 2693

Working stress 200, 204, 212at elevated temperature 315factors of saftey 204of bolts 1535shafts 301springs 301, 315–316

Worm gearing 2191–2194addendum 2191ANSI Standard, fine-pitch 2191–2193effect on profile and pressure angle

of cutting diameter 2193of production method 2193

fine-pitch 2191–2194formulas for dimensions 2191hobs for 2191lead angles 2191material 2193, 2245number of threads or “starts” 2194

multi-thread worms 2194single-thread worms 2194

outside diameter 2191pitch diameters, range 2192pitches, standard 2191pressure angles 2191proportions 2191ratio of teeth to thread starts 2194tooth form of worm and wormgear 2193

Worm wheel, indexing movements 2119Wrapped spring clutches 2450Wrench

clearancesfor box wrenches, metric 1561for hex wrenches 1557, 1559for open end wrenches 1556for spacing of bolts 1555

openings, ANSI Standard 1556torque

cap screws 1522steel bolts 1522studs 1522

Wrinkling, sheet metal 1353Wrought

copper alloys 519–527



2788

Wrought (continued)copper-beryllium 529

ironstrength 432temperature effect on 394thickness gage for sheet 2608–2609

YYield point 200

for various materials 200heat-treated steels 424–429iron and steel 432plastics 562steel 1407

Yield strength 200aluminum alloys 391, 534–542carbon steel 1408cobalt alloys 392compressive 201copper alloys 391, 515–527

Cu-base powdered alloys 393Cu-beryllium alloys 529Cu-silicon alloys 528Everdur 528

iron-base powdered alloys 393magnesium alloys 547nickel alloys 392, 548–549nonferrous metals 513perforated metal 2607plastics 562shear 201spring wire 395stainless steel 392, 430–431steel 391, 422–431

high-strength, low-alloy 421titanium alloys 550tungsten-base powdered alloys 393

Young’s modulus (see Modulus of: elasticity)

ZZero, absolute 2695Zerol bevel gears 2125, 2178Zinc plating 1515Zinc-base alloys, die casting 1416ZNP curve 2421Z-section



additional indexes page index of standards 2789 •index of...

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