ADVANCED BIOLOGYCHAPTER 1 NOTES

ANATOMY• Study of the structure & shape of body

parts and their relationship to one another

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PHYSIOLOGY• Study of the function of the body or

body parts - how they work

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• Anatomy & Physiology are closely related to each other. A slight change in anatomy can have a significant effect on physiology

• Examples: sickle cell anemia, rotated pelvis, elongated palate in bulldogs

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Chemical - first level of organization

(non-living)

• Examples: atoms & molecules

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Cellular - structural & functional unit of

all living things

• Examples: skin, bone, red blood cells

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Tissue - composed of cells with a

common origin, appearance & function• Examples: muscle, nervous,

connective

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Organ - a group of tissues organized

into a specific structure with a specific function

• Examples: heart, brain, liver, lungs

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Organ system - groups of organs

working together to perform specialized functions

• Examples: cardiovascular, integumentary, reproductive

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION• Organism - last and most complex level,

composed of individuals capable of carrying out life functions

• Examples: person, dog, bacteria, ameoba, plant

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• EVERY LEVEL RELIES ON THE SMOOTH WORKINGS OF THE LEVEL PRECEDING IT, A MALFUNCTION AT ANY LEVEL HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES TO THE LEVELS BUILT UPON IT

• EXAMPLES: cancerous cells can spread, electrolyte imbalances can stop the heart

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

• Integumentary•Forms the external

body covering

•Protects deeper tissue from injury

•Synthesizes vitamin D

•Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Figure 1.2a

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

•Skeletal•Protects and supports

body organs

•Provides muscle attachment for movement

•Site of blood cell formation

•Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

•Muscular•Allows locomotion

•Maintains posture

•Produces heat

Figure 1.2c

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

•Nervous

•Fast-acting control system

•Responds to internal and external change

•Activates muscles and glands

Figure 1.2d

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

•Endocrine•Secretes regulatory

hormones

•Growth

•Reproduction

•Metabolism

Figure 1.2e

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

•Cardiovascular•Transports materials

in body via blood pumped by heart

•Oxygen

•Carbon dioxide

•Nutrients

•WastesFigure 1.2f

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

• Lymphatic•Returns fluids to blood

vessels

•Disposes of debris

•Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

•Respiratory•Keeps blood

supplied with oxygen

•Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

•Digestive

•Breaks down food

•Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

•Eliminates indigestible material

Figure 1.2i

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

•Urinary•Eliminates nitrogenous

wastes

•Maintains acid – base balance

•Regulation of materials

•Water

•ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

•Reproductive•Production

of offspring

Figure 1.2k

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

•Maintain Boundaries•Movement•Locomotion•Movement of substances

•Responsiveness•Ability to sense changes and react

•Digestion•Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

•Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body•Production of energy

•Making body structures

•Excretion•Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

•Reproduction•Production of future generation

•Growth•Increasing of cell size and number

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

•Nutrients•Chemicals for energy and cell building

•Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

•Oxygen•Required for chemical reactions

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

•Water•60–80% of body weight

•Provides for metabolic reaction

•Stable body temperature

•Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

HomeostasisHomeostasis

•Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

•Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

•Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

End Chapter 1 - Part 1