SEMINAR ON ADVANCES IN TRIBOLOGY

BY APURV VERMA 3RB09ME011

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BHEEMANNA KHANDRE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHALKI

INDEX• INRTODUCTION

• PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES OF TRIBOLOGY

• FRICTION

• TYPES OF MOTION

• TRIBOLOGY IN PISTON RINGS AND CYLINDER LINER

• WEAR AND ITS MECHANISM

• LUBRICATION

• SOYBEAN OIL AS FUTURE LUBRICANT OIL FOR IC ENGINES• PVD• TRIBOLOGY CONCERNS IN MEMS DEVICES

• IMPACT OF TRIBOLOGY

• ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF TRIBOLOGY

INTRODUCTION• It is a GREEK word TRIBOS means rubbing processes.• Tribology is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in

relative motion.• Tribology tries to describe everything that happens when things

rub together.

FRICTION

LUBRICATION

WEARTRIBOLOGY TRIANGLE

PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES OF TRIBOLOGY

FRICTION

• What is friction?

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It’s a FORCE.Occurs whenever two objects are IN CONTACT with each

other.It’s the resistance to movement. It SLOWS objects down.

higher friction

lower friction

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FRICTIONLet’s use THE SAME FORCE to move the box on:

wooden floor

ice

Which one will slide further?In which case friction is higher?WHY?

LUBRICATIONWhy do we need it?

↓ friction

↓ wear

remove heat and contamination

lower the friction prevent wear

WEAR What is wear?

It’s the removal of material from a solid surface by the action of another surface.

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WEAR MECHANISMS

• Adhesive – Low contact

pressures – Augmented

asperities

• Abrasive – High contact pressures – Wear tracks

TYPES OF MOTION

There are two types of motion between two moving parts.

● Sliding motion e.g :- Piston in IC engine●Rolling motion e.g :- Bearings, wheels of automobiles

TRIBOLOGY IN PISTON RINGS AND CYLINDER LINER

• Cylinder liner is fixed one and piston will slide up and down inside on it.• Friction exists between these parts , it results in wear.• It can be reduced by applying lubricant.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TRIBOLOGY

• Soybean oil as future lubricant for IC engines.• Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)• Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)• Tribology concerns in MEMS devicesDiamond CoatingUltrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD)Self Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)Cantilever Beam Array Technique

SOYBEAN OIL AS FUTURE LUBRICANT FOR IC ENGINES

• Soybean oil is a vegetable oil extracted from soybean seeds.• It is easily available at low price. PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN OIL :-> It has a high viscosity index up to 223.> Has comparatively high flash point 610°F.> Has good fire point about 650°F.> It has high pour point, it can be reduced by winterizing the

soybean oil.

MERITS OF SOYBEAN OIL

• Soybean oil is biodegradable, in general it is less toxic.

• It is a renewable oil, so it reduces dependency of foreign petroleum products.

• Ease of processing.

CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION

CVD is used to grow a thin layer of advanced materials on the surface of a substrate.

Application:-• Integrated circuits, electronic devices and sensors.

• Catalysts

• Micromachines, fine powder and ceramic powder protective coatings.

CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION

Thin film is formed from gas phase components.

CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION

• Two types of CVD:-• LPCVD (Low Pressure CVD ) :- Good

uniformity, Used for poly-Si, oxide, nitride.• PECVD (Plasma Enhanced CVD ) :- Low

temperature process and high deposition rate. Used for oxide, nitride, etc.

CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION

Si Wafers

Quartz tube

Resistance-heated furnacePressure sensor

Gas control

Source gases

Pump

Trap exhaust To

system

LPCVD Systems

PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION

• PVD is a fundamentally a vaporization coating technique, involving transfer of material on an atomic level.

• It is an alternative process to electroplating.

• The process is similar to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) except for the raw materials.

• i.e. the material that is to be deposited starts in solid form, whereas in CVD the precursors are introduced to the reaction

chamber in gaseous state.

APPLICATIONS OF PVD

• PVD coatings are used to improve Hardness, Wear Resistance, Oxidation Resistance.

Thus, such coatings used in variety of applications such as :-

• Aerospace• Automotive• Surgical/medical• Dies and moulds for all manner of material processing• Cutting tools• Fire arms

TRIBOLOGY CONCERNS IN MEMS DEVICES

• Friction and Wear are the biggest issues in blocking advances of MEMS technology.

• Once SAMS and Diamond Coatings are more fully developed, MEMS technology will be able to more completely realize its potential.

DIAMOND COATINGS

• Diamond has a variety of useful properties compared to Silicon– Low wear, low coefficient of friction, thermally

stable, isotropic hardness

• Diamond cannot be simply made into smaller and smaller flakes, then deposited on MEMS devices

• Diamond (or diamond-like) film must be grown on surface.

UNCDULTRANANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND

• A “better” method for producing diamond-like films. Grain size is 2-5nm.

• Unlike conventional diamond film CVD, C60 is introduced into the reaction along with CH4.– C60 collides with itself, creating C2 (carbon “dimers”)– These C2 molecules enter the diamond lattice.– An abundance of C2 is the goal of the UNCD creation

process.

SELF ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS (SAMs)

O O O OSi Si Si SiO O O OSi Si Si Si

O O O

O O O OSi Si Si SiOH OH OH OH

Deposition

• Two Types• Silane – deposits on silicon• Thiol – deposits on gold

• Deposition Formations• Densely Packed• Amorphous Structure

• Functional group determines:• applications• hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity

• Used as:• binders for subsequent molecules• lubricants

• Common hydrophobic SAMS:• OTS (long chain hydrocarbon)• FDTS (long chain fluorocarbon)

• Cantilever beams are fabricated of different lengths

• Cantilevers are put into contact with surface

• Longer beams adhere to surface

• Longest beam that does not stick signifies adhesion force

• SAM coated beams adhere after longer lengths than oxide surface

Beam Structures

CANTILEVER BEAM ARRAY TECHNIQUE

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF TRIBOLOGY

• The LUBRICANT REPORT estimated an amount exceeding 500 million pounds can be saved in the civilian sector of UK by research in tribology.

• The estimated 11 % total savings in annual US energy consumption is equivalent to some 16 billion US dollars by an expenditure in research and development o f an estimated twenty-four million dollars.

• Analysis of the failure of boiler tubes indicate that about one-third of all occurrences were due to erosion.

• In UK, the application of tribological principles can effect national energy savings. These are estimated at 468 to 700 million pounds per annum.

IMPACT OF TRIBOLOGY

• Since the publication of the Lubrication Report there has been an increasing awareness throughout industry of the subject of tribology.

• In the UK the National Centre for Tribology and Industrial Units of Tribology have been set up to provide advice t o industry on the utilisation of existing knowledge.

• Tribology is now recognized universally and President Carter of U.S.A. declared it to be a generic technology underlying many industrial sections and the prospectus for an Industrial Tribology Institute at Rensselaer Technology Center has been presented.

REFERENCES

• Mr. RAJSHEKHAR MATHAPATI • www.wikipedia.com• www.slideshare.com• www.google.com • Tribology In Industries by SUSHIL KUMAR• Engineering Tribology by G.W. STACHOWIAK• Industrial Tribology by M.H. JONES

ANY QUERIES

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THANK YOU….