aeds from the past to present...rescue therapy for aura or sps disadvantage less effecve sedave...

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7/31/09 1 Dr.Yotin Chinvarun M.D. Ph.D. Comprehensive Epilepsy and Sleep disorder Program PMK hospital Conventional AEDs New AEDs New AEDs Pregabalin NEW OLD Pregabalin 1 st genera*on AEDs Phenytoin Carbamazepine Valproate Phenobarbital Clobazam 2 nd genera*on AEDs Felbamate 1993 Lamotrigine 1994 Topiramate 1996 Tiagabine 1997 Levi*racetam 1999 Oxcarbamazepine 2000 Zonisamide 2000 Pregabalin 2004 AEDs

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Page 1: AEDs from the past to present...Rescue therapy for aura or SPS Disadvantage Less effecve Sedave side effect Clobazam 7/31/09 3 Advantage Highly effecve in severe resistance epilepsy

7/31/09

1

Dr. Yotin Chinvarun M.D. Ph.D.

Comprehensive Epilepsy and Sleep disorder Program PMK hospital

Conventional AEDs New AEDs

New AEDs

Pregabalin

NEW

OLD

Pregabalin

1st genera*on AEDs 

•  Phenytoin •  Carbamazepine •  Valproate •  Phenobarbital •  Clobazam 

2nd genera*on AEDs 

•  Felbamate    1993 •  Lamotrigine  1994 •  Topiramate  1996 •  Tiagabine    1997 •  Levi*racetam  1999 •  Oxcarbamazepine  2000 •  Zonisamide  2000 •  Pregabalin    2004 

AEDs

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Brivaracetam 

Eslicarbazepine Fluorofelbamate 

Ganaxolone Huperzine 

JZP‐4 

Lacosamide Licarzepine 

Losigamone NS1209 

•  Re*gabine •  Rufinamide 

•  RWJ 333‐369 (Carisbamate) •  Seletracetam 

•  Safinamide 

•  SPD421 •  S*ripentol •  Talampanel •  Valrocemide 

New AEDs

3rd genera*on AEDs Introduced in the treatment of epilepsy in 1938 

Advantage Par*al onset seizure 

2 GTCS 

Parenteral form and single dose daily 

Disadvantage Adverse reac*ons, dose‐related; ataxia, nystagmus, slurred 

speech, and dizziness. High‐dose phenytoin can cause peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar atrophy, chronic side effect cogni*ve impairment, gum hypertrophy, course faces, acnes etc 

Significant drug interac*on 

Phenytoin

Advantage Idiopathic generalized epilepsy Myoclonic epilepsy Par*al seizure Parenteral form 

Disadvantage Teratogenicity Side effect; weight gain, tremor, transient hair loss, Endocrine and metabolic dysfunc*ons 

Valproate

Advantages Par*al onset seizure 

2 GTCS 

Disadvantages Common side effect; dizziness, ataxia,  Severe drug erup*ons are rare 

Significant drug interac*on 

Carbamazepine

•  Had been used since 1912 Advantages 

Par*al onset seizure 2 GTCS Effec*ve in refractory seizure Parenteral form and single dose daily 

Disadvantages Seda*on and hypnosis Cogni*ve impairment Significant drug interac*on 

Phenobarbital

Advantage Added on par*al seizure  

Rescue therapy for aura or SPS 

Disadvantage Less effec*ve Seda*ve side effect 

Clobazam

Page 3: AEDs from the past to present...Rescue therapy for aura or SPS Disadvantage Less effecve Sedave side effect Clobazam 7/31/09 3 Advantage Highly effecve in severe resistance epilepsy

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Advantage Highly effec*ve in severe resistance epilepsy Par*al‐onset seizures with or without secondarily generalized seizures (adult‐monotherapy)  

Par*al and generalized seizures associated with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (children‐adjunc*ve therapy) 

Disadvantage Serious side effect: Aplas*c anemia, hepa*c failure Significant drug interac*on  Not available 

Felbamate

•  Advantages 

Easy to use, well tolerated, No interac*ons, no enzyme induc*on 

When to use it 

Par*al seizures 

Early add‐on 

Useful in the elderly 

•  Disadvantages 

Variable absorp*on 

Wide dosage range tds dosing, satura*on effect 

Moderate efficacy 

Unknown teratogenicity 

Gabapentine

•  Advantages 

Broad spectrum of efficacy, favourable pharmacokine*cs, Favourable cogni*ve profile, fewer interac*ons 

Par*al seizure, Idiopathic generalized epilepsy alterna*ve or adjunct to valproate, Symptoma*c generalized epilepsy, Lennox Gastaut Syndrome 

•  Disadvantages 

Rash, especially with valproate (some*me severe) 

Slow *tra*on 

Interac*on with carbamazepine 

Lamotrigine

•  Advantages Known mode of ac*on, Favourable pharmacokine*cs, Easy to use, Few 

interac*ons, No enzyme induc*on Added on Par*al seizures  

Currently rarely used  

Infan*le spasms 

•  Disadvantages 

Seda*on 

Psychiatric effects 

Seizure worsening in some 

Irriversibel visual field constric*on 

Unknown teratogenicity 

Vigabatrin

n Advantages •  Broad spectrum of efficacy, Favourable pharmacokine*cs, Few interac*ons, No enzyme induc*on 

•  Par*al seizures  mono/ added on therapy •  Symptoma*c generalized epilepsy 

n Disadvantages • Weight loss, hypoesthesia •  Cogni*ve impairment •  Glaucoma, ? cataract  •  Very slow *tra*on, rapidly *tra*on caused language difficulty 

•  Unknown teratogenicity 

Topiramate

•  Advantages 

Known mode of ac*on, toxicity mild, No enzyme induc*on 

Added on par*al onset seizure 

•  Disadvantages 

CNS side effect, Dizziness 

Inducible metabolism Short half life; tds dosing 

Unknown teratogenicity Not available 

Tiagabine

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n Advantage •  No drug interac*on • Well tolerate and highly effec*ve •  Par*al seizure, alterna*ve for idiopathic generalized epilepsy 

•  Parenteral form 

n Disadvantage •  Side effects: somnolence, asthenia, infec*on, dizziness, headache, depression, UTI 

Levetiracetam

n Advantage •  Close structure similarly to Carbamazepine but beher tolerated, Fewer drug interac*on 

•  Par*al onset seizure •  2 GTCS 

n Disadvantage •  Hyponatremia in 2.5% More commonly in older pa*ents  

•  25% cross –sensi*vity with carbamazepine 

Oxcarbazepine

Advantage Good bioavailability Par*al seizure 2 GTCS Alterna*ve valproate for myoclonic seizure 

Disadvantage Significant drug interac*on, increased by approximately 30‐40%, when given concomitantly with enzyme‐inducing AEDs  

Seda*on, fa*gue, dizziness, ataxia, confusion, cogni*ve impairment, including word finding difficulty, weight loss/anorexia, Depression & psychosis has also been reported, renal stone 

Zonisamide n  FDA approved in early 2009 

n  Advantage ‒  Add‐on therapy for the treatment of par*al‐onset seizures in adult > 

17 yrs with epilepsy.  ‒  Demonstrated efficacy and safety when combined with a broad 

range of exis*ng AEDs ‒  Oral and IV form 

n  Mechanism; selec*vely enhances slow inac*va*on of sodium channels and interacts with the neuroplas*city‐relevant target ‐collapsin response mediator protein‐2 (CRMP‐2) 

n  Disadvantage ‒  * Dizzines ‒  * Nausea ‒  * Diplopi ‒  * Blurring Vision, * Vomi*ng, * Fa*gue, * Ataxia 

Lacosamide

•  Novel, voltage‐gated sodium channel blocker  

•  Advantage –  Par*al‐onset seizures with or without secondary generaliza*on in combina*on with other an*‐epilep*c drugs 

–  Responder rate (> or = 50% decrease in seizure frequency) for eslicarbazepine acetate 800 mg and 1200 mg that ranged between 32 percent and 43 percent 

–  Safety profile was favorable –  Incidence of CNS side effects was low. 

Eslicarbazepine

•  Seizure type 

•  Epilepsy syndrome 

•  Pharmacokine*c profile 

•  Interac*ons/other medical condi*ons 

•  Efficacy 

•  Expected adverse effects 

•  Cost 

Choosing AEDs

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•  Broad‐Spectrum Agents 

•  Valproate •  Felbamate •  Lamotrigine •  Topiramate •  Zonisamide •  Leve*racetam •  Rufinamide* 

Narrow-Spectrum Agents

Partial onset seizures Phenytoin Carbamazepine Oxcarbazepine Gabapentin Pregabalin Tiagabine Lacosamide*

Absence Ethosuximide

Choosing AEDs

(Broad Spectrum AEDs)

PHT, PB CBZ, OXC

GBP, VGB, PGB

VPA, LTG, TPM, ZNS, LEV, (FBM)

Drug Partial Secondary generalized

I° Tonic-clonic

Absence

Myoclonic

phenytoin + + + - -

carbamazepin

e

+' + + - -

valproate acid + + + + +

phenobarbital + + + 0 ?+

primidone + + + 0 ?+

ethosuximide 0 0 0 + 0

Traditional AEDs

felbamate + + ?+ ?+ ?+

Gabapentin/

Pregabalin

+ + ?+ 0 ?‑

lamotrigine + + + + +/- *

topiramate + + + ? ?+

tiagabine + + ? ? ?

zonisamide + + ?+ ?+ ?+

levetiracetam + + + ?+ +

oxcarbazepine + + ? + - -

Drug Partial 2 GTCS I° GTCS Absence Myoclonic

2nd generation AEDs

Stein and Kanner. Drugs 2009;69:199-222

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Landmark and Johannessen. Drugs 2008;68:1925-1939

Monotherapy for Partial Seizures

Best evidence and FDA indication: Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, Phenytoin, Topiramate

Similar efficacy, likely better tolerated:

Lamotrigine, Gabapentin, Levetiracetam

Also shown to be effective:

Valproate, Phenobarbital, Felbamate, Lacosamide

Limited data but commonly used:

Zonisamide, Pregabalin

Choosing AEDs

•  Monotherapy for Generalized-Onset Tonic-Clonic Seizures

•  Best evidence and FDA Indica*on: •  Valproate, Topiramate

•  Also shown to be effec*ve: 

•  Zonisamide, Levetiracetam

•  Phenytoin, Carbamazepine (may exacerbate absence and myoclonic sz )

•  Lamotrigine (may exacerbate myoclonic sz of symptomatic generalized epilepsies

• 

Choosing AEDs

•  Absence seizures

•  Best evidence: –  Ethosuximide (limited spectrum, absence only) –  Valproate

•  Also shown to be effec*ve: 

–  Lamotrigine

•  May be considered as second‐line: 

–  Zonisamide, Levetiracetam, Topiramate, Felbamate, Clonazepam

Choosing AEDs

•  Myoclonic Seizures

•  Best evidence: –  Valproate –  Levetiracetam (FDA indication as adjunctive tx) –  Clonazepam (FDA indication)

•  Possibly effec*ve:  –  Zonisamide, Topiramate

Choosing AEDs 2nd AEDs VS CBZ in Partial Sz and GTCS Monotherapy

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•  Lennox‐Gastaut Syndrome 

•  Best evidence/FDA indica*on*: –  Topiramate, Felbamate, Clonazepam, Lamotrigine, Rufinamide –  * FDA approval is for adjunctive treatment for all except clonazepam

•  Also effec*ve: –  Valproate

•  Some evidence of efficacy:  –  Zonisamide, Levetiracetam

Choosing AEDs

•  Simplifies treatment, reduces adverse effects 

•  Conversion to monotherapy from polytherapy 

– Eliminate seda*ve drugs first – Withdraw an*epilep*c drugs slowly over several months 

AEDs Monotherapy

Simple partial carbamazepine

lamotrigine oxcarbazepine levetiracetam

Expert’s opinion: Symptomatic epilepsy Expert’s opinion: Symptomatic epilepsy

Meta-analysis of Add-on of New AEDs (Marson et al., 1997, 2001; Otoul et al., 2005)

AEDs and Evidence base