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TITLE Apollo 8, Man Around the Moon.INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Washington, D.C.REPORT NO NASA-EP-66PUB DATE 68NOTE 28p.AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing

Office, Washir:gton, D.C. 20402 ($0.50)

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology; Earth

Science; Instructional Materials; *Lunar Re.;earch;Photographs; Resource Materials

IDENTIFIERS *Space Sciences

ABSTRACTThis pamphlet presents a series of photographs

depicting the story of the Apollo 8 mission around the moon andincludes a brief description as well as quotes from the astronauts.The photographs show scenes of the astronauts training, the Saturn Vrocket, pre-flight preparation, blast off, the earth from space, thelunar surface, the earth-based tracking and communication antennae,and recovery operations. (PR)

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THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

Astronaut William A. Anders, Lunar Modulo Pilot.

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Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., Command Module Pilot.

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Apollo 8This was the bold onset of a program of space flightthat will extend through many generations. For thefirst time men flew to the outer regions of space, free ofthe earth's gravity. Many men will follow the trail thesethree astronauts blazed. We are looking forward now tothe remaining missions of the Apollo program. We arelooking forward to the days when we will be manninggreat space stations in earth orbi:, exploring the surface ofthe moon, and, in the more distant future, blazingnew trails out to the planets. Apollo 8's pioneering flightinto lunar orbit demonstrated to men everywhere theexistence of a challenging nev, frontier for mankind in thevastness of extraterrestrial space.

Thomas 0. PaineActing AdministratorNational Aeronautics and Space Administration

Astronaut Frank Borman, Command Pilot.

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A BeginningIt was Christmas time, 1968, that man broke his bondsto Earth. Three Americans, Frank Borman,James A. Lovell Jr., and William A. Anders, guided theirApollo 8 spacecraft across nearly a quarter-million milesof black void, out of the grasp of Earth, into orbitaround the Moon, and back once more to a chosenpinpoint on their home planet.

Never before had man traveled so far, so fast or lookedso closely upon another celestial body. Never before hadso many millions listened and watched, their imaginationsstretched, as the explorers spoke across the emptiness.Never, indeed, had adventure ever borne all mankindso daringly near the boundaries of its aspirations.

What the astronauts saw of the Moon, from 70 milesabove that foreboding surface, can now be seen by all andstudied by scientists in the array of still and motionpictures, many of them in color, taken from Apollo 8.What the astronauts succeeded in proving about thereliability of the spacecraft and its rocket vehicle confirmedthat some day soon men will actually set footupon the Moon.

It was the first time that men had been launched intospace by the Saturn V, America's most powerful machine.It was the first time, too, that men had sped at nearly25,000 miles an hour. as Apollo 8 hurled itself fromorbit of the Earth and into flight toward the Moon.

Each time Astronauts Born' in, Lovell, and Andersvanished behind the far side of the Moon they lost allcontact with the Earth for 45 minutes on each of the 10orbits. During the first long silence the black voidcrackled with tension until Mission Control in Houstonreported: "We've got it! Apollo 8 is in lunar orbit."

"Good to hear your voice," said Astronaut Lovell.

On the Eve of Christmas, as the eyes of the worldfollowed Apollo 8 across the moonscape, the astronautsinvoked another, older voice, reading in turn the first tenverses of Genesis, the Story of Creation. Itsconclusion" . and God saw that it was good"echoed in Astronaut Borman's words as again Apollo 8headed into the silent, tantalizing absence of earthlycommunications:

"God bless all of youall of you on the good Earth."

The Making of an AstronautTo be ready for six weightless days of voyaging to theMoon and back to Earth Astronauts Borman, Lovell, andAnders had invested thousands of hours in preparation.Their training was exacting bcth physically and mentally.

That they had done their homework well, in classroomand laboratory, could not be doubted by any whoheard their reports to Earth. The astronauts knew theirselenography (lunar topography) as well as theyknew the landmarks around Houston. That they werephysicaily fit was clear from the rapidity with whizh theythrew off the effects of a virus on their voyage outward.

Nor had the spacecraft or the mission any surprises forthem. In effect, they had been to the Moon manytimes, their trips simulated in an Earthbound Apollo whichduplicated the features of the mission down to the thumpof Apollo 8's jet thrusters and the visible waxing of theMoon Is the spacecraft drew ever nearer.

They brought to the flight experience in high performanceaircraft and in space itself. Anders is a nuclear engineer.Lovell holds a degree in Science. Borman is anaeronautical engineer. Both Borman and Lovell haveorbited the Earth in the Gemini program. Lovell holds therecord. He has been in space longer than any other man.It is this extensive training, education and experiencethat goes into the making of an astronaut.

1 Borman, Apollo 8 commander, jogs for Illness atKennedy Space Center several days before launch.

2 Inside the centrifuge gondola (L. to R.): Anders,Lovell, and Borman.

3 Borman and Lovell watch Anders practice emergency exit.

4 Astronauts in the Apollo Mission Simulator which duplicatesthe interior of the command module and the conditionsexpected on space missions (L. to R.): Anciers,Lovell, and Borman.

5 The back-up crew for Apollo 8 Nell Armstrong,Edwin E. Aidrin Jr. , and Fred W. Haise Jr., suited up to testemergency exit Irum spacecraft.

6 Borman being helped into Apollo for a simulated flightin an altitude chamber.

7 Anders is lowered to ground after riding slide wire tosafety, Borman and Lovell watch. The vilde wire is for speedyevacuation of the spacecraft in case of trouble on the pad.

8 Borman, Lovell, and Anders clamber aboard lileraftafter practice water landing.

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The Making of Apollo 8Apollo 8 was eight years in the making.

The space vehicle (which includes both Apollo spacecraftand Saturn V rocket vehicle) stood 363 feet tall andincorporated well over 3 million working parts. It wasput together inside the Vehicle Assembly Building atKennedy Space Center, a structur so vast (716 feet long,518 feet wide, 525 feet tall) as almost to afford aclimate of its own. If fans did not circulate the air insideclouds would form and rain would fall.

Like man himself, Apollo 8 had to crawl before itcould fly. It crept three and a third miles from the VehicleAssembly Building to the launch pad aboard acrawler-transporter big enough (115 by 130 feet) toaccommodate a baseball diamond. The octagonal launchpad, one of two set about 8,700 feet apart, measures3,000 feM across.

The Apollo 8 space vehicle's first stage came fromLouisiana; the second and third stages from California.They were tested and ma& ready in Alabama. Guidanceand navigation equipment came from Wisconsin; andchecked in Massachusetts. Systems in the spacecraft camefrom Florida and New Hampshire.

Astronaut Borman, after returning from the Moon,recognized a truth whet& he said, "Thousanus of peoplemade this possible."

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1 Diagram of principal parts of Apollo/Saturn V (Apollo 8)at launch.

2 Rocket nokzles of the Saturn V, each with thrust of 1.5 millionpounds, dwarf the workman in the Vehicle Assembly Building,

3 Second stage of Saturn V ready for mating to first stageinside the Vehicle Assembly Building,

4 Apollo 8 being mated to the Instrument Unit atop Saturn V.The instrument Unit is the launch vehicle's brain, controllingamong other things the firing and jettisoning of the three stages.

5 Transporter starts Apollo/Saturn V and associated launchstructure down crawlerway. Vehicle Assembly Buildingdcor still stands open.

6 Apollo 8 looms above crawler-transporter. Each of the60 steel links in the crawler's treads weighs about a ton.

7 Apollo 8 towers 363 feet above the launch pad atKennedy Space Center.

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CountdownElectric power flowed into Apollo 8 at 7 p.m. (EST)Sunday, Dec. 15, 1968, and the countdown started.In one sense, it began a little more than a decade ago whenman first learned to put relatively small objects into orbitaround the Earth; in another, broader sense, perhaps,it began before the dawn of history when a namelesspioneer lifted calloused knuckles from the Earth andgazed on the heavens.

Computers raced electronically through the hundredsof systems of the great vehicle, checking the condition oftheir millions of parts, systematically verifying thefitness of supporting facilities on the ground. Workmenswarmed over the pad and launch tower, filling fuel tanks,installing explosives to separate the stages during theflight, checking electrical connections.

The astronauts, spelled often by their backup crew, tooktheir stations in the spacecraft to join the countdown.They had physical examinations and finally suited up.

Men and machine were ready for the great adventure.

1 Lovell points to chart of lunar surface that he, Anders(behind Lovell), and Borman (extreme right) were soon to seefrom closer range than ever before.

2 Engineers seated beneath giant TV monitor screens inLaunch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center shortly beforethe flight of Apollo 8.

3 Apollo 8 astronauts (L. to R.): Borman, Lovell, and Andersbreakfasting with mission officials early on the morningof the launch.

4 Well before 4 a.m., the astronauts don and check theirspace suits. In foreground, Borman; center, Lovell;and rear, Anders.

5 Technic Ian inserts pens and penlight in pocket of Lovell'sspace suit. The Apollo 8 symbol is on Lovell's chest,figure 8 around the Earth and Moon suggesting the pathto and from the Moon.

6 Anders adjusts his communications soft hat.

7 Apollo 8 astronauts in nearly full dress for flight.Front to back: Borman, Lovell, and Anders.

8 Astronauts leave the dressing room and walk toward vanwhich took them to their Apollo/Saturn V space vehicle.Front to back: Borman, Lovell, Anders.

9 Astronauts leave the bullding to board the waiting van.Left to right: Anders, Love//, and Borman.

10 Lovell talks with closeout crew lust before enteringspacecraft. Borman and Anders are already In spacecraft.

11 Searchlights play on Apollo/Saturn V lust beforelaunch to the Moon.

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12 Spectator sees Apollo 8 off through binoculars as hewaves American flag.

13 With the voyage to the Moon started, Deke Slaytonhuddles with fellow astronauts over a lunar surface chartin the Mission Control Center at the MannedSpacecraft Center, Houston,

14 Voyage to Moon begins on schedule: Apollo 8 lilts off7:51 a.m. (EST) Dec. 21, 1968.

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The Voyage OutAt 7:51 a.m. (EST) Saturday, Dec. 21, 1968, Saturn Vthundered and thrust against the Earth with all its7.5 million pounds of power, lifting itself and Apollofrom Cape Kennedy. Eleven minutes later Apollo 8 wasin Earth orbit. In the second orbit, Saturn V's thirdstage fired Apollo 8 onto course for the Moonat nearly 25,000 mph.

The voyage out took two days. On each day at about3 p.m. the astronauts appeared live on television screenson Earth. Early on Dec. 24, well within the gravitationalfield of the Moon, they turned the spacecraft so thatits rocket engine, the Service Propulsion System (SPS),faced forward. As Apollo 8 coasted out of sight behindthe Moon and out of touch with Earth at 4:59 a.m. (EST),the crew fired the SPS. Not until Apollo 8 emergedfrom behind the Moon did the world learn that it was in anelliptical orbit ranging between 69 and 195 miles abovethe Moon. Two orbits later, the astronauts again firedthe SPS and achieved a nearly circular orbit about70 miles above the Moon.

For about 20 hours, a total of ten orbits, Apollo 8remained locked in the grip of the Moon. At 7:30 a.m.and 9:30 p.m. Dec. 24, the astronauts appeared live ontelevision, sharing with those on Earth their view of themoonscape. For most of the rest of the time, theywere busy with their cameras and sextant, photographingand locating features on the Moon, giving specialattention to propos.:d Apollo landing sites.

Early Chri...ty,as morning, once more behind the Moonand out of contact with Earth, they positioned thespacecraft to fire the SPS and free Apollo 8 from lunarorbit. Again, until Apollo 8 emerged from behindthe Moon, those on Earth did not know that the engine hadindeed fired and Apollo 8 was homeward bound.

Reprinted by permission, 0 Time, Inc. 1969

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"I have a beautiful view of the S-4B(Saturn V's 3rd stage). You could tell itwas really hauling the mail." LOVELL

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"The vast loneliness up here is awe-inspiring, and it makes yourealize just what you have back there on Earth. The Earth fromhere is a grand oasis in the big vastness of space."LOVELL

"Waters are all sort of a royal blue, clouds of course are brightwhite, the reflection of the earth is much greater than the Moon.The land areas are generally a brownish, sort of dark brownishto light brown in texture."LOVELL

"A beautiful Moon out there tonight.""Now, we were just saying that there's a beautifulEarth out there."BORMAN exchange with Houston

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"And in the beginning God created the Heaven and the Earth,"Anders began reading on Christmas Eve TV Broadcast, asApollo 8 passed from lunar day into lunar night.

' Looks rather like clouds and clouds of pumicestone."BORMAN

"The sky is very, very stark. The sky is pitch black and theMoon is quite licht. The contrast between the sky and the Moonis a vivid dark I:ne."ANDERS

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"The color of the Moon looks like avery whitish gray, like dirty beachsand with lots of footprints in it.Some of these craters look likepickaxes striking concrete, creatinga lot of fine haze dust."ANDERS

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"You can see by the nunierbus craters that this planet (theMoon) has been bombarded through the eons with numeroussmall asteroids and metecroids po.-...kmarking the surface everysquare inch."ANDERS

"Lanvenus is quite a huge crater; it's got acentral cone to it. The walls of the crater areterraced, a)out six or seven terraces on theway down." LOVELL

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"The backside (of the Moon) looks like asand pile my kids have been playing in forsome time. It's all beat up, no definition, justa lot of bumps and holes."ANDERS

"Vast, lonely and forbidding sight . . , not avery inviting place to live or work."BORMAN

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How Eyes and Ears of WorldFollowed Apollo 8 to MoonTo keep an anxious world in contact with Apollo 8and Astronauts Borman, Lovell, and Anders, thecommunications network of the Goddard Space FlightCenter, Greenbelt, Md., combined 14 land stations, fourinstrumented ships, and eight instrumented aircraft.

4Circuits of cable, telephone, teletype, and radio relayedmessages through terminals both on Earth and oncommunications satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitudeof 22,300 miles.

Not only did the system enable Mission Control inHouston to talk with the astronauts and millions to seethem on their television screens, but it also monitoredthe physical functions of spacecraft, rocket engines,and the men themselves. Only during the times whenApollo 8 swept to the far side of the Moon were theastronauts truly alone.

So long as Apollo 8 remained no farther away thanEarth orbit the smaller of the land stations, with antennas30 feet in diameter, could stay in touch. For greaterdistances, 85-foot antennas at Madrid, Spain, and Canberra,Australia, and the 210-foot antenna at Goldstone, Calif.,were so spaced around the Earth that despite its rotation,one of them would always provide the vitalcommunications link to Apollo 8.

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1 The 210-foot diameter antenna at Goldstone, Calif.,biggest in the network that communicated with,monitored, and tracked Apollo 8.

2 Workers inside the 210-foot dish at Goldstone.

3 USNS Redstone, one of instrumented ships used totrack and communicate with Apo//o 8.

4 An 85-foot-diameter antenna as seen by a technicianat Goldstone.

5 In the bulbous nose of this four-engine KC-135 are radioantennas that monitored Apollo 8.

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Homeward BoundApollo 8 broke out of Moon orbit at about 5,500 mph.and under the influence of the Earth's gravity gatheredspeed with each passing hour as it headed for home.Eventually, upon reaching the atmosphere of the Earth,the speed reached almost 25,000 mph., fast enough,if the angle of flight were too steep, to burn the spacecraftto a cinder or, if the angle too shallow, to bounce itoff into space again. To land safely Apollo 8 had to bethreaded through what at 80 miles above the Earthamounted to the eye of a needlean imaginary doorwaysome 400 miles by 26 miles.

Apollo 8, its service module discarded, hit the eye of theneedle blunt end first and began tracing a flaming arcthrough the atmosphere. Twice the craft was rolledso that the aerodynamic lift designed into it not onlyslowed descent but actually caused it to climb briefly.The deceleration force on the astronauts rose to six timesthe ordinary force of the Earth's gravity.

Three drogue parachutes automatically deployed at 24,000feet when Apollo had slowed to about 300 mph.At 10,000 feet when the spacecraft had slowed to about140 mph., the 831/2-foot orange and white blossomsof the main 'chutes unfolded and eased Apollo 8 into thePacific a mere 5,000 yards from the main recovery ship,the carrier Yorktown.

It was 10:51 a.m. (EST) Monday, Dec. 27, but 4:50 a.m.and still dark on the ocean about 1,100 miles southwestof Hawaii. Just after sunrise, an hour and 20 minuteslater, Astronauts Borman, Lovell and Anders stepped outof the helicopter and onto the red carpet on thedeck of the Yorktown.

1, 2 Navy trogmen drop from helicopter to prepare Apollo torrecovery and help astronauts transfer to the helicopter.

3, 4 Anders gets a hand out of the bobbing spacecraft,

5 Lovell is hoisted to recovery helidopter.

6 Leaving the helicopter, Borman, Lovell, and Anders(L. to R.) wave to cheering crewmen on decks of theprime recovery ship Yorktown.

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8 Anders, Borman, and Lovell (L. to R.) being introducedto crew of recovery ship Yorktown.

9 , 10, 11, 12, Apollo 8 command module followsastronauts aboard Yorktown.

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13 Steak and egg breakfast for three aboard Yorktown. Theywear robes for physical examinations, which indicated thatthe astronauts were in good condition except for fatigue.

14 Anders, Borman, and Lovell (L. to R.) listen tocongratulations from President Johnson.

15 The astronauts stand beside their Apollo command moduleas it was being prepared for shipment to the United States."It's a great ship," Borman said.

16 President Johnson presents NASA's Distinguished ServiceMedal to Astronauts Borman, Lovell and Anders, Jan, 9, 1969.

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Apollo Program Management

Direction of the Apollo Program, the United States effort toland men on the Moon and return them safely to Earth before1970, is the responsibility of the Office of Manned SpaceFlight (OMSF), National Aeron-utics and SpaceAdministration, Washington, D.C.

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), Houston, isresponsible for development of the Apollo spacecraft,flight crew training and flight control.

Apollo/Saturn OfficialsDr. George E. MuellerAssociate Administrator forManned Space Flight, NASA Hqs.Lt. Gen. Samuel C. PhillipsDirector, Apollo ProgramOMSF, NASA Hqs.George H. HageDeputy Director, ApolloProgram, OMSF, NASA Hqs.William C. SchneiderApollo Mission Director,OMSF, NASA Hqs.Chester M. LeeAssistant Mission Director,OMSF, NASA Hqs.Col. Thomas H. McMullenAssistant Mission Director,OMSF, NASA Hqs.Dr. Robert R. GilruthDirector, Manned SpacecraftCenter, HoustonGeorge M. LowManager Apollo SpacecraftProgram, MSCKenneth S. KleinknechtManager, Command and ServiceModules, Apollo SpacecraftProgram Office, MSCDonald K. SlaytonDirector, Flight CrewOperations, MSCChristopher C. Kraft, Jr.Director Flight Operations, MSCClifford E. CharlesworthGlynn S. LunneyM. L. WindierApol/o 8 Flight Directors,Flight Operations, MSCDr. Wernher von BraunDirector, Marshall SpaceFlight Center, Huntsville,Alabama

Major Apollo/Saturn V ContractorsBellcomm (AT&T)The Boeing Co.General Electric Co.Apollo Support Dept.North American Rockwell Corp.Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyGeneral Motors Corp.AC Electronics Div.

TRW Systems Inc.

Brig. Gen. Edmund F. O'ConnorDirector, IndustrialOperations, MSFCLee B. JamesManager, Saturn V ProgramOffice, MSFCWilliam D. BrownManager, Engine ProgramOffice, MSFCDr. Kurt H. DebusDirector, John F. KennedySpace Center, Fla.Miles RossDeputy Director, CenterOperations, KSCRocco A. PetroneDirector, Launch Operations, KSCWalter J. KapryanDeputy Director, LaunchOperations, KSCDr. Hans F. GrueneDirector, Launch VehiclesOperations, KSCRear Adm. Roderick 0. MldffietonManager, Apollo ProgramOffice, KSCJohn J. WilliamsDirector, SpacecraftOperations, KSCPaul C. DonnellyLaunch Operations Manager, KSCGerald M. TruszynskiAssociate Administrator,Tracking and Data Acquisition,NASA Hqs.H.*R. BrockettDeputy Associate Administrator,OTDA, NASA Hqs.Norman PozinskyDirector, Network Supportimplementation Division, OTDA

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), !iuntsville, Ala.,is responsible for development of the Satui n launch vehicles.

NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Fla., is responsiblefor Apollo/Saturn launch operations.

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Md.,manages the Manned Space Flight Network under the directionof the NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition (OTDA).

Dr. John F. ClarkDirector, Goddard SpaceFlight Center; Greenbelt, Md.Ozro M. CovingtonAssistant Director for MannedSpace Flight Tracking, GSFCHenry F. ThompsonDeputy Assistant Directorfor Manned Space FlightSuppert, GSFCH. William WoodChief, Manned Flig'It OperationsDivision, GSFCTecwyn RobertsChief, Manned Flight EngineeringDivision, GSFCL. R. StetterChief, NASA CommunicationsDivision, GSFCMaj. Gen. Vincent G. HustonUSAF, DOD Manager of MannedSpace Flight Support OperationsMai. Gen. David M. JonesUSAF, Deputy DOD Manager ofManned Space Flight SupportOperations, Commander USAFEastern Test RangeRear Adm. F. E. BakutisUSN, Commander CombinedTask Force 130 PacificRecovery Area (Primary)Rear Adm. P. S. McManusUSN, Commander CombinedTask Force 140 AtlanticRecovery AreaCol. Royce G. OlsonUSAF, Director, DOD MannedSpace Flight OfficeBrig. Gen. Allison C. BrooksUSAF, Commander AerospaceRescue and Recovery Service

Avco Corp., Space Systems Div.Ph licoFo rdMcDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.International Business MsciiinesFederal Systems Div,

Bendix Corp.Navigation and Control Div.

ILC IndustriesRadio Corporation of America

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