SCIENCE

IN EVERYDAY THINGS

by

WILLIAM C. VERGARA

Illustrated

HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK

INDEX

Absciss layer, and falling of leavea, ,go Animals, ability to jump, 76 ACTH, and Cortisone, 148 color vision in, 217 Adhesion. 67 desert, %g

and friction. 46 fastest runners, IQ4

in Gil capillarity, 186 Adsorption of gases, 154 Air, broken down by lightning, 18

circulation of, in refrieeralor, 16% critical temperature of,<38 dcctrical properties of. 1 1 1 liquid. 138 warm. rise of. 10

Air m a k s , 278 Airplane,,jet! shooting itself down. ~w

ressurlzatlon of, 8, 37 AlEinos, a6 Alwhol, -l to touch. 74 . -

heat capacity of, 249 -. pomitf of, 5 4 pmduced by fungi, 236 wood and denatured. 158

Alpe, an early form of life, go and wlored rain, 255 in wlored snow, 283 nature of, 247

art of a lichen, 237 AIPCI~Y, of, 14% Alpha particle, 160 Alternating current. 145 Altimeter, 256 Altitude, and breathing, 37

measurement of, a56 Alum. P$ Amatol, use of, in exploaivc shells, Ambergris, 254 American chameleon. 1% -- Americium, 24n Aminc, 80 Amwha. 152 Amplification, in vacuum tubes, 68

Aneroid baiun~eter, p56 Aniline, and dyes. 274 Animal luminncrnce. 58

- - fear of, 108 food requirement8 of. 70 mavevards of. z16

longest living, pap' that drink no water, 191 venomous, 180

Anopheles mosquitoea. ulcers in, 204 Anthmyan, ,go Anthracite, 31 Antibiotics, 5

origin of, irg Antibodies, 51, g65

and antigens. 51 Anti-freeze, measurement of by hy.

dromcter, 268 Antigens and antibodies, 51 Anti-knock gasolines, 41 Antitoxins, 265 Ants, longevity of, a l l

nuptial flights, timing of, 174 slave workers of, 189

Aphids, reproduction of, 184 Archimedes. ~ r i n u p l e of buoyancy, 50. . . . . . -

9s. 104 Arctic Dnft, 180 Argon, commercial production of, 139 Arizona meteor crater, 288 Artesian well, 165 Arthritis, 1 1 0

Aspdin, Joseph. 1Bo Asteroids, nature of, a26 Athleteb foot, as6 Atlantic mast, sinking of. 207 Atmosphere, bending of light, p18

transmission of lieht and infrared rays through, 26;

Atmospheric pressure, and rise of sap in trees. 99

Atolls, use of, as harbors, 13%

Atom, first splitting of, 160 Blood, human, rate of flow. nqa nature of, nr living nature of, x24 photographs of, x81 Blood vessels, length of, in human

Atomlc battery, 40 M Y , X43 Atomic bomb, 47 Bluing, in washing, 40

use of, in H-bomb, 86 &a constrictors, use of atrcngth, 197 Atomic hydrogen torch, 15% Boat, leaking, use of siphon m, 117 Atomic reactor, principle of, iw tacking of, 117 Atomic t r a m , use of, in medicine, 7s Boiling, tern erature of, g Audio-location, in bats. ~ g a Boiling and freezing at same time, 176 Aurmmycin. 5 Bomb, atomic. 47 Aurora borcalia. 1g.q Bone hanks, 150 Automobile, pulling out of mud, nxg Bootlace worm. 2x8 Automobile engine, overheating of, a49 Brain, and musical quality, 43 Auxins, and geotmpisms, nxn function of in vinon, 112

in plants, 4 Brakes, hydraulic, 109 Breathing, and hibernation, 17s

Bacillus popilliae, no3 effect of altitude on, 37 Bacteria, and cheese-making, a51 of protozoa, 152 Baking powder, x3 Brightness, of stars, 58 Balance, beam, a34 British Thermal Unit, 114

Brown, Robert, 255 j

sense of, in insects, 178 Bmwnian movements, 255 Balloon, maximum riK. 18

Baltimore, white steps of, no7 Bubbles, soap, mlor of, 81 Budding, in sponges, 205 Banting, Sir Frederick, 137

Barnmeter, and altitude measurement, Bulls, and color "red," 2'7 Bunsen, explanation of geyser% 3 256

Baseball, cuwing of, 53 Buoyancy of steel ships. 104 j Baseball bat, sting of, g8 Burrows, use of by desert animals, ng i Bats, navigation of in complete dark- Butter and margarine, X

Buttedin, migration of7 280 new, igx temperature of in hibernation, 178

Battery, atomic, 40 Cable, Getschell and Kadach. pm- electrical, operation of. 145 posed calendar, 7

Bedrock, Caesar, calendar of. 6 Beef tapeworm. 71 Caesium, photoelectric propertied of, Bees, as thinken, 4r

disease in, X* sg

Calcium, similarity to stmntium-ga, length of life, xng

Bell, Alexander Graham, an8 234

Calcium acid phosphate, a3 "Bends," nature of, n Calcium carbonate, and pearl f o m - Bennett, C. K., no4 tion, 166 j Berkelium, rqn Calcium chloride, 16 Bemoulli'a principle, and moving Calendar. Gregorian, problems with, 6

shower curtains, x57 Calgon, 149 j and the curve of a baseball. 53 Californium, 24%

Best. Dr. Charles, 137 Caloric, 148 Bicarbonate of h, in baking powder. and caloric, difference between. 148

23 Calorie, origin of, 78 Bicycle, balancing on. 46 n l u e of, 148 Big-bang theory. 452 Carnbium, and growth of trees, 174 Bimetallic bar, 287 Canaries Current, 180 Birds, flight under water, 813 Capillaries of human body, length of,

life span of, X23 243 on electric power lines, a84 Capillary action. in soil, 186 i speed of Right, X I X Carbohydrates, relationship to vita. vision of, xng mins. So

Bituminous coal, 31 Carbon, and organic compounds.

296

Carbon dioxide, and breathing, 28. 77. 182

in baking, 23 the oxygen cycle, 77

Carbon monoxide. poimnous nature of. a8

Carbonic acid, log Carboniferous period of coal forma-

tion, g, Carotin, ~ g a Casein plaaticr, in2 Catalysts, in gasoline, 41

and enzymes, 14 Catbh, electricity in, 185 Cats, ability to sec in dark, 3x8 Caverns, formation of, l03 Caves, underground, formation of, Celestial navigation, in insects, 170 Cement. natural. 161

Portland, 160 Crnter of ercussion, g8 c a t r i f u c a f force, and hicydc bal-

ance: 46 C e m , largest asteroid, 2x6 Chain. Dr.. 6 Chain reaction, qg Chalk, formation of, 207 Chamdeons, change of color in, 135 Charcoal, activated. 154 Chame. electrical. and delta-formation. " .

'49 and the cleaning of gases, 118 in vacuum tubes, 68

Cheese, manufacture of, 251 ~roducinp. different varieties of, 2.51 b l e of fingur in, 236

Cheetah, running speed of. 1% Chemical enerm. 81 ~~~~

Chemistry, heg%ing of, 115 Chicken eggs, number laid. 95 Childbed fever, and germs, 80 Chimney, drawinx of, on windy days. - ~ ~

z58' Chlorine, combustion in, 267 Chlorophyll, and glucose, 77. 79

and Leaf color, in the sea, 247

Chromium, in precious stones, fi5 Chromosomes, role of, in mutation, 133 Chronometer, and longitude determina-

tion, 194 Cinemascope, lot Cinerama, Clay, in rock formation, 83 Climate, and tree rings. 168

effect of elevation on, 264 effect of ocean currents on, l&

ClirnattContinued effect of solar radiation and atmos-

pheric dust on, x77 of coastal areas, 250 tropical, of Arctic regions, 147

Clinker, in cement manufacture, 161 Clock, invention of, 196 Clostridium botulinum, and food poi-

soning, 280 Cloud banner. of the Matterhorn. 269 Clouds, cause of, 262 Coal. as source of carbon monoxide. 28

formation of, 31 products from, 170

Coal-tar dyes, a74 Cobra, charmed by music, g, Cobwebs, nature of. 2x7 Cochlea. 114 Comnut oil, in margarine, x7 Codes, cryptographis use of fiber optics

m, tag Cohesion, 67

and surface f i lm of liquids. 107 in glue, lox in plants, 3g

Colchicinc, 148 Cold, and dormancy of insects, 173

and hibernation. 172 degree of, a t bottom of frozen lake.

10 in combating trichinosis, 12 limit of, xgx nature of, 172

Cold-blooded animals. and hibema- tion, 17%

Color, in photography, 196 nature of, 260 of the sky, reason for, PO produced by thin films. 81

Color blindness, 109 Colon, primary, of light venus pig-

ments, a43 Colloids, 150 Columbus, 30, r57 Combustion. nature of, 105

without oxygen, a66 Comets, Compound eycs, 179 Condensation, in the atmosphere, 262

of atmospheric humidity, 71 Conduction, of heat, in vacuum bottles,

'90 Cones, nse of in eye, 62 Conger eel, 61 Conglomerate, a sedimentary rock, 84 Continental shelf, 107 Continents, movement of, 206 Continual creation theory, 252 Cooking, pressure, speed of, 8

'97

Copper, isotopes of, 28 Coral islands, formation of, 1.47 . ., Coralline. Coral reefs, role of algae in, 147 Coral oolvn. ,a? . ,. . Coronary throzhosis, 225 Corpuscles, red and white, 2x5 Cortisone. 148 Corundum. 64 Cosmic rays, 211 Cottonseed oil, in marparine. 27 Cream of tartar, xg

"

Critical mars, of uranium, 49 Crowbar. as a lever. eat . "" Crystals, of ice, 282 Clirium, zqx Current, electrical, 84 Curve, of baseball, 53 Cyanides, poisonous nature of, 27s

Dale, Henry, 142 Dance, nectar, of bees, 42 Date line, international. 167 Davy, Sir Humphrey, 6a ' Day. where i t begins. 167 Dead Sea, salt content, 141 Dccibel. IZI Decompression sickness, n

in d,alea, 182 De Forest. Lee, and radio tubes. 68 Deltas. formation of. lao Denatured alcohol,^ ;58'" Density, of submarines, 108

of the earth, 66 of water. 968

Depth 8 Desert animals. resistance to heat, zg Dewar, Sir Jamcs, 191 Derv point, 72 DDT-resistant insects, 61 Diabe~es, treatment oh 137 Diamond, composition of, 65, 74

in industry, 65 history and dbtribution, 74 synthetic, 140

Dibtom, n48 - Diatomaceoua earth, 248 Diatonic scale, tgo Diesel eneine, fuel imition in, ,a4 Dieling. 'ianqrr of of lh\.~.\t1i. '181 Digestion, cllec~ of cxoooon, U),. 12" Dinosaun. arthritis in. 1 1 ,

decline of, 61 Direct current, 145 Discordant chords, xqp Displacement of continents, theory of

"..a -"" Distance, judging of, 8 Divers, and the bends, a

Divining rod, g Dog, learning ability, 34 Dog whistle. operation of. 106 L ) u ~ ~ I I I I I . I I c c ~ ~ ~ ~ in ..+[er. r;l Dupylrr rllert. ,g Dulrala~ fir. heial,r of. 18,

Daruiing, water, g - Draglines, of spiders, n27 Drifts. in thc ocean. 170 Drought, read from tre;"rings, 168 Dubos, 6 Ductility, of metals, 112 Dust storms, cause 05 r44 Dyes, coal tar, 274 Dynamite, invention of. 106

Ear, effect of on motion sickness. PO hearing rnechanisrn in. 114 popping during airplane flight, 8 rangc of sensit~v~ty to sound. 121

Eardrum, 114 Earth. age of, 61

belief that it war flat. go first measurement of, go hottest and coldcst spats, x71 inside facts about, 66 measurement of weight of, 12,

Earthquakes, cause of, 44 Eaton, E. H., 226 Echo, nature of, 136

radio. use of in radar. zs - use of in sonar, 106

Eckelmann, Dr. W. R., 233 Eclipse, use of by Columbus. 30 Edison. and radio tubes. 68 Eel, breeding place of, h a

electric. 1%'

migration of, 169 Eggs, fowl, quantity laid, 95

shape of. 260 Egyptians, ancient, engineering ability.

16, .-. Einstein. Albert, and mass of light, 215

eauivalence of matter and encrzv. 86 ttieory of relativity. 70 "

Einsteinium, nqn Elasticity, g2

of films, 5 Electrical enerm. 80 Electric eye. 89'' Electricity. and lightning. 18

and silver olatine. 240 ~, . and transformers, 298 D.C. and A.C., ~$5

, induced, zg7 in fish. nHc ROIV 01, iti'a vacuum. 1x5 leakage of, in air, 1 I L

Electricity-Continued used in cleaning smokestack gaaes,

.,P

..W

uac of magnet in production of, 237 Electrolysis, in cleanlng silverware. 135

and silver plating, 140 Electro-magnetic spectrum, 261, 178 Electron, and electric current, 84

in atoms, P I orbit. excited state. oo -- weiaht of, 21. 70

Electmn microrcope, 281 Element. chemical, atomic structure 2 , Elemenu. rl~cmiral. iSOt0~eS of. nu

man-made. a42 Elephants, ,pvcyarda of, a16

scze of eyes. 6a Embryos, physical appearance of. 96 Emerald, composition of, 65 Emotions, effect of a n digestion, 120 Empusa murcae, 204 Energy, and roller mastaa, 87

cosmic ray. 211 energy-mass equivalence. 70, 86 kinetic and potential, 37 kinetic, of gases, 1x8 nature of. 80

Epsom salt. t46 Equilibrium and motion sickness, 20 Eratasthenes, and measurement of the

Earth, %a

~ G s i o n , cause of earth uakes, 44

Escape velocity o? the earth, 176 Ethanol, 158 Encalyptus tree, height of, 181 Eustachian tube, 8 Evaporation, of body moisture, 157

from soil, 186 of water from leaves, sg

Even-tempered musical scale, ago Evolution. man and aves, 2nd -

thcorv of, 60 ~ x ~ l o s i b n , duration of. 117 Explosive ahells. operation of, 138 Exolosives. combustion tvDe. l27 - , .

detonator, 12s principles of, l 19

Eye, blue color of, 26 chanec of sire of. in eels. 1 6 ~ -~~~ ~~ -- ~ " mmvound. in insects, L79 . - invdrtcd image in, 712 size of in small animals, 62 uae of in judging distance, R

Fabre, J. H., 33 Falling bodies, 57 Fallout, radioactive, danger of, 232 Faraday. Michael. 18. a37 Fat, moking, 17

relationship to vitamins, 80 Fault line, 44 Fear, control of, 108 Fermium, 242 Fertility, soil, and legumes, ngg Fiber optics, bog Fifth, in music, 244 Filament, of vacuum tube. 68 Films. thin. color of. 81 Fiord;, 15s Fire. 10~'-

Firefly. 58 Fish, ability to smell, 117

age of, 81 basic source of food of. a46 breathing of, 1x6 electrical. 185 greatest depth found at, 171 jumping ability of, 196 light-producing organs of, I j l

raining of, a55 t m climbing, 196

Fishline %'arm, 228 Fission reaction. 47 Fittest, law of survival of, 61 Flagella, on green algae, 147 Flame, g3 Flash bulb, 271 Flatworms, 71 Fleming, Dr. Alexander, 5 Florey. 6 Fluorescence, of red algae, a48 Flutter, of television set, 284 Fog lights, usefulness of, 156 Food poisoning, 280 Food requirements, and animal size, 70 Football, reawn for spinning, 154 Foraminifera, 163

and White Cliffs of Dover, 207 Force, amplification of, nag

and magnetism, 76 magnetic lines of, 238

Forces, resolution of, zzg Forests, petrified. 155 Fossils, in formation of limestone. 84

protozoa, 207 Foul brood, in bees, 20s Founder's Tree, 181 Fractional distillation, of a virus, 65 Freaks, and hormone imbalance, 181 French horn, tonal quality. 43 Frequency, of light. ath

99

Friction, advantages of, gp of ice, so reducti6ii of, 46

Frogs, raining of, 059 Frontal surface, of alr nmw, 078 Fronts, cold and warm. 279 . - Fuel, burninc of, 105 Fulcrum, 034- Fundamental frequency, in music, 43 Fundamental tone, of violin string, nr1o -- Fungus, a35

Galaxies, number of. 185 Galileo, and fallin objects, 57

invention of cloc&. 196 Gallop, 187 Gall wasps, flies and lice, g6 Galvanized iron, 85 Gas, and conduction of sound, 88

Gravel, in formation of m k . 83 Graveyards, of animals, x16 Gravitation, law of, 285 Gravity, and wei hing the earth, 104

e k t of, on pfant grorvth, XXI Great Barrier Reef, formation of, 147 Great Salt Lake, 141 Greenhouse, beating of, by hot springs,

136 hcatlng of, by sunlight. 157

Green manure crops, 240 Grid, of radio tubes, 68 Ground water. xgx Gulf Stream, Row of, 17q Gun, kick of. 57 ' -

Gunpowder, black, composition of, lrg Gvmsmne. kra . . U.

G~mswpie action, in flying insects, 178 Gyrosmpic forces, and bicyclin~ 46 . . -

conduction of heat in, n o ~ heat of mmpression, 134 Half-life, of sodium-nq, 73 kinetic molecular thmrv of. 1x8 Half-life neriods, of manmade ele. , manufacture of, 274 ments: xqn nature of, 63, 128 Halley, Edmund, mmet of, 218 natural. 116 Ham, and trichinosis, LX volume of, zg0 Hard water, 149

Gas mask, prinnple of, 154 similarity to pearls, 167 Gasoline, octane number. 41 Harmonious chords, 244 Gasoline tanks, silvery mlor of, 198 Harvest moan, n67 Gastrosmpe, 103 Hawks, speed of flight, at0 Geiger counter, operation of. 191 Hearing, in humans. 1 ~ 4

use of in medicine, 73 Heartwood, 174 Genes, in intermarriage. 16x Heat, and desert animals, xg Geotropism, in planta, 02s and temperature, 147 Germicide, use of ozone as, 151 animal, and food requirements, 70 G m $ , awciated with disease, 78. 80 conduction of, 13,

and antibiotic% 5 and radiation in vacuum bottles, Geysers, principle of, 3 Ghosts, in television pictures. 085

'90 in various materials, noo

Gills. in bmthinn. 116 latent. a* ~~- ~ - - ~ ~~ ~~~

Girdling oE t r u a : ~ ~ ~ ~ Glaciers, and erosion, 1x6

and fiord formation. IF,^

7 ,

nature of, 147 of mmpregsion of gasea. 194 of the human body, 114 --

nature of, ~ n g of vaporization, P& - Glands, ductless, and harmone pro- reflection of, by light objects, 198

duction, 1 8 0 tranamiasion of, h64 Glaar, aacking of under temperature Heat energy, 80

changes, 048 Heat pumps, 173 Pyrex, 248 Helicopters, reason for tail propellera. wet by water, q POX

Glumsc, and oxygen cycle, 77 Helium, discovery of, gg plant manufacture of. 78 use of, in balloons, ,g

Glue, adhesion and cohesion of, 10s use of, in H-bomb. 86 Gockel, Alkrt, a l l Hcmoglahin, and altitude. 37 Goodyear, Charla, 257 effect of carbon monoxide on, 08 Gossamer, nature of, rn6 Hemophilia, 2x5 Gould. Pmf. L. M,, x37 Heredity, and close intermarriage, 16s Gout, cause of, 148 Hibernation, nature of, 172 Gnmerie. jaundice of silkworms, P04 High-fidelity sound rcpmductian, 94

3""

Histamine, and allergies, 142 History, recorded in tree rings. 168 Hittites, use of petroleum by, 116 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, and childbed

fever, 80 Homogenization, 134 Hormones, and eel migration. 163

and reflexes, 32 nature of, 180

Hornets, slavery in social systems of, 189

Horsepower, of man, 25% orign of, ngx

Hot springs, 136 Housefly, disease in, no4 Humidity, effect of, on mmfort. 157

relativ=, 72 Huntingran, Profcsaor, 169 Hyaloplasm, X13 Hydrogen, and sun's energy. 8.86

'in fi.bomb. 86 Hydrogenated oil, X7 Hvdrown bomb. 86 HYdm&ii torch, atomic. t5x Hydrometer, x68 Hydrophobia, 84

~ce. contraction of. when melting. 93 - dlippery nature of,, 59 Ice age, and eel m~gration. 164 Ice ages, 199 Iceberg patrol, X17 Icebergs, and ice Roes, 216 Iceboat, sailing faster than wind. Ice cream. P4 Ice floes, and icghergs, a16 Iceland, ysen of, 3,

use of ot s rlngs m. 136 Illness, mentaf incidence of, 132 Image, upside down in human eye. Immunization, against diphtheria. Im enetrability of matter, 54 Inauction, electrical. x97 Inertia, 1x3 Infrared rays, and photography,

964 vision of snakes, I IP

Ink pigments, g6 Inorganic rubstancea, 170 Insect-eating plants, 165 Insects, ability to tell time. 173

ability to think, 42 awakened by envlronment. 173 jumping ability. 76 migration of, PP0 most prolific. 184 navigation of, 169 senses of. 178 sickness in, X03 slavery in social systems of. 189

Instinct. animal, 31 as opposed to thought, 43

Instruments, musical, ability tinguish between, 43

Insulators. of heat. no1 Insulin, 137, 18' Intermarriage, 16% International Date Line. 167 ~ons , in delta formation, 150

in silver plating, X41 Iron, galvanized. 83

in silverware, P41 Iran-oxide, in pmions stones. Iron pyrite, as a coloring of riv

*do ~rradGion, 155 Islands, mrd, 13s Islands of Langerhans. 181 Iso-octane, 41 Isotows, 28

dia-

nutlei of, n3 radioactive, effect on humans, use of, as atomic t r a m . 73

lambson's Organ, in snakes. 168 Japanese beeties. 195, .

ava Ape Man, arthrttu in. 111 {umoine. heieht of, by inXeCU. 76 ". L ". Junipers, age"of, no4

Kangaroo rat, water-drinkin6 habits of. 19'

Kapany, Dr. N. S.. l03 Kauna Kea, l40 Kelp, p47 Kelvin, Lord, X93 Kidnaping, among insea, 189 Kinetic energy. 81

and evaporation. 74 and the flow of water. 63 in roller masters, 87 molecular theory, 1x8

Knife, abilit to cut, 375 Knocking, o r gaao~ines, 41 Kon-Tiki, wood used in raft, 50 Krakatoa, eruption of. 110

Kulp, Dr. J. L.. P35

Lac insect, 96 Lagoons, formation of, go Lakes, chanae from salt to fresh water, -

14' formation of, PgP frozen, tern eraturc at bottom of, l0

Lake Van, s a i content of, 144 Langmuir. Dr., 15%- Latitude. 195 Uvoisier, Antoine, 115 ~ a w , scientific, definition of. 1x6 Lead, elasticity of, 9%

Leap year. 6 Learning, trial and error, 34

conditioned reflex, $4 under stress, 88

Leaves. autumn color changes. 189 falling of, ,go

Leeu~venhoek, Anton van, 78 Legumes. and soil fertility. zgg Lenses, and the bending of light, 86 Lexer, law of, 224 Levick, Surgeon-Commander, zt6 Lichens, 236 Life, basis of, zrg

procesm of, 14 Light, bending of, by gravity, 215

color of, 260 depth of, in ocean, 171 effect of, on plant onentation. 4 interference of, 81 polarized, 14n prcssum of. 218 reflection of, from mlored objects, ." r" refraction of. 130. 2 , s spreadin of, on retina, g7 weight of, 215

Lightning, and mil fertility, 270 muse of, 18 mlatian to thunder, 4g

Lightning rods, value of. 1 1 1 Light organs, in fish, 171 Light pipea. lot Light-year. 89 " Lignite, 31 Lime, as a natural cement, 84

secreted by algae, 247 Limestone, formation of, 8.1

in cavern formation. Ion " Limonite. 84 Liquid air, 138 Liquids, conduction of heat in, 201

nature of. fis ~

-2

porosity in, 54 surface tension of, ra7

Lizards, color changes in, 135 Lobster hatcheries, 108 Longitude, descriptioG of. 194 Luciferase. 59 Luciferin. 59 Luminescence, in deep-sea fish, 171

in the firefly, 58 Lungs, and osmosis, 35 Lye. 16

Madagascar, and the man-eating tree, 161

~&$a, 95 Magnesium chloride, 16

Magnet, principle of, 75 use of, in production of electricity,

P97 -. use of, in the telephone, nzg

Magnetic lines of force, 238 Magnetism, and tape recording, 43 Magnitudes, of stars, 58 Major chard, 244 Mammals, venomous, 180 Man, as a jumper, 77

horsepower of, P ~ P Man in the moon. nnt . -"- Mantle rock, 127 Marble, formation of, n g Marearine. 2 1

. ~-

life on, zra Mass, critical, of uranium, 49 Matches. c i . "* Matter. erruivalencc m enr- ., .a ~- - - -.. -. a,, ,., "V

impene&ability of, 54 origin of, 252

Mauve decade, 278 Mechanical enerw. 8, ~--,. -- Memory, 137 Mendclevium, 242 Mental disease, incidence of, IS, Mercuric m i d c I IL

~ - -., Mercury, cohesive force in, 67 Mermaids. 140 Metabolism, 15

and heat. 114 basal, 114

Metals, expansion of, when heated, a77 Meteor crater. Arizona, a88 Meteorites, formation of cratem by. 288 Meteon. 16

greater numberj of, after midnight. 244

Micromicrocurie, ngg Microscope, invention of, 77

inverted image in, 113 Migration, of eels. 163

of insects. nno Mildew, x36 --- Milk, homogenized, 134

irradiated, lad Milky disease, Milky Way, 185 Mineral water, 304 Minor chords, zqg Mirror. full length, length of, I S Mirror effect, of window pane, 248 Mobility, o! molecules, 36, 63, '55 Moderator, in atomic mactom, loo Moissan. Henri. 140 Moisture, and tree rings, 169

in atmosphere, 71

Mold, 236 Molecular attraction, and surface ten-

aion, lq Molecular motion, and formation of

solutions. tr, and heat conduction, z m

Molecule, visibility of, p81 ~ o l e c u l n . collijion of, 281

motion of. 16. 6% 161. 055 . " ~ "~ - -- k t u r e of, igg photographs of, a81 spacing of, r81 speed of, x81

Monarch butterflies, migration Monkeys, mlor vision in, 217 Mwn, artificial, 275

back half of, 38 craters of, x89 crescent, cause of, a74 effect of, on tides, 17 imaginary figures in, a31 influence on Palolo worm, a

of, 200

life on, 56 period of rotation of, 38 M a a of. PSI aeema to follow observer, a59 temperatun variations on, 265

Mosquitoes, walking on water, 107 Motion pictures, motion of, 91, 187 Mountain, tallest fmm base to peak,

'40 Mountain range, longcat in world, 139 Mountains, cloud formations near top

of. 263 oldest in world, 139

Mountain top, mld climate of, a64 Mount Etna. 95 Mount Everest, atmospheric pItasuIe, g

and boiling point of water, g Mouse, sharpness of vision, 63 Moving pictures, g1

wheels turning backward. 187 M U I ~ ~ , W., 1st Murphy. Dr. Rabert. a16 Murres, tl3 Mu~hrooms, ng6 Music, and noise, 144 Musical scale, ago

and harmonious tones. a44 Mutationa, 13%

Nautilus, 1x9 Neanderthal man, arthritis in. 11 1

Nebulae, 185 Nectar dance, of bees, 42 Neon lamps. 99 Neptunium, nqn Neuratiw. 13a

Neutrons, and iaotogn, re in the atomic nu em, a1

Newton. Sir I-G explanation of the tides. I?

third &/of motion. 1. am Nitrate ions. a41 Nitrates, and leguminous cmp, a39 Nitric oxide, and lightning. a70 N i v o m , liquid, botlinn ternpuntun - -

oz, m1 commercial production OF, igg

Nitmclvccrin. ,no

Nohel, Alfred, 105 Nocturnal animal, of the d a n . 176 Noise, r q p North American flying uiml, 18, North Atlantic ~urrent,%a Northern lights. 193 North Pole, futum climate of, 199 North Star, and latitude. rcv;

Nuclear energy. 80 and the atomic bomb. 47

Nucleur. in atomic StNCmIe. at unata1;le. 72

Numbera, we use them backward. 917

Obelisks, erection of, 161 Ocean, bottom of. ~ 6 a

CUIICnts of, 179 deepeat point m, 171

Octane number of gssalines, 41 Octave, a44 Odor, of electrical machinery, 15: Oil, mlor of film, 81

strength of surface film, 2% Oldest living thing, aoq Oleo, a orchar&, protection a@mt &cuing,

289 Organ of Corti, 114 Omnie substances, 17c OsGoais. 95 Ostriches, burying heads in sand. s6g Otter, sleeping in the wata; 177 Ouzel, 21% Overtonei, in music, qp

of violin string, a39 Oxygen, boiling temperatun of, 139

commercial production of, -- discovery of: E 15

Oysten, enemies of, nor. a05 oearl. 166

Pacific coast. rising of, a07 Pacing. 187 Paint, color of, a43

Palolo worm, zq) Parasitic fungi, 135 Parlcutin, the newest volcano, 28% Pascal's principle, 109, 208

- Pastcur, and allkworm disease. 803

treatment far rabies. 8a . . Pavlov, Ivan. 34 Pea family, and soil fertility, 239 . -- Peanut oil, x7 Pearls. formation of. 166 ~~~ ~ - , - ~ -

~&an&, O. P,. I& Peat. formation of, 31 Pendulum, compound, g8

use of, in dock, 197 Penicillin. 5 Penicillium notatum, 5 Peristalsis. ,no

- Perkin, William, 273 Petrified wmd. I z r Petroleum, f o ~ ~ ~ o n of, 116 Phlogiston, 1x5 Phonograph records, manufactuR of,

90 Photoelectric effect, 89 Photognphy, mlor, I$ Photosynthesis, 77, 79 Pictures, taken m the dark. 178 Pigmenu, primary colors of, a43 Piu, Leaning Tower of, 57 Pitch, change in, as train p a m , lg

determination of, in humans. 114 effect of sound velocity on. 133

Pitcher plant, 165 Pits, organs of rattlesnakes, I 12 Planets, xx6 Plant life, of the sea. 247 Plants, effect of aravity on. PP1

insectivorous, h5 . tumin toward light, 4

Plasma. %lood. zzc - ~~~~~~~~~. ~~~ ~ . " Plastics. 1x2 Plate, of vacuum tube, 68 Plating, of metals, 240 Pleistocene Ice Age, 199 Plowing, and evaporation from fielda. . Pr. ."" Pluto, appearance of sun from, 161 Plutonium, 84s Pocket mice. water-drinking hahiu of,

19' Poison, carbon monoxide, 28 Polar regions, life in, 271 Polaroid, 143 Polymerization, 12% Popcorn, reason far popping, 183 Pope Gregory XIII, calendar of. 7 Porcupines, throwing of quills, x14 Pork, soum of trichinosa, 1% Portland cement. 160

Potential energy, 81 in roller coasters, 3

Precinitator. dust. I I ~ P& hydnulic, a08 Prwure, and sharpnew of knives, 175

electrical, 85 in airplanea. 8, 37 in the formation of rock, & of gasa, 1x8 static and dynamic, 55

Prasure cooker, 8 Prevailine westerlies. and Gulf Stmm.

X43 Pronuba yucesella moth, 3% Proteins, relationship to vitamins. 80 Protons. in mamic radiation, sln

in th; atomic nudeus, as Protoplasm, 15%. XIS Protozoa, and termites, am

and the White Cli& of Dover, rot ". Pmxima Centauri, go Pseudopod, of the amoeba. 158 Psychology, and learning, 88 Psychotica, 132 Ptolemy, 58 Ptomaine poisoning, cause of, 280 Pucblo Bonito, 169 Puehlos of southwest, 169 Pum air. heating of, 134 Pupit, slit. in cats, a18

Quality, of musical inatrumrnts, qp Quartz, M a natural cement, 84

as a precious stone, 64 Quills, shooting of, at4

Rahiea, treatment of, 84 Radar, description of, 25

in bau. 192 Radiation, cosmic, 21 l

measurement of, 1x1 of heat in vacuum bottles, 190

Radioactive fallout, 232 Radioactive isotopes, xg Radio tubes, 68 Radio waves, t84 Radium, 160 Radius, of the earth. 66 Rain, a63

colored, a55 of &h, 255

Rainbow, cause of, 130 Rainbow Forest, 155

Raindrop, electrical charge on. 18 sha e of, 5

Rain&ll. and tree ringa. 168 Rattlesnakes, seeing in the dark, t t r Reactor, atomic, principle, too Recapitulation in embryos. 97 Rmognition of faces and names, 137 Reconditioning, as a control of fear.

108 Recorder, tape, 43 Records, phonognph, go Redwoods, height of. 181 Reflection, internal, 10.8 Reflex, conditioned, 34 Reflex actions, as opposed to thought.

42 in wasps. 32

Refraction, in lensa, 86 Refrigerator, and cwling the kitchen.

17s lmat~on of the f rming companment

of, 169 Relative humidity. and cloud forma-

tion, r6n Relativity, thmry of. 70 Remembering of faces and names. rS7 Rennet, in cheese-making, 251 Resins, and strength of trees. 174 Resonance, in television tuner, 13 Retina. 07. 111 ~evcrbc<tion.- 153 Rhesus monkey. R h factor, 51 Rheumatism. 110 Rh factor, 51 Rickets, 156 Rifle bullet, mason for spin, 154

~ ~

Ringworm, a36 Rio Tinto, colors of, a49 Rivers. characteristic mlon of, 248 Rock, igneous, 126

impermeable, and artesian wells. 165 manufacture of, by oceans. 83. 163 nlartic flow and carthquakes. 44 . - kdimentary, 84

Rocket ships, in a vacuum. I Rods. use m eye, 62 Roller masters, 37 R w t pressure, 39 Roots, direction of wth, 401 Rubber, elasticity o ~ X

fin1 use of, z57 naming of, 257

Rub ,64 R u s l control of. Rutherford, splitting of the atom, 160

Sailboat, tacking of, 517 Salt, and ice mixture, low tempera-

tUE of, 24

Salt-Conlinucd caking of, in humid weather, t6 in salt lakes. 141 radioactive. 73

Sanctorius, 78 Sand, formation of, 11, 126 Sand ban. formation of, go Sandstone, 84 Sap, rise of, in treea, 38 Sapphire, composition of. 64 Saprophytic fungi, 235 S a p w d , 174 S a r p s o Sea, breeding place of eels.

cause of. 248 Sargaasum, 2 -7 Satellite, artificial, 275 Seal.- insects. 06 - ~~~~. ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ , " Schiaparelli, Giovmni, %%o Schmidt, IohaIIneS, 164 Schulrrr, br . A. R . 235 Sea antmals, rleeplng in cater. 177 Sramarl. rinLina of. 44 Seasons,of the :arth;jg Sea worms, longest. xn8

edibility of, zog Seesaw, as a lever, l34 Senses, indifference to temperature. 131 Sequoias, age of, no4

height of, 181 Sex hormones, in ulcer treatment. 115 Shale, formation of. 84 Shellac. 96 Shellfish, and limestone, 84 Ships, steel, ability to float, 104

wrecked, depth of ainking: 50 Shower curtain, inward motlon of, X57 Shrew, venomous glands in, 180 Sickness. motion, zo Sight, of insects.l7g

of birds, 216 Silica, 155

in diatomamus earth, 248 Silicon, in atomic battery. 40 Silk, apider, pr6 Silkworm, disease in, 203 Silt. in formation of rack. 8% Silver, plating of, 240

"

Silver sulfide, 135 Silverware, tarnished, cleaning of, 135 Singing in the shower. 153 Siphon, 127 Sirius, go Skin area. and food rmuiremenm of

animals. 70 Sky, blue color of, no Slavery, among insects, 189 Smell, eIfect of, on taste, 25

sense of, in fish, 1x7

'5

Smell--Continued Spider--Continued sense of, in insects. 178 trapdoor, 82 w w of, in snakes, r68 water. 82

Smokestack gas. cleaning by electricity, web. $3 118 Sponges, animal or vegetable, 205

Smudge pota, 289 porosity of, 54 Snakes, charming of, g1 Sport, or mutant, ign

constrictors, l97 Sprain, gx olfactory senae in, 168 Springs. hot. 136 tongue flickin8 in, n2, 168 Squincls, flying, 182 vibration sensitivity of, gi Stalactites, 103

Snow, 282 Stalagmites, 104 colored, x82 Staphylococcus muscae, 204 white color of, n 8 ~ Starfish, ahility to open oysters, nor

Snowfall, temperature riat during, 47 regeneration in. POP

Snowflakes, size of, g82 Stars, change of, with seasons, 172 Soa bubbles, mlor of, 81 distance from earth. 89

= L i c i t y of. 5 dwarf, g Sobrcm, Ascanio, 106 explosion of, g .Sodium bicarbonate, in baking powder, life history of. Q

23 number of, 58 Scdium hydroxide, 16 recession of, qg Sodium-zq, 73 red supergiant, g Soil, formation of, 1 1 , 126 ahaating, 16

role of lichen in formation of, 257 Steam, and popping of mm, r8g Soil fertility, and lightning, a70 invisible nature of, P,

and leguminous crops, zgg Steam engine, first use of, 25n Solids, beat conduction in, nuo Steel, elasticity of, g2

molecular motion in. 141 Stones, precious, composition of. 64 Solutions, and molmlar union. 36 Strain, ga Sonar, 1 0 6 Streptomycin, 5 Sonic b m , 246 Stress, and learning, 88 Sound, conversion to electrical impul- Stroboscope, 188

m. 228 Strontium-go, effect of, on hltman life. conduction in gases. liquida, and 232

solids, 87 in atomic battely, 40 determination of the direction of, 83 Submarine, atomic, fuel consumption intensity variation8 of. 12, of, lzg loudeat ever heard, 110 submerging and surfacing of, to8 speed of, in water. 106 Sugar, difficulty of dissolving in cold transmission in a vacuum. 87 liquids, 15 travels fanher on calm, clear nights, Summer, the year rrithout one, 277 158 Sun, an average star. Q

use of, in sonar, 106 appearance from I'luto, 161 velocity in air, 136 appears to follow observer, 259

Sound bamer, 246 eRect of, on tides. 18 Sound energy. 81 life expectancy of, 63 Southern lighta, 193 location of, in the Milky Way, 185 Soybran oil, 27 looks l aqcr near horizon, zgg Spallanzani, and the study of bats, 19s origin of e n e r n of, 6q Specific gravity, 268 oval shape on setting, x18 Specific heat, 250 Sunset, color of, no Speech. human. 85 reds and yellorvs in, ni;6 Sperm whale. and ambergris, a54 Sunspot activity, and tree rings. 169 Spider, ballooning, 8s Supergiant, red. 3

dngline of. 2 ~ 7 Supersonic soc~ndr of hats, ign getting stuck in webs. 165 S~viss cheese, hole formation in. ~ge kinds of silk, 226 Symbiosis, in legumes, 240 telegraph ayatem, 93 in light-producing fish, ~7r

806

Symbiosis--Continued in tenuites, nar in the lichen, 237

Tape recorder, 48 Tapcwonla, 71 Taste, 24

in insects, 178 Teardrop. shape of. 5 Telephone, an8 Television set, airplane flutter in, a84

tuning of, 13 Temperature, absolute zero, P93

and eel migration, 164 control of, by thermostats, 287 critical, of gases. 138 effect of, on tuning of musical in.

alrun~ents. 133 indifference of senses to, 131 man-made, highest sustained, 152 of the earth, hottest and coldest

spots, 17, of the h y d r o p bomb, 86 of a salt and ice mixture. 24 uooer limit of. zap

. a "" yearly average in the US.. 150

Termites. digestion of wood by, Z C 4 length of life, 2x3

retraethyl lead, 41 Theory of relativity, 70

Tree rings, story of. 160 T-. age of. 168. X04

growth of, 174 tallest, 181

Trial and ermr learning, M Trichina roundworm. In Trichinosis. 1% Trotting. 18; Trumpet, tuna1 quality. 4 Tsunami, 151 Tsuzuki, Dr. Masao, a34 Tuning, change of, in musical irutm-

menu, 133 Tunnels, ventilation of, 115 Turquoise, 64 Tyrothricin, 6

Ulcen, a man's dismae, 1x5 Ultrasonic sound, 106 Underwater obiects, location of, by

sonar, 106 Universe, expansion of, 45

formation of, ~ 5 % Uranium, and the a m of the earth, 6n

and th; atomic b m h , 47 Uranium-ng5, in the atomic mactor, lC4 Urea, synthesis of, 170 Uric acid, and gout, 148 Urquhart, Dr. F., nno

~ h e k o m e t e r , dinicai. 98 Thermoplastics. 122

Vacuum, and falling objects. 5:

Thermos bottles, nature of, 190 flow of electricity in, 125 Thermosetting plastic, 122

transmission of sound in, 87

Thermostat, 287 Vacuum bottles, ,go Thou ht, in insects, 42 Vacuum tubes, 68 T h r u k , egg-laying habits, 95 Valentine, Basel, 10

Thunder. +g valve, ar a vacuum tube. 68 Thyroxin. 181 Vanguard, project, 176 Tidal waves. l51 Velocity, terminal, of falling objects, 57

and the Krakatoa eruptioll, l 1 0 Venomous mammals, 180 speed of, 110 Venus's-flytrap, 165

Tides, r 7 Vigula divina, g Time, sense of, in the pal010 Worm, 209 Violin strings, bowing near one end of, Time zones. 195 239 Tires, automobile, pressure rise in, 1x8 virus, 6~ ~ i t a n i u m , in precious stones, 64 hydrophobia. 84 TNT, 198 in insects, 204 ~ o b a c c o mosaic virus. 66 Visible spectrum, of light. 178. a61 Tools, prehistoric, 223 Vision, duration of, gl Toothaches, sa.eets as a cause of, 35 Vitamin, of, go Tortoise, life expectancy of, 223 Vitamin D, 155 Touch, sense at in insects, 179 Toxins, 265

Vocal chords, use of, in speech, 85

Tracks, railroad, length of, 119 Voice, human, 85

~ r a d ~ winds, and ocean currents, l i g Volatility, 93 Transfnnners, electrical, 238 volcano, newest, 183 Transpiration, of plants. 39 Volcanoes, active, 95 Tree, man-eating. 165 causc of, 95

3 O 7

Voltage. 84 of electric eels, 185

Vulcanized rubber, 257

Walking, in animals, 187 Walrus, sleeping ot, in water, 17 Warm-blooded animals, and h i a m a -

tion. 172 Warm Springs, Georgia, 136 Wasp, as thinken, qx

instincts in, ~z Water, and the oxygen cycle, 77

density variation with temperature. , *" .-- drinking with meals, 99 expansion and contraction of, 10 flow of, 63 fmzing at top of, 10, lno hard. 149 heat ca city of, x50 mincral?and health. 104 porosity of, 54 loft, 149 surface tension, lg w e i ~ h t of, so weti h 67

water.a%&bing subtantea, 16 Water bloom. ,a? Water dowsing, '4 Water pruuure, and arteaian rvells, 165 Water table, ngl Water vapor, 27 Watt. Jamca, n5n Watt. unit of electrical power, xgx Weathering, I , , 1x6 Weddell's wal, livin under ice, 177 We ner Alfred, x d ~ e f f artkian, 165 Wells, fmzing of, in winter, 150

Whale, and ambergris, 254 ability to atay aubmerged. 18s and the "bends," 18r breathin* of. I I. ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ --, --a length o r time submerged, 115 lung cnpadtv, t8r sizeof offi hng, spouting oP: rig

Wheel, 14 Wheels, turning backward in movies,

I R* ~hi rc ' c l i f f i of Dover, 907 Wilsan. Dr. P. D.. 150 Window pane. mirmrlike behaviar at ~~- -~

ni ht; 843 ~ i n d s k e l d , sweating of, in winter. 71 Wire, nlakinr of. I I P Wehler, ~red"criik.~;,o Wood, burning of, 105

hcaviet known. 50 varieties that do not float, 50

Wood almhol. 1s8

Xanthophyll, 190 X-ray radiation, and mutation, 132

Year-End Day, 7 Ycsr f nefi -----. -D-

Younp-Helmhalu theory of rolor vi- slon, i q )

Zea mays evcrta, popcorn, 184 Zinc, and galvanized iron, 88 Zinc oxide. 83