age of expansion
DESCRIPTION
AP US HISTORY POWERPOINT ON THE AGE OF EXPANSION ANDREW JACKSON COLLEGEBOARD AP EXAM ADVANCED PLACEMENT UNITED STATES HISTORY CONQUEST POLITICAL ECONOMIC CRUSADES EUROPEAN SOLDIERSTRANSCRIPT
Age of ExpansionAge of ExpansionAway, away with all these cobweb
tissues of the rights of discovery, exploration, settlement… The American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty….
- John L. O’Sullivan, Democratic Review, 1845
““Young America”Young America”- Coined by Emerson to reflect the positive attitude toward
market economy and industrial growth
Great writers of the time:Walt Whitman’s “Song of the Open Road”Herman Melville’s “Moby Dick”
Pushing the BordersPushing the BordersU.S. has interest in expanding…1. Southward into Texas (Mexican province)2. Westward into Oregon (claimed by
Britain)- 1818, agree to 10 years joint occupation3. Adams-Onís Treaty – Spain gives
America the rights to the Pacific Northwest4. Canadian lumberjacks and Maine militia
fight over New Brunswick/Maine boundary
Territorial Expansion by the Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth CenturyMid-Nineteenth Century
TexasTexas1821 – Mexico wins its national independence
from Spain… hopes to attract settlers- Texas = Northern frontier provinceStephen Austin – son of Missouri banker- Given large land grant- Brings 300 American families to Texas1830 – Americans (white farmers & black
slaves) outnumber Mexicans 3 to 1
Friction between Americans and Mexicans1829 – Mexico:a.) outlaws slaveryb.) require immigrants to convert to Roman
Catholicism- Settlers refuse to obey- Mexico closes Texas- Thousands of land-hungry Americans
ignore the “closing”
Revolt and IndependenceRevolt and Independence
1834 – General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna makes himself dictator of Mexico
- Abolishes federal govt.- Enforces Mexico’s laws in TexasMarch, 1836- Sam Houston leads American settlers- Declares Texas an independent republic
Santa Anna leads Mexican army- Captures town of Goliad- Attacks Alamo (San Antonio), kills all
defenders- Battle of San Jacinto River, Sam Houston
captures Santa Anna- Leader forced to sign treaty granting
independence and a republic north of Rio Grande
- News reaches Mexico city… Rejected!
Texas RevolutionTexas Revolution
Santa AnnaSam Houston
Annexation DeniedAnnexation DeniedSam Houston – first president of the Lone
Star Republic- Applies to U.S. govt. for Texas to be
annexed as new state- Jackson and Van Buren put off the request- Northern opposition to possible 5 new
slave states- John Tyler tries… worried about British,
but Senate rejects
Boundary Dispute Boundary Dispute in Maine (1840s)in Maine (1840s)
Maine/ Canadian province of New Brunswick
- Canada still under British rule- Rival groups of lumbermen
fight - Aroostook War- Ends with Webster-Ashburton
Treaty of 1842- Also settles a dispute over
Minnesota territory
Boundary Dispute in OregonBoundary Dispute in Oregon
Disputed
Boundary Dispute in OregonBoundary Dispute in OregonVast territory on Pacific Coast was claimed by four
nations at one timeU.S., Britain, Spain, Russia- Spain gives up with Adams-Onis (1819)- Britain bases claim on prosperous fur trade with
Natives- U.S. claim based on1. Captain Robert Gray discovers Columbia River in
17922. Lewis and Clark3. Fur trading post est. by John Jacob Astor (1811)
- Russia… scarcely occupied
Manifest DestinyManifest DestinyTo take OregonTo annex Republic of TexasTo convince Mexico to give up its West Coast
province… California- 1845: 7000 Spanish-Mexicans in CA- Americans arriving to “play the Texas game”
“expansion by white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God”… c. 1845
Agnew- “Hatchet man” against
Vietnam War- Resigns Oct. 1973
because of tax evasion, accepting bribes
- Nixon??- 25th Amendment,
Nixon brings in Ford (Michigan congressman) as VP
Spiro Agnew
Young Gerald Ford
1Vice President Dick Cheney2Speaker of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi3President pro tempore of the Senate Robert Byrd4Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice5Secretary of the Treasury Henry M. Paulson, Jr.6Secretary of Defense Robert Gates7Attorney General Michael Mukasey 8Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne9Secretary of Agriculture10Secretary of Health and Human Services
Michael Leavitt11Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Alphonso Jackson12Secretary of Transportation Mary Peters13Secretary of Energy Samuel W. Bodman14Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings15Secretary of Veterans Affairs Jim Nicholson
John Tyler 4 PrezJohn Tyler 4 PrezVP for “his accidency”States rights, pro-slavery Virginian
lawyerStubborn, uncooperativeWhig campaign objective… keep
Harrison vague and Tyler quietLike Jackson, hated National Bank…
vetoes twiceWhigs kick him out, talk of
impeachmentDemocrats reject him, fails as
independentDecides to back Dem. James PolkDies a Confederate in 1862
Tyler’s successTyler’s successSettles border Maine
border disputeAnnexing of Texas- Tyler pushes Manifest
Destiny & annexation- Cannot get 2/3 Senate
approval of treaty- Changes rules: gets
joint resolution passed by both Houses… needs only a majority in both Houses
Election of 1844Election of 1844Polk – Democrat – 170Clay – Whig – 105Birney – 0“Fifty four forty or fight”- Dem nominee Van Buren and Clay
disagree on annexation, slavery- Dark horse… James Polk appeals to
westerners and southerners with commitment to Manifest Destiny
Election of 1844, Polk 4 PrezElection of 1844, Polk 4 Prez
“Fifty four forty or fight”(Columbia District vs. Oregon Territory)
Henry Clay, Whig from KY, is against annexation, then for it
Alienates NY voters who turn to Liberty Party
NY’s electoral votes prove important
Polk
Clay
Oregon- Polk backs off slogan “Fifty four forty…”- Compromises with Britain… - Divide Oregon at 49th parallel - Britain holds out… then gets Vancouver
Island and right to use Columbia River- Northerners angry at “sell out” of British
Columbia
Causes of Mexican War (1846-Causes of Mexican War (1846-1848)1848)
Mexico does not recognize the 1836 secession of Texas… intends to take back the rebel state
1845 U.S. annexation of Texas
Tyler annexed Texas… left Polk to deal with Mexico’s reaction
On the Way to War with Mexico
Polk first sends John Slidell to Mexico City
Goals:1. Buy California and New
Mexico territories2. Settle dispute on Texas-
Mexico borderNueces River or Rio Grande??
Immediate Causes- Slidell waits for response- Polk orders General Zachary Taylor toward Rio
Grande, across from Mexico- Provokes Mexico- 11 Americans killed(?)- Pre-prepared war messagesent to Congress- Whigs, including Lincoln, doubtthat American blood was shed- Majority in houses approve war
Military CampaignsMilitary CampaignsFought in Mexican
territory with small American armies
General Stephen Kearney
- Takes Santa Fe, New Mexico, S. California
John C. Fremont (and a few dozen others)
- Takes N. California in June 1846
Taylor and 6000 men- Drives Mexicans from
Texas- Crosses Rio Grande- Victory at Buena VistaGeneral Winfield Scott- Selected by Polk to
invade central Mexico- Capture Vera Cruz
and Mexico City in 1847
Results of Mexican WarResults of Mexican WarMilitary disaster for Mexico- Will not concede northern lands- Agree to terms after fall of Mexico City Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)- Mexican Cession- America sends diplomat, Nicholas Trist1.) Mexico recognizes Rio Grande as Texas
southern border2.) U.S. will pay $15 mil for NM and CA
Opposition to TreatyOpposition to Treaty
Whigs
“The war was an immoral effort to expand slavery”
Southern Democrats
“As expansionists, we want the U.S. to take all of Mexico”
Treaty is still ratified
Wilmot Proviso- 1846, PA congressman David Wilmot
proposes a bill to forbid slavery in new territories
- Passes the House twice- Defeated in SenateLegacy of Mexican-American War- Slavery debate- Prelude to Civil War?
Renewed SectionalismRenewed Sectionalism
- Tensions increase between North and South
- Northerners view war w/ Mexico as a southern plot to extend slavery
- Wilmot Proviso – another escalation in political tensions
Expansionism turns to Expansionism turns to Internal GrowthInternal Growth
Excitement of Young Americans, Ideas of Manifest Destiny fade after Mexican War
- Improvements in manufacturing, agriculture- New economic opportunities- 1848, gold discovered in CA
RailroadsRailroads
Transforms American economy, 1840s, 1850s
Steam locomotive technology brought from England
1831 – First LinesCharleston and Hamburg
in SCBaltimore and Ohio in MD
RailroadsRailroadsBegin to compete with canals- Faster- Canals remain cheaper1840s- Extend to mid-Atlantic states1850s- 20,000 miles laid down1860s- All states east of Mississippi- Cut into canal business
Europe- Invests in U.S. railroads- Provides iron railsU.S.- Domestic iron industry
beginsAmerica’s largest industry- Requires much capital and
labor- First major U.S. corporations- govt. oversees routes and
provides land grants- Links western agriculture
with northern industry
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
Period of rapid growth for industryFactory system expands- Wool cloth, iron, guns, clocks, sewing machinesThe new mode of production- Supervised workforce under one roof- cash wages- interchangeable parts- Mass production, continuous process(Specialized tasks… not one worker/many jobs)
Transition to Mass ProductionTransition to Mass Production
From small workshops to large factoriesEx. The cobbler is replaced by shoe
factoriesNew Technology
Elias Howe
Pullman Car
Richard Hoe – Rotary Printing Press
John Deer – Steel Plow
Samuel Morse - Telegraph
Samuel Colt - 45
Machine tools – mid 19th century- Sign of American industry, ingenuity
U.S. still NOT an industrial society- Factory workers = small % of work force- Agriculture supports life and the GNP- Farming influences by technological
revolutionEx. Deere’s steel plow, McCormick’s
mechanical reaper
Mass ImmigrationMass Immigration
Up North- Drive for mechanization of industry and
labor- Due to shortage of cheap labor- Compared to Europe, U.S. is labor-scarce- Women and children work because…Men will not work farms and factories for low
wages
Mass ImmigrationMass Immigration
1820-1840- 700,000 immigrants- Mostly British, German1840-1860- 4 million (added to 20 million)- Mostly Ireland… Germany(also Swiss, Swedish, Norway)
1845-18551845-1855
3 million people arrive in this decade
Many Irish…Great potato famine
New Working ClassNew Working ClassMany immigrants end up working in factories,
mines, or doing construction
Cheap labor fuels the Industrial Revolution
Immigrants displace native born workers in the Northeast
Ex. Irish in Boston(lower economic expectations.. more conservative
social values)1860… immigrants = 60% of workforceMen displace women in factories
Resistance to Factory DisciplineResistance to Factory DisciplineRural people enter factory system
Protestant/ Immigrant clash
Tardiness, drunkenness, loafing on the job
Discontent and Cultural resistance
Industrialization + Immigration = New working class of low wage labor
Land of opportunity??
Stephen DouglasStephen DouglasThe Little Giant
Democrat
Fails to win nomination despite reflecting Young American ideas
Shows America’s unwillingness to compromise on expansionist ideas