Age of ExplorationChapter 4

Europe and the Far East

Explores and the New World • Columbus:

• Made several voyages to what he thought was Asia

• Claimed many Caribbean Islands for Spain which were intended to become colonies.

• Amerigo Vespucci:• 1501- claimed the land found by

Columbus was not Asia, but a “new” world.

• 1507- The “new” world is named America after him.

Looking for Looking for “El Dorado”“El Dorado”

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Magellan • Spain • 1522: first person

to circumnavigate the globe

• Took 3 years • He died before

they returned • Only 18 out of 250

men lived

Cortes and the Conquistadors • 1519: Cortes lands

in Mexico. • Began to explore

mainland America • Conquered the

Aztec and took their Gold and silver • Superior weapons • Disease- Measles,

mumps, smallpox and typhus.

Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests:The First Spanish Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish Conquests:The First Spanish Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

Smallpox

Pizarro• 1533: he brought a

group of 200 men who over took 30,000 Incas.

• Killed their leader Atahualpa

• Took the Inca capital of Cuzco

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Spanish culture in the Spanish culture in the AmericasAmericas• The Spanish lived amongst the natives

and imposed their culture upon them.• Mestizo: mixed Spanish and native • Religion:Religion: converted people to the

Roman Catholic faith, often by force

• Society: Society: developed a strict hierarchical social structure based on faith and on their government in Spain

Spanish culture in the Spanish culture in the AmericasAmericas

• PoliticsPolitics: governed in name of the King• EconomyEconomy:

• Established encomiendas- natives were forced to labor on the land under Spanish rulers

• Found gold and silver• The wealth of South America makes Spain a

world power.

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves

Spanish expansion into North Spanish expansion into North AmericaAmerica

• Spain began to explore more areas in what would become Southwest and southeast US.

• Juan Ponce de Leon founded Florida.

• Spanish traveled north of Mexico (Southwest territory in the US now) in hopes of finding more silver/gold and to convert more natives.

• The named the area New Mexico.

Portugal and Brazil

• Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500.

• They found little gold and silver

• Grew sugar cane on huge plantations • High demand for

sugar in Europe led to big profits for Portugal.

French Explorers:

• Giovanni da Verrazano• 1524• Discovered NY harbor

• Jacques Cartier• 1534• Eastern coast of Canada and St.

Lawrence river

French Explorers• Sieur de La Salle

• 1682• Explores Mississippi

river valley• Claims the river

valley for France

• Named Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

• Samuel de Champlain• 1608• Sails up St.

Lawrence river • Founded Quebec

• Base of France’s colonial empire New France

New France• By the early 1700s New France

covers most of Midwestern US and eastern Canada

• Huge empire, but sparsely populated• Main economiceconomic activity: fur trade

French Culture in the AmericasFrench Culture in the Americas• ReligionReligion: The French missionaries

tried to convert natives to Catholicism but unlike the Spanish, they did not do it by force.

• SocietySociety: The French had a mostly positive relationship with the Indians.• The French did bring over their

hierarchical society.

English Arrive in North America• Jamestown

• Est. 1607 by London investors who had received a charter from King James

• During the 1st few years, 7 out of 10 died

• 1st permanent English settlement• Found brown gold=tobacco

New England• Pilgrims

• 1620 in Plymouth, MA• Sought religious freedom• Mayflower Compact and 1st Thanksgiving

• Puritans• “purify” the

Anglican church• Came seeking

religious freedom• MA bay colony• “City upon a hill”

English and Native relations• Unlike the French and the Dutch, The

English did not have good relations with the Native Americans.

• As English settlers pushed for more land and the spread of Christianity, war broke out between themselves and the Natives.

• King Philip’s war: Metacom vs. English

Population of the New England Colonies

Population of the New England Colonies

New Netherland• Henry Hudson

• 1609 & 1610• Discovers 3 waterways Hudson river,

Hudson, Bay and Hudson strait• Claimed the area for the Dutch, name it

new Netherland• Set up fur trade posts also

had a mostly a positive relationship with the Natives

The fight for the Americas• English battle for colonial supremacy in

North America• English vs. Dutch

•1664, English decided to send the Duke of York to New Netherlands because they disliked that the Dutch colony separated their English colonies

•Dutch surrender and the colony was renamed New York

• English vs. French•French and Indian war (aka Seven years’ war)•British defeat the French in 1763•British now controls eastern half of North

America

Creating an Advertisement• Pick on of the following countries to create a

full page advertisement to entice individuals to come to the “new” world.• Spain • France • England

• Your AD must have the following information: • Identify your target audience (this is

different for each country) • Written information • Pictures • Color

History of Slavery in Africa• Slavery had existed in Africa for

centuries, yet it was minor• In 600, Muslims began import slaves

to Muslim controlled North Africa and Southwest Asia

• In Africa and Muslim societies though slaves had some legal rights and were able to break their bondage.

Atlantic Slave Trade• Sugar and tobacco plantations

required large amounts of workers• Europeans had planned on using

Native Americans but many had died from disease and war.

• Europeans looked to Africa for cheap labor:• Africans had already been exposed to

European disease and had immunity• Experienced in farming• Less likely to escape

The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage

• Middle passage—middle leg of transatlantic trade, transports slaves

• 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicide.

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship ““Coffin” Coffin” Position Below Position Below

DeckDeck

““Coffin” Coffin” Position Below Position Below

DeckDeck

Onboard the Slave Ship

Onboard the Slave Ship

Letter Writing Activity•Write a letter as if you are an

African on a slave ship. You are trying to tell the king of a European country about the atrocities of slavery. In your letter you will need to make a case for ending slave trade by describing the horrors of the Middle Passage, explaining the immorality of slave trade, and the impact on African communities. (20 lines)

Effects of Exploration

• Columbian Exchange• Transfer of goods:

foods plants animals

• Spread of Disease• Smallpox

• Spread of Slavery

The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Triangle of Trade

Global Trade• The establishment of colonies

allowed for European countries to accumulate great wealth + dramatic growth in oversea trade

• This led to great changes in economics and business:• Rise of new economic system: capitalismcapitalism

• Economic system based on private ownership and Economic system based on private ownership and investment of resourcesinvestment of resources

• Rise in Rise in inflationinflation• Rise in pricesRise in prices

Global Trade• A new business venture: A new business venture: Joint-stock Joint-stock

companiescompanies• Worked like a modern-day corporationWorked like a modern-day corporation• Investors bought shares of stock in the Investors bought shares of stock in the

company company • Ex: JamestownEx: Jamestown

• And new economic policies: And new economic policies: mercantilismmercantilism and and favorable balance of tradefavorable balance of trade•Mercantilism: country’s wealth was dependent

upon their wealth (gold/silver/capital goods)•To help with this theory of mercantilism was to

establish a favorable balance of trade: export more than you import

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged by

disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.