affirmative action - gbv

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

A Documentary History

Edited by JO ANN OOIMAN ROBINSON

Primary Documents in American History and Contemporary Issues

GREENWOOD PRESSWestport, Connecticut • London

Contents

Series Foreword xxxix

Preface xli

Note to the Reader xlv

Introduction xlvii

PART I. 1854-1900: Affirmations of, and Limitations on,the Citizenship Status of AfricanAmericans, Women, and the Disabled,in Legislative Action, Judicial Rulings,and Public Policy Decisions

{d} Document 1: Speech of Senator Solomon Foot 2Regarding a Bill for the Benefit of"Indigent Insane Persons," 1854

{d} Document 2: Veto Message of President Franklin Pierce, 2May 3, 1854

{r} Document 3: The First Freedmen's Bureau Bill, March 3, 41865

{r} Document 4: Congressional Opponents of the 4Freedmen's Bureau Act of 1866

{r} Document 5: President Andrew Johnson's Veto Message 5on the Freedmen's Bureau Bill ofFebruary 1866

x Contents

{r} Document 6: Reply of Senator Lyman Trumbull to 6President Johnson's Veto of the 1866Freedmen's Bureau Bill

{r} Document 7: The Civil Rights Act of 1866 6

{r} Document 8: The Fourteenth Amendment to the 7Constitution of the United States, 1866

{r} Document 9: The Fifteenth Amendment to the 8Constitution of the United States, 1869

{d} Document 10: Davenport v. Ruckman, New York Court of 8Appeals, January 1868

{d} Document 11: Jacobus tenBroek, Looking Back on the 9

1868 Davenport Case

{r/g} Document 12: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, February 1869 10

{r/g} Document 13: Susan B. Anthony, May 1869 10

{r/g} Document 14: Frederick Douglass, May 1869 11

{r/g} Document 15: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, 1869 12

{g} Document 16: U.S. Government Expenses 12Appropriation, July 12, 1870

{g} Document 17: Speech in the House of Representatives 13Supporting Equal Pay for Equal Work,Congressman Charles W. Willard ofVermont, June 11, 1870

{r} Document 18: "Petition from Colored Citizens" 13Presented by Charles Sumner to the U.S.Senate, December 19, 1873

{r} Document 19: Congressmen Harris and Ransier on 14the Proposed Civil Rights Act,January 5, 1874

{r} Document 20: Congressman Ransier on the Entitlement 15of African Americans to Equal Rights

{r} Document 21: The Civil Rights Act of 1875, Enacted 16March 1, 1875

{g} Document 22: Minor v. Happersett, U.S. Supreme Court, 171875

{g} Document 23: Declaration of Rights, Delivered by Susan 18B. Anthony, 1876

Contents xi

{r} Document 24: Civil Rights Cases of 1883 18

A. Justice Joseph Bradley

B. Dissent of Justice Harlan

{r} Document 25: Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 20

A. Majority Opinion Delivered byJustice Henry Billings Brown

B. Dissent by Justice John MarshallHarlan

PART II. 1901-1963: "Affirmative Action," Early Usage ofthe Term and Foreshadowings inExecutive Orders, Judicial Rulings,and State and Federal Laws

PROGRESSIVISM AND WORLD WAR I

Document 26: The Republican Roosevelt (U.S. President 241901-1909) on Government Leadership,Which Proceeds "Actively andAffirmatively"

{g} Document 27: Muller v. Oregon, 1908 24

{r} Document 28: Proceedings of the National Negro 25

Conference, 1909

{r} Document 29: The Chicago Defender, August 1919 26

{g} Document 30: War Labor Conference Board Report, 26

March 1918

THE 1920s

{g} Document 31: Mary Anderson on Sex Discrimination 27against the Women's Bureau, 1920s

{g} Document 32: The Nineteenth Amendment (Passed 27June 4, 1919, Ratified August 18, 1920)

{d} Document 33: Vocational Rehabilitation Act 28Amendment of July 11, 1919

{d} Document 34: Public Law No. 47: An Act to Establish a 28Veterans' Bureau, August 9, 1921

{g} Document 35: Adkins v. Children's Hospital, April 19, 291923

{g} Document 36: Proposed Equal Rights Amendment, 30Introduced 1923

XII Contents

THE 1930s

{r} Document 37:

{r} Document 38:

{r} Document 39:

Document 40:

{g} Document 41:

{d} Document 42:

{d} Document 43:

{d} Document 44:

{d} Document 45:

{d} Document 46:

Hiring of African Americans in PublicWorks Administration Projects inSelected Cities Based on 1930Occupational Census

Enforcement of Order Issued by Secretaryof Interior Harold Ickes BanningDiscrimination in All Projects ofthe Public Works Administration,September 1, 1933

Robert Weaver, Writing in Opportunity,Summer 1936

National Labor Relations Act, July 5, 1935

Report by Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon onWomen in the Economy of the UnitedStates, 1937

The Social Security Act of 1935

Washington Post Report on League of thePhysically Handicapped, May 10, 1936

New York Times Report on "New YorkGroup Camping in Washington,"August 1937

Robert Irwin, 1932 Origins of the"Talking Book"

George W. Veditz, "The Relative Value ofSight and Hearing," 1937

{d} Document 47: The N e w Deal and Blind Vendors

A. Randolph-Sheppard Act, June 20,1936

{r} Document 48:

WORLD WAR II

{d} Document 49:

B. Wagner-O'Day Act, June 25, 1938

Charles Hamilton Houston, "A Challengeto Negro College Youth," 1938

Presidential Address of Jacobus tenBroekat the Founding of the NationalFederation of the Blind, November 1940

30

31

32

32

33

33

34

35

36

37

37

38

39

Contents xiii

{r} Document 50: President Franklin Roosevelt, Executive 39Order 8802, June 25, 1941

{g} Document 51: The Employment Security Review, 40April 1942

{g} Document 52: War Manpower Commission Policy on 41Women, October 1942

{g} Document 53: Dorothy Thompson, "Women and the 41Coming World," 1943

{d} Document 54: Theodore Brimm, "Hiring the 42Handicapped," April 1942

{d} Document 55: Monthly Labor Review Report on Federal 43Wage Guidelines for HandicappedWorkers, October 1942

{d} Document 56: Science Digest Report on War Jobs for the 43Handicapped, March 1943

{d} Document 57: Barden LaFollette Act, July 6, 1943 44

{r} Document 58: Thomas Sancton, "The Race Riots," 45

The New Republic, July 1943

{r} Document 59: An American Dilemma, Spring 1944 45

{r/g} Document 60: An American Dilemma, Appendix 5 on 46

Women, 1944

{r} Document 61: Smith v. Allwright, April 3, 1944 46

{r} Document 62: Steele v. Louisville and Nashville Railroad 47

Co., December 1944

POSTWAR ERA

{r} Document 63: Servicemen's Readjustment Act, June 22, 481944

{r/g} Document 64: University of Wisconsin Catalog, June 491945

{r} Document 65: Engineer Robert Eubanks and the GI Bill 50after World War II V

{r} Document 66: Entertainer Harry Belafonte Looking Back 51on the GI Bill of 1944

{r} Document 67: fames v. Marinship Corp., 1945 51

xiv Contents

{r} Document 68: The New York State Law against 52Discrimination (Ives-Quinn), 1945

{g} Document 69: Proposed Equal Pay for Equal Work Law 53for Women, June 1945

{g} Document 70: ERA Supporter Alma Lutz Commenting 53on Equal Pay, 1946

{r} Document 71: Morgan v. Virginia, June 3, 1946 54

{r} Document 72: Presidential Letter Appointing a 55Commission on Higher Education,July 1946

{r} Document 73: To Secure These Rights: The Report of the 55President's Committee on Civil Rights,October 29, 1947

{r} Document 74: The Effect of Discrimination on 56Americans' Standard of Living,Illustrated by the President's Committeeon Civil Rights, 1947

{r} Document 75: Report of the President's Commission on 59Higher Education, December 1947

{r} Document 76: President Truman's Special Message to 60Congress on Civil Rights, February 2,1948

{r} Document 77: Executive Order 9981, July 26, 1948 61

{d} Document 78: Presidential Proclamation on National 62Employ the Handicapped Week,August 27, 1947

{d} Document 79: The Strachan Proposal Presaging 62Affirmative Action for the Disabled,January 1946

{d} Document 80: Public Law 617, June 10, 1948 63

{r} Document 81: Hughes v. Superior Court, May 8, 1950 64

{r} Document 82: Sweatt v. Painter, 1950 65

THE ADMINISTRATION OF DWIGHT EISENHOWER

{r} Document 83: Executive Order 10479, August 18, 1953 66

{r} Document 84: Brown v. Board of Education, 67May 17, 1954

Contents xv

{r} Document 85: Reactions to the Brown Decision, 67Spring/Summer 1954

A. Carey McWilliams, editor ofThe Nation

B. NAACP Lawyer Louis L. Redding

C. Mississippi Senator James Eastland

{r} Document 86: U.S. News & World Report (December 681954), Inquiry on Enforcement ofExecutive Order 10557

{r} Document 87: "Brown II," May 31, 1955 69

{d} Document 88: Social Security Amendments of 1956 70(Statement of Purpose)

{r} Document 89: The Southern Manifesto, March 12, 1956 70

{r} Document 90: Circuit Judge Richard Rives on Browder v. 71Gayle, June 5, 1956

{r} Document 91: Supreme Court Decision on Browder v. 72Gayle, November 1956

{r} Document 92: Eisenhower Press Conference, 72July 17, 1957

{r} Document 93: The Civil Rights Act of 1957 73

{r} Document 94: Illinois Senator Paul Douglas' Assessment 73of the Civil Rights Act of 1957

{r} Document 95: Texas Senator Lyndon Johnson's 74Assessment of the Civil Rights Actof 1957

{d} Document 96: Jacobus tenBroek, "The Cross of 74

Blindness," 1957

{r} Document 97: Civil Rights Act, May 6, 1960 76

{r} Document 98: Senator Paul Douglas' Assessment of the 77

1960 Civil Rights Act

{r} Document 99: Boynton v. Virginia, 1960 77

THE KENNEDY ERA

{r} Document 100: Attorney General Robert Kennedy on 78Civil Rights Enforcement, March 1961

xvi Contents s

{r} Document 101: New York Times Report, May 10, 1961 79

{r} Document 102: Executive Order 10925, March 6, 1961 79

{r} Document 103: James Farmer's Memory of the Kennedy 80Administration and the Freedom Ridesof 1961

{r} Document 104: New York Times, November 2, 1961 80

{g} Document 105: Executive Order 10980, December 15, 811961

{r} Document 106: Civil Rights Worker Charles McDew 81and Robert Kennedy in the Early 1960s

{r} Document 107: John F. Kennedy's Address to the 82Nation, September 30, 1962

{r} Document 108: Pittsburgh Courier Editorial, December 1, 831962

{d} Document 109: Vocational Rehabilitation Commissioner 83

Mary Switzer, 1962

{d} Document 110: Executive Order 10994, 1962 84

{r} Document 111: Martin Luther King Jr., "Letter from a 84Birmingham Jail," 1963

{r} Document 112: Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. 85Recounts a May 1963 Confrontationbetween African Americans andRobert Kennedy

{g} Document 113: The Equal Pay Act of 1963 86

{r} Document 114: President Kennedy's Report to the 87American People on Civil Rights,June 11, 1963

{r} Document 115: Speech of John Lewis at the March on 88Washington, August 1963

{r} Document 116: Martin Luther King's Speech at the 88March on Washington, August 1963

{g} Document 117: American Women, the Report of the 89President's Commission on the Status ofWomen, October 1963

{g} Document 118: Earnings and Employment Graphs from 90American Women, 1963

Contents xvii

PART III. 1964-1972: Evolution of a Complex andAmbiguous Body of CongressionalLaw, Rules of Executive Enforcement,and Court Decisions

THE ADMINISTRATION OF LYNDON JOHNSON

{r/g} Document 119: Contents of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 96Passed July 2, 1964

{r} Document 120: Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 96

{r} Document 121: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 97Before It Was Amended

{g} Document 122: The Smith Amendment to Title VII of 97the Civil Rights Act of 1964, OfferedFebruary 8, 1964

{r/g} Document 123: House Debate on the Smith 98Amendment, February 8, 1964

A. Congressman Andrews of Alabama

B. Congressman Rivers of SouthCarolina

C. Congressman Celler of New York

D. Congresswoman St. George ofNew York

E. Congresswoman Griffithsof Michigan

F. Congresswoman Green of Oregon

{r/g} Document 124: Title VII, Section (j) of the 1964 Civil 99Rights Act

{r/g} Document 125: Comments of Senator Hubert 100Humphrey, July 2, 1964

{r} Document 126: Response of Willie King to the Civil 101Rights Act of 1964

{r} Document 127: Playboy Interview with Martin Luther 101King Jr., January 1965

{r} Document 128: Lyndon B. Johnson, Special Message to 102the Congress on Behalf of the VotingRights Act, March 15, 1965

XVIII Contents

{r} Document 129:

{r/g} Document 130:

{r/g} Document 131:

{r/g} Document 132:

{r} Document 133:

{r} Document 134:

{g} Document 135:

{r/g} Document 136:

{r/g} Document 137:

{g} Document 138:

{g} Document 139:

{g} Document 140:

Lyndon B. Johnson, "To Fulfill These 103Rights," Commencement Address atHoward University, June 4, 1965

Informational Pamphlet on the Origins 105and Purpose of the EEOC (WhichOfficially Opened in 1965)

Wall Street Journal Report on the 106Opening of EEOC, May 28, 1965

Memories of the Early Years of EEOC, 1061965-1972A. Ronnie BlumenthalB. Cora DixonC. Dorothy Howze

Executive Order 11246, September 1965 107

Executive Order 11247, September 1965 108

News Conference of Franklin D. 109Roosevelt Jr., First Chairman of theEqual Employment OpportunityCommission, July 2, 1965

Excerpts from EEOC Minutes, 109September 21, 1965

A. Aileen Hernandez

B. Tom Powers

EEOC Chairman Franklin Roosevelt Jr. 110Announces Policy Regarding Sex-Segregated Want Ads, November 1965

Equal Employment Opportunity 111Commission Guidelines onDiscrimination Because of Sex,December 1965

Statement of Congresswoman Martha 111Griffiths, June 20, 1966

Betty Friedan Recalls the Founding of 113the National Organization for Women(NOW) in 1966

{g} Document 141: Executive Order 11375, October 13, 1967 114

Contents xix

{d} Document 142: Presidential Proclamations on White 114Cane Safety Day, 1964 and 1965

A. 1964

B. 1965

{d} Document 143: Jacobus tenBroek, "The Right to Live in 115the World: The Disabled in the Law ofTorts," 1966

{d} Document 144: Jacobus tenBroek, "Are We Equal to the 115Challenge?" 1967

{g} Document 145: EEOC Guidelines on Employment 116Advertising, August 1968

{g} Document 146: EEOC Fourth Annual Report, 117August 1969

{r} Document 147: Report of the National Advisory 117Commission on Civil Disorders, March1968

{d} Document 148: Ruth Ellen Ross, Retracing 1960s 119Advances "Toward a Barrier-FreeAmerica"

{d} Document 149: Vocational Rehabilitation Act 120Amendments of 1965

{d} Document 150: Kay Arneson, Looking Back on Her 121Work in the 1960s as First Director ofthe Architectural Barriers Commission

{d} Document 151: Report of the National Commission on 121Architectural Barriers to Rehabilitationof the Handicapped, 1967

{d} Document 152: Ruth Ellen Ross, The Impact of the 122Vietnam War by 1968

{d} Document 153: Federal Architectural Barriers Bill, 122August 12, 1968

{d} Document 154: Berkeley Newspaper Clipping, ca. 1968 123

{r} Document 155: Douglas Quarks and Ephriam Briggs v. 125Philip Morris Incorporated, U.S. DistrictCourt, Richmond, Virginia, January 4,1968

xx Contents

{r} Document 156: Local 189 Papermakers and Paperworkers v. 126U.S., July 1969

THE ADMINISTRATION OF RICHARD NIXON

{r} Document 157: Statement by Richard Nixon on 127Minority Business Enterprise, March 5,1969

{r} Document 158: The Philadelphia Plan, 1969 128

{r} Document 159: Letters from Comptroller General of the 130United States and Attorney General ofthe United States Regarding thePhiladelphia Plan, 1969

A. Opinion of Comptroller General[Elmer B. Staats]

B. Opinion of the Attorney General[John N. Mitchell]

{r} Document 160: Senate Debate on the Philadelphia Plan, 131December 1969A. Senator John Pastore (Democrat

from Rhode Island)B. Senator John McClellan (Democrat

from Arkansas)C. Senator Edward Brooke (Republican

from Massachusetts)

{r} Document 161: Department of Labor Order Number 4, 133February 1970

{g} Document 162: "Sex Discrimination Guidelines," U.S. 135Department of Labor, June 1970

{g| Document 163: A Matter of Simple Justice, Report of the 136President's Task Force on Women's Rightsand Responsibilities, Officially ReleasedJune 9, 1970 (Transmitted to thePresident December 1969)

{d} Document 164: Judith E. Heumann Recalling Her Battle 137for Employment as a Teacher in the1970s

Contents xxi

{d} Document 165: "Hope for the Crippled," 1969, U.S. 138Postage StampA. 1969 StampB. Judith Heumann Looking Back at

the 1969 Postage Stamp Image ofDisability

{d} Document 166: Urban Mass Transportation Assistance 140Act of 1970

{r} Document 167: Contractors Association of Eastern 141Pennsylvania v. Secretary of Labor,April 22, 1971, U.S. Court of Appeals,Third Circuit

{g} Document 168: Phillips v. Martin-Marietta Corporation, 142U.S. Supreme Court, January 25, 1971

{g} Document 169: Reed v. Reed, U.S. Supreme Court, 142November 1971

{r/g} Document 170: "Revised Order Number A," December 1431971

{r/g} Document 171: Griggs et al. v. Duke Power Co., U.S. 143Supreme Court, March 8, 1971

{r/g} Document 172: Economist Daniel Seligman Interpreting 145the 1971 Griggs Ruling

{g} Document 173: Representatives Griffiths, Celler, 146and Green Square Off on the ERA,August 1970

{g} Document 174: Testimony of Wilma Scott Heide before 147the Senate Subcommittee onConstitutional Amendments, May 1970

{g} Document 175: Wilma Scott Heide's Testimony, 148September 1970

{g} Document 176: Proposed Twenty-seventh Amendment 149to the U.S. Constitution (the EqualRights Amendment), March 22, 1972

{r} Document 177: Testimony of Clarence Mitchell, 149Hearings of the Senate Committee onPublic Welfare, August 11, 1969

xxii Contents

{r/g} Document 178: Consensus on the Need to Strengthen 151the EEOC, 1972-1973

A. New York Times, January 27, 1972

B. Report of the Senate Committee onLabor and Public Welfare, 1973

C. House Committee on Educationand Labor, 1973

{r/g} Document 179: Amendment to the Equal Employment 152Opportunity Act Proposed by SenatorErvin, January 28, 1972

{r/g} Document 180: Senate Debate on the Ervin Amendment 153

A. Senator Ervin

B. Senator Javits

C. The Presiding Officer

{r/g} Document 181: Summary of the Equal Employment 154Opportunity Act of 1972

{r/g} Document 182: Acceptance Speech of Richard Nixon, 156

August 23, 1972

{r/g} Document 183: Business Week, March 24, 1973 157

{g} Document 184: Overview of 1970 House Committee 158Hearings on Education and Women

{g} Document 185: "What Every Young Girl Should Ask," 159Feminist Questionnaire for High SchoolWomen, 1970s

{g} Document 186: Donna A. Lopiano, "Growing Up with 159Gender Discrimination in Sport" in the1970s

{r/g} Document 187: Shirley Chisholm, Discrimination from 161the Perspective of an African AmericanWoman, 1970

{g} Document 188: Bernice Sandier and Legal Reform on 162Behalf of Women, 1970

{r/g} Document 189: Pauli Murray and Legal Reform on 163Behalf of Women, 1971

Contents xxiii

{r/g} Document 190: Statistics on Women's Earnings 164Presented by Pauli Murray, 1971

A. Earnings of Full-Time Year-RoundWorkers by Sex, 1969

B. Median Wage or Salary Income ofFull-Time, Year-Round Workers, bySex and Selected Major OccupationGroup, 1969

{g} Document 191: Educational Amendments Act of 1972 166

{d} Document 192: Speech of Senator Hubert Humphrey on 166Behalf of Senate Bill 3094, January 1972

{d} Document 193: Historian Richard Scotch on the 1972 167Humphrey-Vanik Effort

{d} Document 194: Pennsylvania Association for Retarded 167Children [PARC] v. Commonwealth ofPennsylvania, 1972

{d} Document 195: Robert L. Burgdorf on PARC v. 168Commonwealth, 1972

{d} Document 196: Mills v. Board of Education of the District 168of Columbia, 1972

{d} Document 197: Summary of Rehabilitation Act of 1972 169

{d} Document 198: Richard Nixon's Veto of the 1972 170Rehabilitation Act

{d} Document 199: Eunice Fiorito Recalls Protest by the 170Disabled of Nixon's Veto of the 1972Rehabilitation Act

PART IV. 1973-1980: A Time of Testing: Affirmative ActionApplied, Challenged, Upheld, andChallenged Again

THE FINAL NIXON YEARS

{d} Document 200: The Vocational Rehabilitation Act 174of 1973

{d} Document 201: Testimony of John Nagle before the 175Senate Subcommitee on. theHandicapped, January 10, 1973

XXIV Contents

{r/g} Document 202:

{g} Document 203:

{r} Document 204:

{r} Document 205:

{r/g} Document 206:

{r/g} Document 207:

{r/g} Document 208:

{g} Document 209:

{g} Document 210:

{g} Document 211:

{r/g} Document 212:

{r} Document 213:

{g} Document 214:

{g} Document 215:

{r} Document 216:

{g} Document 217:

Source of the Title "A Unique 176Competence": A Study of EqualEmployment Opportunity in the BellSystem, 1971

The Theme of Sex Discrimination in 177"A Unique Competence," 1971

The Theme of Racial Discrimination in 178"A Unique Competence," 1971

The Status of Hispanic Employees at 178AT&T according to "A UniqueCompetence," 1971

Authors of "A Unique Competence" on 179AT&T Management, 1971

Testimony of AT&T Vice President, 180John W. Kingsbury

The AT&T Affirmative Action Plan, 1811973 . .

Frontiero v. Richardson, 1973 181

Torbin H. Brenden v. Independent School 183District, U.S. District Court, Minnesota,May 1, 1972

Torbin H. Brenden v. Independent School 183District, U.S. Court of Appeals, 8thCircuit, April 18, 1973

"Statement of Purpose," National Black 184Feminist Organization, May 1974

The 1974 Consent Decree through the 185Eyes of African American Steelworkers

Post-Consent Decree Experiences of 187Female Steelworkers in the 1970s

Girls' Challenge to Little League 188Baseball in the 1970s

Racial Stance of the Little League 189

The Admission of Girls to Little League 189Baseball in 1974

Contents xxv

{r} Document 218: DeFunis et al. v. Odegaard et al., 190

April 1974

THE INTERIM YEARS OF GERALD FORD

{g} Document 219: Lower Court Findings in Support of 191Female Athletes in the 1970s

{g} Document 220: Congressional Regulations for 193Implementing Title IX, September 1975

{d} Document 221: Public Law 94-142, The Education for 195All Handicapped Children Act of 1975

{r/g} Document 222: The Continuing Uncertainty of Title VII 196Law as of 1977

{r} Document 223: McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation 197Company, 1976

THE ADMINISTRATION OF JIMMY CARTER

{r} Document 224: Divided Public Opinion on Helping 198Minorities, Fall 1977

{r} Document 225: Admissions Criteria and Minority 200Students at the Davis Medical School,1973, 1974

{r} Document 226: The Evolution of Medical School 201Admissions Policies, 1950s-1970s

{r} Document 227: Bakke's Quest for Admission to Medical 202School, 1973, 1974

{r} Document 228: The Carter Administration and Bakke, 2031977

{r} Document 229: Memo from Thurgood Marshall, 204April 13, 1978

{r} Document 230: Summary of the Split Decision in the 205Case of Allan Bakke, 1978

{r} Document 231: University of California Regents v. Bakke: 206Justice Powell

{r} Document 232: University of California Regents v. Bakke: 207Justices Brennan, White, Marshall,Blackmun

Contents

{r} Document 233:

{r} Document 234:

{r} Document 235:

{r} Documen t 236:

{r} Documen t 237:

{r} Documen t 238:

{r} Documen t 239:

{d} Documen t 240:

{d} Document 241:

{d} Documen t 242:

{d} Documen t 243:

{d} Documen t 244:

{d} Documen t 245:

{d} Document 246:

{d} Documen t 247:

{d} Document 248:

University of California Regents v. Bakke: 208Justices White and Stevens

University of California Regents v. Bakke: 209Justice Marshall

University of California Regents v. Bakke: 210Justice Blackmun

Reaction to Bakke by Carter's Assistant 211Secretary of Education, Mary FrancesBerry

Reaction to Bakke by Davis Medical 212School Graduate Toni Johnson-Chavis

The Medical Career of Allan Bakke from 212the Perspective of 1995

Newsweek Report on Bakke, July 10, 1978 213

Cartoon by Paine, 1970s 213

Emergence in the 1970s of the American 214Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities(ACCD)

Amendments to the Vocational 215Rehabilitation Act of 1973, December 7,1974

HEW Secretary Joseph Califano 216Recalling the Struggle in the 1970s overSection 504

The 1977 "504" Struggle as Reported by 217the National Council on Disability

Califano Aide Peter Libassi's 218Recollections of the "504"Confrontations of April 1977

Regulations for Section 504 of the 218Vocational Rehabilitation Act, PublishedMay 1977

U.S. News & World Report, "... New 219Rules Stir Turmoil," May 9, 1977

Nelda K. Barnes v. Converse College, TL§July 13, 1977

Contents xxvii

{d} Document 249: Recommendations from the White 221House Conference on HandicappedIndividuals, 1977

{r/g} Document 250: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 222Evaluation of Federal Civil RightsEnforcement, 1977

{r/g} Document 251: Additional Criticism of the Federal 222Agencies Responsible for Civil RightsEnforcement, 1970s

{r/g/d} Document 252: Executive Order 12067, 1978 223

{g} Document 253: Author Joan Abramson Questions EEOC 224Capabilities, 1977

{r/g} Document 254: 1978 Uniform Guidelines on Employee 225Selection Procedures

{r/g} Document 255: "Comments of the Ad Hoc Group on 226Proposed Uniform Guidelines," 1978

{g} Document 256: Geduldig, Director, Department of Human 228Resources Development v. Aiello et al.,June 17, 1974

{g} Document 257: Dissenting Opinion in Geduldig v. Aiello, 2291974

{g} Document 258: General Electric Co. v. Gilbert et al., 1976 230

{g} Document 259: Dissent of Justices Brennan and 230Marshall in General Electric v. Gilbert,1976

{g} Document 260: Nashville Gas Co. v. Satty, December 6, 2311977

{g} Document 261: Statements of Wendy Williams and 231Susan Deller Ross before theSubcommittee on Labor of the U.S.Senate Committee on Human Resources,April 16, 1977

M Document 262: United Steelworkers of America v. Weber, 2321979

xxviii Contents

{r} Document 263: U.S. Civil Rights Commission Hearings 235on "Issues of Euro-Ethnic Americans,"December 1979

{r} Document 264: Columnist Meg Greenfield, "Teaching 236Kids the New Discrimination,"Newsweek, 1977

{g} Document 265: Joseph Califano on Enforcing Title IX in 237the 1970s

{g} Document 266: "HEW Policy Interpretation Regarding 238

Title IX," December 1979

{g} Document 267: Executive Order 12135, May 9, 1979 239

{d} Document 268: Department of Transportation, "Final 240Rule," May 1979

{d} Document 269: Southeastern Community College v. Davis, 242June 11, 1979

{d} Document 270: Leslie B. Milk, Testimony at U.S. Civil 243Rights Commission Hearings, May 1980

{d} Document 271: Leslie B. Milk Calls for the Disabled to 243Be Included in the Civil Rights Act of1964, May 1980

{d} Document 272: Goals of the Disability Rights Movement 244Stated by Judith E. Heumann, 1980

{d} Document 273: Attorney Deborah Kaplan on the 245Absence of the Disabled amongDecision Makers, 1980

{d} Document 274: Judith E. Heumann on Decision Making 245for the Disabled, 1980

{d} Document 275: Ronald L. Mace of Barrier Free 246Environments, Inc., 1980

{d} Document 276: Peter D. Rosenstein on the Cost of 247Providing Accessibility, 1980

{d} Document 277: Additional Thoughts on the Cost Issue 247from Paul G. Hearne, 1980

{d} Document 278: The Issue of Handicapped-Accessibility 248Standards, 1980

Contents XXIX

{d} Document 279:

{r} Document 280:

{r} Document 281:

{r} Document 282:

{r} Document 283:

{g} Document 284:

{r/g/d} Document 285:

PART V. 1981-2000:

THE REAGAN-BUSH


{r} Document 287:

{r} Document 288:

{r/g} Document 289:

{g} Document 290:

{r/g} Document 291:

Testimony on Coordination of Laws and 249Programs for the Disabled, 1980

The Public Works Employment Act of 2501977

Parren J. Mitchell, Author of the Public 251Works Employment Act of 1977

Congressman Mitchell's Advocacy for 252the Public Works Employment Actof 1977

Fullilove v. Klutznik, July 2, 1980 252

Voices for Women, 1980 Report of the 255President's Advisory Committee for Women,December 1980

Barnhill-Hayes Survey of Employers' 257Attitudes toward Affirmative Action,April 1979

Affirmative Action Entrenchedand Embattled

YEARS

Position of U.S. Commission on Civil 262Rights on Affirmative Action in the1980s, January 1981

Senator Orrin Hatch on a Proposed 263Constitutional Amendment, Spring 1981

Lyrics by Ian MacKaye of Minor Threat, 2631981

New York Times Commentary by Nell 264Irvin Painter, December 1981

Historian Elizabeth Pleck and PoliticalLeader Frances Farenthold on the Defeatof the ERA, August 1982 265

A. Elizabeth Pleck

B. Frances Farenthold

Dale H. Jurgens v. Clarence Thomas and 266Equal Employment OpportunityCommission, September 9, 1982

XXX Contents

{g} Document 292:


{g} Document 294:

{r} Document 295:

{r} Document 296:

{r} Document 297:

{r} Document 298:

{r/g} Document 299:

{r} Document 300:

{r} Document 301:

{r} Document 302:

{r} Document 303:

{g} Document 304:

{r} Document 305:


{d} Document 307:

House Resolution 109, November 16, 2671983

Remarks of Representative Paul Simon 268on HR 190, November 1983

Grove City College et al. v. Bell, Secretary 268of Education, et al., February 1984

Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts, 269June 12, 1984

Cartoon by Mike Lane, June 6, 1985 271

Statement to the Civil Rights 272Conunission by Parren J. Mitchell,March 1985

Statement of the Associated Specialty 273Contractors, Inc., to the U.S.Commission on Civil Rights,March 1985

Testimony of Minority Entrepreneurs 274Presented to the U.S. Commission onCivil Rights, March 1985

Wygant et al. v. Jackson Board of Education 275et al, May 19, 1986

Local 28 of the Sheet Metal Workers' 277International Association et al. v. EqualEmployment Opportunity Commission etal, July 2, 1986

Local Number 93, International Association 278of Firefighters, AFL-CIO v. City ofCleveland, July 2, 1986

United States v. Paradise, February 25, 2791987

Paul E. Johnson v. Transportation Agency, 281Santa Clara County, California, March 25,1987

New York Times, December 15, 1986 283

Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 283

Announcement of a Student Rally at 284Gallaudet University, March 1, 1988

Contents xxxi

{d} Document 308: Cartoon by Mike Keefe, 1988 285

{d} Document 309: King Jordan on the Gallaudet Protests 286of 1988

{g} Document 310: "Hard-Hatted Women" and Affirmative 286Action, 1988A. Rose MelendezB. Lucy LimC. Susan Eisenberg

{r/g} Document 311: "The Business Response to Affirmative 288Action," 1989

{r} Document 312: City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company, 289January 23, 1989

{r} Document 313: "The Sunset of Affirmative Action?," 292National Black Law Journal, Spring 1990

{r} Document 314: Examining Set-Asides in Richmond 293Virginia, in the 1980s

{r} Document 315: The Detroit Symphony and Affirmative 294Action in the 1980s

{r} Document 316: Wards Cove Packing Co., Inc. v. Atonio, 295June 5, 1989

{r} Document 317: Martin v. Wilks, June 12, 1989 296

{r} Document 318: The Impact of Affirmative Action in the 2981980s on Birmingham Firefighters JamesHenson and Carl Cook

{r/g/d} Document 319: R. Roosevelt Thomas Jr., "Affirming 298Diversity," Spring 1990

{r} Document 320: "Bigots in the Ivory Tower," Time 299Magazine, May 1990

{r} Document 321: Race Relations Study at University of 300California at Berkeley, 1990

{r} Document 322: Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal 300Communications Commission et al,June 27, 1990

xxxii Contents

M Document 323: "A Case for Race Consciousness," 1991 301

{d} Document 324: George Bush's Promise to the Disabled 302at the Republican National Convention,August 1988

{d} Document 325: State of the Union Message of President 303George Bush, February 9, 1989

{d} Document 326: Senator Tom Harkin on the Americans 304with Disabilities Act (ADA), September7, 1989

{d} Document 327: Remarks of Senator Orrin Hatch on the 304ADA, September 7, 1989

{d} Document 328: Senator Edward Kennedy's Remarks on 305the ADA, September 7, 1989

{d} Document 329: Disabled Activist Mike Auberger, 306March 1990

{d} Document 330: Congressman Tom DeLay on the Costs 307of the ADA, May 15, 1990

{d} Document 331: Representative Ron Dellums Celebrates 307Passage of the ADA, May 22, 1990

{d} Document 332: President George Bush's Signing of the 308ADA, July 26, 1990

{d} Document 333: Summary of the Americans with 308Disabilities Act of 1990

{r/g} Document 334: Senator Dale Bumpers on the Civil 310Rights Act of 1991

{r/g} Document 335: Provisions of 1991 Civil Rights Act 311

{r/g} Document 336: President George Bush's Comments on 312Signing the 1991 Civil Rights Act

{r/g} Document 337: "Affirmative Action Is Deeply Ingrained 313in Corporate Culture," Business Week,Summer 1991

{r} Document 338: Ruling of U.S. District Court Judge J. F. 314Motz on Podberesky v. Kirwan, May 15,1991

Contents XXXIII

THE ADMINISTRATION OF WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON

{r} Document 339: Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals 316Decision on Podberesky v. Kirwan,January 31, 1992

{r} Document 340: Asian Americans and Affirmative 316Action Ruling in Connecticut, May 1993

{r} Document 341: Asian Americans and Affirmative 317Action in the 1990s

{r} Document 342: Journalist Ruben Navarrette Jr., "New 318Victims?," Spring 1993

{r/d} Document 343: Report of National Council on Disability 319on "Meeting the Unique Needs ofMinorities with Disabilities," April 26,1993

{d} Document 344: Progress Report on the ADA, 1995 319

{r/g} Document 345: March 1995 Report of the Federal Glass 320Ceiling Commission

{r} Document 346: Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 323June 12, 1995

{r} Document 347: Attorney Patricia Williams on "The 325

Infinite Convertibility of Terms," 1995

{r/g} Document 348: Cartoon by Clay Bennett, 1995 326

{r/g} Document 349: Senator Robert Dole's Call to End 327Affirmative Action, March 1995

{r/g} Document 350: Support for Affirmative Action from 327Senator Barbara Mikulski of Maryland,June 1995

{r/g/d} Document 351: Speech on Affirmative Action by 328President Bill Clinton, July 19, 1995

{r/g} Document 352: Affirmative Action on View in the 329Murder Trial of O. J. Simpson, 1995

{r/g} Document 353: Cheryl J. Hopwood v. State of Texas, U.S. 330Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, March18, 1996

{r/g} Document 354: Judge Wiener Specially Concurring in 332Hopwood v. Texas, March 1996

xxxiv Contents

{r} Document 355: A "Percentage Plan" as an Alternative 333to Affirmative Action, 1997

{r} Document 356: Cartoon by "Kal," 1996 333

{r} Document 357: Sociologist William Julius Wilson's Call 334for "Broader Solutions" than AffirmativeAction, 1996

{r} Document 358: Richard Kahlenberg, "Class Not Race," 335April 1995

{r/g} Document 359: Law Professor Deborah C. Malamud 336Assesses "Class Based AffirmativeAction," 1996

{g} Document 360: U.S. News & World Report Notes Title IX 337Results in National and World Sports,July 1996

{r/g} Document 361: Author Barbara R. Bergmann Laments 338Weak Enforcement of AffirmativeAction, 1996

{r/g} Document 362: Practice versus Policy at Texaco 339Corporation, 1996

{r/g} Document 363: California's Proposition 209, as 339Approved by Voters, November 1996

{r/g} Document 364: Coalition for Economic Equality v. Pete 340Wilson, Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals,April 8, 1997

{r/g} Document 365: Critique of Proposition 209 Campaign, 3411998

{r} Document 366: "A Return to Segregation?" Asks The 342National Jurist, September 1997

{r} Document 367: Commencement Address by President 342Bill Clinton at the University ofCalifornia, San Diego, June 14, 1997

{r} Document 368: Ward Connerly Quoted in the Baltimore 343Sun, June 1997

Contents xxxv

{g} Document 369: Cohen v. Brown University, U.S. Court of 344Appeals, First Circuit, November 1996(Supreme Court Refused to Hear It,April 1997)

{g} Document 370: Education Week on Women and Sports, 346June 1997A. "25 Years after Title IX . . ."B. "Absence of Federal Enforcement"

{r/g} Document 371: Policy Adopted in 1983 by the Board of 347Education of Piscataway, NJ (Subject ofLegal Proceedings from 1989 to 1997)

{r/g} Document 372: 1989 Letter That Sparked the Taxman v. 347Piscataway Legal Proceedings, 1989-1997

{r/g} Document 373: Sharon Taxman v. Board of Education of 348the Township of Piscataway, U.S. Court ofAppeals, Third Circuit, August 8, 1996(Supreme Court Agreed to Hear, June1997; Out of Court Settlement,November 1997)

{r/g} Document 374: Dissenting Judges in Taxman v. 349Piscataway Board of Education,August 1996

{r/g} Document 375: "Key Affirmative Action Case Settled," 350Baltimore Sun, November 22, 1997

{r/g} Document 376: Ballot Question Rejected by Houston 351Voters, November 1997

{r} Document 377: Nomination Battle over Bill Lann Lee 352for Assistant Attorney General for CivilRights, 1997

{r/g/d} Document 378: Scholar Lawrence H. Fuchs Envisions 353the End of Affirmative Action, 1997

{r/g} Document 379: "Resounding Defeat for Affirmative 353Action Foes in Georgia," Spring 1998

{r/g} Document 380: Congressional Debate on the McConnell 354Amendment, 1998

XXXVI Contents

{r/g} Document 381:

{r/g} Document 382:

{r/g} Document 383:

{r/g} Document 384:

{r/g} Document 385:

{r/g} Document 386:

{r/g} Document 387:

{d} Document 388:

{d} Document 389:

{d} Document 390:

{r/g} Document 391:

{r/g} Document 392:

{r} Document 393:

{d} Document 394:

{g} Document 395:

Amendment of the Higher Education 355Act Proposed by Congressman Riggs,1998

House Debate on the Riggs 356

Amendment, May 1998

A. Congressman Riggs

B. Congressman Lewis

William G. Bowen and Derek Bok 357Examine the Effects of AffirmativeAction on College Admissions, 1998

Wessmann v. Gittens, First Circuit Court 360of Appeals, November 3, 1998

Initiative 200, Approved by Voters of 362Washington State, November 3, 1998

Critique of Initiative 200 Campaign of 3621998

Advertising against Affirmative Action, 363January 1999

Work Incentives Improvement Act of 3641999

New Frontiers for the Disabled in Sports 365and Recreation by 1999

Microsoft Accessibility Policy and 365"Assistive Technology" for the Disabled,1999

Ford Foundation Report, Winter 1999 367

Florida Governor Jeb Bush's Executive 368Order 99-281, November 9, 1999

"Toward an Understanding of 368Percentage Plans in Higher Education"(U.S. Civil Rights CommissionStatement, April 2000)

The Americans with Disabilities Act 369after Ten Years, June 2000

Court Challenges to the 370Constitutionality of the Americans withDisabilities Act, 2000

Contents XXXVII

{d} Document 396:

{g} Document 397:

{r/g} Document 398:

{r/g} Document 399:

{r/g} Document 400:

Selected Bibliography

Index

Report on Congress's Provisions forDisabled Members, November 2000

Associated Press Release on the GlassCeiling, April 24, 2000

Women and Minorities at GeneralElectric in the Year 2000

"Showdown in Atlanta" overAffirmative Action Set-Asides, Fall 1999

Poet June Jordan's Historical Review ofAffirmative Action

372

373

373

374

375

379

383