addressing climate change issue: from policy & … 5 2006-the stern review concludes that...

ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUE: FROM POLICY & GOVERNANCE

PERSPECTIVES

MINISTRY OF ENERGY, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE DIVISION

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• CLIMATE CHANGE: A BRIEF HISTORY

• POLICY & DEVELOPMENT PLANS

• GHG INVENTORY

• MITIGATION

• ADAPTATION

• WAY FORWARD

• ROLE OF INDUSTRIES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION

2

3

1990 - IPCC produces First Assessment Report. It concludes

that temperatures have risen by 0.3-0.6C over the last

century, that humanity's emissions are adding to the

atmosphere's natural complement of greenhouse gases, and

that the addition would be expected to result in warming.

1992 - At the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, governments

agree the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change. Its key objective is "stabilization of greenhouse gas

concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would

prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the

climate system". Developed countries agree to return their

emissions to 1990 levels.

1995 - IPCC Second Assessment Report concludes that the

balance of evidence suggests "a discernible human

influence" on the Earth's climate. This has been called the

first definitive statement that humans are responsible for climate

change.

CLIMATE CHANGE: A BRIEF HISTORY (1)

4

1997 - Kyoto Protocol agreed. Developed nations pledge to

reduce emissions by an average of 5% by the period 2008-

12, with wide variations on targets for individual countries. US

Senate immediately declares it will not ratify the treaty.

1998 - Strong El Nino conditions combine with global warming to

produce the warmest year on record. The average global

temperature reached 0.52C above the mean for the period

1961-90 (a commonly used baseline).

1999 - Human population reaches six billion.

2001 - the US exits from the Kyoto process.

2001 - IPCC Third Assessment Report finds "new and

stronger evidence" that humanity's emissions of greenhouse

gases are the main cause of the warming seen in the second

half of the 20th Century.


5

2006 - The Stern Review concludes that climate change

could damage global GDP by up to 20% if left unchecked

- but curbing it would cost about 1% of global GDP.

2006 - Carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning and

industry reach eight billion tonnes per year.

2007 - The IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report

concludes it is more than 90% likely that humanity's

emissions of greenhouse gases are responsible for

modern-day climate change.

2007 - The IPCC and former US vice-president Al Gore

receive the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to build up

and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made

climate change, and to lay the foundations for the

measures that are needed to counteract such change".


6

2008 - Half a century after beginning observations at

Mauna Loa, the Keeling project shows that CO2

concentrations have risen from 315 parts per million

(ppm) in 1958 to 380ppm in 2008.

2009 - China overtakes the US as the world's biggest

greenhouse gas emitter - although the US remains

well ahead on a per-capita basis.

2009 - 192 governments convene for the UN climate

summit in Copenhagen with expectations of a new

global agreement high; but they leave only with a

controversial political declaration, the Copenhagen

Accord.

2011 - A new analysis of the Earth's temperature

record by scientists proves the planet's land surface

really has warmed over the last century. Human

population reaches seven billion.


MALAYSIA: MAJOR MILESTONE IN CLIMATE CHANGE

13 July

1994

Ratified

UNFCCC

September

2002

Ratified Kyoto

Protocol

2010

National Policy

On Climate

Change launched

November 2015

INDC submitted

to the UNFCCC

16 November

2016

Ratified Paris

Agreement

7

POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT PLANS

8

KEY POLICY

Development on a sustainable path;

Conservation of environment and natural resources;

Coordinated implementation;

Effective participation; and

Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.

9

5

4

1

3

2

5 Policy principles

NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY

POLICY STATEMENTEnsure climate-resilient development to fulfil

national aspirations for sustainability

MALAYSIA DEVELOPMENT PLANS

10

“Thrust 4, pursuing green growth for sustainability

and resilience”

“Chapter 6, building an environment that

enhances quality of life”

“Pillar V, efforts to mitigate climate change will be intensified through reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions from the key GHG emitting sectors and increasing resilience of the nation against

climate change impacts and natural disasters”

CLIMATE ACTIONS PERFORMANCE UNDER 11TH MP

11

Thrust 4, pursuing green growth for

sustainability and resilience

• Existing financing mechanisms were strengthened tosupport the uptake of green initiatives

• Implementation of government green procurement (GGP) initiative to stimulate the growth of the green market.

• Installed capacity of renewable energy has increased

• Malaysian Carbon Reduction and EnvironmentalSustainability Tool was adopted to encourageconstruction of green buildings

ACHIEVEMENTS

• Establishment of the national disaster managementagency has also strengthened disaster riskmanagement

• Greater use of renewable energy (RE)• Optimise demand side management (DSM) for energy• Encourage low-carbon mobility• Promote construction of green buildings• Adoption of SCP concept in expanding green market• Improve waste management

NEW PRIORITIES AND EMPHASES, 2018-2020 FOR CLIMATE CHANGE UNDER 11TH MP MID TERM REVIEW

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Pillar V : Enhancing

Environmental Sustainability through Green

Growth

Strategy C1: Intensifying Climate Change Mitigation

• Enhancing adaptation measures

Strategy C2: Augmenting Climate Change Adaptation

• Enhancing integration of disaster risk reduction• Enhancing disaster preparedness• Increasing capacity in disaster response

Strategy C3: Strengthening Disaster Risk Management

OTHER POTENTIAL APPROACHES IN 11th MP NEW PRIORITY AREAS TO INDUCE CLIMATE ACTIONS

Creating a enabler / fundamental platform to encourage low carbon regional development.

PILLAR III: PURSUING BALANCED REGIONAL

DEVELOPMENT

Incorporating low carbon and energy efficiency technology application in skilled workers training modules (focus group could be expanded to those who will join the industry).

PILLAR IV: EMPOWERING HUMAN

CAPITAL

Inducing low carbon and energy efficiency technology innovation and application in line with the agenda to accelerate innovation and technology adoption among local firms, especially SMEs.

PILLAR VI: STRENGTHENING

ECONOMIC GROWTH

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RECOMMENDED APPROACHPOLICY PILLARS

GHG INVENTORY

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GHG Inventory (2014)

Level Assessment (%)

SECTOR

EMISSIONS/ REMOVALS

FOR 2014

(Gg CO2eq)

PERCENT EMISSIONS

Energy 253,517 80 %

Industrial Processes 20,258 6 %

Agriculture 10,851 4 %

LULUCF(Emissions) 3,317 1 %

Waste 28,217 9 %

Total emissions 317,627 100 %

Total sink -267,148

Net total

(after subtracting

sink)

50,479

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Figure 2.8 Emissions Time Series from 1990 to 2014

Source: NC-3, 2018

ENERGY71%

WASTE10%

LULUCF9%

IPPU5%

AGRICULTURE5%

35% (unconditional)

INTENSITY 2005(BASELINE)

INTENSITY 2030(TARGET)

MALAYSIA’S COMMITMENT UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT THROUGH NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC)

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45%

10% (conditional)

With support in term of:

• Climate finance

• Technology transfer

• Capacity building

“Malaysia intends to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 relative to the emissions intensity of GDP in 2005.

This consist of 35% on an unconditional basis and a further 10% is condition upon receipt of climate finance, technology transfer and capacity

building from developed countries.”

EMISSIONS INTENSITY IN 2005 : 288,663.11 Gg CO2 eq

MITIGATION

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Energy

RE as Fuel Mix

Energy Efficiency in Industry, Commercial & Residential Sectors

• National RE Policy & Action Plan

• National Energy Efficiency Action Plan

Transport

Energy Efficiency in Transport

Modal Shift to Public Transport in Urban Areas

• National Transport Master Plan

• National Automotive Policy

• Biodiesel Policy

LULUCF Sustainable Forest Management

• National Forestry Policy

• National Biodiversity Policy

• National Commodity Policy

Agriculture

Waste

Mitigation Related Policies And Plans

Good agriculture practices

Agriculture productivity

Optimum use of fertilisers

Recycling

Methane Capture in POME

• National Agrofood Policy

• National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management

Sectors Interventions Policies & Plans

Additional Policies/ Actions to achieve NDC

a. The adoption of the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) -

catalyst for the efficient use of energy in the country

b. The initiation of Large Scale Solar (LSS) - leveraging on Malaysia leading

role as one of solar PV manufacturer

c. A renewed focus on the waste sector - source of renewable energy and

recoverable materials.

d. Implementation of the REDD Plus Strategy – transformation of the forestry

sector to natural capital

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ADAPTATION

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OBSERVED AND PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE IN MALAYSIA

ParameterObserved

(1970 - 2000)Projected for 2030 Projected for 2050

Average Annual Temperature

Peninsular Malaysia 25.4 – 26.5 oC26.0 – 27.4 oC

(0.6 to 0.9 OC increase)

26.6 – 28.1 oC

(1.2 to 1.6 oC increase)

Sabah 24.3 – 26.1oC25.3 – 26.9 oC


25.7 – 27.4 oC

(1.3 to– 1.4 oC increase)

Sarawak 24.8 – 26.2 oC25.6 – 26.8 oC


26.4 – 27.5 oC

(1.3 to 1.6 oC increase)

Average Annual Rainfall

Peninsular Malaysia 1891 – 2691 mm1998 – 2663 mm

(1 to 6 % increase)

2068 – 2805 mm

(7 to 11 % increase)

Sabah 2264 – 3532 mm2338 – 3392 mm

(-4 to 6 % increase)

2284 – 3549 mm

(about 1 % increase)

Sarawak 3551 – 3907 mm3597 – 4144 mm

(1 to 6 % increase)

3574 – 4124 mm

(1 to 5 % increase)

Sea Level Rise (Observed Rate 1993-2010)

Peninsular Malaysia 2.73 - 6.45 mm/year

0.03 - 0.10 m

0.05 - 0.10 m

(West Coast)

0.03 - 0.07 m

(East Coast)

0.11 - 0.21 m

0.11 - 0.21 m

(West Coast)

0.11 - 0.15 m

(East Coast)

Sabah 5.06 - 7.00 mm/year 0.11 – 0.15 m 0.21 – 0.62 m

Sarawak 3.82 – 5.11 mm/year 0.04 – 0.12m 0.15 – 0.22 m

Source: NC-3 & BUR-2, 2018

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ADAPTATION INITIATIVES

Flood Mitigation

- Flood risk management

Water Security

- Ground water

- Dams & reservoir

Food Security/

Agriculture

- rice, rubber, oil palm, livestock

Coastal Protection

- Area with SLR risk

Public Health

- dengue, malaria, food & water

borne diseases

Biodiversity- Growth rates of

forest trees, mangrove forests

Source: Malaysia’s INDC to UNFCCC, 2015 and NC-3 & BUR-2, 2018

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Area Gaps Needs

Flood Lack of projected flood maps covering all the flood-prone

river basins

Establish comprehensive flood maps covering all flood-prone

river basins in Malaysia

Dry Spell Analysis of projected dry spells for vulnerability assessments

need to be based on seasonal rather than annual time scales,

and with higher spatial resolution

Develop seasonal projected dry spell maps that are suitable

for vulnerability assessments at the sub-basin and local

scales

Insufficient priority and detailed analysis of impacts of dry

spell on dams and reservoirs

Conduct studies on the impact of climate change on dams

for electricity generation and water supply

Sea Level Rise Insufficient coastal hydrodynamic simulation that

incorporates sea level rise impacts for vulnerable coastal

regions in Malaysia

Develop high resolution coastal inundation maps based on

coastal hydrodynamic simulation that incorporates sea level

rise in 20-year time intervals up to 2100, and carry out

detailed coastal erosion and sedimentation studies to plan

comprehensive adaptation measures

Integrated

hazards

Combined impacts of sea level rise, storm surges, abnormally

high tides and high rainfall which could lead to severe

flooding are not well understood

Develop models that integrate sea level rise, storm surges,

abnormally high tides and high rainfall for early warning and

assessment of future scenarios

Inadequate information on assets in vulnerable areas for

each sector

Develop a comprehensive asset database for each sector

Capacity

Building and

Awareness

Insufficient capacity to conduct impact assessments in all key

sectors

Develop the required capacity in each key sector for

Vulnerability &Adaptation analysis

Lack of awareness and understanding of the full chain of

implications of climate change impacts by key stakeholders

in all relevant sectors

i. Conduct detailed studies on the full chain impacts ofclimate change for all sectors;

ii. Conduct awareness and capacity building programmesto targeted stakeholders

Gaps & Needs In Addressing Climate Change Impacts

WAY FORWARD

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WAY FORWARD IN TERMS OF

POLICY & GOVERNANCE

• Climate Change Act – act to govern climate change

• Climate Change Center – entity to implement actions

• National Adaptation Plan – long term adaptation perspective

• National Mitigation Plan / Tracking NDC Implementation

– existing/future mitigation actions, tracking down NDC status

RECOMMENDED TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN MITIGATION APPROACH

• Energy efficient vehicle technology

TRANSPORTATION

• Energy efficient lighting and cooling• Soft technology – energy audit, rating & labelling

and energy management

BUILDINGS

• Energy efficient technologies – lighting and machineries.

IPPU

26Source: Malaysia BUR-2

CLIMATE ACTIONS IN CITIESSTRATEGIC APPROACHES CHALLENGES

Decarbonizing the electricity grid • Requires strategic directions from energy management policy owner.

• Requires systematic actions coordination between main players.

Optimizing energy efficiency in buildings

• Requires buy-in from facility owners and managers.

• Requires continuous efforts in term of technology application, efficiency monitoring and maintenance.

Enabling next-generation mobility • Requires mobility and land-use planning reinforcement.

• Requires uptake for next generation vehicles.

Improving waste management • Requires innovative models for waste management.

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ROLE OF INDUSTRIES IN

CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION

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ROLE OF INDUSTRIES: SDG

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Target 9.4 - by 2030 upgrade infrastructureand retrofit industries to make themsustainable, with increased resource useefficiency and greater adoption of clean andenvironmentally sound technologies andindustrial processes, all countries taking actionin accordance with their respective capabilities

Target 9.5 - Enhance scientific research,upgrade the technological capabilities ofindustrial sectors in all countries, in particulardeveloping countries, including, by 2030,encouraging innovation and substantiallyincreasing the number of research anddevelopment workers per 1 million people andpublic and private research and developmentspending

Climate Resilient Industry – use ofcleaner and resource-efficientproduction technologies and practices

Source: UNIDO: Promoting Climate Resilient Industry

Source: UN SDG

• HUGE role for industry to reduce (mitigate) GHG emissions – industryuse fossil fuels as its primary energy supply and consumption

• POTENTIAL of industry in mitigation – energy efficiency (EE) andrenewable energy (RE) measures (inter alia: wide-scale upgrading,replacement and deployment of best available technologies)

• Other POTENTIAL of industry – innovative approaches (inter alia:change of product design, processes, exchange of materials, energy,water and by-products)

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ROLE OF INDUSTRIES: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION

Source: UNIDO: Promoting Climate Resilient Industry

ROLE OF INDUSTRY IN CLIMATE CHANGE

Food for thoughts• The key factor – green investments (e.g: technology, infrastructure,

products, etc.)

Things to ponder• As the environmental and climate change awareness among stakeholders

are increasing, is it worth to invest in more energy efficienttechnologies?

• How will my product/service could compete with other ‘green products’in the market?

• How can I improve/enhance/upgrade my product/service to be moreenvironmental sustainable without compromising its performance andquality?

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THANK YOU

32

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