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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Aerodynamics
Professor: Luís Eça
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Program
1. Introduction
• Aerodynamical forces.
• Flow description. Dependent variables and physicalprinciples that govern the flow
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Program
2. Incompressible, Viscous Flow
• Analytical solutions of the equations that governthe flow.
• Two-dimensional, incompressible, steady flow (laminar regime).
• Transition from laminar to turbulent flow.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Program
2. Incompressible, Viscous Flow
• Turbulent flow.
• Boundary-layer control. Transition, suction and
blowing.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Program
3. Incompressible, Ideal Flow
• Euler equations. Bernoulli equation.
Irrotacional flow.
• Vorticity and velocity circulation.
• Two-dimensional, incompressible, irrotational
flow.
• Tri-dimensional potential flow.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Program
4. Lifting Surfaces
• Geometrical definitions.
• Lift and drag coefficients.
• Airfoils.
• Finite wings.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Program
5. Bluff Bodies
• Near and far wake.
• Vortex shedding.
• Strouhal number.
• Vibrations induced by the flow.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Program
6. Use of Numerical Methods (CFD)
• Numerical error.
• Code verification.
• Solution verification.
• Validation.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Bibliography
1. Fundamentos de Aerodinâmica Incompressível
Vasco de Brederode - Edição do Autor, Distribuição IDMEC.
2. Fluid Flow, A First Course in Fluid Mechanics Sabersky R.H., Acosta A.J., Hauptmann E.G, Gates E.M.
Prentice Hall, 4th Edition, 1999.
3. Momentum Transfer in Boundary Layers Cebeci T., Bradshaw P.
Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, McGraw-Hill, 1977.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Bibliography
4. Boundary Layer TheorySchlichting H.
McGraw-Hill, 7th Edition, 1979.
5. Theory of Wing Sections
Abbott I.H., Doenhoff A.E. Von Dover Publications, 1959.
6. Aerodynamics of the Airplane
Schlichting K., Truckenbrodt E., Ramm H.J.McGraw-Hill, 1979.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Bibliography
7. Fluid Mechanics: Problems and SolutionsSpurk J.H.
Springer Verlag, 1997.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Assessment
• Written exam, N1 (Minimum = 10/20)
• Two practical tasks :
a) Laboratorial : Test of an airfoil, N2b) Numerical : Calculation of the flow around
a finite wing, N3These assignments are to be performed by groups of 3 students.
A report must be delivered for each task followed by a 15 minutes oral
presentation.
Weighted classification=0.7N1+0.1N2+0.2N3
Oral exam may be required for any student with aweighted classification larger or equal than 10.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction
Objectif: Determine the forces acting on a body
imersed in a flow
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction
Weight
Lift
Drag
Propulsion
For an airplane flying at constant height and speed
Weight = LiftPropulsion = Drag
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction
Lift is the aerodynamic force component in the
direction perpendicular to the undisturbed incoming flow.
Drag is the aerodynamicforce component in the
direction parallel to theundisturbed incoming flow.
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction
Origin of the aerodynamic force:
1. Pressure on the surface of the body
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction
Origin of the aerodynamic force:
2. Shear-stress on the body surface
Transition
TurbulentShear-stress
at the wall
0=
∂
∂=
y
wy
Uµτ
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
IntroductionDetermination of the aerodynamic force:
a) Experimental
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
IntroductionDetermination of the aerodynamic force:
b) Teorethical (Numerical solution of a mathematical model)
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Description of the flow field
Dependent variables:
• Pressure (1)
• Velocity (3)
• Density (1)
• Temperature (1)
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Aerodynamics
Masters of Mechanical Engineering
Description of the flow field
• Fluid is treated as a continuum field
• Equation of state(1)
- Incompressible fluid ρ=constant
- Perfect gas p=ρRT
• Mass Conservation (1)
• Newton’s 2nd law (Momentum balance)(3)
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Energy balance)(1)