Age of Revolutions

Glorious Revolution in England - 1689● James I and his son Charles I (kings in England) disagreed with Parliament

over major issues such as taxation

● 1628-Charles I signed the Petition of Right which limited the king's power in several ways including not being able to tax without Parliament’s consent

● Charles I ignored the Petition of Right which led to the English Civil War (1642-1649) after which he was executed

● Leader of the Parliamentary forces (Oliver Cromwell) attempted to create a republic but established a military dictatorship instead until he died in 1658

Glorious Revolution in England - 1689Charles II:

● 1659 Parliament voted to have a king again

● Known as Restoration (restored monarchy)

Glorious Revolution in England - 1689James II & Causes: ● James offended subjects b/c he boasted his

Catholicism

● Dissolved Parliament and he appointed Catholic officials to high office (against law)

Glorious Revolution (1688-1689): ● William (Dutch ruler of Orange (the

Netherlands) & Mary (James’ daughter) led army to London; James fled (bloodless overthrow)

Glorious Revolution in England - 1689Results – Limits on Monarchs: ● Parliament restored

● Became constitutional monarchy

● Bill of Rights passed

● Cabinet developed to keep gov’t from halting to a standstill

● Ended the chance for a Catholicism to be established in the English government once again

Colonialism Nations seeking to expand their authority and rule over other people or territories usually with the goal to make money via trade, resources, etc.

The American Revolution (1776)Causes:

● MONEY! Trade, tax laws seen as unfair by colonists (Stamp Act, Tea Act, etc.). The king wanted the colonies to help pay for the French and Indian War = higher taxes

● Boston Tea Party incident & shutting down of Boston

● Battle at Lexington & Concord

The American Revolution (1776)A Few Reasons for Success:

● Colonists motivation greater

● British generals made mistakes

● Time – British citizens got tired of fighting

● French helped at Yorktown

The American Revolution (1776)Results: ● Americans won independence!

● Constitution

● Bill of Right

Haiti (1791)Main Cause:

● Oppressed people (many slaves) fed up w/ treatment from white masters (the French) - abuse, no voice, etc.

Haiti (1791)

Jean Jacque Dessalines:

● 1804 – declared colony an independent country

● 1st black colony to free itself from European control

Haiti (1791)

Results:

● Won independence in 1804

● White refugees fled to U.S. & spread stories of slave rebellions in the South

● This led to new laws strengthening slavery in America

● Delayed independence movements in other Caribbean colonies as mother countries tightened their grip in fear of slave rebellions

● Helped double size of U.S. –Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory to U.S. when he lost income from Haiti

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1799

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1799Causes?

● Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette ○ Inherited debt from previous kings ○ Extravagant spenders themselves ○ Louis weak leader, indecisive ○ Marie spent a lot of money on gowns,

jewels, etc. ■ Known as “Madame Deficit

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1799Causes?

● Financial - taxes and debt (war)○ The 3rd Estate takes most of the burden

● French people liked the ideas of Enlightenment ○ Ideas of natural rights to life, liberty, property AND of the right to

overthrow government if not protecting your rights

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1799The Estates could not come to an agreement on how to handle France’s problems, and action was taken...

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-17993 Types of citizen action - taken by French Citizens during the revolution to change their government

1. Social Protests – citizens demonstrate against a government action or policy they want to change

2. Political Action – citizens write or change a law to change a government policy or action

3. Revolution – citizens attempt a radical change in their government usually through an overthrow of the existing government

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1799Storming of the Bastille – July 14, 1789

Bastille – jail for political prisoners & where weapons held

Bastille symbolizes injustices of Monarchy

3rd Estates - storm jail and let prisoners out and kill guards (they march with their heads)

Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution, and France's Independence Day

GuillotineMachine with weighted blade that severed head of victim

Louis and Marie executed in this way

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1799

Ultimately, through violence and many changes, France set up a new form of government that allowed freedom and equality with more of the population having a voice and power.

This also led to the rise and rule of Napoleon Bonaparte