african americans, 1877-1914 i. segregation and disfranchisement ii.race in the progressive era iii....
TRANSCRIPT
African Americans, 1877-1914
I. Segregation and Disfranchisement
II. Race in the Progressive Era
III. Booker T. Washington
IV. W. E. B. Du Bois
V. Marcus Garvey
Key Terms
• Rutherford B. Hayes (1876-1881)
• United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
• Jim Crow• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)• Williams v. Mississippi
(1898)• Grandfather Clause (1898)
• Birth of a Nation (1915)• Tuskegee Institute (1881)• Atlanta Compromise (1895)• Talented Tenth• National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (1909)
• Universal Negro Improvement Association (1919)
I. Segregation & Disfranchisement
Rutherford B. Hayes
The Waite Supreme Court, 1874-1888
United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
The Supreme Court Declared that the Fourteenth Amendment “adds nothing to the rights of one citizen against another.”
“Jim Crow”
1889
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
The Supreme Court wrote that “the under lying fallacy of the plaintiff’s argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority.”
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
“social prejudices may be overcome by legislation, and that equal rights cannot be secured to the Negro except by an enforced commingling of the two races. We cannot accept this position. . . . Legislation is powerless to eradicate racial instincts or to abolish distinctions based upon physical differences, and the attempt to do so can only result in accentuating the difficulties of the present situation.”
“Separate But
Equal”
Devices of Disenfranchisement
• Poll tax
• Property Qualification
• Literacy Test
Williams v. Mississippi (1898)
The Supreme Court approved the Mississippi plan, written into the state constitution, for depriving black citizens of the franchise by means of a literacy test.
Disenfranchisement in the South
African Americans Registered to Vote in Louisiana
130,000
1,342
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
18961904
1896 1904
II. Race in the Progressive Era
African American Literacy Rate in 1910
Illiterate34%
Literate66%
African American Literacy
10
30
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Percentage of Literate African Americans
1865 1880 1900
African Americans in High School in 1910
970,000
8,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
African Americans
High School Aged In High School
Percentage of Southerners in School
2
34
60 62
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Black Children White Children
1860 1880
Percentage of Land Owners in the South
1
2025
80
0
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
African American White
1860 1880 1910
Between 1900 and 1914Over 1,100
African Americans were Lynched
Part of the crowd of 10,000 that watched the 1893 lynching of Henry Smith in Paris, Texas. The word “Justice” is painted on the platform.
Taft on Jim Crow
“The federal government has nothing to do with social equality.”
It is “history written in lightening.”
Inspired by Birth of a Nation, the KKK reformed in 1915
By the mid 1920s the Klan had over Three Million members
III. Booker T. Washington
Home of Booker T. Washington, born in 1856
Students Learning Industrial Skills at the Tuskegee Institute
Tuskeege History Class, 1902
Atlanta Compromise
“In all things that are purely social,” blacks and whites “can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”
The Atlanta Compromise
• Sweeping Concessions to Segregation.
• Abandoned Reconstruction demand for Black Equality.
• Emphasized Economic Opportunity, not Political or Civil Rights.
Tuskegee in 1901
IV. W. E. B. Du Bois
Dr. Du Bois (born in 1868) at Atlanta University
The Souls of Black Folk
“So far as Mr. Washington apologizes for injustice, North or South, he does not rightly value the privilege and duty of voting, belittles the emasculating effects of caste distinction, and opposes the higher training and ambition for our brighter minds . . . so far as he, the South, or the Nation, does this . . . we must unceasingly and firmly oppose them.”
V. Marcus Garvey
Background
• Born in Jamaica in 1887
• Left School at 14
• Read Washington’s Up From Slavery
Garvey and Leaders of the Universal Negro Improvement Association
African American Mother and Children with Burning Ku Klux Klan Cross in the Background
Who had the best plan?