advanced engineering and science in a planet under severe...

Sandip [email protected]

Advanced Engineering and Science in a Planet Under Severe Stress

Tiwari_06_2010_COMtg.pptx

Science -> Engineering -> Society

19-2000’s

Science Engineering Society

17-1800’s

Charles Darwin Dmitri Mandeleev

16-1700’sGottfried Leibnitz Isaac Newton Thomas Savery

…James Watt…

Fritz Haber

18-1900’s

Albert Einstein AlexanderFleming

Claude Shannon

Our Life Expectancy + Information Society


MaterialsScience &Engineering

Science and Engineering is a human activity

To follow it, we need to understand the individual human beings who practice it and the environment they work in.

For scientist it is the pure pursuit of nature and facts

For the engineers it is also the connection in society


Why do we become engineers or scientists?

Love

For many, it is a rebellion Against poverty

Against religion

Against other constraints of culture

…

For many of the best, it is both

When I was in the seventh grade at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich, I was summoned by my home-room teacher who expressed the wish that I leave school. To my remark that I had done nothing remiss, he replied only, “Your mere presence spoils the respect of the class for me.”

EinsteinTiwari_06_2010_COMtg.pptx


Science and engineering are major social forces

Wheel, fire, agriculture, bridges, tunnels, roofs, engines, roads, machine tools, petroleum, transport, …

Cave dwellers to agriculture community to urban on rivers to suburban, …

How one adopts, adapts and uses, matters

Chinese inventions include paper, gunpowder, compass, printing, …

In 15th century, during Ming dynasty (post Zhang-He), when Chinese were also the leaders in making grand voyages all around (before the Europeans), China chose to look inwards, …, and declined

Engineers play a central role in society at large (humans, all inhabitants, our environment, business, consumers, … , …, our eco-system)

Openness , Collaboration, People, …


Sharing and Openness

internet

folding@homehttp://folding.stanford.edu

Performing complex calculations: protein folding

Sharing Knowledge


Personalization: Communications and Computing

Information accessible to everybody everywhere


Openness

Zurich

Rome

Gottingen

Berlin

Copenhagen

Munich

Heisenberg

Born

Franck

Weyl

Fermi

Bohr

Pauli

Einstein

Wigner

von Neumann

Bethe

Peierls

EhrenfestOppenheimer

Rabi

Dirac

Schrödinger


Los Alamos

Princeton

Weyl

Schwinger

Bethe

Bohr

Oppenheimer

PauliWigner

von Neumann

Dirac

EinsteinBohr

Oppenheimer

Feynman

Bethe

Wigner

von Neumann

Franck

Rabi

Fermi


Unique Times! Unique Places!


Unique people who create the environment – and the time is right

Gottingen

Born

Theorist

Franck

Experimentalist

Weyl

Mathematician

Heisenberg

The brilliant student

Stanley Mazor

Mathematics (SFSU)Programmer (Fairchild)Digital Designer (Digital)4004 Code Software (Intel)

Federico Faggin

Physics (U. Padua)MOS Process (Fairchild)Automated Logic Design (Intel)Test Systems & Applications (Intel)

"Ted" Hoff

EE (RPI) EE (Stanford)IC Designer (Intel)

Intel 4004

Gerrit BlaauwEE (Lafayette College)Physics (Harvard)Design Engineer (IBM) Stretch/8000/360Professor (Twente)

Fred Brooks

Physics (Duke) & Engineering Physics (Harvard)Design Engineer (IBM) Stretch/7030/360Computer Organization (IBM)Processor Engineer (IBM)Professor (UNC)

Gene Amdahl

Engineering Physics (SDakota State U) Physics (Wisconsin)Design Engineer (IBM) Stretch/7030/360Amdahl Corp.Trilogy Systems, …

IBM 360

John BackusChemistry (Virginia) & Mathematics (Columbia)SSEC (IBM)Fortran (IBM) Algol (IBM)Fellow (IBM)

RISC

John CockeMech. Engr. & Math (Duke)Harvest (IBM)Reduced Instruction Set (IBM)

Marc Auslander

Math (Princeton)Formac (IBM)PL.8 (IBM)

Charles Bennett

Chemistry (Brandeis)Physics (Harvard)Molecular Dynamics (Argonne)Information Physics (IBM)

Math (City College)Algorithmic Theory (IBM)

Greg Chaitin

Similar Theme: Computing


James Franck


Is it not we, who have every reason to be thankful? – thankful for the opportunity to work, thankful also to destiny for permitting us, in an epoch so rich and vibrant in our science, to carry building blocks to the magnificent edifice of quantum and atomic theory that men like Planck and Niels Bohr, in particular, have erected.

-from 1925 Nobel Lecture

The use of nuclear bombs for an early, unannounced attack against Japan [is] inadvisable. If the United States would be the first to release this new means of indiscriminate destruction upon mankind, she would sacrifice public support throughout the world, precipitate the race of armaments, and prejudice the possibility of reaching an international agreement on the future of control of such weapons.

-from Franck Report(1945)

This explosive was not developed in time to be used against Germany. It will probably not be needed to win the war with Japan. It is conceivable that its use against Japan might shorten that war. …. Mistrust and arms race …

-notes on Franck from Frank von Hippel

Openness

Pre-partition Bengal

Henri Cartier-Bresson

1943 Bengal Famine:~4 Million died. This is more than half of the number of deaths of entire WWII. (During British rule, ~ a million died in partition in 1947 and another ~10 million in other famines).

Since independence, <10,000 in 60+ years from starvation though problem is still acute.

Why?A vote seeking politician and a free press forces exchange of information and acting on the information, i.e., openness.Even modest food shortfalls can be deadly in authoritarian societies.


Multiple Facets of the Impact


Some Actual & Potential Impact Areas!

ElectronicsLogicMemoryAnalog…

MaterialsStructuralCoatingsInorganic-Organic…

EnergyCatalysisStoragePhotovoltaics…

Medical DiagnosticsPersonalizedHigh Sensitivity…

Medical TreatmentLocalized In situNon-Invasive…

Drug DiscoveryRapid SortingBioInformaticsRapid Prototyping…

Society


MSE

The Ammonia Process


High pressure catalysis

Fritz Haber also worked on “chemical” weapons for World War 1; Franck’s mentor

www.nndb.com

Fritz Haber

Fertilizers

Water

Rio Grandehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande

At Creede, CO; fishermen heaven – trouts: large brown, brook & cutthroat

In El PasoJ. Faucett

In Mexicoscribalterror.blogs.com/.../2007/07/20/aral.jp


Risks and Ethics

Tiwari_04_2009_Engineering.ppt – April 3, 2009

Fission and Fusion

& today’s nuclear terror issues

http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca

Plastics, Chemicals & Fertilizers

jbrac.blogspot.com

India

Love Canal, Niagara

Red tide

A 50 Years Old Story: Thalidomide


H. Sjostrom and R. Nilsson

Diazepam (Valium) Barbital (Veronal)

Thalidomide

Chemie Grunental:Antibiotics and modified penicillinspost-war Germany

Drugs didn’t need to show efficacy or safety in any great detail

Successful sedatives of 1950’s

W. Kunz

4 different groupsChiralEnantiomers, nonsuperimposable mirror images

Researchers convinced themselves that thalidomide had good sedative properties and was good for suppressing respiratory infection

Physicians published articles testifying utility from “data” supplied by drug manufacturer- CG & licensees across the continents , including in US

1959: first reports of severe neurological damage, neuritis, …

Denials & attempts to stifle public reporting of symptoms

1960: reports of phocomelia: malformed newborns8000 children with severe defects in 60-61

Banned shortly thereafter

Lessons!


None of the individuals involved protested. System failed. Science and medicine failed.

Remedy has to come from legislation, drug testing, …

Sales

MalformationsEconomics & its dark side: greed

Abysmal Science

Thorough testing entirely missing – the world knew that rabbit fetus can not break down quinine while adult rabbit liver does

Science as a system can likely survive sloppiness, hype, and maybe even fraud. Nano has its share.But science that touches human lives absolutely cannot be bad.

VioxxElectromagnetic Interference & Cancer – Cell Phone…

Medicine: Another Step Up in Complexity


WSJ, Health & Wellness, Sep 22(2009)

Nixon’s War on Cancer

Cycles of euphoria & despair; prospects and sobering reality

Misconceived rhetoric & execution

A huge superstructure of centers, hospitals, expensive ineffective drugs, …

Directed research without basic biological understanding

Deaths due to cancer continue to steadily increase

So, Whereto in Science & Engineering


Revolutions happen due to new doctrines

Advances result from new tools


ThreeMile

Island

Tokamak

Tools can be large


Tools can be SmallObservation Instruments

CCD/Pixel CameraConfocalOptical

Microscopes:

Small Devices

Small Software CAD toolsPhotoshop, Browsers, Word processors, Presentation, ..

Small Information Systems PCWirelessBlackBerries, iPod, iPhone, Blackberries

TransistorsMemoriesLasers

Small lab measurement instruments

Small fabrication instrumentsLithographyPattern transfer… all the stuff in CNF


Small tools have the biggest impact in engineering


R. Webb, Nature 439, 800(2006)

Our World

map normalized to population


NAE’s Grand Challenges (circa 2008)

Make Solar Energy Economical

Provide Energy from Fusion

Develop Carbon Sequestration Methods

Manage the Nitrogen Cycle

Provide Access to Clean Water

Restore and Improve Urban Infrastructure

Advance Health Informatics

Engineer Better Medicines

Reverse-Engineer the Brain

Prevent Nuclear Terrorism

Secure Cyberspace

Enhance Virtual Reality

Advance Personalized Learning

Engineer the Tools of Scientific Discovery


A US Perspective!


A Humanist List

Food

Water

Education

Health and Disease

Population

Environment

Wars and Unrest


Poverty

World in Equilibrium Efficiency of energy use

Competition for resources

Efficiency of productionEfficiency of information communication & decisionsEfficiency of health

Efficiency comes from good engineering

Healthcare Challenge


2 Photon, TeraHertz, Nanoparticles imaging, Targeted drug delivery, …

Personalized Sensing, Microfluidics, Mini NMR, …

Diagnosis Complexity,Treatment ComplexityTools ComplexityKnowledge Complexity

Time

Patient need and Usefulness of Performance

Personalization


MRI

http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz

U-shaped magnet that with an RF coil in its gap.

Sense the composition of matter where the magnetic field lines of the magnet and of the RF coil cross each other and by moving analyze slices at different depths.

B. Blumich

Miniaturized NMR

D. Ham, Harvard

Few Examples


Education Open information exchange, access to learning tools, good learning tools & dedicated people

Communications (internet, …) & ComputingInformation and Communications

HealthEasy and cheap access to health tools –personalized & more sophisticatedEasy access to knowledgeInexpensive diagnosticsPreventive care

Personalized Medicine

EnergyA sustainable fraction that is incident daily on the planetEfficient use/livingEfficient generation and delivery and use, distributed

Energy Production, Storage, …

Some Notes

Engineering is most effective when improving human life (infrastructure, health, daily life, agriculture, ..) i.e. when social systems and technology complement Best when formulating a response to a social need rather than a technological quick fix.

Engineering fails when social system is hostile or unwilling to modify itself to allow technology to operate under the best conditions for beneficial results e.g. hunger, illiteracy, and health care

Engineering should still work on correcting a social purpose it perceives as detrimental This is very difficult to do, witness unbridled consumerism in market economies or

technological reinforcement of authoritarian regimes


Science-Engineering is a noble profession, immensely satisfying because it bridges pure intellectual pursuit (“science”) and use in society

You are lucky. Make the most of the opportunities and make them for yourself

But, remember that science and engineering is not the answer to everything.

advanced engineering and science in a planet under severe...

Documents