adjusting accounts and preparing financial...

Larson−Wild−Chiappetta: Fundamental Accounting Principles, Seventeenth Edition

3. Adjusting Accounts and Preparing Financial Statements

Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004

A Look BackChapter 2 explained the analysis andrecording of transactions.We showed howto apply and interpret company accounts,T-accounts, double-entry accounting,ledgers, postings, and trial balances.

A Look at This ChapterThis chapter explains the timing of reportsand the need to adjust accounts. Adjustingaccounts is important for recognizing rev-enues and expenses in the proper period.We describe the adjusted trial balanceand how it is used to prepare financialstatements.

A Look AheadChapter 4 highlights the completion of theaccounting cycle.We explain the importantfinal steps in the accounting process.Theseinclude closing procedures, the post-closingtrial balance, and reversing entries.

Adjusting Accounts andPreparing FinancialStatements

“Stay focused and keep doing what you believe in”—Melody Kulp (second from left; David Reinstein is on the far left)

3




Learning Objectives

CAP

Decision Feature

Conceptual

Explain the importance of periodicreporting and the time periodprinciple. (p. 94)

Explain accrual accounting and howit makes financial statements moreuseful. (p. 95)

Identify the types of adjustments andtheir purpose. (p. 97)

Analytical

Explain how accounting adjustmentslink to financial statements. (p. 104)

Compute profit margin and describeits use in analyzing companyperformance. (p. 108)

Procedural

Prepare and explain adjustingentries. (p. 97)

Explain and prepare an adjusted trialbalance. (p. 105)

Prepare financial statements from anadjusted trial balance. (p. 106)

C1

C2

C3

A1

A2

P1

P2

P3

Sparkling FinancialsEL SEGUNDO, CA—One afternoon 23-year-old

Melody Kulp was playing outside with the young

cousin of a friend when she placed yard-picked flow-

ers in the girl’s hair and thought how much prettier they looked

than headbands or hair clips.The next day, with some silk flowers

and Velcro she purchased, Kulp made similar hair accessories, called

them Sparkles, and began wearing them.

When a friend wore one to work at Fred Segal’s, the shop’s

buyer asked to meet with Kulp about putting together a

product line. Kulp quickly organized a business—dubbed Mellies

(Mellies.com)—and then converted a room in her

house into a minifactory.The rest is the stuff of Hollywood movies.

After only three years, Mellies is a $40 million accessories

company.With her 25-year-old partner David Reinstein, Melody Kulp

now manages 15 employees and plans to launch a cosmetics line.

The young entrepreneurs learned a lot in a hurry. She had to meet

creditors and bankers, set up a reliable accounting system, draw up

financial statements, and analyze and interpret financial data. It was at

times overwhelming, says Kulp, but “the key is to stay focused and

keep doing what you believe in.”

Kulp knows how important a timely and reliable accounting sys-

tem is for Mellies’ continued success. Historical and projected finan-

cial statements have enabled her company to obtain the necessary

financing to propel it to new heights.

This chapter focuses on the accounting system underlying finan-

cial statements. Says Kulp, “We’ve got the system set up where we

can look ahead, rather than live day to day.” That look ahead reveals

sparkling financials.

[Sources: Mellies Website, January 2004; Success Publishing, 2000; Entrepreneur,November 2000.]

10¿ � 10¿




Adjusting Accounts and Preparing Financial Statements

AdjustingAccounts

• Prepaid expenses• Unearned revenues• Accrued expenses• Accrued revenues• Adjusted trial balance

Preparing FinancialStatements

• Income statement• Statement of

owner’s equity• Balance sheet

Timing andReporting

• Accounting period• Accrual versus cash• Recognition of rev-

enues and expenses

Regular, or periodic, reporting is an important part of the accounting process. This sectiondescribes the impact on the accounting process of the point in time or the period of timethat a report refers to.

The Accounting PeriodThe value of information is often linked to its timeli-ness. Useful information must reach decision makersfrequently and promptly. To provide timely information,accounting systems prepare reports at regular intervals.This results in an accounting process impacted by thetime period (or periodicity) principle. The time periodprinciple assumes that an organization’s activities canbe divided into specific time periods such as a month,a three-month quarter, a six-month interval, or a year.Exhibit 3.1 shows various accounting, or reporting,

Chapter Preview

Financial statements reflect revenues when earned and ex-penses when incurred.This is known as accrual accounting.Accrual accounting requires several steps.We described manyof these steps in Chapter 2.We showed how companies useaccounting systems to collect information about externaltransactions and events.We also explained how journals,ledgers, and other tools are useful in preparing financial

statements.This chapter describes the accounting process forproducing useful information involving internal transactionsand events. An important part of this process is adjusting theaccount balances so that financial statements at the end of areporting period reflect the effects of all transactions.Wethen explain the important steps in preparing financialstatements.

Timing and Reporting

“Krispy Kreme announces earningsper share of . . .”

KRISPYKREME

Exhibit 3.1Accounting Periods

Explain the importance ofperiodic reporting and the

time period principle.

C1

Jan. Mar. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. TimeDec.

1

1 2 3 4

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Monthly

Quarterly

1 2Semiannual

1

Annual

Feb. Apr.




Chapter 3 Adjusting Accounts and Preparing Financial Statements 95

Explain accrual accountingand how it makes financial

statements more useful.

C2

Point: IBM’s revenues from services tocustomers are recorded when servicesare performed. Its revenues from prod-uct sales are recorded when productsare shipped.

periods. Most organizations use a year as their primary accounting period. Reports cover-ing a one-year period are known as annual financial statements. Many organizations alsoprepare interim financial statements covering one, three, or six months of activity.

The annual reporting period is not always a calendar year ending on December 31. Anorganization can adopt a fiscal year consisting of any 12 consecutive months. It is alsoacceptable to adopt an annual reporting period of 52 weeks. For example, Gap’s fiscalyear consistently ends the final week of January or the first week of February eachyear.

Companies with little seasonal variation in sales often choose the calendar year as theirfiscal year. For example, the financial statements of Marvel Enterprises reflect a fiscal yearthat ends on December 31. Companies experiencing seasonal variations in sales often choosea natural business year end, which is when sales activities are at their lowest level for theyear. The natural business year for retailers such as Wal-Mart, Dell, and FUBU usuallyends around January 31, after the holiday season.

Accrual Basis versus Cash BasisAfter external transactions and events are recorded for an accounting period, several ac-counts still need adjustments before their balances appear in financial statements. This needarises because internal transactions and events remain unrecorded. Accrual basis account-ing uses the adjusting process to recognize revenues when earned and to match expenseswith revenues.

Cash basis accounting recognizes revenues when cash is received and records expenseswhen cash is paid. This means that cash basis net income for a period is the differencebetween cash receipts and cash payments. Cash basis accounting is not consistent withgenerally accepted accounting principles.

It is commonly held that accrual accounting better reflects business performance than in-formation about cash receipts and payments. Accrual accounting also increases the compar-ability of financial statements from one period to another. Yet cash basis accounting is use-ful for several business decisions—which is the reason companies must report a statementof cash flows.

To see the difference between these two accounting systems, let’s consider FastForward’sPrepaid Insurance account. FastForward paid $2,400 for 24 months of insurance coveragebeginning on December 1, 2004. Accrual accounting requires that $100 of insuranceexpense be reported on December’s income statement. Another $1,200 of expense isreported in year 2005, and the remaining $1,100 is reported as expense in the first 11months of 2006. Exhibit 3.2 illustrates this allocation of insurance cost across these threeyears. The accrual basis balance sheet reports any unexpired premium as a Prepaid Insuranceasset.

A cash basis income statement for December 2004 reports insurance expense of $2,400,as shown in Exhibit 3.3. The cash basis income statements for years 2005 and 2006 report

Exhibit 3.2Accrual Basis Accounting for Allocating Prepaid Insurance to Expense

Transaction:Purchase24 months’insurancebeginningDecember 2004

Insurance Expense 2006

Jan$100

May$100

Sept$100

Feb$100

June$100

Oct$100

Mar$100

July$100

Nov$100

Apr$100

Aug$100

Dec$0


Jan$100

May$100

Sept$100

Feb$100

June$100

Oct$100

Mar$100

July$100

Nov$100

Apr$100

Aug$100

Dec$100


Jan$ 0

May$ 0

Sept$ 0

Feb$ 0

June$ 0

Oct$ 0

Mar$ 0

July$ 0

Nov$ 0

Apr$ 0

Aug$ 0

Dec$100

Topic Tackler 3-1




96 Chapter 3 Adjusting Accounts and Preparing Financial Statements


Jan$0

May$0

Sept$0

Feb$0

June$0

Oct$0

Mar$0

July$0

Nov$0

Apr$0

Aug$0

Dec$0


Jan$0

May$0

Sept$0

Feb$0

June$0

Oct$0

Mar$0

July$0

Nov$0

Apr$0

Aug$0

Dec$0


Jan$ 0

May$ 0

Sept$ 0

Feb$ 0

June$ 0

Oct$ 0

Mar$ 0

July$ 0

Nov$ 0

Apr$ 0

Aug$ 0

Dec$2,400

Transaction:Purchase24 months’insurancebeginningDecember 2004

Exhibit 3.3Cash Basis Accounting for Allocating Prepaid Insurance to Expense

1. Describe a company’s annual reporting period.

2. Why do companies prepare interim financial statements?

3. What two accounting principles most directly drive the adjusting process?

4. Is cash basis accounting consistent with the matching principle? Why or why not?

5. If your company pays a $4,800 premium on April 1, 2004, for two years’ insurance coverage,how much insurance expense is reported in 2005 using cash basis accounting?

Answers—p. 115

Point: Recording expense early over-states current-period expense andunderstates current-period income;recording it late understates current-period expense and overstates current-period income.

no insurance expense. The cash basis balance sheet never reports an insurance assetbecause it is immediately expensed. Note that reported income for 2004–2006 fails tomatch the cost of insurance with the insurance benefits received for those years andmonths.

Recognizing Revenues and ExpensesWe use the time period principle to divide acompany’s activities into specific time periods,but not all activities are complete when finan-cial statements are prepared. Thus, adjustmentsoften are required to get correct accountbalances.

We rely on two principles in the adjustingprocess: revenue recognition and matching.Chapter 1 explained that the revenue recogni-tion principle requires that revenue be recordedwhen earned, not before and not after. Mostcompanies earn revenue when they provide

services and products to customers. A major goal of the adjusting process is to have revenuerecognized (reported) in the time period when it is earned.

The matching principle aims to record expenses in the same accounting period as therevenues that are earned as a result of these expenses. This matching of expenses with therevenue benefits is a major part of the adjusting process.

Matching expenses with revenues often requires us to predict certain events. When weuse financial statements, we must understand that they require estimates and therefore in-clude measures that are not precise. Walt Disney’s annual report explains that its produc-tion costs from movies are matched to revenues based on a ratio of current revenues fromthe movie divided by its predicted total revenues.

Numbers Game Ascential Software, a software provider, recordedrevenue when products were passed to distributors. It admits now that therewere “errors in the way revenues had been recorded,” and its CEO is in jail.Centennial Technologies, a computers manufacturer, recognized revenuewhen it shipped products.What is not common is that Centennial’s CEOshipped products to the warehouses of friends and reported it as revenue.Risky or improper revenue recognition practices are often revealed by a largeincrease in the Accounts Receivable to Sales ratio.

Decision Insight

Quick Check

Point: Recording revenue early over-states current-period revenue andincome; recording it late understatescurrent-period revenue and income.





Adjusting AccountsThe process of adjusting accounts involves analyzing each account balance and the trans-actions and events that affect it to determine any needed adjustments. An adjusting entryis recorded to bring an asset or liability account balance to its proper amount. This entryalso updates a related expense or revenue account.

Framework for AdjustmentsAdjustments are necessary for transactions and events that extend over more than one pe-riod. It is helpful to group adjustments by the timing of cash receipt or cash payment in re-lation to the recognition of the related revenues or expenses. Exhibit 3.4 identifies four typesof adjustments.

Identify the types ofadjustments and their

purpose.

C3

Topic Tackler 3-2

Exhibit 3.4Types of Adjustments

Prepaid (Deferred)expenses*

Unearned (Deferred)revenues

Paid (or received) cash beforeexpense (or revenue) recognized

Paid (or received) cash afterexpense (or revenue) recognized

Accruedexpenses

Accruedrevenues

Adjustments

*Includes depreciation.

Point: Adjusting is a 3-step process:(1) Compute current account balance,(2) Compute what current accountbalance should be, and (3) Recordentry to get from step 1 to step 2.

The left side of this exhibit shows prepaid expenses (including depreciation) and unearnedrevenues, which reflect transactions when cash is paid or received before a related expenseor revenue is recognized. They are also called deferrals because the recognition of an ex-pense (or revenue) is deferred until after the related cash is paid (or received). The right sideof this exhibit shows accrued expenses and accrued revenues, which reflect transactionswhen cash is paid or received after a related expense or revenue is recognized. Adjustingentries are necessary for each of these so that revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities arecorrectly reported. It is helpful to remember that each adjusting entry affects one or moreincome statement accounts and one or more balance sheet accounts (but not the Cashaccount).

Prepaid (Deferred) ExpensesPrepaid expenses refer to items paid for in advance of receiving their benefits. Prepaidexpenses are assets. When these assets are used, their costs become expenses. Adjustingentries for prepaids increase expenses and decrease assets as shown in the T-accounts ofExhibit 3.5. Such adjustments reflecttransactions and events that use up prepaidexpenses (including passage of time). Toillustrate the accounting for prepaid ex-penses, this section focuses on prepaidinsurance, supplies, and depreciation.

Prepaid Insurance We illustrate prepaid insurance using FastForward’s payment of$2,400 for 24 months of insurance benefits beginning on December 1, 2004. With the pas-sage of time, the benefits of the insurance gradually expire and a portion of the Prepaid

Prepare and explainadjusting entries.P1

Asset

Unadjustedbalance

Creditadjustment

Expense

Debitadjustment

Exhibit 3.5Adjusting for Prepaid Expenses





Insurance asset becomes expense. For instance, one month’s insurance coverage expires byDecember 31, 2004. This expense is $100, or 1�24 of $2,400. The adjusting entry to recordthis expense and reduce the asset, along with T-account postings, follows:

Adjustment (a)

Dec. 31 Insurance Expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Prepaid Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

To record first month’s expired insurance.

Dec. 31 100


Dec. 6 2,400

Balance 2,300

Dec. 31 100

Prepaid Insurance 128

Assets � Liabilities � Equity�100 �100

After adjusting and posting, the $100 balance in Insurance Expense and the $2,300 balancein Prepaid Insurance are ready for reporting in financial statements. Not making the adjust-ment on or before December 31 would (1) understate expenses by $100 and overstate net in-come by $100 for the December income statement and (2) overstate both prepaid insurance(assets) and equity (because of net income) by $100 in the December 31 balance sheet. Itis also evident from Exhibit 3.2 that 2005’s adjustments must transfer a total of $1,200 fromPrepaid Insurance to Insurance Expense, and 2006’s adjustments must transfer the remaining$1,100 to Insurance Expense.

Supplies Supplies are a prepaid expense often requiring adjustment. To illustrate,FastForward purchased $9,720 of supplies in December and used some of them. When fi-nancial statements are prepared at December 31, the cost of supplies used during Decembermust be recognized. When FastForward computes (takes inventory of) its remaining unusedsupplies at December 31, it finds $8,670 of supplies remaining of the $9,720 total supplies.The $1,050 difference between these two amounts is December’s supplies expense. Theadjusting entry to record this expense and reduce the Supplies asset account, along with T-account postings, follows:

Point: Many companies record adjust-ing entries only at the end of each yearbecause of the time and cost necessary.

Point: Source documents provide in-formation for most daily transactions,and in many businesses the recordkeep-ers record them. Adjustments requiremore knowledge and are usually han-dled by senior accounting professionals.

Point: An alternative method torecord prepaids is to initially debit ex-pense for the total amount. Appendix3A discusses this alternative.The ad-justed financial statement information isidentical under either method.

The balance of the Supplies account is $8,670 after posting—equaling the cost of theremaining supplies. Not making the adjustment on or before December 31 would (1) un-derstate expenses by $1,050 and overstate net income by $1,050 for the December incomestatement and (2) overstate both supplies and equity (because of net income) by $1,050 inthe December 31 balance sheet.

Other Prepaid Expenses Other prepaid expenses, such as Prepaid Rent, are ac-counted for exactly as Insurance and Supplies are. We should also note that some prepaid

Assets � Liabilities � Equity�1,050 �1,050

Adjustment (b)

Dec. 31 Supplies Expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,050

Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,050

To record supplies used.

Dec. 2 2,500

6 7,100

26 120

Balance 8,670

Dec. 31 1,050

Supplies 126

Dec. 31 1,050

Supplies Expense 652





expenses are both paid for and fully used up within a single accounting period. One ex-ample is when a company pays monthly rent on the first day of each month. This pay-ment creates a prepaid expense on the first day of each month that fully expires by the endof the month. In these special cases, we canrecord the cash paid with a debit to an expenseaccount instead of an asset account. This prac-tice is described more completely later in thechapter.

Depreciation A special category of pre-paid expenses is plant assets, which refers tolong-term tangible assets used to produce andsell products and services. Plant assets are ex-pected to provide benefits for more than oneperiod. Examples of plant assets are buildings, machines, vehicles, and fixtures. All plantassets, with a general exception for land, eventually wear out or decline in usefulness. Thecosts of these assets are deferred but are gradually reported as expenses in the income state-ment over the assets’ useful lives (benefit periods). Depreciation is the process of allocat-ing the costs of these assets over their expected useful lives. Depreciation expense is recordedwith an adjusting entry similar to that for other prepaid expenses.

To illustrate, recall that FastForward purchased equipment for $26,000 in early Decemberto use in earning revenue. This equipment’s cost must be depreciated. The equipment is ex-pected to have a useful life (benefit period) of four years and to be worth about $8,000 atthe end of four years. This means the net cost of this equipment over its useful life is $18,000($26,000 � $8,000). We can use any of several methods to allocate this $18,000 net cost toexpense. FastForward uses a method called straight-line depreciation, which allocates equalamounts of an asset’s net cost to depreciation during its useful life. Dividing the $18,000net cost by the 48 months in the asset’s useful life gives a monthly cost of $375 ($18,000�48).The adjusting entry to record monthly depreciation expense, along with T-account postings,follows:

Point: Depreciation does notnecessarily measure the decline inmarket value.

Point: An asset’s expected value atthe end of its useful life is called salvagevalue.

Investor A small publishing company signs a well-known athlete to write a book.The company pays the athlete $500,000 to sign plus futurebook royalties. A note to the company’s financial statements says that “prepaidexpenses include $500,000 in author signing fees to be matched againstfuture expected sales.” Is this accounting for the signing bonus acceptable?How does it affect your analysis?

Decision Maker

Answer—p. 114

After posting the adjustment, the Equipment account ($26,000) less its AccumulatedDepreciation ($375) account equals the $25,625 net cost of the 47 remaining months in thebenefit period. The $375 balance in the Depreciation Expense account is reported in theDecember income statement. Not making the adjustment at December 31 would (1) under-state expenses by $375 and overstate net income by $375 for the December income statementand (2) overstate both assets and equity (because of income) by $375 in the December 31balance sheet.

The accumulated depreciation is kept in a separate contra account. A contra account isan account linked with another account, it has an opposite normal balance, and it is reportedas a subtraction from that other account’s balance. For instance, FastForward’s contra ac-count of Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment is subtracted from the Equipment accountin the balance sheet (see Exhibit 3.7).

Adjustment (c)

Dec. 31 Depreciation Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment. . . . . 375

To record monthly equipment depreciation.

Dec. 31 375

Depreciation 612Expense—Equipment

Dec. 3 26,000

Equipment 167

Dec. 31 375

Accumulated 168Depreciation—Equipment


Point: The cost principle requires anasset to be initially recorded at acquisi-tion cost. Depreciation causes the as-set’s book value (cost less accumulateddepreciation) to decline over time.





A contra account allows balance sheet read-ers to know both the full costs of assets andthe total amount of depreciation. By knowingboth these amounts, decision makers can bet-ter assess a company’s capacity and its need toreplace assets. For example, FastForward’s bal-ance sheet shows both the $26,000 original costof equipment and the $375 balance in the ac-cumulated depreciation contra account. This in-

formation reveals that the equipment is close to new. If FastForward reports equipment onlyat its net amount of $25,625, users cannot assess the equipment’s age or its need for re-placement. The title of the contra account, Accumulated Depreciation, indicates that this ac-count includes total depreciation expense for all prior periods for which the asset was used.To illustrate, the Equipment and the Accumulated Depreciation accounts appear as in Exhibit3.6 on February 28, 2005, after three months of adjusting entries.

Entrepreneur You are preparing an offer to purchase a family-run restaurant.The depreciation schedule for the restaurant’s building andequipment shows costs of $175,000 and accumulated depreciation of$155,000.This leaves a net for building and equipment of $20,000. Is thisinformation useful in helping you decide on a purchase offer?

Decision Maker

Answer—p. 115

Accumulated 168Depreciation—Equipment

Dec. 31 375

Jan. 31 375

Feb. 28 375

Balance 1,125

Dec. 3 26,000

Equipment 167Exhibit 3.6Accounts after Three Months ofDepreciation Adjustments

Point: The net cost of equipment isalso called the depreciable basis.

Assets

Cash $

Equipment $26,000

Less accumulated depreciation 1,125 24,875

Total Assets $

....

Commonly titledEquipment, net

Exhibit 3.7Equipment and AccumulatedDepreciation on February 28Balance Sheet

Point: To defer is to postpone.Wepostpone reporting amounts receivedas revenues until they are earned.

The $1,125 balance in the accumulated depreciation account is subtracted from its re-lated $26,000 asset cost. The difference ($24,875) between these two balances is the costof the asset that has not yet been depreciated. This difference is called the book value,or net amount, which equals the asset’s costs less its accumulated depreciation. These ac-count balances are reported in the assets section of the February 28 balance sheet inExhibit 3.7.

Unearned (Deferred) RevenuesThe term unearned revenues refers to cash received in advance of providing products andservices. Unearned revenues, also called deferred revenues, are liabilities. When cash is

accepted, an obligation to provide productsor services is accepted. As products orservices are provided, the unearned rev-enues become earned revenues. Adjustingentries for unearned revenues involve in-creasing revenues and decreasing unearnedrevenues, as shown in Exhibit 3.8.

An example of unearned revenues isfrom The New York Times Company, which reports unexpired (unearned) subscriptionsof more than $60 million: “Proceeds from . . . subscriptions are deferred at the time of saleand are recognized in earnings on a pro rata basis over the terms of the subscriptions.”

LiabilityUnadjustedbalance

RevenueCreditadjustment

Debitadjustment

Exhibit 3.8Adjusting for Unearned Revenues





Unearned revenues are more than 10% of the current liabilities for the Times. Another ex-ample comes from the Boston Celtics. When the Celtics receive cash from advance ticketsales and broadcast fees, they record it in an unearned revenue account called Deferred GameRevenues. The Celtics recognize this unearned revenue with adjusting entries on a game-by-game basis. Since the NBA regular season begins in October and ends in April, revenuerecognition is mainly limited to this period. For a recent season, the Celtics’ quarterly rev-enues were $0 million for July–September; $34 million for October–December; $48 mil-lion for January–March; and $17 million for April–June.

FastForward has unearned revenues. It agreed on December 26 to provide consulting ser-vices to a client for a fixed fee of $3,000 for 60 days. On that same day, this client paid the60-day fee in advance, covering the period December 27 to February 24. The entry to recordthe cash received in advance is

Dec. 26 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000

Unearned Consulting Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000

Received advance payment for services over the next 60 days.


This advance payment increases cash and creates an obligation to do consulting work overthe next 60 days. As time passes, FastForward will earn this payment through consulting.By December 31, it has provided five days’ service and earned 5�60 of the $3,000 unearnedrevenue. This amounts to $250 ($3,000 � 5�60). The revenue recognition principle impliesthat $250 of unearned revenue must be reported as revenue on the December incomestatement. The adjusting entry to reduce the liability account and recognize earned revenue,along with T-account postings, follows:

Adjustment (d)

Dec. 31 Unearned Consulting Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Consulting Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

To record earned revenue that was received in advance ($3,000 5 60).��

Dec. 5 4,200

12 1,600

31 250

Balance 6,050

Consulting Revenue 403

Dec. 31 250 Dec. 26 3,000

Balance 2,750

Unearned Consulting Revenue 236


The adjusting entry transfers $250 from unearned revenue (a liability account) to a revenueaccount. Not making the adjustment (1) understates revenue and net income by $250 in theDecember income statement and (2) overstates unearned revenue and understates equity by$250 on the December 31 balance sheet.

Accrued ExpensesAccrued expenses refer to costs that are incurred in a period but are both unpaid and un-recorded. Accrued expenses must be re-ported on the income statement of the pe-riod when incurred. Adjusting entries forrecording accrued expenses involves in-creasing expenses and increasing liabilitiesas shown in Exhibit 3.9. This adjustment

Expense LiabilityCreditadjustment

Debitadjustment

Exhibit 3.9Adjusting for Accrued Expenses





recognizes expenses incurred in a period but not yet paid. Common examples of accruedexpenses are salaries, interest, rent, and taxes. We use salaries and interest to show how toadjust accounts for accrued expenses.

Accrued Salaries Expense FastForward’s employee earns $70 per day, or $350 fora five-day workweek beginning on Monday and ending on Friday. This employee is paidevery two weeks on Friday. On December 12 and 26, the wages are paid, recorded in thejournal, and posted to the ledger. The calendar in Exhibit 3.10 shows three working daysafter the December 26 payday (29, 30, and 31). This means the employee has earned threedays’ salary by the close of business on Wednesday, December 31, yet this salary cost is notpaid or recorded.

The financial statements would be incomplete if FastForward fails to report the added ex-pense and liability to the employee for unpaid salary from December 29–31. The adjustingentry to account for accrued salaries, along with T-account postings, follows:

Exhibit 3.10Salary Accrual and Paydays

Point: Assume: (1) the last paydayfor the year is December 19, (2) thenext payday is January 2, and (3)December 25 is a paid holiday. Recordthe December 31 adjusting entry.Answer: We must accrue pay for eightworking days (8 � $70):Salaries Expense . . . 560

Salaries Payable . . . . 560

Adjustment (e)

Dec. 31 Salaries Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Salaries Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

To record three days’ accrued salary (3 $70).�

Dec. 12 700

26 700

31 210

Balance 1,610

Salaries Expense 622

Dec. 31 210

Salaries Payable 209


Point: An employer records salariesexpense and a vacation pay liabilitywhen employees earn vacation pay.

Salaries expense of $1,610 is reported on the December income statement and $210 ofsalaries payable (liability) is reported in the balance sheet. Not making the adjustment (1)understates salaries expense and overstates net income by $210 in the December incomestatement and (2) understates salaries payable (liabilities) and overstates equity by $210 onthe December 31 balance sheet.

Accrued Interest Expense Companies commonly have accrued interest expense onnotes payable and other long-term liabilities at the end of a period. Interest expense isincurred with the passage of time. Unless interest is paid on the last day of an accountingperiod, we need to adjust for interest expense incurred but not yet paid. This means we must

JANUARY

S

4

11

18

25

M

5

12

19

26

T

6

13

20

27

W

7

14

21

28

T

8

15

1

22

29

F

9

16

2

23

30

S

Payday

Payperiodbegins

Salary expense incurred

10

17

3

24

31

DECEMBER

S

25

M

26

T

27

W

7

21

T

8

15

1

22

29

F

9

16

2

23

30

S

10

17

3

24

31

4 5 6

11 12 13

14 18 19 20

28

Payday

Point: Accrued expenses are alsocalled accrued liabilities.





accrue interest cost from the most recent payment date up to the end of the period. The for-mula for computing accrued interest is:

Principal amount owed � Annual interest rate � Fraction of year since last payment date.

To illustrate, if a company has a $6,000 loan from a bank at 6% annual interest, then 30 days’accrued interest expense is $30—computed as $6,000 � 0.06 � 30�360. The adjusting entrywould be to debit Interest Expense for $30 and credit Interest Payable for $30.

Future Payment of Accrued Expenses Adjusting entries for accrued expensesforetell cash transactions in future periods. Specifically, accrued expenses at the end of oneaccounting period result in cash payments in a future period(s). To illustrate, recall thatFastForward recorded accrued salaries of $210. On January 9, the first payday of the nextperiod, the following entry settles the accrued liability (salaries payable) and records salariesexpense for seven days of work in January:

Point: Accrued revenues are alsocalled accrued assets.

The $210 debit reflects the payment of the liability for the three days’ salary accrued onDecember 31. The $490 debit records the salary for January’s first seven working days (in-cluding the New Year’s Day holiday) as an expense of the new accounting period. The $700credit records the total amount of cash paid to the employee.

Accrued RevenuesThe term accrued revenues refers to revenues earned in a period that are both unrecordedand not yet received in cash (or other assets). An example is a technician who bills cus-tomers only when the job is done. If one-third of a job is complete by the end of a period,then the technician must record one-third of the expected billing as revenue in that period—even though there is no billing or collection. The adjusting entries for accrued revenues in-crease assets and increase revenues asshown in Exhibit 3.11. Accrued revenuescommonly arise from services, products,interest, and rent. We use service fees andinterest to show how to adjust for accruedrevenues.

Accrued Services Revenue Accrued revenues are not recorded until adjusting en-tries are made at the end of the accounting period. These accrued revenues are earned butunrecorded because either the buyer has not yet paid for them or the seller has not yet billedthe buyer. FastForward provides an example. In the second week of December, it agreed toprovide 30 days of consulting services to a local sports club for a fixed fee of $2,700. Theterms of the initial agreement call for FastForward to provide services from December 12,2004, through January 10, 2005, or 30 days of service. The club agrees to pay FastForward$2,700 on January 10, 2005, when the service period is complete. At December 31, 2004,20 days of services have already been provided. Since the contracted services are not yetentirely provided, FastForward has neither billed the club nor recorded the services alreadyprovided. Still, FastForward has earned two-thirds of the 30-day fee, or $1,800 ($2,700 �20�30). The revenue recognition principle implies that it must report the $1,800 on the Decemberincome statement. The balance sheet also must report that the club owes FastForward $1,800.

Asset RevenueCreditadjustment

Debitadjustment

Exhibit 3.11Adjusting for Accrued Revenues

Jan. 9 Salaries Payable (3 days at $70 per day) . . . . . . . . 210

Salaries Expense (7 days at $70 per day) . . . . . . . 490

Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

Paid two weeks’ salary including three days accrued in December.

Assets � Liabilities � Equity�700 �210 �490

Point: Interest computations assume a360-day year.





Adjustment (f )

Dec. 31 Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,800

Consulting Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,800

To record 20 days’ accrued revenue.

Dec. 12 1,900

31 1,800

Balance 1,800

Dec. 22 1,900

Accounts Receivable 106

Dec. 5 4,200

12 1,600

31 250

31 1,800

Balance 7,850



Jan. 10 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700

Accounts Receivable (20 days at $90 per day) 1,800

Consulting Revenue (10 days at $90 per day) 900

Received cash for the accrued asset and recorded earned consulting revenue.

Assets � Liabilities � Equity�2,700 �900�1,800

Explain how accountingadjustments link to

financial statements.

A1Links to Financial StatementsThe process of adjusting accounts is intended to bring an asset or liability account balanceto its correct amount. It also updates a related expense or revenue account. These adjust-ments are necessary for transactions and events that extend over more than one period.(Adjusting entries are posted like any other entry.)

Exhibit 3.12 summarizes the four types of transactions requiring adjustment.Understanding this exhibit is important to understanding the adjusting process and its

The year-end adjusting entry to account for accrued services revenue is

Example: What is the adjusting entryif the 30-day consulting period began onDecember 22? Answer: One-third of thefee is earned:Accounts Receivable . . . 900

Consulting Revenue . . . 900

Accounts receivable are reported on the balance sheet at $1,800, and the $7,850 of con-sulting revenue is reported on the income statement. Not making the adjustment wouldunderstate (1) both consulting revenue and net income by $1,800 in the December incomestatement and (2) both accounts receivable (assets) and equity by $1,800 on the December31 balance sheet.

Accrued Interest Revenue In additionto the accrued interest expense we described ear-lier, interest can yield an accrued revenue whena debtor owes money (or other assets) to a com-pany. If a company is holding notes or accountsreceivable that produce interest revenue, wemust adjust the accounts to record any earnedand yet uncollected interest revenue. The ad-justing entry is similar to the one for accruingservices revenue. Specifically, we debit InterestReceivable (asset) and credit Interest Revenue.

Future Receipt of Accrued Revenues Accrued revenues at the end of one ac-counting period result in cash receipts in a future period(s). To illustrate, recall thatFastForward made an adjusting entry for $1,800 to record 20 days’ accrued revenue earnedfrom its consulting contract. When FastForward receives $2,700 cash on January 10 for theentire contract amount, it makes the following entry to remove the accrued asset (accountsreceivable) and recognize the revenue earned in January. The $2,700 debit reflects the cashreceived. The $1,800 credit reflects the removal of the receivable, and the $900 credit recordsthe revenue earned in January.

Loan Officer The owner of an electronics store applies for abusiness loan.The store’s financial statements reveal large increases incurrent-year revenues and income. Analysis shows that these increases aredue to a promotion that let consumers buy now and pay nothing untilJanuary 1 of next year.The store recorded these sales as accrued revenue.Does your analysis raise any concerns?

Decision Maker

Answer—p. 115





Before Adjusting

Category Balance Sheet Income Statement Adjusting Entry

Prepaid expenses† Asset overstated Expense understated Dr. Expense

Equity overstated Cr. Asset*

Unearned revenues† Liability overstated Revenue understated Dr. Liability

Equity understated Cr. Revenue

Accrued expenses Liability understated Expense understated Dr. Expense

Equity overstated Cr. Liability

Accrued revenues Asset understated Revenue understated Dr. Asset

Equity understated Cr. Revenue

* For depreciation, the credit is to Accumulated Depreciation (contra asset).† Exhibit assumes that Prepaid Expenses are initially recorded as assets and that Unearned Revenues are initially recorded as liabilities.

Exhibit 3.12Summary of Adjustments andFinancial Statement Links

importance to financial statements. Remember that each adjusting entry affects one or moreincome statement accounts and one or more balance sheet accounts (but not cash).

Information about some adjustments is notalways available until several days or evenweeks after the period-end. This means thatsome adjusting and closing entries are recordedlater than, but dated as of, the last day of theperiod. One example is a company that re-ceives a utility bill on January 10 for costs in-curred for the month of December. When it re-ceives the bill, the company records theexpense and the payable as of December 31.Other examples include long-distance phoneusage and costs of many Web billings. TheDecember income statement reflects these additional expenses incurred, and the December31 balance sheet includes these payables, although the amounts were not actually knownon December 31.

Financial Officer At year-end, the president instructs you, the financial officer, not to record accrued expenses until next year because theywill not be paid until then.The president also directs you to record incurrent-year sales a recent purchase order from a customer that requiresmerchandise to be delivered two weeks after the year-end. Your companywould report a net income instead of a net loss if you carry out theseinstructions.What do you do?

Decision Ethics

Answer—p. 115

6. If an adjusting entry for accrued revenues of $200 at year-end is omitted, what is this error’seffect on the year-end income statement and balance sheet?

7. What is a contra account? Explain its purpose.

8. What is an accrued expense? Give an example.

9. Describe how an unearned revenue arises. Give an example.Answers—p. 115

Adjusted Trial BalanceAn unadjusted trial balance is a list of accounts and balances prepared before adjustmentsare recorded. An adjusted trial balance is a list of accounts and balances prepared afteradjusting entries have been recorded and posted to the ledger.

Exhibit 3.13 shows both the unadjusted and the adjusted trial balances for FastForwardat December 31, 2004. The order of accounts in the trial balance is usually set up to matchthe order in the chart of accounts. Notice that several new accounts arise from the adjust-ing entries. Each adjustment is identified by a letter in parentheses that links it to an ad-justing entry explained earlier. Each amount in the Adjusted Trial Balance columns is com-puted by taking that account’s amount from the Unadjusted Trial Balance columns andadding or subtracting any adjustment(s). To illustrate, Supplies has a $9,720 Dr. balance inthe unadjusted columns. Subtracting the $1,050 Cr. amount shown in the adjustments

Explain and prepare anadjusted trial balance.P2

Quick Check





columns yields an adjusted $8,670 Dr. balance for Supplies. An account can have more thanone adjustment, such as for Consulting Revenue. Also, some accounts might not requireadjustment for this period, such as Accounts Payable.

Preparing Financial StatementsWe can prepare financial statements directly from information in the adjusted trial balance.An adjusted trial balance (see the right-most columns in Exhibit 3.13) includes all accountsand balances appearing in financial statements, and is easier to work from than the entireledger when preparing financial statements.

Exhibit 3.14 shows how revenue and expense balances are transferred from the adjustedtrial balance to the income statement (red lines). The net income and the withdrawals amountis then used to prepare the statement of owner’s equity (black lines). Asset and liability bal-ances on the adjusted trial balance are then transferred to the balance sheet (blue lines). Theending capital is determined on the statement of owner’s equity and transferred to the bal-ance sheet (green lines).

We usually prepare financial statements in the following order: income statement, state-ment of owner’s equity, and balance sheet. This order makes sense since the balance sheetuses information from the statement of owner’s equity, which in turn uses information fromthe income statement. The statement of cash flows is usually the final statement prepared.

Prepare financialstatements from an

adjusted trial balance.

P3

Exhibit 3.13Unadjusted and Adjusted Trial Balances

UnadjustedTrial Balance

AdjustedTrial Balance

FASTFORWARDTrial Balances

December 31, 2004

Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.Cr. Dr.

Adjustments

Acct.No.

101106126128167168201209236301302403

406612622637640652690

0

$ 0

$45,300

0

5,800

300

0

0

0

600

$ 3,950

9,7202,400

26,000

1,400

1,000

230$45,300

6,200

3,000

$3,785

(f) $1,800

(c) 375(e) 210(a) 100

(b) 1,050

(d) 25030,000

$ 375

$47,685

7,850

300

6,200210

2,75030,000

CashAccount Title

Accounts receivableSuppliesPrepaid insuranceEquipmentAccumulated depreciation—Equip.Accounts payableSalaries payableUnearned consulting revenueC. Taylor, CapitalC. Taylor, WithdrawalsConsulting revenue

Rental revenueDepreciation expense—Equip.Salaries expenseInsurance expenseRent expenseSupplies expenseUtilities expenseTotals

1,800

600

375

$ 3,950

8,6702,300

26,000

1,610100

1,0001,050

230$47,685$3,785

(b) $1,050(a) 100

(c) 375

(e) 210

(d) 250(f) 1,800





$47,685

Acct.No. Account Title Debit

8,6702,300

1,800$ 3,950

26,000

3751,610

1001,0001,050

230

101 Cash ...................................................Accounts receivable ...........................Supplies .............................................Prepaid insurance ..............................Equipment ..........................................Accumulated depreciation—Equip. ...Accounts payable ..............................Salaries payable .................................

106126128167168201209

Unearned consulting revenue ............236

Consulting revenue ............................403Rental revenue ................................... 406Depreciation expense—Equip. ..........612Salaries expense ................................622Insurance expense .............................637Rent expense .....................................640Supplies expense ...............................652Utilities expense .................................Totals ..................................................

690

FastForwardAdjusted Trial Balance

December 31, 2004

$ 375

210 6,200

2,750 30,000

3007,850

$47,685

Credit

600C. Taylor, Capital ................................C. Taylor, Withdrawals .......................

301302

Step 2 Prepare statement of owner’s equity

Step 1 Prepare income statement

FastForwardStatement of Owner’s Equity

For Month Ended December 31, 2004

Revenues Consulting revenue ........................ $7,850

300 Rental revenue ............................... Total revenues ...............................

Depreciation expense—Equip .......Expenses

Salaries expense ............................ Insurance expense.......................... Rent expense.................................. Supplies expense............................ Utilities expense..............................Total expenses..................................Net income........................................

375

FastForwardIncome Statement

For Month Ended December 31, 2004

1,610 100

230

1,000 1,050

4,365$3,785

$8,150

$

33,785

$33,185600Less: Withdrawals by owner ..........

C. Taylor, Capital, December 31 .....

C. Taylor, Capital, December 1.....Plus: Investments by owner .......... $30,000

Net income ........................... 3,785

0

Assets

Liabilities

Equity

Cash................................................ $ 3,950

Accounts payable...........................

Accounts receivable........................ 1,800

Unearned consulting revenue......... 2,750Salaries payable.............................. 210

8,6702,300

Supplies..........................................Prepaid insurance...........................

Total assets ................................... $ 42,345 25,625

$26,000

6,200

Equipment....................................... 375Less accumulated depreciation......

C. Taylor, Capital ...........................Total liabilities and equity ..............

FastForwardBalance Sheet

December 31, 2004

Step 3 Prepare balance sheet

$ 42,345

Total liabilities .................................. 9,160

$

33,185

Exhibit 3.14Preparing the Financial Statements (Adjusted Trial Balance from Exhibit 3.13)




10. Music-Mart records $1,000 of accrued salaries on December 31. Five days later, on January 5(the next payday), salaries of $7,000 are paid.What is the January 5 entry?

11. Jordan Air has the following information in its unadjusted and adjusted trial balances:

Unadjusted Adjusted

Debit Credit Debit Credit

Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . . $6,200 $5,900Salaries payable . . . . . . . . . . $ 0 $1,400

What are the adjusting entries that Jordan Air likely recorded?

12. What accounts are taken from the adjusted trial balance to prepare an income statement?

13. In preparing financial statements from an adjusted trial balance, what statement is usuallyprepared second?

Answers—p. 115


A useful measure of a company’s operating results is the ratio of its net income to net sales. This ra-tio is called profit margin, or return on sales, and is computed as in Exhibit 3.15.

This ratio is interpreted as reflecting the percent of profit in each dollar of sales. To illustrate how wecompute and use profit margin, let’s look at the results of Limited Brands, Inc., in Exhibit 3.16 forthe period 2000–2003.

Profit margin �Net income

Net sales

Compute profit marginand describe its use in

analyzing company performance.

A2

Exhibit 3.15Profit Margin

Exhibit 3.16Limited Brands’s Profit Margin

2003 2002 2001 2000

Net income (in mil.) . . . . . . . . . . . $ 502 $ 519 $ 428 $ 461

Net sales (in mil.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,445 $8,423 $9,080 $8,765

Profit margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9% 6.2% 4.7% 5.3%

Industry profit margin . . . . . . . 1.8% 1.5% 2.5% 2.9%

Decision Analysis Profit Margin

The Limited’s average profit margin is 5.5% during this period.This favorably compares to the average industry profit margin of2.2%. Moreover, Limited’s most recent two years’ profit marginsare markedly better than earlier years.

Thus, while 2001 was a difficult year for Limited in generat-ing profits on its sales, Limited’s performance has slightly im-proved in 2002–2003. Future success, of course, depends onLimited maintaining and preferably increasing its profit margin.

Quick Check





Demonstration Problem 1The following information relates to Fanning’s Electronics on December 31, 2005. The company,which uses the calendar year as its annual reporting period, initially records prepaid and unearneditems in balance sheet accounts (assets and liabilities, respectively).

a. The company’s weekly payroll is $8,750, paid each Friday for a five-day workweek. December 31,2005, falls on a Monday, but the employees will not be paid their wages until Friday, January 4, 2006.

b. Eighteen months earlier, on July 1, 2004, the company purchased equipment that cost $20,000. Itsuseful life is predicted to be five years, at which time the equipment is expected to be worthless(zero salvage value).

c. On October 1, 2005, the company agreed to work on a new housing development. The companyis paid $120,000 on October 1 in advance of future installation of similar alarm systems in 24 newhomes. That amount was credited to the Unearned Services Revenue account. Between October 1and December 31, work on 20 homes was completed.

d. On September 1, 2005, the company purchased a 12-month insurance policy for $1,800. The trans-action was recorded with an $1,800 debit to Prepaid Insurance.

e. On December 29, 2005, the company performed a $7,000 service that has not been billed and notrecorded as of December 31, 2005.

Required

1. Prepare any necessary adjusting entries on December 31, 2005, in relation to transactions andevents a through e.

2. Prepare T-accounts for the accounts affected by adjusting entries, and post the adjusting entries.Determine the adjusted balances for the Unearned Revenue and the Prepaid Insurance accounts.

3. Complete the following table and determine the amounts and effects of your adjusting entries onthe year 2005 income statement and the December 31, 2005, balance sheet. Use up (down) arrowsto indicate an increase (decrease) in the Effect columns.

Effect on Effect onAmount in Effect on Effect on Total Total

Entry the Entry Net Income Total Assets Liabilities Equity

Planning the Solution• Analyze each situation to determine which accounts need to be updated with an adjustment.

• Calculate the amount of each adjustment and prepare the necessary journal entries.

• Show the amount of each adjustment in the designated accounts, determine the adjusted balance,and identify the balance sheet classification of the account.

• Determine each entry’s effect on net income for the year and on total assets, total liabilities, andtotal equity at the end of the year.

Solution to Demonstration Problem 11. Adjusting journal entries.

(a) Dec. 31 Wages Expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,750Wages Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,750

To accrue wages for the last day of the year($8,750 1 5).

(b) Dec. 31 Depreciation Expense—Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment. . . . . 4,000

To record depreciation expense for the year($20,000 5 years $4,000 per year).

(c) Dec. 31 Unearned Services Revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000Services Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000

To recognize services revenue earned($120,000 20 24).��

��

��

[continued on next page]





Insurance Expense

(d ) 600

Accounts Receivable

(e) 7,000

Prepaid Insurance

Unadj. Bal. 1,800

(d ) 600

Adj. Bal. 1,200

Unearned Revenue

Unadj. Bal. 120,000

(c) 100,000

Adj. Bal. 20,000

Services Revenue

(c) 100,000

(e) 7,000

Adj. Bal. 107,000

(a) 1,750

Wages Expense

(a) 1,750

Wages Payable

(b) 4,000

Depreciation Expense—Equipment

(b) 4,000

Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment

2. T-accounts for adjusting journal entries a through e.

(d ) Dec. 31 Insurance Expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600Prepaid Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

To adjust for expired portion of insurance($1,800 4 12).

(e) Dec. 31 Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000Services Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000

To record services revenue earned.

��

[continued from previous page]

Effect on Effect onAmount in Effect on Effect on Total Total

Entry the Entry Net Income Total Assets Liabilities Equity

a $ 1,750 $ 1,750 ↓ No effect $ 1,750 ↑ $ 1,750 ↓b 4,000 4,000 ↓ $4,000 ↓ No effect 4,000 ↓c 100,000 100,000 ↑ No effect $100,000 ↓ 100,000 ↑d 600 600 ↓ $ 600 ↓ No effect 600 ↓e 7,000 7,000 ↑ $7,000 ↑ No effect 7,000 ↑

3. Financial statement effects of adjusting journal entries.

CHOI COMPANYAdjusted Trial Balance

December 31

Debit Credit

Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,050

Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217,200

Demonstration Problem 2Use the following adjusted trial balance to answer questions 1–3.






CHOI COMPANYIncome Statement

For Year Ended December 31

Revenues

Rent earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $57,500

Expenses

Wages expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25,000

Utilities expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,900

Insurance expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,200

Supplies expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Depreciation expense—Equipment . . . . . . . 5,970

Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000

Total expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,320

Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18,180

1. Prepare the annual income statement from the adjusted trial balance of Choi Company.

Answer:

Accumulated depreciation—Equipment . . . . . . . $ 29,100

Wages payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880

Interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,600

Unearned rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Long-term notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000

M. Choi, Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,340

M. Choi,Withdrawals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,000

Rent earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,500

Wages expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000

Utilities expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,900

Insurance expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,200

Supplies expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Depreciation expense—Equipment . . . . . . . . . . 5,970

Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000

Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $281,880 $281,880


2. Prepare a statement of owner’s equity from the adjusted trial balance of Choi Company. Choi’scapital account balance of $40,340 consists of a $30,340 beginning-year balance, plus a $10,000owner investment during the current year.

Answer:

CHOI COMPANYStatement of Owner’s EquityFor Year Ended December 31

M. Choi, Beginning-year Capital, December 31 . . . . . . . $30,340

Plus: Owner investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,000

Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,180 28,180

58,520

Less: Withdrawals by owner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,000

M. Choi,Year-end Capital, December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . $37,520





Identify and explainalternatives in accounting

for prepaids.

P4

3. Prepare a balance sheet from the adjusted trial balance of Choi Company.

Answer:

CHOI COMPANYBalance SheetDecember 31

Assets

Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,050

Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $217,200

Less accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . 29,100 188,100

Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $192,460

Liabilities

Wages payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 880

Interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,600

Unearned rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Long-term note payable . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000

Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154,940

Equity

M. Choi, Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,520

Total liabilities and equity . . . . . . . . . . . $192,460

Alternative Accountingfor Prepayments

APPENDIX

3AThis appendix explains an alternative in accounting for prepaid expenses and unearned revenues.

Recording the Prepayment of Expenses in Expense AccountsAn alternative method is to record all prepaid expenses with debits to expense accounts. If any pre-paids remain unused or unexpired at the end of an accounting period, then adjusting entries musttransfer the cost of the unused portions from expense accounts to prepaid expense (asset) accounts.This alternative method is acceptable. The financial statements are identical under either method, butthe adjusting entries are different. To illustrate the differences between these two methods, let’s lookat FastForward’s cash payment of December 6 for 24 months of insurance coverage beginning onDecember 1. FastForward recorded that payment with a debit to an asset account, but it could haverecorded a debit to an expense account. These alternatives are shown in Exhibit 3A.1.

Exhibit 3A.1Alternative Initial Entries forPrepaid Expenses

Payment Recorded Payment Recordedas Asset as Expense

Dec. 6 Prepaid Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400

Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400

Dec. 6 Insurance Expense . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400

Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,400





At the end of its accounting period on December 31, insurance protection for one month has expired.This means $100 ($2,400�24) of insurance coverage expired and is an expense for December. Theadjusting entry depends on how the original payment was recorded. This is shown in Exhibit 3A.2.

Payment Recorded Payment Recordedas Asset as Expense

Dec. 31 Insurance Expense . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Prepaid Insurance . . . . . . . . 100

Dec. 31 Prepaid Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,300

Insurance Expense . . . . . . . 2,300

Exhibit 3A.2Adjusting Entry for PrepaidExpenses for the Two Alternatives

When these entries are posted to the accounts in the ledger, we can see that these two methods giveidentical results. The December 31 adjusted account balances in Exhibit 3A.3 show Prepaid Insuranceof $2,300 and Insurance Expense of $100 for both methods.

Payment Recorded as Asset


Dec. 6 2,400 Dec. 31 100

Balance 2,300


Dec. 31 2,300

Payment Recorded as Expense


Dec. 31 100


Dec. 6 2,400 Dec. 31 2,300

Balance 100

Exhibit 3A.3Account Balances under TwoAlternatives for RecordingPrepaid Expenses

Recording the Prepayment of Revenues in Revenue AccountsAs with prepaid expenses, an alternative method is to record all unearned revenues with credits to rev-enue accounts. If any revenues are unearned at the end of an accounting period, then adjusting entriesmust transfer the unearned portions from revenue accounts to unearned revenue (liability) accounts.This alternative method is acceptable. The adjusting entries are different for these two alternatives, butthe financial statements are identical. To illustrate the accounting differences between these two meth-ods, let’s look at FastForward’s December 26 receipt of $3,000 for consulting services covering theperiod December 27 to February 24. FastForward recorded this transaction with a credit to a liabilityaccount. The alternative is to record it with a credit to a revenue account, as shown in Exhibit 3A.4.

Exhibit 3A.4Alternative Initial Entries forUnearned Revenues

Receipt Recorded Receipt Recordedas Liability as Revenue

Dec. 26 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000

Unearned Consulting Revenue . . . . . . . . 3,000

Dec. 26 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000

Consulting Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000

By the end of its accounting period on December 31, FastForward has earned $250 of this revenue.This means $250 of the liability has been satisfied. Depending on how the initial receipt is recorded,the adjusting entry is as shown in Exhibit 3A.5.

Exhibit 3A.5Adjusting Entry for UnearnedRevenues for the TwoAlternatives

Receipt Recorded Receipt Recordedas Liability as Revenue

Dec. 31 Unearned Consulting Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Consulting Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Dec. 31 Consulting Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,750

Unearned Consulting Revenue . . . . . . . . 2,750





Guidance Answers to Decision Maker and Decision Ethics

Investor Prepaid expenses are items paid for in advance of re-ceiving their benefits. They are assets and are expensed as they areused up. The publishing company’s treatment of the signing bonus

is acceptable provided future book sales can at least match the$500,000 expense. As an investor, you are concerned about the riskof future book sales. The riskier the likelihood of future book sales

After adjusting entries are posted, the two alternatives give identical results. The December 31 ad-justed account balances in Exhibit 3A.6 show unearned consulting revenue of $2,750 and consultingrevenue of $250 for both methods.

Exhibit 3A.6Account Balances under TwoAlternatives for RecordingUnearned Revenues

Receipt Recorded as Liability


Dec. 31 250 Dec. 26 3,000

Balance 2,750


Dec. 31 2,750

Receipt Recorded as Revenue


Dec. 31 2,750 Dec. 26 3,000

Balance 250


Dec. 31 250

Summary

Explain the importance of periodic reporting and thetime period principle. The value of information is often

linked to its timeliness. To provide timely information, accountingsystems prepare periodic reports at regular intervals. The time pe-riod principle assumes that an organization’s activities can be di-vided into specific time periods for periodic reporting.

Explain accrual accounting and how it makes financialstatements more useful. Accrual accounting recognizes

revenue when earned and expenses when incurred—not necessar-ily when cash inflows and outflows occur. This information isvaluable in assessing a company’s financial position andperformance.

Identify the types of adjustments and their purpose.Adjustments can be grouped according to the timing of cash

receipts and cash payments relative to when they are recognizedas revenues or expenses as follows: prepaid expenses, unearnedrevenues, accrued expenses, and accrued revenues. Adjusting en-tries are necessary so that revenues, expenses, assets, and liabili-ties are correctly reported.

Explain how accounting adjustments link to financialstatements. Accounting adjustments bring an asset or liabil-

ity account balance to its correct amount. They also update re-lated expense or revenue accounts. Every adjusting entry affectsone or more income statement accounts and one or more balancesheet accounts. An adjusting entry never affects cash.

Compute profit margin and describe its use in analyzingcompany performance. Profit margin is defined as the re-

porting period’s net income divided by its net sales. Profit marginreflects on a company’s earnings activities by showing how muchincome is in each dollar of sales.

Prepare and explain adjusting entries. Prepaid expensesrefer to items paid for in advance of receiving their

benefits. Prepaid expenses are assets. Adjusting entries for pre-paids involve increasing (debiting) expenses and decreasing(crediting) assets. Unearned (or prepaid ) revenues refer to cashreceived in advance of providing products and services.Unearned revenues are liabilities. Adjusting entries for unearnedrevenues involves increasing (crediting) revenues and decreasing(debiting) unearned revenues. Accrued expenses refer to costsincurred in a period that are both unpaid and unrecorded.Adjusting entries for recording accrued expenses involve in-creasing (debiting) expenses and increasing (crediting) liabilities.Accrued revenues refer to revenues earned in a period that areboth unrecorded and not yet received in cash. Adjusting entriesfor recording accrued revenues involve increasing (debiting)assets and increasing (crediting) revenues.

Explain and prepare an adjusted trial balance. Anadjusted trial balance is a list of accounts and balances

prepared after recording and posting adjusting entries. Financialstatements are often prepared from the adjusted trial balance.

Prepare financial statements from an adjusted trial bal-ance. Revenue and expense balances are reported on the in-

come statement. Asset, liability, and equity balances are reportedon the balance sheet. We usually prepare statements in the fol-lowing order: income statement, statement of owner’s equity, bal-ance sheet, and statement of cash flows.

Identify and explain alternatives in accounting for pre-paids. Charging all prepaid expenses to expense accounts

when they are purchased is acceptable. When this is done,adjusting entries must transfer any unexpired amounts fromexpense accounts to asset accounts. Crediting all unearnedrevenues to revenue accounts when cash is received is alsoacceptable. In this case, the adjusting entries must transfer anyunearned amounts from revenue accounts to unearned revenueaccounts.

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Accounting period (p. 94)Accrual basis accounting (p. 95)Accrued expenses (p. 101)Accrued revenues (p. 103)Adjusted trial balance (p. 105)Adjusting entry (p. 97)Annual financial statements (p. 95)Book value (p. 100)

Cash basis accounting (p. 95)Contra account (p. 99)Depreciation (p. 99)Fiscal year (p. 95)Interim financial statements (p. 95)Matching principle (p. 96)Natural business year (p. 95)Plant assets (p. 99)

Key Terms

Prepaid expenses (p. 97)Profit margin (p. 108)Straight-line depreciation method (p. 99)Time period principle (p. 94)Unadjusted trial balance (p. 105)Unearned revenues (p. 100)

Key Terms are available at the book’s Website for learning and testing in an online Flashcard Format.mhh

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is, the more likely your analysis is to treat the $500,000, or a por-tion of it, as an expense, not a prepaid expense (asset).

Entrepreneur Depreciation is a process of cost allocation, notasset valuation. Knowing the depreciation schedule is not especiallyuseful in your estimation of what the building and equipment arecurrently worth. Your own assessment of the age, quality, and use-fulness of the building and equipment is more important.

Loan Officer Your concern in lending to this store arises fromanalysis of current-year sales. While increased revenues and incomeare fine, your concern is with collectibility of these promotionalsales. If the owner sold products to customers with poor records of

paying bills, then collectibility of these sales is low. Your analysismust assess this possibility and recognize any expected losses.

Financial Officer Omitting accrued expenses and recognizingrevenue early can mislead financial statement users. One action isto request a second meeting with the president so you can explainthat accruing expenses when incurred and recognizing revenue whenearned are required practices. If the president persists, you mightdiscuss the situation with legal counsel and any auditors involved.Your ethical action might cost you this job, but the potential pitfallsfor falsification of statements, reputation loss, personal integrity,and other costs are too great.

1. An annual reporting (or accounting) period covers one yearand refers to the preparation of annual financial statements.The annual reporting period is not always a calendar year thatends on December 31. An organization can adopt a fiscal yearconsisting of any consecutive 12 months or 52 weeks.

2. Interim financial statements (covering less than one year) areprepared to provide timely information to decision makers.

3. The revenue recognition principle and the matching principlelead most directly to the adjusting process.

4. No. Cash basis accounting is not consistent with the matchingprinciple because it reports expenses when paid, not in the pe-riod when revenue is earned as a result of those expenses.

5. No expense is reported in 2005. Under cash basis accounting,the entire $4,800 is reported as an expense in April 2004 whenthe premium is paid.

6. If the accrued revenues adjustment of $200 is not made, thenboth revenues and net income are understated by $200 on thecurrent year’s income statement, and both assets and equityare understated by $200 on the balance sheet.

7. A contra account is an account that is subtracted from thebalance of a related account. Use of a contra account providesmore information than simply reporting a net amount.

8. An accrued expense is a cost incurred in a period that is bothunpaid and unrecorded prior to adjusting entries. One exam-ple is salaries earned but not yet paid at period-end.

9. An unearned revenue arises when a firm receives cash (or otherassets) from a customer before providing the services or prod-ucts to the customer. A magazine subscription paid in advanceis one example; season ticket sales is another.

10. Salaries Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000Salaries Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000

Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000Paid salary including accrual from December.

11. The probable adjusting entries of Jordan Air are:Insurance Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Prepaid Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300To record insurance expired.

Salaries Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,400Salaries Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,400

To record accrued salaries.12. Revenue accounts and expense accounts.13. Statement of owner’s equity.

Guidance Answers to Quick Checks





QUICK STUDY

QS 3-1Identifying accounting adjustments

C3

Classify the following adjusting entries as involving prepaid expenses (PE), unearned revenues (UR),accrued expenses (AE), or accrued revenues (AR).a. To record revenue earned that was previously received as cash in advance.b. To record annual depreciation expense.c. To record wages expense incurred but not yet paid (nor recorded).d. To record revenue earned but not yet billed (nor recorded).e. To record expiration of prepaid insurance.

QS 3-3Adjusting for depreciation

P1

a. Carlos Company purchases $30,000 of equipment on January 1, 2005. The equipment is expectedto last five years and be worth $5,000 at the end of that time. Prepare the entry to record oneyear’s depreciation expense for the equipment as of December 31, 2005.

b. Chavez Company purchases $40,000 of land on January 1, 2005. The land is expected to last in-definitely. What depreciation adjustment, if any, should be made with respect to the Land accountas of December 31, 2005?

QS 3-2Adjusting prepaid expenses

P1

a. On July 1, 2005, Beyonce Company paid $1,800 for six months of insurance coverage. No ad-justments have been made to the Prepaid Insurance account, and it is now December 31, 2005.Prepare the journal entry to reflect expiration of the insurance as of December 31, 2005.

b. Tyrell Company has a Supplies account balance of $1,000 on January 1, 2005. During 2005, itpurchased $3,000 of supplies. As of December 31, 2005, a supplies inventory shows $1,300 ofsupplies available. Prepare the adjusting journal entry to correctly report the balance of the Suppliesaccount and the Supplies Expense account as of December 31, 2005.

Personal Interactive Quizzes A and B are available at the book’s Website to reinforce and assess your learning.

Personal Interactive Quiz

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1. What is the difference between the cash basis and the accrualbasis of accounting?

2. Why is the accrual basis of accounting generally preferredover the cash basis?

3. What type of business is most likely to select a fiscal yearthat corresponds to its natural business year instead of thecalendar year?

4. Where is a prepaid expense reported in the financialstatements?

5. What type of asset(s) requires adjusting entries to recorddepreciation?

6. What contra account is used when recording and reportingthe effects of depreciation? Why is it used?

7. Where is unearned revenue reported in financial statements?

8. What is an accrued revenue? Give an example.

9.AIf a company initially records prepaid expenses with debitsto expense accounts, what type of account is debited in theadjusting entries for those prepaid expenses?

10. Review the balance sheet of Krispy Kreme inAppendix A. Identify two asset accounts thatrequire adjustment before annual financial statements can beprepared. What would be the effect on the income statementif these two asset accounts were not adjusted?

11. Review the balance sheet of Tastykake inAppendix A. In addition to Prepayments, iden-tify two accounts (either assets or liabilities) requiring ad-justing entries.

12. Refer to Harley-Davidson’s balance sheet inAppendix A. If it made an adjustment for un-paid wages at year-end, where would the Accrued WagesExpense be reported on its balance sheet?

Discussion Questions

Superscript letter A denotes assignments based on Appendix 3A.

Harley-Davidson

Red numbers denote Discussion Questions that involve decision-making.

Homework Manager repeats all numerical Quick Study assignments on the book’s Website withnew numbers each time they are worked. It can be used in practice, homework, or exam mode.





QS 3-4Adjusting for unearned revenues

A1 P1

a. Eager receives $20,000 cash in advance for 4 months of legal services on October 1, 2005, andrecords it by debiting Cash and crediting Unearned Revenue both for $20,000. It is now December31, 2005, and Eager has provided legal services as planned. What adjusting entry should Eagermake to account for the work performed from October 1 through December 31, 2005?

b. S. Morford started a new publication called Contest News. Her subscribers pay $48 to receive 12issues. With every new subscriber, Morford debits Cash and credits Unearned Subscription Revenuefor the amounts received. Morford has 100 new subscribers as of July 1, 2005. She sends ContestNews to each of these subscribers every month from July through December. Assuming no changesin subscribers, prepare the journal entry that Morford must make as of December 31, 2005, toadjust the Subscription Revenue account and the Unearned Subscription Revenue account.

QS 3-5Accruing salaries

A1 P1

Matia Mouder employs one college student every summer in her coffee shop. The student works thefive weekdays and is paid on the following Monday. (For example, a student who works Mondaythrough Friday, June 1 through June 5, is paid for that work on Monday, June 8.) Mouder adjusts herbooks monthly, if needed, to show salaries earned but unpaid at month-end. The student works thelast week of July—Friday is August 1. If the student earns $100 per day, what adjusting entry mustMouder make on July 31 to correctly record accrued salaries expense for July?

QS 3-6Recording and analyzing adjusting entries

A1

Adjusting entries affect at least one balance sheet account and at least one income statement account.For the following entries, identify the account to be debited and the account to be credited. Indicatewhich of the accounts is the income statement account and which is the balance sheet account.a. Entry to record revenue earned that was previously received as cash in advance.b. Entry to record annual depreciation expense.c. Entry to record wage expenses incurred but not yet paid (nor recorded).d. Entry to record revenue earned but not yet billed (nor recorded).e. Entry to record expiration of prepaid insurance.

During the year, Lola Co. recorded prepayments of expenses in asset accounts, and cash receipts ofunearned revenues in liability accounts. At the end of its annual accounting period, the company mustmake three adjusting entries: (1) accrue salaries expense, (2) adjust the Unearned Services Revenueaccount to recognize earned revenue, and (3) record services revenue earned for which cash will bereceived the following period. For each of these adjusting entries (1), (2), and (3), indicate the ac-count from a through g to be debited and the account to be credited.a. Accounts Receivable e. Unearned Services Revenueb. Prepaid Salaries f. Salaries Expensec. Cash g. Services Revenued. Salaries Payable

QS 3-7Preparing adjusting entries

C3 P1

QS 3-8Interpreting adjusting entries

C2 P2

The following information is taken from Cruz Company’s unadjusted and adjusted trial balances:

Unadjusted Adjusted

Debit Credit Debit Credit

Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . $4,100 $3,700

Interest payable . . . . . . . . . $ 0 $800

Given this information, which of the following is likely included among its adjusting entries?a. A $400 credit to Prepaid Insurance and an $800 debit to Interest Payable.b. A $400 debit to Insurance Expense and an $800 debit to Interest Payable.c. A $400 debit to Insurance Expense and an $800 debit to Interest Expense.

QS 3-9Computing accrual and cashincome

C1 C2

In its first year of operations, Harden Co. earned $39,000 in revenues and received $33,000 cash fromthese customers. The company incurred expenses of $22,500 but had not paid $2,250 of them at year-end. Harden also prepaid $3,750 cash for expenses that would be incurred the next year. Calculatethe first year’s net income under both the cash basis and the accrual basis of accounting.




In the blank space beside each adjusting entry, enter the letter of the explanation A through F thatmost closely describes the entry:A. To record this period’s depreciation expense.B. To record accrued salaries expense.C. To record this period’s use of a prepaid

expense.

EXERCISES

Exercise 3-1Classifying adjusting entries

C3

D. To record accrued interest revenue.E. To record accrued interest expense.F. To record the earning of previously un-

earned income.

Homework Manager repeats all numerical Exercises on the book’s Website with new numberseach time they are worked. It can be used in practice, homework, or exam mode.

______ 1. Salaries Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,280

Salaries Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,280

______ 2. Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,208

Interest Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,208

______ 3. Insurance Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,180

Prepaid Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,180

______ 4. Unearned Professional Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,250

Professional Fees Earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,250

______ 5. Interest Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,300

Interest Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,300

______ 6. Depreciation Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,217

Accumulated Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,217


QS 3-10Determining effects of adjusting entries

C3 A1

In making adjusting entries at the end of its accounting period, Gomez Consulting failed to record$1,600 of insurance coverage that had expired. This $1,600 cost had been initially debited to thePrepaid Insurance account. The company also failed to record accrued salaries expense of $1,000. Asa result of these two oversights, the financial statements for the reporting period will [choose one](1) understate assets by $1,600; (2) understate expenses by $2,600; (3) understate net income by$1,000; or (4) overstate liabilities by $1,000.

Diego Consulting initially records prepaid and unearned items in income statement accounts. GivenDiego Consulting’s accounting practices, which of the following applies to the preparation of adjust-ing entries at the end of its first accounting period?a. Earned but unbilled (and unrecorded) consulting fees are recorded with a debit to Unearned

Consulting Fees and a credit to Consulting Fees Earned.b. Unpaid salaries are recorded with a debit to Prepaid Salaries and a credit to Salaries Expense.c. The cost of unused office supplies is recorded with a debit to Supplies Expense and a credit to

Office Supplies.d. Unearned fees (on which cash was received in advance earlier in the period) are recorded with a

debit to Consulting Fees Earned and a credit to Unearned Consulting Fees.

QS 3-11Analyzing profit margin

A2

Yang Company reported net income of $37,925 and net sales of $390,000 for the current year. CalculateYang’s profit margin and interpret the result. Assume that Yang’s competitors’ average profit marginis 15%.

Exercise 3-2Preparing adjusting entries

P1

For each of the following separate cases, prepare adjusting entries required for financial statementsfor the year ended (or date of) December 31, 2005. (Assume that prepaid expenses are initially recordedin asset accounts and that fees collected in advance of work are initially recorded as liabilities.)a. One-third of the work related to $30,000 cash received in advance is performed this period.b. Wages of $9,000 are earned by workers but not paid as of December 31, 2005.c. Depreciation on the company’s equipment for 2005 is $19,127.

QS 3-12A

Preparing adjusting entries

C3 P4





Check (e) Dr. Insurance Expense,$2,800; (f ) Cr. Interest Revenue, $750

Exercise 3-3Preparing adjusting entries

P1

Prepare adjusting journal entries for the year ended (or date of) December 31, 2005, for each of theseseparate situations. Assume that prepaid expenses are initially recorded in asset accounts. Also assumethat fees collected in advance of work are initially recorded as liabilities.a. Depreciation on the company’s equipment for 2005 is computed to be $16,000.b. The Prepaid Insurance account had a $7,000 debit balance at December 31, 2005, before adjust-

ing for the costs of any expired coverage. An analysis of the company’s insurance policies showedthat $1,040 of unexpired insurance coverage remains.

c. The Office Supplies account had a $300 debit balance on December 31, 2004; and $2,680 of of-fice supplies was purchased during the year. The December 31, 2005, physical count showed $354of supplies available.

d. One-half of the work related to $10,000 cash received in advance was performed this period.e. The Prepaid Insurance account had a $5,600 debit balance at December 31, 2005, before adjust-

ing for the costs of any expired coverage. An analysis of insurance policies showed that $4,600of coverage had expired.

f. Wage expenses of $4,000 have been incurred but are not paid as of December 31, 2005.

Check (c) Dr. Office SuppliesExpense, $2,626; (e) Dr. InsuranceExpense, $4,600

d. The Office Supplies account had a $480 debit balance on December 31, 2004. During 2005, $5,349of office supplies is purchased. A physical count of supplies at December 31, 2005, shows $587of supplies available.

e. The Prepaid Insurance account had a $5,000 balance on December 31, 2004. An analysis of insur-ance policies shows that $2,200 of unexpired insurance benefits remain at December 31, 2005.

f. The company has earned (but not recorded) $750 of interest from investments in CDs for the yearended December 31, 2005. The interest revenue will be received on January 10, 2006.

g. The company has a bank loan and has incurred (but not recorded) interest expenses of $3,500 forthe year ended December 31, 2005. The company must pay the interest on January 2, 2006.

Exercise 3-4Adjusting and paying accruedwages

C1 P1

Pablo Management has five part-time employees, each of whom earns $100 per day. They are nor-mally paid on Fridays for work completed Monday through Friday of the same week. They were paidin full on Friday, December 28, 2005. The next week, the five employees worked only four days be-cause New Year’s Day was an unpaid holiday. Show (a) the adjusting entry that would be recordedon Monday, December 31, 2005, and (b) the journal entry that would be made to record payment ofthe employees’ wages on Friday, January 4, 2006.

Exercise 3-5Determining cost flows throughaccounts

C1 A1 P1

Determine the missing amounts in each of these four separate situations a through d:

a b c d

Supplies available—prior year-end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 300 $1,600 $1,360 ?

Supplies purchased during the current year . . . . . . . 2,100 5,400 ? $6,000

Supplies available—current year-end . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 ? 1,840 800

Supplies expense for the current year . . . . . . . . . . . ? 1,300 9,600 6,575

Exercise 3-6Adjusting and paying accruedexpenses

A1 P1

The following three separate situations require adjusting journal entries to prepare financial statementsas of April 30. For each situation, present both the April 30 adjusting entry and the subsequent entryduring May to record the payment of the accrued expenses.a. On April 1, the company retained an attorney at a flat monthly fee of $2,500. This amount is

payable on the 12th of the following month.b. A $780,000 note payable requires 9.6% annual interest, or $6,240 to be paid at the end of each

30 days. The interest was last paid on April 20 and the next payment is due on May 20. As ofApril 30, $2,080 of interest has accrued.

c. Total weekly salaries expense for all employees is $9,000. This amount is paid at the end of theday on Friday of each five-day workweek. April 30 falls on Tuesday of this year, which meansthat the employees had worked two days since the last payday. The next payday is May 3.

Check (b) May 20 Dr. InterestExpense, $4,160





Exercise 3-9Computing and interpreting profit margin

A2

Use the following information to compute profit margin for each separate company a through e:

Net Income Net Sales Net Income Net Salesa. $ 5,390 $ 44,830 d. $55,234 $1,458,999b. 87,644 398,954 e. 70,158 435,925c. 93,385 257,082

Which of the five companies is the most profitable according to the profit margin ratio? Interpret thatcompany’s profit margin ratio.

Exercise 3-10A

Adjusting for prepaids recorded asexpenses and unearned revenuesrecorded as revenues

P4

On-The-Mark Construction began operations on December 1. In setting up its accounting procedures,the company decided to debit expense accounts when it prepays its expenses and to credit revenueaccounts when customers pay for services in advance. Prepare journal entries for items a through dand the adjusting entries as of its December 31 period-end for items e through g.a. Supplies are purchased on December 1 for $3,000 cash.b. The company prepaid its insurance premiums for $1,440 cash on December 2.c. On December 15, the company receives an advance payment of $12,000 cash from a customer

for remodeling work.

Exercise 3-7Determining assets and expensesfor accrual and cash accounting

C2

On March 1, 2003, a company paid a $16,200 premium on a 36-month insurance policy for cover-age beginning on that date. Refer to that policy and fill in the blanks in the following table:

Check 2005 insurance expense:Accrual, $5,400; Cash, $0. Dec. 31, 2005,asset: Accrual, $900; Cash, $0.

Balance Sheet Insurance Asset Using Insurance Expense Using

Accrual Cash Accrual CashBasis Basis Basis Basis

Dec. 31, 2003 $_______ $_______ 2003 $_______ $_______Dec. 31, 2004 _______ _______ 2004 _______ _______Dec. 31, 2005 _______ _______ 2005 _______ _______Dec. 31, 2006 _______ _______ 2006 _______ _______

Total $_______ $_______

Exercise 3-8Analyzing and preparing adjusting entries

A1 P1 P3

Following are two income statements for Kendis Co. for the year ended December 31. The left columnis prepared before any adjusting entries are recorded, and the right column includes the effects ofadjusting entries. The company records cash receipts and payments related to unearned and prepaiditems in balance sheet accounts. Analyze the statements and prepare the eight adjusting entries thatlikely were recorded. (Note: 30% of the $6,000 adjustment for Fees Earned has been earned but notbilled, and the other 70% has been earned by performing services that were paid for in advance.)

KENDIS CO.Income Statements

For Year Ended December 31

Unadjusted Adjusted

RevenuesFees earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $24,000 $30,000Commissions earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,500 42,500Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,500 72,500

ExpensesDepreciation expense—Computers . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1,500Depreciation expense—Office furniture . . . . . . . 0 1,750Salaries expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,500 14,950Insurance expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1,300Rent expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500 4,500Office supplies expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 480Advertising expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 3,000Utilities expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,250 1,320Total expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,250 28,800

Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $45,250 $43,700





Check (f ) Cr. Insurance Expense,$1,200; (g) Dr. Remodeling Fees Earned,$9,300

Check (c) Fees Earned, $10,400

Exercise 3-11A

Recording and reporting revenuesreceived in advance

P4

Cosmo Company experienced the following events and transactions during July:

July 1 Received $2,000 cash in advance of performing work for Jill Dwyer.6 Received $8,400 cash in advance of performing work for Lisa Poe.

12 Completed the job for Dwyer.18 Received $7,500 cash in advance of performing work for Vern Hillsman.27 Completed the job for Poe.31 None of the work for Hillsman has been performed.

a. Prepare journal entries (including any adjusting entries as of the end of the month) to record theseevents using the procedure of initially crediting the Unearned Fees account when payment isreceived from a customer in advance of performing services.

b. Prepare journal entries (including any adjusting entries as of the end of the month) to record theseevents using the procedure of initially crediting the Fees Earned account when payment is receivedfrom a customer in advance of performing services.

c. Under each method, determine the amount of earned fees reported on the income statement forJuly and the amount of unearned fees reported on the balance sheet as of July 31.

d. On December 28, the company receives $3,600 cash from another customer for remodeling workto be performed in January.

e. A physical count on December 31 indicates that On-The-Mark has $1,920 of supplies available.f. An analysis of the insurance policies in effect on December 31 shows that $240 of insurance cov-

erage had expired.g. As of December 31, only one remodeling project has been worked on and completed. The $6,300

fee for this project had been received in advance.

For each of the following entries, enter the letter of the explanation that most closely describes it inthe space beside each entry. (You can use letters more than once.)A. To record receipt of unearned revenue.B. To record this period’s earning of prior

unearned revenue.C. To record payment of an accrued expense.D. To record receipt of an accrued revenue.E. To record an accrued expense.

PROBLEM SET A

Problem 3-1AIdentifying adjusting entries withexplanations

C3 P1

F. To record an accrued revenue.G. To record this period’s use of a prepaid

expense.H. To record payment of a prepaid expense.I. To record this period’s depreciation

expense.

______ 1. Rent Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000Prepaid Rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000

______ 2. Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000Interest Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000

______ 3. Depreciation Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000Accumulated Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000

______ 4. Unearned Professional Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000Professional Fees Earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000

______ 5. Insurance Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,200Prepaid Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,200

______ 6. Salaries Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,400Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,400

______ 7. Prepaid Rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500

______ 8. Salaries Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000Salaries Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000

______ 9. Interest Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000Interest Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000

______ 10. Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,000Accounts Receivable (from consulting) . . . . . . . . . . 9,000

______ 11. Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500Unearned Professional Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500

______ 12. Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000Interest Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000





Months ofPolicy Date of Purchase Coverage Cost

A April 1, 2004 24 $15,840

B April 1, 2005 36 13,068

C August 1, 2005 12 2,700

The total premium for each policy was paid in full (for all months) at the purchase date, and thePrepaid Insurance account was debited for the full cost. (Note that year-end adjusting entries forPrepaid Insurance were properly recorded in all prior years.)

c. The company has 15 employees, who earn a total of $2,100 in salaries each working day. Theyare paid each Monday for their work in the five-day workweek ending on the previous Friday.Assume that December 31, 2005, is a Tuesday, and all 15 employees worked the first two daysof that week. Because New Year’s Day is a paid holiday, they will be paid salaries for five fulldays on Monday, January 6, 2006.

d. The company purchased a building on January 1, 2005. It cost $855,000 and is expected to havea $45,000 salvage value at the end of its predicted 30-year life.

e. Since the company is not large enough to occupy the entire building it owns, it rented space to atenant at $2,400 per month, starting on November 1, 2005. The rent was paid on time onNovember 1, and the amount received was credited to the Rent Earned account. However, the ten-ant has not paid the December rent. The company has worked out an agreement with the tenant,who has promised to pay both December and January rent in full on January 15. The tenant hasagreed not to fall behind again.

f. On November 1, the company rented space to another tenant for $2,175 per month. The tenantpaid five months’ rent in advance on that date. The payment was recorded with a credit to theUnearned Rent account.

Required

1. Use the information to prepare adjusting entries as of December 31, 2005.2. Prepare journal entries to record the first subsequent cash transaction in 2006 for parts c and e.

Problem 3-3APreparing adjusting entries,adjusted trial balance, andfinancial statements

A1 P1 P2 P3

Watson Technical Institute (WTI), a school owned by Tom Watson, provides training to individualswho pay tuition directly to the school. WTI also offers training to groups in off-site locations. Its un-adjusted trial balance as of December 31, 2005, follows. WTI initially records prepaid expenses andunearned revenues in balance sheet accounts. Descriptions of items a through h that require adjust-ing entries on December 31, 2005, follow.

Additional Information Items

a. An analysis of the school’s insurance policies shows that $3,000 of coverage has expired.b. An inventory count shows that teaching supplies costing $2,600 are available at year-end 2005.c. Annual depreciation on the equipment is $12,000.d. Annual depreciation on the professional library is $6,000.e. On November 1, the school agreed to do a special six-month course (starting immediately) for a

client. The contract calls for a monthly fee of $2,200, and the client paid the first five months’fees in advance. When the cash was received, the Unearned Training Fees account was credited.The fee for the sixth month will be recorded when it is collected in 2006.

f. On October 15, the school agreed to teach a four-month class (beginning immediately) for anindividual for $3,000 tuition per month payable at the end of the class. The services are beingprovided as agreed, and no payment has yet been received.

Check (1b) Dr. Insurance Expense,$12,312 (1d ) Dr. Depreciation Expense,$27,000

e celxmhhe.com/larson

Problem 3-2APreparing adjusting andsubsequent journal entries

C1 A1 P1

Maja Co. follows the practice of recording prepaid expenses and unearned revenues in balance sheetaccounts. Maja’s annual accounting period ends on December 31, 2005. The following informationconcerns the adjusting entries to be recorded as of that date:a. The Office Supplies account started the year with a $3,000 balance. During 2005, the company

purchased supplies for $12,400, which was added to the Office Supplies account. The inventoryof supplies available at December 31, 2005, totaled $2,640.

b. An analysis of the company’s insurance policies provided these facts:




WATSON TECHNICAL INSTITUTEUnadjusted Trial Balance

December 31, 2005

CashAccounts receivableTeaching suppliesPrepaid insurancePrepaid rentProfessional libraryAccumulated depreciation—Professional libraryEquipmentAccumulated depreciation—EquipmentAccounts payableSalaries payableUnearned training fees

Tuition fees earnedTraining fees earnedDepreciation expense —Professional libraryDepreciation expense —EquipmentSalaries expenseInsurance expenseRent expenseTeaching supplies expenseAdvertising expenseUtilities expenseTotals

T. Watson, CapitalT. Watson, Withdrawals

Debit

$ 26,0000

10,00015,000

2,00030,000

70,000

40,000

00

48,0000

22,0000

7,0005,600

$ 275,600

Credit

$ 275,600

$ 9,000

16,00036,000

011,00063,600

102,00038,000


g. The school’s two employees are paid weekly. As of the end of the year, two days’ wages haveaccrued at the rate of $100 per day for each employee.

h. The balance in the Prepaid Rent account represents rent for December.

Check (2e) Cr.Training Fees Earned,$4,400; (2f ) Cr.Tuition Fees Earned,$7,500; (3) Adj.Trial balance totals,$301,500; (4) Net income, $38,500;Ending T.Watson, Capital $62,100

Problem 3-4AInterpreting unadjusted andadjusted trial balances, andpreparing financial statements

C3 A1 P1 P2 P3

A six-column table for JJW Company follows. The first two columns contain the unadjusted trial bal-ance for the company as of July 31, 2005. The last two columns contain the adjusted trial balance asof the same date.

Required

Analysis Component

1. Analyze the differences between the unadjusted and adjusted trial balances to determine the eightadjustments that likely were made. Show the results of your analysis by inserting these adjust-ment amounts in the table’s two middle columns. Label each adjustment with a letter a throughh and provide a short description of it at the bottom of the table.

e celxmhhe.com/larson

Required

1. Prepare T-accounts (representing the ledger) with balances from the unadjusted trial balance.2. Prepare the necessary adjusting journal entries for items a through h and post them to the

T-accounts. Assume that adjusting entries are made only at year-end.3. Update balances in the T-accounts for the adjusting entries and prepare an adjusted trial balance.4. Prepare Watson Technical Institute’s income statement and statement of owner’s equity for the

year 2005 and prepare its balance sheet as of December 31, 2005.





Check (2) Net income, $37,020; J. J.Winner, Capital (7/31/2005), $55,440;Total assets, $131,340

Preparation Component

2. Use the information in the adjusted trial balance to prepare the company’s (a) income statementand its statement of owner’s equity for the year ended July 31, 2005 (note: J. Winner, Capital atJuly 31, 2004, was $28,420, and the current-year withdrawals were $10,000), and (b) the balancesheet as of July 31, 2005.

Unadjusted AdjustedTrial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance

Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 27,000 _________________ $ 27,000

Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . 12,000 _________________ 22,460

Office supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,000 _________________ 3,000

Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,320 _________________ 4,880

Office equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,000 _________________ 92,000

Accum. depreciation—Office equip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12,000 _________________ $ 18,000

Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,300 _________________ 10,200

Interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 _________________ 800

Salaries payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 _________________ 6,600

Unearned consulting fees . . . . . . . 16,000 _________________ 14,300

Long-term notes payable . . . . . . . 44,000 _________________ 44,000

J.Winner, Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,420 _________________ 28,420

J.Winner,Withdrawals . . . . . . . . . 10,000 _________________ 10,000

Consulting fees earned . . . . . . . . 156,000 _________________ 168,160

Depreciation expense—Office equip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 _________________ 6,000

Salaries expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,000 _________________ 77,600

Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,400 _________________ 2,200

Insurance expense . . . . . . . . . . . 0 _________________ 2,440

Rent expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,200 _________________ 13,200

Office supplies expense . . . . . . . . 0 _________________ 15,000

Advertising expense . . . . . . . . . . 13,800 _________________ 14,700

Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $265,720 $265,720 _________________ $290,480 $290,480

Problem 3-5APreparing financial statementsfrom the adjusted trial balanceand calculating profit margin

P3 A1 A2

The adjusted trial balance for Callahay Company as of December 31, 2005, follows:

Debit Credit

Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22,000

Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,000

Interest receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000

Notes receivable (due in 90 days) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,000

Office supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,000

Automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,000

Accumulated depreciation—Automobiles . . . . . . . $ 42,000

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,000

Accumulated depreciation—Equipment . . . . . . . . . 10,000

Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,000

Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,000

Interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000

Salaries payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,000

Unearned fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,000

Long-term notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,000

J. Callahay, Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247,800

J. Callahay,Withdrawals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,000






Fees earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420,000

Interest earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,000

Depreciation expense—Automobiles . . . . . . . . . . 18,000

Depreciation expense—Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000

Salaries expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,000

Wages expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,000

Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,000

Office supplies expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,000

Advertising expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,000

Repairs expense—Automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,800

Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $998,800 $998,800

Required

1. Use the information in the adjusted trial balance to prepare (a) the income statement for the yearended December 31, 2005; (b) the statement of owner’s equity for the year ended December 31,2005; and (c) the balance sheet as of December 31, 2005.

2. Calculate the profit margin for year 2005.

Check (1) Total assets, $552,000

Problem 3-6AA

Recording prepaid expensesand unearned revenues

P1 P4

Quisp Co. had the following transactions in the last two months of its year ended December 31:

Nov. 1 Paid $1,500 cash for future newspaper advertising.1 Paid $2,160 cash for 12 months of insurance through October 31 of the next year.

30 Received $3,300 cash for future services to be provided to a customer.Dec. 1 Paid $2,700 cash for a consultant’s services to be received over the next three months.

15 Received $7,650 cash for future services to be provided to a customer.31 Of the advertising paid for on November 1, $900 worth is not yet used.31 A portion of the insurance paid for on November 1 has expired. No adjustment was made

in November to Prepaid Insurance.31 Services worth $1,200 are not yet provided to the customer who paid on November 30.31 One-third of the consulting services paid for on December 1 have been received.31 The company has performed $3,000 of services that the customer paid for on December 15.

Required

1. Prepare entries for these transactions under the method that records prepaid expenses as assetsand records unearned revenues as liabilities. Also prepare adjusting entries at the end of the year.

2. Prepare entries for these transactions under the method that records prepaid expenses asexpenses and records unearned revenues as revenues. Also prepare adjusting entries at the endof the year.

Analysis Component

3. Explain why the alternative sets of entries in requirements 1 and 2 do not result in different financialstatement amounts.

For each of the following entries, enter the letter of the explanation that most closely describes it inthe space beside each entry. (You can use letters more than once.)A. To record payment of a prepaid expense.B. To record this period’s use of a prepaid expense.C. To record this period’s depreciation expense.D. To record receipt of unearned revenue.E. To record this period’s earning of prior unearned revenue.F. To record an accrued expense.G. To record payment of an accrued expense.H. To record an accrued revenue.I. To record receipt of accrued revenue.

PROBLEM SET B

Problem 3-1BIdentifying adjusting entrieswith explanations

C3 P1






Problem 3-2BPreparing adjusting andsubsequent journal entries

C1 A1 P1

Nomo Co. follows the practice of recording prepaid expenses and unearned revenues in balance sheetaccounts. Nomo’s annual accounting period ends on October 31, 2005. The following informationconcerns the adjusting entries that need to be recorded as of that date:a. The Office Supplies account started the fiscal year with a $500 balance. During the fiscal year,

the company purchased supplies for $3,650, which was added to the Office Supplies account. Thesupplies available at October 31, 2005, totaled $700.

b. An analysis of the company’s insurance policies provided these facts:

Months ofPolicy Date of Purchase Coverage Cost

A April 1, 2004 24 $3,000B April 1, 2005 36 3,600C August 1, 2005 12 660

The total premium for each policy was paid in full (for all months) at the purchase date, and thePrepaid Insurance account was debited for the full cost. (Note that year-end adjusting entries forPrepaid Insurance were properly recorded in all prior fiscal years.)

c. The company has four employees, who earn a total of $800 for each workday. They are paid eachMonday for their work in the five-day workweek ending on the previous Friday. Assume thatOctober 31, 2005, is a Monday, and all five employees worked the first day of that week. Theywill be paid salaries for five full days on Monday, November 7, 2005.

d. The company purchased a building on November 1, 2004, that cost $155,000 and is expected tohave a $20,000 salvage value at the end of its predicted 25-year life.

e. Since the company does not occupy the entire building it owns, it rented space to a tenant at $600per month, starting on September 1, 2005. The rent was paid on time on September 1, and theamount received was credited to the Rent Earned account. However, the October rent has not beenpaid. The company has worked out an agreement with the tenant, who has promised to pay bothOctober and November rent in full on November 15. The tenant has agreed not to fall behind again.

f. On September 1, the company rented space to another tenant for $525 per month. The tenant paidfive months’ rent in advance on that date. The payment was recorded with a credit to the UnearnedRent account.

______ 1. Unearned Professional Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000Professional Fees Earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000

______ 2. Interest Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500Interest Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500

______ 3. Salaries Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,000Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,000

______ 4. Depreciation Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,000Accumulated Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,000

______ 5. Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,000Unearned Professional Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,000

______ 6. Insurance Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000Prepaid Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000

______ 7. Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000Interest Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000

______ 8. Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500Accounts Receivable (from services) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500

______ 9. Salaries Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000Salaries Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000

______ 10. Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000Interest Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000

______ 11. Prepaid Rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000

______ 12. Rent Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500Prepaid Rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500




ALCORN INSTITUTEUnadjusted Trial Balance

December 31, 2005

CashAccounts receivableTeaching suppliesPrepaid insurancePrepaid rentProfessional libraryAccumulated depreciation—Professional libraryEquipmentAccumulated depreciation—EquipmentAccounts payableSalaries payableUnearned training feesM. Alcorn, Capital

Tuition fees earnedTraining fees earnedDepreciation expense—Professional libraryDepreciation expense—EquipmentSalaries expenseInsurance expenseRent expenseTeaching supplies expenseAdvertising expenseUtilities expense

Totals $

0

$

00

0

$ 50,0000

60,00018,000

2,60010,000

30,000

20,000

43,200

28,600

18,00012,400

292,800

Debit

292,800

$ 1,500

16,00012,200

027,60068,500

105,00062,000

Credit

M. Alcorn, Withdrawals


Problem 3-3BPreparing adjusting entries,adjusted trial balance, andfinancial statements

A1 P1 P2 P3

Following is the unadjusted trial balance for Alcorn Institute as of December 31, 2005, which ini-tially records prepaid expenses and unearned revenues in balance sheet accounts. The Institute pro-vides one-on-one training to individuals who pay tuition directly to the business and offers extensiontraining to groups in off-site locations. Shown after the trial balance are items a through h that requireadjusting entries as of December 31, 2005.

Check (1b) Dr. Insurance Expense,$2,365; (1d ) Dr. Depreciation Expense,$5,400.

Additional Information Items

a. An analysis of the Institute’s insurance policies shows that $6,400 of coverage has expired.b. An inventory count shows that teaching supplies costing $2,500 are available at year-end 2005.c. Annual depreciation on the equipment is $4,000.d. Annual depreciation on the professional library is $2,000.e. On November 1, the Institute agreed to do a special four-month course (starting immediately) for

a client. The contract calls for a $4,600 monthly fee, and the client paid the first two months’ feesin advance. When the cash was received, the Unearned Training Fees account was credited. Thelast two months’ fees will be recorded when collected in 2006.

f. On October 15, the Institute agreed to teach a four-month class (beginning immediately) to anindividual for $2,200 tuition per month payable at the end of the class. The class started onOctober 15, but no payment has yet been received.

g. The Institute’s only employee is paid weekly. As of the end of the year, three days’ wages haveaccrued at the rate of $180 per day.

h. The balance in the Prepaid Rent account represents rent for December.

Required

1. Use the information to prepare adjusting entries as of October 31, 2005.2. Prepare journal entries to record the first subsequent cash transaction in 2006 for parts c and e.





Required

1. Prepare T-accounts (representing the ledger) with balances from the unadjusted trial balance.2. Prepare the necessary adjusting journal entries for items a through h, and post them to the

T-accounts. Assume that adjusting entries are made only at year-end.3. Update balances in the T-accounts for the adjusting entries and prepare an adjusted trial balance.4. Prepare Alcorn Institute’s income statement and statement of owner’s equity for the year 2005,

and prepare its balance sheet as of December 31, 2005.

Problem 3-4BInterpreting unadjusted andadjusted trial balances, andpreparing financial statements

C3 A1 P1 P2 P3

A six-column table for Daxu Consulting Company follows. The first two columns contain the unad-justed trial balance for the company as of December 31, 2005, and the last two columns contain theadjusted trial balance as of the same date.

Unadjusted AdjustedTrial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance

Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 48,000 _________________ $ 48,000

Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . 70,000 _________________ 76,660

Office supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,000 _________________ 7,000

Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,200 _________________ 8,600

Office equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 _________________ 150,000

Accumulated depreciation—Office equip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 30,000 _________________ $ 40,000

Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,000 _________________ 42,000

Interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 _________________ 1,600

Salaries payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 _________________ 11,200

Unearned consulting fees . . . . . . . 30,000 _________________ 17,800

Long-term notes payable . . . . . . . 80,000 _________________ 80,000

D. Chen, Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,200 _________________ 70,200

D. Chen,Withdrawals . . . . . . . . . 10,000 _________________ 10,000

Consulting fees earned . . . . . . . . 264,000 _________________ 282,860

Depreciation expense—Office equip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 _________________ 10,000

Salaries expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,600 _________________ 126,800

Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,400 _________________ 8,000

Insurance expense . . . . . . . . . . . 0 _________________ 4,600

Rent expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,000 _________________ 24,000

Office supplies expense . . . . . . . . 0 _________________ 23,000

Advertising expense . . . . . . . . . . 43,000 _________________ 49,000

Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $510,200 $510,200 _________________ $545,660 $545,660

Required

Analysis Component

1. Analyze the differences between the unadjusted and adjusted trial balances to determine the eightadjustments that likely were made. Show the results of your analysis by inserting these adjustmentamounts in the table’s two middle columns. Label each adjustment with a letter a through h andprovide a short description of it at the bottom of the table.

Preparation Component

2. Use the information in the adjusted trial balance to prepare this company’s (a) income statementand its statement of owner’s equity for the year ended December 31, 2005 (note: D. Chen, Capitalat December 31, 2004, was $70,200, and the current-year withdrawals were $10,000), and (b) thebalance sheet as of December 31, 2005.

Check (2) Net income, $37,460;D. Chen, Capital (12/31/05), $97,660;Total assets, $250,260

Check (2e) Cr.Training Fees Earned,$9,200; (2f ) Cr.Tuition Fees Earned,$5,500; (3) Adj. trial balance totals,$304,840; (4) Net income, $6,460;Ending M. Alcorn, Capital, $54,960





Required

1. Use the information in the adjusted trial balance to prepare (a) the income statement for the yearended December 31, 2005, (b) the statement of owner’s equity for the year ended December 31,2005, and (c) the balance sheet as of December 31, 2005.

2. Calculate the profit margin for year 2005.

Problem 3-6BA

Recording prepaid expenses andunearned revenues

P1 P4

Quake Co. had the following transactions in the last two months of its fiscal year ended May 31:

Apr. 1 Paid $3,450 cash for future consulting services.1 Paid $2,700 cash for 12 months of insurance through March 31 of the next year.

30 Received $7,500 cash for future services to be provided to a customer.May 1 Paid $3,450 cash for future newspaper advertising.

23 Received $9,450 cash for future services to be provided to a customer.31 Of the consulting services paid for on April 1, $1,500 worth has been received.31 A portion of the insurance paid for on April 1 has expired. No adjustment was made in

April to Prepaid Insurance.31 Services worth $3,600 are not yet provided to the customer who paid on April 30.31 Of the advertising paid for on May 1, $1,050 worth is not yet used.31 The company has performed $4,500 of services that the customer paid for on May 23.

Check (1) Total assets, $612,000

Problem 3-5BPreparing financial statementsfrom the adjusted trial balanceand calculating profit margin

P3 A1 A2

The adjusted trial balance for Lightning Courier as of December 31, 2005, follows:

Debit Credit

Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 48,000

Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,000

Interest receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000

Notes receivable (due in 90 days) . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000

Office supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000

Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,000

Accumulated depreciation—Trucks . . . . . . . . . . $ 48,000

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,000

Accumulated depreciation—Equipment . . . . . . . 190,000

Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,000

Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,000

Interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,000

Salaries payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,000

Unearned delivery fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,000

Long-term notes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,000

J. Hallam, Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,000

J. Hallam,Withdrawals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,000

Delivery fees earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580,000

Interest earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,000

Depreciation expense—Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,000

Depreciation expense—Equipment . . . . . . . . . . 46,000

Salaries expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,000

Wages expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290,000

Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000

Office supplies expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,000

Advertising expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,400

Repairs expense—Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,600

Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,433,000 $1,433,000





Required

1. Prepare entries for these transactions under the method that records prepaid expenses and unearnedrevenues in balance sheet accounts. Also prepare adjusting entries at the end of the year.

2. Prepare entries for these transactions under the method that records prepaid expenses and unearnedrevenues in income statement accounts. Also prepare adjusting entries at the end of the year.

Analysis Component

3. Explain why the alternative sets of entries in parts 1 and 2 do not result in different financial state-ment amounts.

Problem Set C is available at the book’s Website to further reinforce andassess your learning.

PROBLEM SET C

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This serial problem began in Chapter 1 and continues through most of the book. If previous chaptersegments were not completed, the serial problem can still begin at this point. It is helpful, but notnecessary, that you use the Working Papers that accompany the book.

After the success of the company’s first two months, Kay Breeze continues to operate Success Systems.(Transactions for the first two months are described in the serial problem of Chapter 2.) The November30, 2004, unadjusted trial balance of Success Systems (reflecting its transactions for October andNovember of 2004) follows:

SERIAL PROBLEM

Success Systems

No. Account Title Debit Credit

101 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 48,052106 Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,618126 Computer supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,545128 Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,220131 Prepaid rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,300163 Office equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,000164 Accumulated depreciation—Office equipment . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0167 Computer equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,000168 Accumulated depreciation—Computer equipment . . . . . . . . 0201 Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0210 Wages payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0236 Unearned computer services revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0301 K. Breeze, Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,000302 K. Breeze,Withdrawals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,600403 Computer services revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,659612 Depreciation expense—Office equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0613 Depreciation expense—Computer equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 0623 Wages expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,625637 Insurance expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0640 Rent expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0652 Computer supplies expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0655 Advertising expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,940676 Mileage expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704677 Miscellaneous expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250684 Repairs expense—Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $108,659 $108,659

Success Systems had the following transactions and events in December 2004:

Dec. 2 Paid $1,025 cash to Hilldale Mall for Success Systems’ share of mall advertising costs.3 Paid $500 cash for minor repairs to the company’s computer.4 Received $3,950 cash from Alex’s Engineering Co. for the receivable from November.

10 Paid cash to Sherry Adams for six days of work at the rate of $125 per day.




REPORTING INACTIONC1 C2 A1 A2

BTN 3-1 Refer to Krispy Kreme’s financial statements in Appendix A to answer the following:

1. Identify and write down the revenue recognition principle as explained in the chapter.2. Research Krispy Kreme’s footnotes to discover how it applies the revenue recognition principle.

Report what you discover.3. What is Krispy Kreme’s profit margin for 2003 and for 2002?

Roll On

4. Access Krispy Kreme’s financial statements (10-K) for fiscal years ending after February 2, 2003,at its Website (KrispyKreme.com) or the SEC’s EDGAR database (www.SEC.gov). Compare theFebruary 2, 2003, fiscal year profit margin to any subsequent year’s profit margin that you areable to calculate.

BEYOND THE NUMBERS


14 Notified by Alex’s Engineering Co. that Success’s bid of $7,000 on a proposed project hasbeen accepted. Alex’s paid a $1,500 cash advance to Success Systems.

15 Purchased $1,100 of computer supplies on credit from Cain Office Products.16 Sent a reminder to Gomez Co. to pay the fee for services recorded on November 8.20 Completed a project for Chang Corporation and received $5,625 cash.

22–26 Took the week off for the holidays.28 Received $3,000 cash from Gomez Co. on its receivable.29 Reimbursed Breeze’s business automobile mileage (600 miles at $0.32 per mile).31 Breeze withdrew $1,500 cash for personal use.

The following additional facts are collected for use in making adjusting entries prior to preparing fi-nancial statements for the company’s first three months:a. The December 31 inventory count of computer supplies shows $580 still available.b. Three months have expired since the 12-month insurance premium was paid in advance.c. As of December 31, Sherry Adams has not been paid for four days of work at $125 per day.d. The company’s computer is expected to have a four-year life with no salvage value.e. The office equipment is expected to have a five-year life with no salvage value.f. Prepaid rent for three of the four months has expired.

Required

1. Prepare journal entries to record each of the December transactions and events for Success Systems.Post these entries to the accounts in the ledger.

2. Prepare adjusting entries to reflect a through f. Post these entries to the accounts in the ledger.3. Prepare an adjusted trial balance as of December 31, 2004.4. Prepare an income statement for the three months ended December 31, 2004.5. Prepare a statement of owner’s equity for the three months ended December 31, 2004.6. Prepare a balance sheet as of December 31, 2004.

Check (3) Adjusted trial balancetotals, $119,034

Required

1. Compute profit margins for (a) Krispy Kreme and (b) Tastykake for the two years of data shown.2. Which company is more successful on the basis of profit margin? Explain.

(6) Total assets, $93,248

COMPARATIVEANALYSISA2

BTN 3-2 Key figures for the recent two years of both Krispy Kreme and Tastykake follow:

Key Figures Krispy Kreme Tastykake

($ thousands) Current Year Prior Year Current Year Prior Year

Net income . . . . . . . . $ 33,478 $ 26,378 $ 2,000* $ 8,048*

Net sales . . . . . . . . . . 491,549 394,354 162,263 166,245

* Net income without restructuring charges.





COMMUNICATINGIN PRACTICEC1 A2

BTN 3-4 The class should be divided into teams. Teams are to select an industry (such as auto-mobile manufacturing, airlines, defense contractors), and each team member is to select a differentcompany in that industry. Each team member is to acquire the annual report of the company selected.Annual reports can be downloaded from company Websites or from the SEC’s EDGAR database at(www.SEC.gov).

Required

1. Use the annual report to compute the return on assets, debt ratio, and profit margin.2. Communicate with team members via a meeting, e-mail, or telephone to discuss the meaning of

the ratios, how different companies compare to each other, and the industry norm. The team mustprepare a single memo reporting the ratios for each company and identifying the conclusions orconsensus of opinion reached during the team’s discussion. The memo is to be copied and dis-tributed to the instructor and all classmates.

Welch agrees with her computation but says the credit entry should be directly to the Equipment ac-count. He argues that while accumulated depreciation is technically correct, “it is less hassle not touse a contra account and just credit the Equipment account directly. And besides, the balance sheetshows the same amount for total assets under either method.”

Required

1. How should depreciation be recorded? Do you support Bergez or Welch?2. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Welch’s reasons for preferring his method.3. Indicate whether the situation Bergez faces is an ethical problem.

TAKING IT TO THE NETC1 A2

BTN 3-5 Access the Cannondale promotional Website (Cannondale.com).

1. What is the primary product that Cannondale sells?2. Review its form 10-K. You can access this from the EDGAR system (www.SEC.gov). You must

scroll down the form to find the financial statements.3. What is Cannondale’s fiscal year-end?4. What are Cannondale’s net sales for the annual period ended June 29, 2002?5. What is Cannondale’s net income for the annual period ended June 29, 2002?6. Compute Cannondale’s profit margin ratio for the annual period ended June 29, 2002.7. Do you think its decision to use a year-end of late June or early July relates to its natural busi-

ness year?

TEAMWORK INACTIONC3 A1 P1

BTN 3-6 Four types of adjustments are described in the chapter: (1) prepaid expenses,(2) unearned revenues, (3) accrued expenses, and (4) accrued revenues.

Required

1. Form learning teams of four (or more) members. Each team member must select one of the fouradjustments as an area of expertise (each team must have at least one expert in each area).

2. Form expert teams from the individuals who have selected the same area of expertise. Expertteams are to discuss and write a report that each expert will present to his or her learning teamaddressing the following:a. Description of the adjustment and why it’s necessary.b. Example of a transaction or event, with dates and amounts, that requires adjustment.

ETHICSCHALLENGEC1 C2 A1

BTN 3-3 Jackie Bergez works for Sea Biscuit Co. She and Bob Welch, her manager, are preparingadjusting entries for annual financial statements. Bergez computes depreciation and records it as

Depreciation Expense —Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,000

Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment . . . . . . . . 123,000





HITTING THEROADC1

BTN 3-9 Visit the Website of a major company that interests you. Use the Investor Relations linkat the Website to obtain the toll-free telephone number of the Investor Relations Department. Call thecompany, ask to speak to Investor Relations, and request a copy of the company’s most recent annualreport. You should receive the requested report within one to two weeks. Once you have received yourreport, consult it throughout the term to see the principles that you are learning in class are beingapplied in practice.

ENTREPRENEURIALDECISIONA2

BTN 3-8 Melody Kulp of Mellies (see chapter’s opening feature) is aware of Robin Drucker, whooperates a collection agency. For a 50% commission, Drucker collects on accounts receivables for herclients’ customers who are delinquent in their payments. For example, assume that a company turnsover a $100 accounts receivable to Drucker. If she can collect the $100 from the customer, Druckerkeeps $50 and remits the other $50 to her client. Kulp is negotiating with Drucker to offer her a dis-count from the normal 50% commission that Drucker charges. Kulp has proposed a fee of 40% onamounts collected by Drucker, and leaving 60% of the receivable for Mellies. Currently, Mellies usesa different collection agency that charges a 50% commission.

Required

1. Why would a company hire a collection agency to pursue its accounts receivable?2. Assume that Mellies’ profit margin is 8%. What is Mellies’ net income on sales of $40 million?3. Assume that Mellies currently pays 2% of its $40 million sales to collection agencies. What is the

current amount of commission expense Mellies pays to collect delinquent accounts?4. If Mellies is able to successfully negotiate with the Drucker agency for the reduced collection fee,

how will its commission expense for collecting accounts change?5. How would Mellies’ profit margin change if it hires the Drucker collection agency at a 40%

commission?

BTN 3-10 Grupo Bimbo is a major producer and distributor of bakery products. Access its 2002annual financial report at the company’s Website (GrupoBimbo.com) to answer the followingquestions.

Required

1. Identify and report the revenue recognition policy applied by Grupo Bimbo?2. What are the five types of assets depreciated by Grupo Bimbo? Which two assets classified as

property, plant, and equipment are not depreciated?3. What is Grupo Bimbo’s profit margin for both fiscal years ended 2002 and 2001?

GLOBALDECISIONA2 C1 C2

BUSINESS WEEKACTIVITYC2

BTN 3-7 Read the article “It’s Like When Someone Robs a Bank,” in the August 19, 2002, issueof Business Week. (Access the book’s Website for a free link.)

Required

1. Describe the type of overall accounting reform that FASB Chairman Herz favors.2. What does Herz assert as being at the core of most recent scandals in corporate America?3. What is meant by “principles-based accounting”?4. Why is “principles-based accounting” controversial?

c. Adjusting entry(ies) for the example in requirement b.d. Status of the affected account(s) before and after the adjustment in requirement c.e. Effects on financial statements of not making the adjustment.

3. Each expert should return to his or her learning team. In rotation, each member should presenthis or her expert team’s report to the learning team. Team discussion is encouraged.

adjusting accounts and preparing financial...

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