advanced energy technology for sustainable development. part 2

Satoshi Konishi

Institute for Sustainability Science,

Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Aug.12-13, 2011

Advanced energy technology for

sustainable development - Analysis of energy for sustainability-

Summer School AACIMP-2011

Kiev Polytechnique Institute, Ukraine

International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science

3．What is fusion?

Acknowledgement to JAEA.

ー Fusion reaction

ー Plasma

ー Confinement

ー Status of development

Fusion: Energy of the Sun

核融合

ヘリウム

陽電子

陽子中性子

陽子

temperature：1,5million degree

time：10 billion yen

fuel：hydrogen (proton

Reaction in the sun

Artifitial sun

temperature：200 million degree

time：１second

fuel：hydrogen isotopes

Deuterium-tritium

fuel １ｇ

Helium neutron

oil ８ t


proton

proton

helium

neutron

positron

fusion

Reactions in stars

In the Sun

temperature：107 K (1,500万K)

density：150g/cm3

−fusion by gravity−

p + p ––> d + e + n + 0.42 MeV p + d ––> 3He + g + 5.49 MeV 3He + 3He ––> p + p + a +12.86 MeV

gravity（108 K, 105 g/cm3)

gravity（109 K, 2×105 g/cm3)

Herium burn

Carbon burn

Finally turns to iron

Proton reactions

（a + a ––> )

（12C + 12C ––> )


Where does energy come from?

●atomic number < 60

→ loss of mass

●atomic number > 60

→ waight gain

1p

1n

2D

3T

3He

4He(a)

6Li 7Li

10Be9Be 11B

12C

14N

16O

19F

20Ne

27Al 59Co107Ag

238U

208Pb

11 10 100 300303

0

-5

00

-5-5

原子量原子量

E = Dmc2

“Possible” reactions

d + t → a + n + 17.6 MeV

d + d → 3He + n + 3.27 MeV

d + d → t + p + 4.03 MeV

d + 3He → a + p + 18.34 MeV

best


Atomic mass

neutron

hydrogen

helium

proton deuterium tritium

helium3 Alpha particle

d-t reaction

(1) easiest

(2) Abundant fuel resource

●heavy water：limitless（sea water ~150 ppm）

●tritium：Li - n reaction

（lithium in sea water 1,5M year of consumption）

d + t → 4He + n

n + 6Li → t + 4He

(3) d-t fuel 1 gram ＝ 8t oil equivalent


How to make the reaction

Z = 1 Coulomb barrier ~700 keV

(classic physics）

Quantum physics 、~10 keV

1

0.1

10 100 1000

10

D-TD-3He

D-D

0.01

エネルギー（keVkeV））

~ r0

~5r0

U

R

1

40

e2

r 700 keV

r0 ~2 fm


Fire of fusion:plasma

e

solid liquid gas plasma

COLD HOT

+ -

TV

Light ball

neon

plasmas


Thermonuclear reaction

●fusion output

Pfus ni

2

4 v E fus n2f(T)

density n temperature T

Ppl 3

2(niTi neTe) E

nT

E

●power loss Confinement time

E Power balance

heat

pow

er

efficiency η Fusion power can be recycled to

heat the plasma again

Criteria is temperature, time and

density nE, T

wall

plasma


Lawson criteria

Fusion energy = power needed to heat plasma

1022

1021

1020

1023

1019

1 10 100

D-T

D-D

= 1 を仮定 = 1 を仮定

1 eV = 約 10,000 ℃

Current

status

T ~ 10 keV （100 Million℃）

n ~ 1020 m-3

E (confinement time)~ 1 s

− energy in =energy out −


Trapping particles

Strong magnetic field

Particles can fly along the line Movement of ion and

electron

Thermal movement

1,000km vessel needed Particles are trapped by the magnetic lines


Plasma confinement

B

Magnetic field in “donut “shape All the magnetic lines connected

Plasma current makes field Tokamak field traps particles


How tokamak is made

Tokamak

Helical magnetic lines Current in the plasma current

Current in the coil

coil


TOKAMAK

真空容器

トロイダル磁場コイル

プラズマ電流

ポロイダル

磁場コイル

プラズマ

toroidalnaya kamera and magnitnaya katushka

磁力線

Toroidal field coil

Poroidal field

coil

Plasma Magnetic field

Plasma current

Vacuum vessel


Confinement devices

Helical magnetic lines confine plasma

JAEA、JT60

Tokamak

Helical

Helical coil makes fields to confine

Plasma current makes fields to confine itself

Kyoto University, Heliotron J


Fusion plasma

Torus chamber

plasma


Thermal insulation

Keeps inside hot

Plasma movement International Symposium on Global Sustainability

Institute of Sustainable Science

Plasma movement

As fluids As particles

Numerical simulation is needed to “see” it.


4．Fusion development and

its possible market

Fusion Research in the World

Asian countries are now strongly interested in fusion.

T-10

○

○

TUMAN-3

Russia K-STAR Korea

JT-60,SA LATE,HYBTOK-III

CSTN3

Japan Alcator C-mod NSTX,DIII-D

United States

JET,Tore-Supra ASDEX-U,TEXTOR

FT-U,MAST,W7

EU

SST1 India

EAST,HL-2A,

HT-7,HT-7U

China


Ukraine Uragan

DEMO reactor

1980 2000 2020 2040 2060

Targetted to 2050 comercialization

Fusion Energy Development

EDA 92-01

ＣＤＡ88-90

Const.. Oper..

★

★

★

★

★ ★

★

★

★ ★

★ ★

EU fast track

ＩＴＥＲconstruction site(2010)

Competition to demonstrate

Fusion power

→demonstration scheduled 2030

Environmental problem requires faster

program.

Blanket test

International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

30 m

ca. 5BUS

US-USSR 1985


・Fusion has advantages to sell.

・But electricity (particularly cheap one) is not the unique product

of fusion.

・Expected role and feature of fusion is different among parties.

Expectations for Fusion

・Resource (particularly self-sufficiency)

・Safety (over fission?)

・environment (reduction of CO2 emission)

-replacing Oil, not nuclear or renewables

・Large amount of supply to meet demands

・Proliferation

・Economy

EU

US

KO

CH

IN

JA

Other

parties

Fission acceptance

Nuclear infrastructure

Plant (Demo?)

design


ITER Organization

ITER Science

and

Technology

Advisory

Committee

(STAC)

Management

Advisory

Committee

(MAC)

Council

Domestic

Agencies

Member Parties

・・・・・・

Director

General

Structure of the International collaboration

ＴＢＭ Program

Committee

(TBM-PC)

TBP Working Group

(TBP WG)

Domestic

Agencies Domestic

Agencies

Baseline Schedule of the Operation -25-

In vessel components will be installed after the 1st plasma.

Fusion Electricity

Energy generated by fusion reaction

Energy converted to heat and fuel

Fusion reactor

Fusion fuel

Fuel cycle

Power train

breeding

deuterium

tritium

neutron

lithium

neutron tritium

Electricity

Coolant


Fusion as a potential energy

Free from supply constraint of resources

- abundant, not localized resource required

- technology driven, not resource oriented energy

Economy

- competitive energy price

- meets requirement for economical development

Environmental friendliness

- low carbon dioxide emission

- low pollution, impact to environment

Social acceptance, adaptation

- free from nuclear proliferation and wastes

- meets market needs (urban demand)

- supply fuels (hydrogen), transportation.

Hydrogen

Helium

Energy


advanced energy technology for sustainable development. part 2

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