affordability is too low a bar: the future of the textbook
TRANSCRIPT
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“Affordable” Is Too Low a Bar:
The Future of the Textbook
David Wiley, PhD
Lumen Learning / CC / BYU
@opencontent :: #algeorgia
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This presentation is licensed CC BY
unless otherwise noted
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education
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education =
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education = sharing
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sharing
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what you know
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sharing
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feedback
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sharing
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encouragement
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sharing
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passion
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sharing
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yourself
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education
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faculty meetings
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tenure and promotion
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fighting for parking
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educative acts
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ALL
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sharing
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if
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sharing
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education
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.
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rivalrous
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nonrivalrous
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“He who receives
ideas from me,
receives instruction
himself without
lessening mine; as
he who lights his
taper at mine
receives light
without darkening
me.”
Thomas Jefferson
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sharing
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sharing
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asynchronously?
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externalize
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externalized ideas
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converted to rivalrous
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Expressions Are Different
To give a book you must give it away
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externalized = nonrivalrous?
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“internet”
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externalized ideas
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externalized ideas + online =
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nonrivalrous
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unprecedented capacity
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sharing
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education = sharing
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unprecedented capacity
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educate
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except we can’t
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©
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Uses Regulated by Copyright
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Make a copy of a work
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
Make changesto a work
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
Redistribute a work
$1000s per copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per copy
Publicperformance of a work
10s of people 100Ks of people
100Ms of people
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Tech
Enables
Law
Forbids
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in the air?
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open
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Open Educational Resources
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Open Educational Resources?
Any kind of teaching materials –
textbooks, syllabi, lesson plans,
videos, readings, exams
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Open Educational Resources?
(1) Free and unfettered access, and
(2) Free copyright permissions to
engage in the 5R activities
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open ≠ free
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open = free + permissions
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• Make and own copiesRetain
• Use in a wide range of waysReuse
• Adapt, modify, and improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs
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Tech
Enables
OER
Permits
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traditionally © materials
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openly licensed materials
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not about cost
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enabling innovation
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improving student learning
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not just copy and distribute
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revise and remix
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adapting
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improving
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local control
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revisit
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rivalrous / nonrivalrous
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“anti-rivalrous”
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open your resources
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still have your resources
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improved resources
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when you… then you…
Rivalrous give away… have less.
Nonrivalrous give away… have the same.
“Anti-Rivalrous” give away… have more.
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over 880M OER
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miniscule adoption
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we help get open adopted
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we help get open adopted
effectively
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adoption support
faculty training
instructional design
ongoing support
hosting
LMS integration
continuous improvement
research support
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everything we make is open
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(CC BY)
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Red Hat for OER
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no “catch”
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small – UGA Biology
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large – TCC Z Degree
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open keeps us honest
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Project Kaleidoscope
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Participants
• 4,909 treatment
• 11,818 control
• 50 undergraduate courses
• 130 teachers
• 8 institutions
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Method
Quasi-experimental design with:
• Propensity Score Matching
• Dependent variables: Completion; C
or Better; Credits Enrolled This Term;
Next Term
• Independent variable: Textbook
condition
• Covariates: age, gender, and race
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Propensity Score Matching
Increased group balance by 98%
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Results
Increased:
• Completion (X2res = +2.9, -2.9)
• C or Better (X2res = -2.5, +2.7)
• Credits this term t(8101) = 27.81, p < .01
• Credits next term F(1, 6440) = 154.08,
p <.01
Submitted to Computers in Education
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Utah Open Textbooks
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Participants
• Nebo School District
• 4183 students
• 43 teachers
• Earth Science, Biology, Chemistry
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Method
Quasi-experimental design with:
• Treatment and Control Group
• Propensity Score Matching
• Dependent variable: Score on 2012
statewide standardized science exam
• Independent variable: Textbook condition
• 15 Covariates: including age, gender,
special education, English language
proficiency, 2011 test data, 2011 GPA, and
race
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Outcome: State Standardized Test
• IRT scaled scores increased
with open textbooks, p < .001
• Multiple r squared = .635
• Published in Ed Researcher
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Developmental Math
Published in Educause Review
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% Completing with C or Better
48.4%
60.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Spring 2011
No OER
Spring2013All OER
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From textbook and MyMathLab ($170)
To OER and MyOpenMath ($5)
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“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Co
st
Completing with C or Better
Learning Outcomes per Dollar
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“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Co
st
Completing with C or Better
Learning Outcomes per Dollar
0 100%
$200
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“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Co
st
Completing with C or Better
Pearson
Learning Outcomes per Dollar
0 100%
$200
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“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Co
st
Completing with C or Better
Pearson
OER
Learning Outcomes per Dollar
0 100%
$200
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public funding
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gross negligence in procurement
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$3500%, worse quality?
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Associates of Business
“Z Degree”
Graduate without ever buying a textbook
World’s first “all-OER” degree
~30% cheaper for students
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When a student drops, it..
Slows down their graduation
Costs the institution tuition dollars
(refunds)
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(182 * .89 * $164.35 * 3) in-state + (182 * .11 * $358.95 * 3) out-of-state = $304,269 annual INTRO
Submitted to EPAA
INTRO Model
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open pedagogy
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what’s possible?
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disposable assignments
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PM4ID
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An Open Education Reader
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Learning Objects Book
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“If I have seen
further it is by
standing on the
shoulders of giants.”
Isaac Newton
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Traditional
Copyright
=
Spiked
Shoulder Pads
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Open Licenses
=
Bringing
Students
a Ladder
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in conclusion
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affordable > expensive
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free > affordable
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open > free
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open = free + 5R permissions
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open
permissionless innovation
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open
increased learning outcomes / $
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open
anti-rivalrous serendipity
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don’t settle for affordable
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when you could have open