AEROSOLS

Formation and Reactivity

ProceedingsSecond International Aerosol Conference22-26 September 1986, Berlin (West)

Gesellschaft fur Aerosolforschung (GAeF)American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR)

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UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEKHANNOVER j

TECHNiSCHEINFORMATIONSBIBLIOTHEK 1

PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD • NEW YORKBEIJING • FRANKFURT • SAO PAULO • SYDNEY • TOKYO • TORONTO

Contents

Smoluchowski and his contributionto aerosol physics (Invited Plenary Lecture)- 0. Preining

PART. IATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS, INHALATION AND HEALTH EFFECTS

CHAPTER 1.ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS

Light absorption, mass concentration and mass size 10distribution- I. Kreiner, C. Norek, H. Horvath

Characteristics of inhalable particles of Sao Paulo 14- C. Orsini, F. Andrade, P. Artaxo

Mexico city aerosol study: Particulate matter 18pollution as measured during the winter of 1982and 19 8 3- Y. Falcon

Measurements of airborne particles in Hannover 21- B. Georgi, K. Giesen, W. Miiller

Acidic aerosol concentrations and size distributions 25in California- W. John, S. Wall, J. Ondo, H. Wang

Evaluation of SIMS-spectra of urban aerosols 29- N. Klaus

Daily evolution of the indoor aerosol size 33distribution- L. Quindos, M. Wilkening, J. Soto,P. Fernandez

Outdoor air influence on indoor air: the model 37of aerosol behaviour- T. Raunemaa, M. Kulmala, H. Saari, M. Olin

xi

Xll

The chemically resolved sub-micron size distribution 41of Arctic haze aerosols and their hygroscopicproperties- J. Heintzenberg, D. Covert

Elemental characterization of aerosols at 45Palmer Station, Antarctica- V. Saxena, F. Ruggiero

Chemistry and chemical composition of marine 49aerosols at the Dutch North Sea coast in relationto aerosol size- R. Mallant, G. Kos, A. van Westen

Dust storms from Owens Valley, California 53- L. Mathews, P. Amand, C. Gaines, R. Reinking

A vertical profile of particulates in Sequoia 54National Park- R. Flocchini

Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol in the 58western United States- E. Macias, W. White

The nature and potential sources of the atmospheric 59aerosol at two sites in the northeastern UnitedStates- W. Pierson, W. Brachaczek, R. Gorse, S. Japar,J. Norbeck, G. Keeler

Properties and behavior of ambient particles in 63Israel- Y. Mamane, E. Ganor

Measurements of aerosol and hydrometeor concentrat- 67ions and their chemical composition during winterprecipitation along a mountain slope- T. Schumann, B. Zinder, A. Waldvogel

The use of laboratory generated fog for testing 71fog water collectors, cloud chemistry experimentsand effect studies- R. Mallant

Xlll

A baseline aerosol monitoring station for near- 75unattended operation- J. Heintzenberg, H. Hansson, J. Ogren, S. Odh

Liquid aerosol formation by air bubble bursting 79- F. Resch, J. Darrozes

Aerosol formation by non-precipitating cumulus 83clouds- A. Alkezweeny, N. Laulainen

Sulfate formation and particle size distribution 84in the Berlin winter aerosol- K. Winnen, G. Israel

Microphysics of plutonium resuspension from prairie 88grass covered soil- G. Langer

Evaluation of the size-depending ice nucleation 92capability of lead iodide aerosols- Y. Ueno

Atmospheric input of heavy metals into the North 96Sea: first results of a 3-dimensional trajectory-model- U. Krell, E. Roeckner

Acids and salts in aerosol particles and fogwater 100- R. Dlugi

Air contamination with heavy metals during rush- 104hour with respect to various modes of transport- H. Liegmahl

Aerosol characterization in sites of environmental 107concern- P. Bacci, E. Cereda, G. Marcazzan, P. Redaelli,A. Ventura

Volatility of laboratory generated and natural 111aerosol- S. Jennings, R. Pinnick, G. Fernandez

XIV

Studies on the atmospheric aerosols in 115El-Minia- A. Ahmed

Sulphate formation in the aerosol and its 116determination in Santiago City (Chile)- P. Toro, J. Jimenez

CHAPTER 2.SOURCE RESOLUTION

Source apportionment of suspended 123particulates and selected constituents(Methods and results) (Invited Plenary Lecture)- G. Israel

A receptor source apportionment model for the 132mutagenic activity of an urban aerosol- J. Daisey, J. Sousa, M. Morandi

Origin of the mutagenic activity and the PAH content 136of the cyclohexane extractable organic mass in theBerlin aerosol- R. Freise, G. Israel, H. Bauer

Chemical element balances and identification of 140inhalable particulate matter (IPM) sources inRio de Janeiro- A. Miguel, M. Korn, J. Daisey

The contribution of diesel emissions to the 144atmospheric aerosols of Vienna, observed during aone month field study- C. Norek, I. Kreiner, B. Georgi, H. Horvath

The emission of aerosol by plants as revealed 148by three receptor models- P. Artaxo, C. Orsini

Source apportionment of ambient aerosol by electron 152microscopic analysis in a mountains area- J. Zwozdziak, A. Zwozdziak, R. Jagiello

XV

CHAPTER 3.DEPOSITION AND CLEARANCE OF INHALED PARTICLES

Monte Carlo calculations of the aerosol deposition 156pattern in the human lung: comparison withexperimental data- L. Koblinger, W. Hofmann, L. Kertesz, J. Berkes

Prediction of lung dose of inhaled diesel exhaust 160particulates- C. Yu, G. Xu

Diffusional particle deposition in the human 164nose and mouth- L. Gradon, C. Yu

Interpretation of single-breath aerosol recovery - 166a continuous lung deposition model- G. Rudolf

Theoretical study of the influence of ventilation 171inhomogeneities on aerosol transport and depositionin the lung- W. Nixon, M. Egan

Lung mechanics and mucociliary clearence 175(Invited Plenary Lecture)- G. Smaldone

Deposition of particles in the human lung 182- M. Svartengren, P. Camner, K. Philipson

Interpretation of "24 hour lung retention" 187in studies of mucociliary clearance- G. Smaldone, R. Perry, W. Bennett, M. Messina,J. Zwang, J. Ilowite

Regional deposition and pulmonary distribution 191of inhaled monodisperse aerosol particles in smalllaboratory animals- O. Raabe, M. Al-Bayati, S. Teague, A. Rasolt

XVI

Clearance from the human airways of particles 192of different sizes deposited from inhaled aerosolboli- W. Stahlhofen, J. Gebhart, G. Rudolf, G. Scheuch,

[ K. Philipson

Ij Aerosol deposition in the human oral passage during 197j natural oronasal breathingI - S. Bowes III, D. Swift

Nasal deposition and clearance of wood dust in 200rats- H. Muhle, B. Bellmann, O. Creutzenberg

Diffusional particle deposition in the human 202nose and mouth- L. Gradon, C. Yu

Comparison of the retention of intratracheally 205injected and inhaled indium-doped alumina in rats- E. Drosselmeyer, H. Miiller, S. Pickering, A. Seidel

The effect of a "nuisance" dust inhalation on lung 209clearance- B. Bellmann, H. Muhle, 0. Creutzenberg

Evidence for specific ultrastructural alterations 212of macrophages induced by airborne particulates- H. Behrendt, N. Seemayer, R. Tomingas

Particle size distributions in lung and in lymph 216nodes by long-term inhalation of coal fly ashaerosol- I. Tanaka, Y. Kodama, K. Matsuno, T. Akiyama

Radioaerosol technique to study short term lung 220retention in unsedated rats- D. Yeates, M. Piel, M. Woodford, B. van Otteren

Welding fumes: physical and chemical characteristics 224and kinetics in the rat- P. Kalliomaki, A. Aitio, H. Hyvarinen,K. Kalliomaki, E. Minni

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Pulmonary distribution of silica dust administered 228by inhalation and intratracheal injection- Y. Hammad, H. Abdel-Kader

The dissolution of monodisperse, porous cobaltosic 232oxide particles in the dog's lungs and in itsalveolar macrophages- W. Kreyling, G. Ferron, J. Godleski, B. Haider,S. Kariya

Deposition of sodium chloride aerosol particles in 236the human respiratory tract- G. Ferron, B. Haider, W. Kreyling

Sulfuric acid aerosol deposition patterns in the lung: 24Ctheoretical computations- T. Martonen, R. Graham

Experimental evaluation of aerosol growth in the 24!human respiratory tract- J. Hicks, J. Pritchard, A. Black, W. Megaw

The behaviour of hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic 246particles in tube flow- T. Raunemaa, P. Pasanen, M. Kulmala, A. Hautojarvi,A. Jappinen

Human inhalation studies of growth of hygroscopic 252particles in the respiratory tract- A. Anselm, J. Gebhart, J. Heyder, G. Ferron

CHAPTER 4.HEALTH EFFECTS OF INHALED AEROSOLS

Health effects of indoor and outdoor pollutants 256(Invited Plenary Lecture)- J. Spengler

EM-observations on the fibre size distribution in 257human lungs- K. Friedrichs, H. Otto

Cytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of cadmium 260aerosols in rat lungs- U. Glaser, F. Otto

xvm

Rabbit lung after* inhalation of metals in low 263concentrations'••- P. Camner, T. Curstedt, C. Jar strand,A. Johansson, B. Robertson

Pulmonary effects of cadmium oxide dust 267and cadmium oxide fume- G. Oberdorster, D. Hochrainer

Modifiers of responses to sulfuric acid aerosols 271in asthmatics- M. Utell, P. Morrow, M. Bauer, R. Hyde, R. Schreck

Radon daughter carcinogenesis: Influence of 275attachment to aerosols on respiratory tractcancer- B. Stuart

Effect of low dose and short-time inhalation of 279silica dust on the morphology of rat lungs- H. Behrendt, K. Friedrichs

Lung tumor induction in rats by chronic exposure 282to diesel exhaust- R. McClellan, J. Mauderly, R. Jones,R. Henderson, R. Wolff, D. Wong, A. Jeffrey

Experimental lung tumors after inhalation of PAH- 286containing emissions- U. Heinrich, F. Pott, U. Mohr

Carcinogenicity studies in rats, hamsters and mice 290using various cadmium compounds (preliminary results)- U. Heinrich, F. Pott, C. Dasenbrock, H. Konig,L. Peters, S. Takenaka

Limits on intake and the interpretation of 295monitoring data for workers exposed to industrialuranium bearing dusts- G. Stradling, J. Stather

The application of a square wave pulsed exposure 299regime for studying the inhalation toxicity ofbronchodilator drugs- D. Bernstein, H. Fleissner

XIX

The influence of animal age on the effects of 300chronic exposure to diesel exhaust- B. Greenspan, 0. Moss, R. Busch, R. Buschbom,S. Rowe, R. Schreck

Synchronized intratracheal aerosol generation for 301rodent studies- R. Schreck, J. Sekuterski, K. Gross

An exposure chamber for acute inhalation experiments 305- M. Calamosca, V. Tadolini, G. Forner

Carcinogenic effect of weathered asbestos cement 309products in rats- H. Muhle, F. Pott, K. Spurny, R. Fuhst,S. Takenaka

Uptake of uranium-plutonium mixed oxides by alveolar 311macrophages in vivo and in vitro: electron microscopicstudies- L. Mtiller, G. Hotz , A. Seidel, H. Thiele, I. Ray

The biological behaviour of differently shaped 314uranium-plutonium mixed oxides in the rat- comparison of inhalation and intratrachealinstillation- L. Muller, E. Drosselmeyer, S. Pickering,A. Seidel

Clearance of inhaled insoluble particles from the 318alveolar regions via the extraalveolar perivascularsheath- S. Takenaka, H. Muhle

Statistical analysis of the morphometry of the 322rat lung- F. Daschil, L. Koblinger, W. Hofmann

Measurements of respiratory parameters in rats 323to evaluate the sensory irritation potential ofaerosols- A. Nikiforov, R. Ventrone

Risk work and occupational respiratory diseases in 327South African mineworkers- M. Martinson

XX

-malth hazards by airborne par t i cu la tes : <?ytotoxic 331and aenotoxic effects on mammalian ce l l s in vi t ro- N. Seemayer, R. Tomingas, N. Manojlovic

Fibres from asbestos-cement products in the cell 335culture- F. Tilkes, E. Beck

PART II.BASIC PROPERTIES AND SAMPLING

CHAPTER 5.BASIC PROPERTIES

Influence of electromagnetic radiation on the 336equilibrium size and the diffusional growth ofaerosol particles- W. Seidl, G. Hanel

A theoretical study of the redistribution of SO., 341and (NH.)2SO. particles scavenged by clouds and''rain- A. Flossmann, H. Pruppacher

Specific surface area behavior of a dissolving 346population of particles: augmenting mercerdissolution theory- R. Scripsick, S. Rothenberg

The effect on aerosol formation of simultaneous 352conduction, radiation and vapour diffusion inboundary layers containing water vapour- J. Barrett

Water vapor condensation on single solution 354droplets levitated in humid atmosphere- I. Tang, K. Fung, H. Munkelwitz

Experimental investigations of the effects of 357acoustic waves on the aerosol collection efficiencyof a packed bed of spheres- A. Renoux, G. Madelaine, D. Boulaud, C. Frambourt

XXI

Dynamic holographic measurements of irregular 361particles- D. Shaw, P. Scott, L. Onural, G. Liu,S. Witanachchi

Light scattering from oscillating fibers 362at normal incidence- P. Lilienfeld

First measurements of IR-diode laser absorption in 366high temperature aerosols- 0. Brandt, P. Roth

Particle detachment in turbulent boundary layers 370- D. Braaten, R. Shaw, K. Paw

Aerosol size analysis: increased effectiveness 374through artificial intelligence- L. Netland, G. Ferry, K. Snetsinger, L. Webster,P. Russell, R. Pueschel, S. Verma, W. Fong

Aerosol-laser nonlinear interactions - a review 378- D. Shaw, M. Yang

The effect of geometry on particle adhesion 379- M. Mullins, L. Michaels, B. Locke, B. Ranade

Determination of the bipolar charge equilibrium 383in pure gases- A. Wiedensohler, W. Weise, C. Helsper, E. Lutkemeier

Measurement of electrostatic charge level on 387airborne dusts resulting from fracturing process- D. Pui, J. Bugli

Problems in the measurement of thermophoretic 392velocities of aerosol particles- F. Prodi, F. Tampieri

Particle size measurement by electric birefringence 395technique and their comparisons with dynamic lightscattering and centrifuge data- M. Yang, D. Shaw

xxn

On the dispersive deposition of nonsphericalparticles in curved ducts- A. Eisner

CHAPTER 6.PARTICULATE STRUCTURE AND FRACTALS

Shape analysis of airborne aerosol particles by the 398Galai-CIS-1E. Aharonson, N. Karasikov

The preservation of fractal dimensionality in 402Monte Carlo simulations of aerosol agglomeration- C. Kaplan, J. Gentry

Coagulation of solid aerosol particles at sub- 406atmospheric pressures- P. Lawless, M. Hsieh, P. Reist

Spheroidization of chain-agglomerated aerosols 407in nearly saturated environments by capillarycondensation- N. Chen, A. Longest, R. Adams

Application of fractal geometry to membrane filters 410- D. Ensor, G. Kasper

Analysis of soot agglomerates and their physical 413properties- R. Samson, G. Mulholland, J. Gentry

CHAPTER 7.AEROSOL NUCLEATION, GROWTH, COAGULATION

Evaporation and growth of highly charged droplets 417at large Knudsen numbers- A. Ray, H. Tilley, J. Lee

Aerosol growth characteristics 419- J. Barrett, C. Clement

XX111

Mixing of hot aerosols with cold gas in a vessel- G. Schwientek, H. Fissan, H. Bartz

The influence of the aerosol distribution andcomposition on the formation and evolution ofradiation fog- W. Wobrock, G. Kramm, F. Herbert

The influence of aerosol properties on fog andcloud formation- G. Hanel

Nucleation and growth phenomena in binary vaporsof partially miscible systems- M. Chalam, A. Ray

Growth of condensation aerosols by coagulation,condensation and evaporation from a continuouslyreinforced vapor- T. Tsang, J. Hippe

The modal aerosol dynamics model- E. Whitby

The growth and nucleation of hygroscopic aerosols- I. Tang, H. Munkelwitz

A model for the prediction of aerosol particlemorphology- K. Leong

Measurements of Brownian coagulation in mono-dispersed and bidispersed dioctylphthalate (DOP)aerosols- W. Szymanski, A. Majerowicz, P. Wagner

The coagulation of fine aerosols- N. Egilmez, C. Davies

Theory of aerosol coagulation in the free-moleculeregime- K. Lee, H. Chen, P. Schumacher, L. Curtis

XXIV

Statistical foundations of Smoluchowski'scoagulation equations- W. White

Coagulation and filtration of mainstream cigarettesmoke in the tobacco rod of a cigarette- D. Boldridge, B. Ingebrethsen

CHAPTER 8.ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOUR AND PROPERTIES

Bipolar field and diffusion charging- B. Eliasson, W. Egli, M. Hirth

On the improved charging efficiency by use of aphotoelectric charger instead of bipolar charging- R. Niessner

Electric charge characteristics of dry aerosols 470produced by various mechanical generators- A. Johnston, J. Vincent, A. Jones

Charge distribution by unipolar diffusion charging 474of small aerosol particles- E. Ltitkemeier, C. Helsper, A. Wiedensohler

Theoretical calculations for diffusional 479charging of ultrafine fibers- C. Wang, J. Gentry

Variation de la charge electrique portee par des 483aerosols ultra-fins en fonction de l'humiditerelative de l'air- S. Houlaki, Y. Metayer, G. Madelaine

XXV

CHAPTER 9.SAMPLING

Recent advances in aspiration theory for thin-walledand blunt aerosol samplers- J. Vincent

Particle sampling in supersonic streams from athin walled cylindrical probe- L. Forney, W. McGregor

The aerosol tunnel sampler: a total airborne dustsampler- P. Hofschreuder, E. Vrins

Application of a gas-jet system to investigationsof environmental aerosols- U. Baltensperger, D. Jost, H. Gaggeler

Collection efficiency of ultrathin asbestos fibers- J. Gentry, K. Spurny, J. Schormann

A sampling system for the direct determination ofsmoke constituents- C. Trinkies, W. Wiethaup

A simple theoretical model and an experimentalinvestigation into the sampling efficiency ofsamplers oriented perpendicular to the wind speed- E. Vrins, P. Hofschreuder

Vapor adsorption artifact in the sampling oforganic aerosol- S. McDow, J. Huntzicker

Field comparison of sampling methods for aerosolnitrate- S. Hering

Reactivity of atmospheric polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) during aerosol sampling:effects of face velocities- A. Miguel, J. de Andrade

Sampling efficiencies of aerosol sampling inlets 523- K. Okazaki, R. Wiener, K. Willeke

Centrifugal concentration of aerosols 527_ H. Gerber

CHAPTER 10.IMPACTORS

Identifying reentrainment in cascade impactor 531data taken with current impactor designs- G. Markowski

Calibration of compressible flow multijet impactors 535- R. Hillamo, E. Kauppinen, P. Rouhiainen,T. Hakkarainen, J. Ruuskanen

Development of cascade impactors as inspirable aerosol 538spectrometers for applications in health effectsresearch in the occupational environment- H. Gibson, R. Botham, R. Aitken, W. Witherspoon,G. Lynch, D. Mark, J. Vincent

The particle trap impactor 542- P. Biswas

Construction and performance of a modified Wide 546Range Aerosol Classifier (WRAC)- G. Pohlmann, W. Dunkhorst, W. Hollander

Design criteria for low-pressure impactors 550- D. Lundgren, R. Vanderpool, J. Bowser,P. Kerch

Thermodynamical aspects of low pressure cascade 553impactors- A. Berner

Measurement of sub 3.0 (j.m size-resolved aerosol 599chemical composition with microorifice uniformdeposit impactors (MOUDI)- P. McMurry, V. Marple

XXV11

Calibration studies of the DRUM impactor 556- 0. Raabe, D. Braaten, R. Axelbaum, S. Teague,T. Cahill

A slit impactor for eliminating the larger 557particles from a polydispersed aerosol- R. da Roza

Measurement of particle collection efficiency as a 561function of particle size with cascade impactors- M. Pilat, J. Guenthoer, K. Hansen

CHAPTER 11.OTHER INERTIAL DEVICES

Experimental and theoretical study of a Lovelace 562virtual impactor- H. Yeh, B. Chen, Y. Cheng

Optimizing performance of centrifugal aerosol 566spectrometers for aerodynamic characterizationof fibers- D. Johnson, T. Martonen

A time resolved particle spectrometer for high- 571temperature in situ sampling- V. Prodi, F. Belosi

A particle spectrometer for elevated temperatures 575- V. Prodi, F. Belosi

The performance of personal cyclones for the 579sampling of respirable dust- G. Liden, L. Kenny

The behaviour of liquid droplet aerosols in an 583APS 3300- W. Griffiths, P. lies, N. Vaughan

The calibration of an inertial spectrometer 586- J. Mitchell

xx via

PART III.CLEAN ROOM TECHNOLOGY, MEASUREMENT,

TECHNIQUES, FILTRATION, AEROSOLCHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 12.OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTERS

Evolution of optical airborne particle countersin the USA- A. Lieberman

On calibration and performance of laser 594optical particle counters- A. Plomp, P. Alderliesten, F. Galjee

On sizing accuracy, counting efficiency and noise 603level of optical particle counters- B. Liu, W. Szymanski

Background noise and counting efficiency of single 607optical particle counters- J. Gebhart, C. Roth

Detection efficiencies of particle counters in 612the size range of 0 . 1 - 4 microns- H. Wen, G. Kasper

Studies of the influence of particle-shape with 615regard to scattered light-particle size countinganalysis- M. Bottlinger, H. Umhauer

Measurement of the size of fine non-spherical particles 619with a light scattering particle counter- H. Btittner

Response of optical particle counters to particles 623of irregular shape- J. Gebhart, R. Zerull

Background noise in optical particle counters: 628a need to establish statistical control- R. Knollenberg

XXIX

Size distribution dependent concentration limitationcaused by electrical pulse processing: PMS LAS-X- K. Janka, J. Keskinen, M. Lehtimaki

Measurement of liquid and solid aerosols underextreme conditions (T = 120°C, P = 3bar) using anoptical particle counter HC 70- A. Fromentin, F. Reidinger

CHAPTER 13.CLEAN ROOM TECHNOLOGY

Factors affecting deposition velocity in asemiconductor clean room- B. Locke, R. Donovan, D. Ensor

Modeling of cleanroom aerosol dynamics- T. Peterson

Generating "ZERO" particle gases- G. Kasper, H. Wen

Aerosol sampling from high purity gas streams- D. Pui, T. Kuehn, B. Liu

Continuous multiparameter aerosol monitoringsystem for clean rooms- G. Sem, K. Weyrauch, P. Keady, F. Quant,C. Milum, P. Hairston, J. Agarwal

A small, high-flow condensation nucleus counterfor clean room particle monitoring- P. Keady, F. Quant, G. Sem

XXX

CHAPTER 14.FILTRATION

Oxidation of soot particles deposited in fibrous 663filters- C. Lin, S. Friedlander

Test of air sampling and HEPA filter media 666manufactured in China- B. Lin, B. Liu

Aerosol formation and characterization for large- 670scale testing of ultrahigh-efficiency membranefilters- A. Schwarz, R. Thorogood, W. McDermott

Morphology of particulate agglomerates on a 674cylindrical fiber and a collection efficiency ofa dust loaded fiber- C. Kanaoka, H. Emi, S. Hiragi, T. Myojo

Effect of on particle loading on granular bed 678filtration in the impaction dominated regime- C. Michaels, S. Goren

Fiber distribution and pressure drop in cellulose 682acetate tow cigarette filters- G. Rasmussen, L. Renfro

Collection, bouncing and adhesion on crossed fibres 686- N. Seyfert

Paint droplet removal in a spray booth system for 690air recirculation and solvent adsorption- H. Lannefors, L. Lindau

Electrical precipitation of aerosols 694(Invited Plenary Lecture)- S. Masuda

Numerical modelling of charged ultrafine particle 704deposition on an electrically enhanced cylindricalwire- J. Chang

XXXI

Experimental and theoretical investigation of thetime-dependent collection performance of electretfilters- H. Baumgartner, F. Loffler

Dynamic behavior of electrostatically chargedfibrous filters- R. Lathrache, H. Fissan, S. Neumann

Aerosol particle deposition in the porous structureof the electret fibers filter- L. Gradon

Model study for advanced electrically stimulatedfabric filtration- T. Yamamoto, D. Ensor, A, Viner, R. Mosley,L. Hovis, N. Plaks

A new concept in the electrostatic separation ofundermicronic aerosols- D. Cucu

A semi-lagrangean model for the electrostaticprecipitation of particles in turbulent flow- A. Oron, S. Hassid, C. Gutfinger

CHAPTER 15.OPTICAL BEHAVIOUR AND PROPERTIES

Advances in light scattering theory for use inaerosol characterization- G. Gouesbet, G. Grehan, B. Maheu

Characterization of aerosols from phase functioneffect of polydispersity and shape- H. Shah, K. Mehta

Optical measurement of particle composition in aflowing aerosol- G. Schweiger

Structure resonances of single bisphericalmicroparticles- A. Pluchino, S. Arnold

xxxii

, , ̂ -^z -snelastically scattered light bytfSttlr"*1^ • particlesI. Rambau, G. Schweiger

The absorption of solar radiation in atmosphericparticles and water vapor- R. Busen, G. HSnel, D. Weidert

Characteristics of summer midday low-visibility..'4NintB in the Los Angeles area- S. Larson, G. Cass

Global distribution of aerosol backscattercoefficient data- W. Frost, H. Chang, R. Turner, R. Curran

Scattering measurements for particle characterizationII Effects concerning intensity polarization and crosspolarization- R. Killinger, R. Giese, K. Weiss-Wrana, R. Zerull

Polarization effects in light scattered by smallparticles; the use of a lens to collect thescattered light- J. Brown

Scattering measurements for particle 759characterizationI Instrumentation- R. Zerull, R. Giese, R. Killinger, K. Weiss-Wrana

Collective optical properties of a low density 763random dispersion of clusters composed of a largenumber of spheres- F. Borghese, P. Denti, R. Saija, G. Toscano,0. Sindoni

Influence of dust resuspended from the horizontal 767surfaces on the extinction of light in the loweratmosphere- J. Pastuszka

Optical properties of 'smoke1 aerosols 771- I. Colbeck, E. Hardman, R. Harrison

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CHAPTER 16.NONINERTIAL MEASURING DEVICES

Simultaneous measurements of sizes and velocitiesof aerosol particles using a top-hat laser beamtechnique- G. Grehan, G. Gouesbet, R. Kleine

Aerosol measurement by photon correlationspectroscopy (III)Monte-Carlo simulation of QELS- M. Itoh, K. Takahashi

A new instrument for online dust monitoring- G. Poss, U. Kramm, A. Solmos

Counting efficiency of an ultrafine aerosolcondensation nucleus counter: theory and experiment- M. Stolzenburg, P. McMurry

Collection of fine particles and heavy metalsby electrostatic filters- F. Sporenberg

The influence of static electricity on aerosoldeposition in indoor environments- W. Wedberg formerly W. Olsen

Aerosol-size-distribution-analyzer based on anelectrostatical plate condenser- J. Stingl, R. Jaenicke

Comparison of two methods for the determinationof particle deposition on surfaces- G. Morawietz, W. Hollander, W. Wiethaup

Acoustic aerosol sizing- W. Hiller, M. Hiittig, H. Lang

Application of a particle dispersion system forobtaining the size distribution of particlescollected on fil ter samples- K. Rubow, V. Marple

AFH-B

XXXIV

Application of photon correlation spectroscopyto Brownian Motion System- w. Krahn, M. Luckas, K. Lucas

: Application of image analysis in particleI deposition measurements

- E. Schultz, W. Ober

CHAPTER 17.MEASUREMENTS OF SUBMICRON PARTICLES

High sensitivity counting of nanometer particles 821and its application in particle measurement- S. Masuda, T. Itagaki

Specific problems with ultrafine particle counting 825by expansion technique in polluted environment- J. Podzimek, H. Andriambeloma, G. Stowell

Polarized scattered light: a method to investigate 829submicron particle size distributions- K. Blum, H. Fissan

In situ measurement of adsorption on submicron 833particles- H. Burtscher, A. Schmidt-Ott

Ultrafine particle detection by vapour condensation 837- M. Assa, D. Boulaud, Y. Metayer

Collection of fine particles by granular bed 842application to the size distribution measurementof ultrafine aerosol- M. Diouri, D. Boulaud, G. Madelaine

A new method of granulometry for ultrafine particles 847by mass measurements of their metal content- G. Tarroni, C. Lombardi, C. Melandri, M. Formignani,T. de Zaiacomo, G. Torsi

Simulation of air sampling instruments for 851measuring the alveolar fraction of an aerosol- J. Fabries

XXXV

Automatic, microprocessor based device, suited 855for measurement and classification of inhalableairborne particles- M. Salmi, G. Schirripa Spagnolo

A new method of characterization of condensation 859nuclei using an expansion counter- P. Nair, P. Joshi, U. Mishra

CHAPTER 18.AEROSOL CHEMISTRY

Gas-to-particle conversion of sulphur compounds: 863heteromolecular nucleation- M. Kulmala, J. Makela, M. Olin, T. Raunemaa

Chemical reactions leading to an aerosol 867particle formation and growth by an irradiationof high energy electron beam- J. Chang

Chemisorption of trace gases on aerosol particles 871- R. Dlugi, S. Jordan, S. Manegold

Chemical characterization of aerosol particles 875by mass spectrometry- M. Sinha, S. Friedlander

The heterogeneous reaction of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, 879adsorbed on SiO_ aerosol, with OH radicals originatingfrom a photosmog- W. Behnke, F. Nolting, C. Zetzsch

A characterization of ambient acid aerosol episodes 882- G. Thurston, M. Lippmann, P. Lioy

Kinetic model for acidic submicronic aerosols 885formation- A. Jaecker, P. Mirabel

Physio-chemical properties of chemically reactive 888atmospheric aerosols- R. Harrison, S. Rapsomanikis

XXXVI

Visibility improvements due to S02 control:The role of particle-bound water- W. Wilson

Evaluation of an Eulerian photochemical model for; nitrate-containing pollutants, and its use for• control strategy developmentj - A. Russell, K. McCue, G. Cass•i4

I Results of laboratory studies on interaction of'• gaseous ammonia with coated sulfuric acid aerosol

- B. DSumer, R. Niessner, D. Klockow

Calibration of a sulfur aerosol monitor fordifferent sulfur species- A. Beyer, G. Israel

Quantitative photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA)of sulfate aerosol on filtration media- F. Miiller, K. Kleinherbers, A. Goldmann,R. Niessner

PART IV.INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, AEROSOL-GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

CHAPTER 19.INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

The formation kinetics of ultrafine a-Si:H-aerosolsby shock pyrolysis of SiH.- J. Hoschele, M. Hauser, J. Steinwandel

Synthesis of fine powders in aerosol reactors- J. Wu, H. Nguyen, R. Flagan

Modeling particle formation and growth inaerosol reactors- J. Wu, R. Flagan

Generation of ultrafine particles in thermalplasmas- E. Pfender, R. Young

XXXV11

The MCVD-process in a concentric annulus - anextension for focussed high rate deposition- M. Fiebig, M. Hilgenstock, H. Riemann

Design of bench scale experiments to study theprocesses involved in fabrication of opticalwaveguide preforms- P. Biswas, S. Pratsinis

Manufacture of light waveguides:Modeling of the fabrication of optical fiber preformsby modifed chemical vapor deposition- S. Pratsinis, P. Biswas

A new method to monitor particulate contaminationfrom combustion processes- H. Burtscher, A. Schmidt-Ott, H. Siegmann

Electrical charge on diesel particles- D. Kittelson, K. Moon, N. Collings

Comparative measures of a chain agglomerate carbonaerosol using a diffusion classifier and a low-pressure impactor- D. Lundgren, J. Bowser, E. Cerini, P. Kerch

Trace organic compounds in fly ashes from a coalfired power plant- L. Bonfanti, M. Cioni

Sampling of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbonsat stack with a dilution sampler- L. Bonfanti, M. Cioni

Reduction of PM-emission for diesel engines- J. Abthoff, H. Schuster, E. Strohmer

In-cylinder diesel particle concentrationmeasurements- D. Kittelson, M. Pipho, D. Siegla

III Thin-layer formation by chemical aerosolI deposition| - P. Lambeck, L. Hilderink, T. Popma

xxxvin

Laser enhanced thermophoretic deposition 968- T. Morse, D. DiGiovanni, C. Gregory,S. Ravikumar, J. Cipolla

Particle deposition in fabrication of optical 972fibers by the MCVD process- S. Mehrotra, M. Alam

CHAPTER 20.COMBUSTION AEROSOLS

In situ high temperature determination of the U.V. 976optical properties of soot particles fromlight scattering and extinction measurements- B. Vaglieco, F. Beretta, A. D'Alessio

Granulometric study of soot particles in flames 980using diffusion broadening spectroscopy- N. Lhuissier, M. Weill, G. Gouesbet

Use of a high volume sampler and a low volume sampler 984for the purpose of measuring particles in diesel engineexhaust gases- K. Mollenhauer, H. Gnuschke

Reproducibility and spray size evolution of diesel 988sprays- B. Jawad, E. Gulari, N. Henein

Instantaneous and simultaneous measurement of 991droplet size and volume density in high-concentration jet spray using bi-directionallight scattering intensity method- I. Shimizu, Y. Yasuda, Y. Emori

PAH - emission of two heavy duty diesel engines 995- C. Beckmann, D. Kopmeyer, R. Freise, G. Israel

XXXIX

CHAPTER 21.ASBESTOS FIBROUS PARTICLES

Release and chemical changes of fibrous aerosolsfrom diffusion sources- K. Spurny

New concepts for measuring airborne asbestos inthe environment- P. Sebastien, Y. Cloutier

Asbestos fiber collection by NIOSH-approvedrespirators- L. Brosseau, M. Ellenbecker, K. Martin

The difficulties of a reliable assessment of anexposure to asbestos fibres in differentenvironments- M. Guillemin, G. Litzistorf, P. Madelaine,P. Buffat

P o s s i b i l i t i e s and problems in applying the imageanalysing system IBAS 2 to the evaluat ion of f ibres- G. Riediger, P. Thomas

Experiences with in te r l abora to ry measurements offibrous aerosols by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)- H. Marfels, K. Spurny

Low concentration airborne asbestos monitoringwith the GCA FAM-1- P. Lilienfeld

xl

CHAPTER 22.EMISSION CONTROL OF PARTICLES

The influence of flue gas humidity and reactiontime on the aerosol formation process in theelectron beam dry scrubbing process (ES-Verfahren)- H. Paur, S- Jordan, W. Baumann, W. Cherdron,W. Lindner, H. Wiens

Flue gas desulfurization with dry aerosols ofsodium sorbents- M. Pilat, J. Wilder, T. Sonnichsen

Circulatory motion of fine particles in afluidized bed- S. Soo

1029

Options for controlling condensation aerosols tomeet capacity standards- A. Damle, D. Ensor, L. Sparks

1033

Influence of acoustic turbulence on aerosolsagglomeration and precipitation- M. Barbe-Le Borgne, D. Boulaud, C. Malherbe,A. Renoux, A. Boutier

1037

CHAPTER 23.AEROSOL GENERATION TECHNIQUES

Generation of monodisperse metal, metal oxideand carbon aerosols- M. Ramamurthi, K. Leong

1041

Developments of the spinning-disc to produce mono-disperse aerosols in a wide range of sizes- H. Toivonen, M. Bailey

1045

Simultaneous production of two monodisperseaerosols with a spinning top instrument- A. Eisner, T. Martonen

1049

\ generator for cadmium oxide fume aerosols- D. Hochrainer, S. Soderholm

1053

xli

Condensation-growth of polydisperse ultrafine 1057aerosols to monodisperse aerosols- G. Scheuch, J. Heyder

The generation of aerosols by comminution 106]- S. Pickering

Temperature c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a monodisperse 106?aerosol condensation generator- V. Prodi, W. Moelter

Minimizing fine droplets during atomization: 106!relat ive importance of different physicalproperties of pest icide formulations versuschemical nature of 'djuvants- A. Sundaram

CHAPTER 24.NUCLEAR AEROSOLS

A high efficient aerosol-generator for DEMONA 107(- H. Ruhmann, M. Peehs

DEMONA-aerosol behavior experiments under simulated 107'conditions of an accident in a nuclear power plant- H. Bunz, W. Schikarski, W. Schock, D. Haschke,A. Fromentin, R. Taubenberger, T. Kanzleiter,T. Schroder, M. Peehs, H. Ruhmann, M. Fischer,H. Jahn, G. Weber

Influence of steam-air environments on the 107!behavior of aerosols in containment- R. Adams, A. Longest, M. Tobias

Tellurium vaporization by gas sparging of steel 108;melts: application to tellurium release from core/concrete interaction during nuclear reactor accidents- J. Brockmann, D. Powers

The development and testing of the aerosol 108!behaviour code AEROSIM- I. Dunbar, S. Ramsdale,

xlii

Comparison of European computer codes relative 1087to the aerosol behavior in PWR containmentbuildings during severe core damage accidents- J. Fermandjian, H. Bunz, I. Dunbar, G. Lhiaubet,F. Beonio-Brocchieri

Aerosol production by the pressurized ejection of 1092molten materials and application to aerosol andfission product release in nuclear reactor accidents- J. Brockmann, M. Pilch, W. Tarbell

Turbulent deposition and the plugging of leak paths 1094- S. Ramsdale, I. Dunbar

On the chemical reaction of methyl iodide with 1098sodium aerosols- H. Sauter

Investigations on the instantaneous aerosol source 1102term of severe LMFBR accidents- J. Minges, W. Schiitz , R. Jonas

Characterization of an aerosol resulting from an 1106incident in a high temperature reactor (HTR)- A. Stulgies, K. Kugeler, C. Epping

Results from simulated upper-plenum aerosol 1110transport tests- A. Wright, W. Pattison

Pretest aerosol code comparisons for LWR 1114aerosol containment tests LA-1 and LA-2- A. Wright, J. Wilson, P. Arwood

Characterization and behaviour of sodium fire 1118aerosols experiments and calculations- W. Cherdron, S. Jordan

The release of radioactive particles from burning 1122solvents- S. Jordan, W. Lindner

xliii

Evaluation of an L X-ray based continuous air 1126monitor for airborne plutonium for use in thewaste isolation pilot plant (WIPP)- G. Newton, R. Guilmette, F. Seiler,L. Quindos, H. Yeh

Influence of temperature on ceriumnitrate 1130particles- H. Seehars, M. Spiekermann

Analyse von Aerosolen aus dem Abgas einer Ver- 1134glasungsanlage fur hochradioaktive Abfalle- 0. Petzoldt, F. Baumgartner

CHAPTER 25.RADIOACTIVE AEROSOLS

Aerosol generation/measurement in the OECD-CEC 1138intercomparison program for radon progenymeasurement- E. Knutson, S. Solomon, J. Miles, R. Holub

A comparison of a wire-screen diffusion battery 1142and differential mobility analysis for determiningthe size distributions of airborne radon progeny- R. Sextro, E. Knutson, A. George, L. Hinchliffe

Aerodynamic size associations of natural radio- 1145activity with atmospheric aerosols- E. Bondietti, C. Papastefanou

Mean values of deposition velocity and washout 1149coefficient for radionuclides bound to aerosolparticles and emitted by nuclear facilities- H. Horn, H. Bonka, M. Maqua

Single alpha-emitting aerosol particles 1153C. Voigts, G. Siegmon, M. Berndt, W. Enge

Unipolar air ionization - a possible means to 1154reduce the radon progeny concentration- M. Lehtimaki, J. Keskinen, K. Janka

xliv

Comparison measurements of radon daughter activitysize distributions with cascade impactors and high-volume screen diffusion batteries- A. Reineking, J. Porstendorfer, K. Becker

Study of Rn-222 and Rn-220 daughter exposurein Weststern individual houses of France

j - G. Tymen, A. Mouden, A. Rannou,| C. Madelmont, N. Parmentier

CHAPTER 26.AEROSOL CHAMBER STUDIES

Aerosol growth by physical and chemical processes- H. Bunz, R. Dlugi

Photochemical aerosol formation in flow type smogchamber- M. Kasahara, K. Takahashi, S. Tohno

Sulfuric and aerosols produced in a flow tubereactor under tropospheric conditions- G. Metzig

On the effects of cluster wall depositionduring nucleation in smog chamber experiments- P. McMurry, N. Rao

Formation and growth of aerosols in atmosphericphotochemical reactions- D. Warren, J. Stern, R. Flagan, D. Grosjean,J. Seinfeld

CHAPTER 27.AEROSOL CHARACTERIZATION

Aerosol characterization in an incipient fire 1185- R. Chuan, H. Chen

Measurement of aerosol parameters with sonic waves 1189- B. Siemund

xlv

Combined sampling and analytical methodology forthe investigation of the atmospheric aerosol- H. Hansson, J. Heintzenberg, E. Swietlicki,J.Ogren, L. Asking

Aerosol generation in the grinding of gray ironcastings- D. O'Brien, P. Baron, K. Willeke

Light scattering properties of non-sphericalaerosol particles- H. Takano, J. Hirose, S. Okuda

On an electrical method to determine theparticle size distribution of polydisperseaerosols- R. Vanck, N. Bernigau

Sampling and characterization of metal grindingdusts- W. Koch, H. Konig, H. Lodding, M. Hollander

Ion lithography on industrial aerosol particles- M. Berndt, G. Siegmon, W. Enge

A fibrous aerosol monitor combining electrostaticprecipitation with light scattering- A. Rood, E. Walker

Author Index

List of Keywords