African Americans African Americans in US History:in US History:Civil Rights Civil Rights MovementMovement

PeoplePeoplePeoplePeople Crispus Attucks Crispus Attucks Nat TurnerNat Turner Denmark VesseyDenmark Vessey Fredrick DouglasFredrick Douglas Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth Hiram RevelsHiram Revels Booker T. Booker T.

WashingtonWashington W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey

Phillip RandolphPhillip Randolph Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall Rosa ParksRosa Parks Martin Luther King Martin Luther King

Jr.Jr. Malcolm XMalcolm X Stockey Stockey

Carmichael Carmichael Jesse JacksonJesse Jackson

Selma, Alabama 1965 ProtestSelma, Alabama 1965 Protest Little Rock, Arkansas; Central Little Rock, Arkansas; Central

High School (desegregation) High School (desegregation) Greensboro, Alabama Sit Ins Greensboro, Alabama Sit Ins

19601960 SNCC= Student Nonviolent SNCC= Student Nonviolent

Coordinating CommitteeCoordinating Committee

Nation of IslamNation of Islam Black PanthersBlack Panthers

AbolitionistsAbolitionists North StarNorth Star Slave CodesSlave Codes ReconstructionReconstruction 13th Amendment- Abolishes 13th Amendment- Abolishes

SlaverySlavery 14th Amendment- guarantees 14th Amendment- guarantees

equal treatment under the lawequal treatment under the law 15th Amendment- citizenship 15th Amendment- citizenship

for people born in USfor people born in US 2424thth Amendment- Abolishes Poll Amendment- Abolishes Poll

Tax Tax Black CodesBlack Codes Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee Institute NAACPNAACP Plessey v. Fergusson-1896 Plessey v. Fergusson-1896

Separate but equal okSeparate but equal ok Desegregation of Military 1948Desegregation of Military 1948 Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education

1954 (Topeka) overturns 1954 (Topeka) overturns Plessey v. FergusonPlessey v. Ferguson

Montgomery, Alabama- Bus Montgomery, Alabama- Bus BoycottBoycott

SCLC= Southern Christian SCLC= Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceLeadership Conference

Civil Rights Progress in Civil Rights Progress in Eisenhower AdministrationEisenhower Administration

Conditions were ready for changeConditions were ready for change Returning veteransReturning veterans Black Urban Middle Class growsBlack Urban Middle Class grows Educated black leaders Educated black leaders Support the beginning of changeSupport the beginning of change

Desegregation of the Desegregation of the SchoolsSchools

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)Brown v. Board of Education (1954) (web site) (web site) Civil Rights attorneys wanted to end segregation in Civil Rights attorneys wanted to end segregation in

the schoolsthe schools Supreme Court ruled in Supreme Court ruled in 18961896= = Plessy v. FergesunPlessy v. Fergesun

that segregation was constitutional if equal that segregation was constitutional if equal (Brown (Brown Case overturns Plessy)Case overturns Plessy)

Schools were clearly unequal (money per pupil and Schools were clearly unequal (money per pupil and conditions)conditions)

Thurgood Marshall-Thurgood Marshall- the lead attorney attacked the the lead attorney attacked the concept of “Separate but equal” concept of “Separate but equal”

Worked for Worked for NAACP-NAACP- National Association for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (created by Advancement of Colored People (created by W. E. B. W. E. B. Dubois 1909)Dubois 1909)

Case was Case was Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, KansasKansas

Marshall arguedMarshall argued “Segregation saddled blacks with “Segregation saddled blacks with permanent sense of inferiority.” Caused permanent sense of inferiority.” Caused ambition and self esteem to dropambition and self esteem to drop

MarshallMarshall

Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall Will later be appointedWill later be appointed First African American toFirst African American to Supreme CourtSupreme Court

1967 President Johnson nominated Marshall for Supreme Court Justice

Warren CourtWarren Court Earl Warren-Earl Warren- moderate Republican moderate Republican

Supreme Court Chief JusticeSupreme Court Chief Justice Appointed by Eisenhower (Eisenhower Appointed by Eisenhower (Eisenhower

later regrets this appointment)later regrets this appointment) ““We conclude that in the field of We conclude that in the field of

public education, the doctrine of public education, the doctrine of “Separate but equal has no place. “Separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”inherently unequal.”

Ordered the states to create public Ordered the states to create public school systems free of racial school systems free of racial discrimination with discrimination with “All deliberate “All deliberate speed.”speed.”

Central High, Little Rock Central High, Little Rock ArkansasArkansas

Court order in Little Rock Court order in Little Rock Central High must be Central High must be

integratedintegrated Governor Governor Orval FaubusOrval Faubus tried tried

to prevent- citing public to prevent- citing public safetysafety

Angry white mobs try to Angry white mobs try to prevent integration- some of prevent integration- some of the worst racial hatred the worst racial hatred displayeddisplayed

Eisenhower dispatches 101Eisenhower dispatches 101stst Air Born to protect African Air Born to protect African American studentsAmerican students

1955 Montgomery Bus 1955 Montgomery Bus BoycottBoycottAlabamaAlabama

Everything was segregated in Alabama Everything was segregated in Alabama including buses including buses

Rosa ParksRosa Parks, a trained member of the , a trained member of the NAACP, was on a bus and refused to move NAACP, was on a bus and refused to move back and give up her seat to a white man.back and give up her seat to a white man.

Action caused her arrest and a spontaneous Action caused her arrest and a spontaneous boycott movement of the bus companyboycott movement of the bus company

Martin Luther King JrMartin Luther King Jr. was a prominent . was a prominent leader in the Montgomery community, and leader in the Montgomery community, and takes the lead in the city bus boycott.takes the lead in the city bus boycott.

Protested Protested inequality of treatmentinequality of treatment and and injusticeinjustice with with Non-Violent Resistance and Non-Violent Resistance and Civil Disobedience Civil Disobedience

SCLCSCLC

MLK and BoycottMLK and Boycott

Boycott lasts 13 monthsBoycott lasts 13 months 1956 Supreme court ruled that segregation 1956 Supreme court ruled that segregation

of busses was unconstitutional under the of busses was unconstitutional under the 1414thth Amendment (Civil Rights) Amendment (Civil Rights)

Through the boycott:Through the boycott: MLK was Arrested, his house was bombedMLK was Arrested, his house was bombed The leading African American Civil Rights The leading African American Civil Rights

group emerges: group emerges: Southern Christian Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) MLK Leadership Conference (SCLC) MLK president 1957president 1957

Images of MontgomeryImages of Montgomery

1960 Greensboro, North 1960 Greensboro, North CarolinaCarolina

Students in North Students in North CarolinaCarolina

Stage a massive Sit in- Stage a massive Sit in- at at Woolworth Woolworth DepartmentDepartment store store lunch counter in a effort lunch counter in a effort to integrate this private to integrate this private establishmentestablishment

Student activists create Student activists create Student Non-Violent Student Non-Violent Coordinating Coordinating Committee (SNCC)Committee (SNCC)

Similar protests Similar protests developed throughout developed throughout the south.the south.

Civil Rights Bill 1957Civil Rights Bill 1957

1957 1957 Congress Passed 1Congress Passed 1stst Civil Rights Bill Civil Rights Bill

since reconstructionsince reconstruction Created Civil Rights Commission Created Civil Rights Commission

and Civil and Rights Division of and Civil and Rights Division of Justice DepartmentJustice Department

Focus was voting rightsFocus was voting rights