adquisicion sismica 3d_1

esources Ltd.

Presenta

Ofrecido porNorman M. Cooper, P.Geoph

Julio,2004

Muico

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P

Norsran

Presldente,

por

M. Cooper, P.Geoph.

Muetagh Regourceg lrtd.

\-,

\-

s,F Overview of 3D Method

NORM COOPERMUSTAGH RESOURCES LTD.

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(

Basics of Seismic Operations

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Single Shot - 2-D Record

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The Need for 3D Seismic

2-D Seismic,

rSparse control - may miss anomaly

rCross-line and Out-of-Plan e effects

rVelocity analysis only along line of section

rlncomplete Migration

Swath Shooting

. a . a . a ' a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a . a

-l-y*l} *f:ths9irBetter control - every second line "Free"

oGood for LINEAR features

oVelocity analysis stil l only good along

line of section

olnterpolated migration

3-D Metho{.

rComplete subsurface imaging

rCoupled Statics solutions - better structure

oFull velocity analysis accounting for dip

r3-D migration - "Focused" view ofsubsurface

oBetter S/N ratio due to de-emphasis of

The Need for Large 3D's

The Cost of 2-D

High Rcs 500 50 t0 SS h a l l o w 6 8 0 2 0 3 4 8 , 5

P¡ leo U/C 960 12 80 t0D - 3 t . t 0 0 t r 1 0 0 1 2 . 5

D e e p 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 t 2 . 5Footh i l l s .1000 . t0 foo t2 .5

¡7 ,500$6,500ss ,500s5,000$ 5 , 0 0 0

¡30,000

Play Of&ct Fo td Sourcc CDp Cor t!¡ lntenel SLc (pcrkm)

The Cost of 3-D

t l l gh Rcr 500 20 100 5 t700,000Sha l low 700 l0 200 15 S. t0 ,000

Pafeo U/C 1000 14 210 20 $24,000D - 3 1 4 0 0 1 8 2 9 0 2 5 $ r E , 0 0 0

D e e p 2 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 3 0 5 1 2 . 0 0 0Poo i ¡ ¡ l l ! __ , , f000 l0 l t lo 40 ¡ 100 58 ,000

Pl ¡y O lÉca Fo ld l in ¡ B io Cora

Typu (dcp th) ' / t Spec ing S ize ( rq km)

2-D Activity in Canada in 1997

r about30,000 km of2-D recorded

o utilizing approx. 200 crew monthsaveraging 200 channels per crew

. average cost 95,000 per km

o Total expenditure about 9150,000,000

trii¡

g¡'rF3-D Activity in Canada in 1997

r about 1200 3-D programs recorded(approx. 24,000 square km)

r util izing approx. 350 crew monthsaveraging 1200 channels per crew

. average cost $350,000 per program

r Total expenditure about

2-D Results in Canada in 1997

r 1 wel l per 10 km of 2-D seismic3000 wells drilled on 2-D ?

$50,000 per wel l

. completion rate of perhaps 60%

r only moderate economics for mostcompletions

3-D Results in Canada in 1997

o 1 well per 3 sq km of 3-D seismic8000 wells drilled on 3-D ?

$52,500 per wello completion rate of perhaps 80o/o

o improved economics for mostcompletions

A reminder about subsurface coverase

TCDP I¿tarwal

\..-,

A 3-D program contains receiver lines . . .

A 3-D program also contains source l ines .

An example of an Orthogonal 3D grid. . .

3D Survey with the Bin Grid Superimposed

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Statistical Measures of TracesContributing to a Common Bin

r Fold is the total count of all traceswhose midpoints fal lwi thin a bin.

I Offset Distribution measures thevariety of the separation of theindividual source-receiver pairs creatingtraces within a bin.

r Azimuth Distribution measures thenment of the source receiver

Superposition Principleo

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Types of Noise

* Time variant

* Offset variant

* Source variant

* Receiver variant

Noise = f 1t,r,=,r¡

How is Fold Determined ?

o The Fold is built by overlapping areas ofsubsurface coverage.

r The overlap is a function of the subsurfacearea of the patch and the size of the jumpsfrom salvo to salvo (in the in-line direction)and from swath to swath(in the cross-linedirection)

r Let's review the subsurface patch . . .

Offset Limited 3-D Fold

r Usually, we can only use certainsource-receiver offsets. Any traces

generated from longer offsets will bediscarded in processing.

o We generally try to design our recordingpatch as a square or rectanglelarge enough to encompass theMaximum Useable Offset.

How is Fold Determined ?

r Therefore the ln-Line Fold will be:patch heiqht

2 x source line spacingrAnd the Gross-Line Fold will be:

oatch width2 x receiver line spacing

r The Nominal Fold of the 3D will be theproduct of the In-Line and Cross-Line Fold

Nominal 3-D Fold

r The product is:oatch heiqht x patch width

2 x S L x 2 x R LWhere SL is the source line spacingand RL is the receiver line spacing

r O r :patch area

4 x S L x R L

ffifÁ

I

\-.

Calculation of 3-D Fold

r The rectangular fold will be:

Surface Patch Area

Calculation of 2-D Fold( CDP redundancy )

o Subsurface coverage is l/2 of sur face coverage. f requency of shoot¡ng is Group Interval d iv ided

by Source Interval

rFo ld = #Traces X Group ln teña l2 Source Interval

Or:

r Fold = Maximum Useable OffsetSource Interval

2-D Design versus 3-D Design

l Source interval drives the cost of 2-D:

Source Interval = *$"tg-ueslreq t,olo

r Grid density drives the cost of 3-D:

Clean Record - Tilley Area

2-D Design - Example 1

Assume desired fold of 24Assume useable offsets to 1200 m

Sourcelnterval - ry = 50m

Or 20 shots per km

3-D Design - Example I


For SL=RL = 275 m



Sourcelnterval * # - 33.3m

Or 30 shots per km



For SL=RL = 183 mOr 29.9 boxes per sq km

Summary of Data examples"R" for design=

"R" for processing =

Desired Fold =2-D Si =

DensitY =Processed Fold =

Des¡red Fold =3-D Line Spacing =

DensitY =

Processed Fold =

12001200

2450.0020.0024;00

800800

2433.3330.0024.00

1 5183

29.8415.00


Assume source interval of 50 metersAssume useable offsets to 800 m

F o l d - # - 1 6

Or 213 of expected fold for


Assume SL = RL = 275 mAssume useable offsets to 800 m

Or 419 of expected fold

Summary of Data examples"R" for design= 800 1200"R" for processing = 1200 800

Desired Fold =2-D Si =


Desired Fold =3-D Line Spacing =


"R ' fo rdes¡gn= 800 i 1

"R" for processing = 1200 800

Dés¡rEd Fold =

2-D S¡=DensitY =

Processed Fold =

Des¡red Fold =3.D Line Spacing =

DensltY =

Process€d Fold =

cost factor = 1.50 0.872-D fold factor= 1.50 , 0,97

S/Nfactor- 1,22 0.92

cost factor = 2.25 0,/t03-D fold factor = 2,26 0,¡14

fastor =

24 2433.33 50.0030.00 20.0036.00 16.00

1 5 1 5183 275

29.t¡1 13,2033.75 3;67

Line Spacing

Avo id : SL /RL = 1 .0S L / R L > 2 . 0S L / R L < 0 . 5

A Typical2-D Field Monitor

A Typical 2-D Field Monitor

3D Naturally Emphasizes Far Offsets

3-D Patch

2-DSpread

Narrow Aperfure Patches

o Often, our patch is not sufficienfly wideto record all useable traces in the crossl ine direct ion.

o This is usually the result of limitedrecording equipment and can becompensated by "double shooting"patches from sides.

Narrow Aperture 3-D Fold

r The surface area of a narrow aperture patchw i l l b e :

7[ R2 - 2 (R2 Cqs't (r / R) - r (R2 - 12)1/2 )

And the fold wil l be :

sur face areal (4 x SL x RL )

Offser Limited 3-D Fold

rThe next two slides illustrate thedifference between fold using alloffsets, and fold using limited offsets.

r Flick back and fcrth between them andnote the differences.

f#

Offset Limited 3-D Fold

r Note the patterns of higher and lowerfold which are evident in the offsetlimited display.

rThese patterns may produce falseimages in the final stacked data sincedata quality depends partly on fold.

o We refer to this as Geometriclmprinting or as seeing a Footprint of

The Fold Histoeram

rThe next diagram is a histogramshowing the relative number of binswhich are imaged by each fold for theoffset limited modet.

r The fairly broad distribution indicatesthat we might expect geometricimprinting in this modet.

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i ! r r r r r r r Í ¿ a r : t 2 r r r 2 1 2 r ! r ¡ r

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4ro. 79.68e0,km I 30.77sq.ni. )4822sq.k¡ ( 18.63sc.íd. I

60.5 i6

Fold Cout tl vi Nomin.l s¡o¡t, i¡ot.é i6 S¡qn.t /ttu¡¡.LowFold 180 -f43% 121 -7.1%

Nom¡rl Fold 21 0 0.096 4.SB O.O%Hlch Fold 2,1.0 l¿.3% ,[90 0.9%

\-

I

\-.

"Fold Driven"2-D Design versus 3-D Design

Source Interval = #k

"Bin Driven"2-D Design versus 3-D Design

Source Interval = Receiver Interval

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3D Parameter Desien

NORM COOPERMUSTAGH RESOURCES LTD.

Design Overview

rOverall suruey size and shaperDeciding on the desired foldoOffset considerationsoSource / Receiver line

spacrngsoBin sizeoBin geometry, scatter

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5 x 180 km : 900 km2 :)

- Not large

10 li;; p-",.t'¡o -> 1000 channels

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i l r # s d s ' r !

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30 x 30 km:900 km2 ;";- very lTg. _.

ro lt* p*ftlO rn ni, -

> 6000 channels

One Section of land to be imaeed

l-

- with 800 m low fold margin

Model Before Migration

Detail of Model Before Migration

One Trace Migrated

One Trace Migrated

Three Traces Mierated

Five Traces Migrated

Nine Traces Mierated

Eleven Traces Migrated

Thirteen Traces Migrated

Fifteen Traces Migrated

Seventeen Traces Mierated

Nineteen Traces Migrated

Twentythree Traces Migrated

Twentynine Traces Migrated

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Detail of Model Before Mieration

Model Before Migration

Migration Aperture

Migration Aperture

The horizontaldistance a trace will be movedby migration in a homogeneous medium

would be:

Migration Aperture = Depth x Tan(dip)

For a reflector at 1000 m with a dip of 30 degrees

Migration Aperture = 1000 x Tan(30) = 977 ¡¡

Fresnel Zone

if:#,##

Grid Orientation versus Bin Spacing

spacing = 1.414 x b¡n spacing

trace spacing : 1.0 x bln spaclng

Fresnel Zoner The radius around a reflection point where

irregularities on the reflecting éurface areexpected to effect the nature of the reflection

Fresnel Radius = Sqrt [ ( o * 1t2]u ¡z - gz7

and l, = Vavg I rreq

For a reflector at 1000 m with a velocity of 3OO0 m/sec anddominant frequency of 50 Hz

- (¡, = 60 m)

\--

Out of Plane Effects

Overall Survey Size and Shape

aCover beyond the anomalyrMargin of poor statisticsoMigration aperture and Fresnel ZonerAlignment with Strike / Dip

or Land BoundariesoAvoid irregular shapes (inside

Design Overview

oOverall survey size and shapeoDeciding on the desired foldrOffset considerationsasource / Receiver line

spac¡ngstBin sizeoBin geometry, scatter

r'{ffi

3D Natural ly Emphasizes Far Offsets

. .3-D Patch

2-DSpread

Fold Decimation Experiment (Bouska)

Fold Decimation Experiment (Bouska)

7 fold

\-,Deciding on the Desired Fold

rSignal to noise enhancemento3-D advantages of migrationo3-D advantages of offset

distr ibutionols fold our most important

parameter ?

Design Overview

rOverall suruey size and shaperDeciding on the desired foldrOffset considerationsasource / Receiver line

spacingsoBin sizerBin geometry, scatter'{"ffi

Some Events on a Field Record

- - - . . tMax Offset = Depth ??? iI

Oñ!.r (ml

. 3 B 8 g g $ n * g g g g $ e g0 000

0.500

1.0{x)

: 1 . 5 0 0

2.000

2.500

Stretch Mute(1s%)

A slow layer overlying a fast layer

Air 300 mrs

What happens to the reflected energy ?H C o c f . 4 g

1?oo. loo A¡r roo o/s

- 0. t0

Clean Record - Tilley Area

Noisv Record - Guided Wave

3D Naturally Emphasizes Far Offsets

3-D Patch

2-DSpread

=vgg,

Common Offset Stack - Tunisia

Offset Considerations- Maximum Limits

olnterference with muted first breaksoMoveout stretch muterMode conversionaEnergy loss due to spherical

divergence

Yff i_.7ff

Semblance vs Offset

5000

VELOCITYm / g

2000

0.500

0.600 r'

OFFSET

Offset Considerations- Minimum Limits

oSufficient moveout for velocitvanalysis

rSufficient moveout for multiplediscrimination

oRefraction analysisrAmplitude vs Offset analysis

y,,#

Offset Considerations - Multi Zone

Design OverviewoOverall survey size and shaperDeciding on the desired foldoOffset cons¡derationsasource / Receiver line

spacingsoBin sizeoBin geometry, scatter

Shallow Zone X maxand desired fold

determine Grid Density (Sr and Rr)

Patch Size is determined bythe larger of

Shallow Zone X maxor Deep Zone X min

:'f .ffi,:al/ -.jg

lf a patch cannot be full aperture for all zones,it 's minimum dimension must exceed

X min for the deepest zone of significance t!

"Fold Driven"2-D Design versus 3-D Design

Evolut ion of Megabin 3D

Instructor's Option

Open E:\Courses\Fu I l_Wavefie I d_to_Meg ab i n. ppt

Alternatlvely, openE:\Courses\MegaUn_vs_Orthogonal.pptfor a case hlstory fromsw Ontario

iF.#'' - í : i #

Source / Receiver Line Spacings

oDesired fold within offset limitsrFold at shallow eventsoAspect ratiorDesired wavefield sampling in

a l l doma ins ??

I

"Bin Driven"2-D Design versus 3-D Design

Source Interval = Receiver Interval

SL = RL = 4xSubsurfaoe Bin= 2x Receiver Interval

tt,.f,uf,'.

Design Overview

rOverall survey size and shapeoDeciding on the desired foldr Offset considerationsasource / Receiver line

spacingsoBin size

20 Hz as traces in space

Spatial Sampling at the Surface

X "ppr.nt = },l stnqcg

= Vel / Freq i sin(Cf)

Spatial Sampling at the Surface

Surface Interval=2 x Velocityou.,uu.

,3 x Freqru* x Sin o,

/Desire s ámpes per wavelength.

Surface ¡nterval = 2 x CDP interval

Asymmetric Bins - linear features

$lin ao x zoo m

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Asymmetric Bins - linear features

B i n 4 0 x 8 0 m

YffiffiffiWffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi,

Requ¡red Group Intorvel vs Otfsotfor Olffractlons

To = 1.20O ..c, Vavg ¡ 3(x)0 m/r, Fm.¡ ' 10o lk

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More independence oftraces within bins

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Mid-Point Focused

l-imited lndependence oftraces witi'¡in bins

,: . ,,. ,. ' .,.

t t

S L x R L =4 x Desired Fold

S L = 1 . 5 x R L

= 1.5 RL2 - o'r'ul='

1 x 1 5

= R L : 5 2 . 3 m

= S L - 7 8 . 5 m

f 13 Natural Bins (4 x 5 m)

More traces - No better resolution- limit due to bandwidth is about 7 meters

Mid Point vs Reflectin

Bin Balancing - off,set intelligence

Fractionation of bins bymid-point scattering

r I nterleaving orthogonal geometriesrFlexibility in bin sizerFlexibility in bin geometryrFlexibility in foldtBin balancing

\.,

Statistics and Surface Consistent Algorithms

> Diverse statistics come from diversewavefield sampling

> Surface consistent algorithms requirelinearly independent (diverse) statistics

. Amplitude recovery> Deconvolution

> Statics

Simultaneous Equations - Under Constrained

X + Y = 5

oToo many variables, not enough equationsI no unique solution

X = almost anythingY = 5 - a l m o s t a n y t h i n g

Simultaneous Equations - Properly Constrained

X + Y = 5X - Y = 1

o Number of independent variables matchesnumber of equations - one unique solution

X = 3 Y = 2

L

Simultaneous Equations - Over Constrained

X + Y = 5X - Y = 1

X I Y = 1 . 4

o Seldom all measurements agreer No solution

X= 3 Y =2 doesnot f i tex t raequat ion


X + Y = 5 + e r r O r lX - Y = 1 + e r r o r 2X i Y = 1 . 4 + e r r o r 3

o Recognize errors in measured valueso Each error becomes another variable

o Now we have 3 equations and 5 variableso Now we are Under Constrained again !!

o Too many solutions - none unique


X + Y = 5 + 0 . 0 = 5X - Y = 1 + 0 . 0 = 1X / Y = 1 . 4 + 0 . 1 = 1 . 5

a average absolute error = 0.033

X = 3 Y = 2

Observed = Structure + NMO + Receiver + Source

Example

10 km 2-D l ine100 channels (traces) per SP

Source Interval = 100 m (10 per km)Receiver Interval= 20 m (50 per km)

CDP fold = 10

Statistics and Surface Consistent Algorithms

. t . : , : , : : i


X + Y = 5 + 1 . 0 = 6X _ y = 1 + - 1 . 0 = 0X / Y = 1 . 4 + - 0 . 4 = 1

aaverage absolute error = 0.80

X = 3 Y = 3

\-

Surface Consistent Algorithms

rFeed on statistical diversity

l3-D's provide more dimensions ofstatistics and greater diversity

rSome models generate redundantstatistics and should be avoided

Design Considerations - Offset

rShallow objective and first breaksrDeep objective and Velocity Analysis.Deep target and Multiple SuppressionoEnergy Loss.AVO effectsoRefraction Analysis

Observed : Structure + NMO + Receiver * Source

Recorded traces = 10 x 10 x 100 = 10,000Receiver stations = 50 x 10 = 500

Source stations = 10 x 10 = 100C D P l o c a t i o n s = 2 x 5 0 x 1 0 - 1 , 0 0 0Unique Offsets = channels = 100

10,000 equat ions1,000 + 100 + 500 +100 = 1700 variables

we require 10,000 errorterms to be minimized

Design Considerations - Fold

rStatistical Redundancy for processingtGeneral Signal to Noise Ratio of areatEconomicstOffset and Source interual for 2DtOffset 2 and grid density for 3D

Design - Group Interval

rSpatial Aliasing of dipsrSpatial Aliasing of Diffraction patternsoSpatial Aliasing of Coherent NoisetFresnelZoneoTarget SizelNumber of Geophones, Array

Design - Source Interval

aFrom Fold, Offsets, channelslrounded down to integer multiple

of group interval in 2-Daequal to group interval for stack arrayotwice bin size for 3-Dasource Array ?

t-

\-,Design - Spread Geometry

rDetail versus ReconnaissancetDominant dip versus line orientationlRefraction analysis (near offsets)aLand boundaries

Design - Channels Required

.From useable Offset & Group IntervaloFull aperture 3-D Patch (line spacing)oRecording Equipment available

Design - Source Type

tSurface conditionsoProximity to Cultural obstructionsrEquipment availabilityrStack Array - full wavefield sampling ??

\-

Design - Dynamite

Charge SizeHole depth

Surface charge??Single or pattern holes

Pentolite versus NG versus Gelconventional versus shaped charge

SummarytAccount for wavefield samplingtCustom tailor to available

instrumentationtAllow for realistic implementationrOptimize for economics

-the best data comes from surveyswhich are not just designed but arealso recorded !!

Design - VibroseisSize and number of vibrators

Bandwidth of sweepUpsweep or DownsweepDrive Levelversus THDSweep length and tapers

Linearity and tapersNumber of Sweeps

Total effort versus pad time

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