agh university of science and technology...agh university of science and technology center of...

AGH University of Science and Technology

Center of Energy, Kraków, Poland

May 17th—19th, 2016

Wydawnictwo Instytutu

Zrównoważonej Energetyki ISBN 978-83-944254-0-1

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS: the International Conference on the

Sustainable Energy and Environment Development, 2016

2 | p a g e

ORGANIZERS

Foundation “Institute for Sustainable Energy” (www.ize.org.pl)

Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology

(www.weip.agh.edu.pl)

SEED16 CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Prof. Tadeusz Olkuski (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland) –

chairman

M.Sc. Katarzyna Szramowiat (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)

– co-chairman

Prof. Mariusz Filipowicz (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)

Prof. Magdalena Dudek (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)

Ph.D. Andrzej Raźniak (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)

M.Sc. Kamila Rzepka (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)

M.Sc. Krzysztof Sornek (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)

M.Sc. Marta Marczak (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)

EDITORSHIP

Prof. Mariusz Filipowicz (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)

Prof. Tadeusz Olkuski (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)

Dr. Katarzyna Styszko (AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland)

GRAPHICAL EDITORS

Katarzyna Szramowiat

Kamila Rzepka

Krzysztof Sornek

Published in: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Zrównoważonej Energetyki, Kraków 2016

(www.wydawnictwo.ize.org.pl)

Print: Drukarnia Papillon S.C. I. Krasna R. Krasny, Kraków

Organizers acknowledge the financial suport of

ISBN 978-83-944254-0-1

http://www.ize.org.pl/

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT

AGH UST IN KRAKOW, MAY 17TH-19TH, 2016

3 | p a g e

UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF

DIAMOND SPONSOR

PLATINUM SPONSORS

4 | p a g e



5 | p a g e

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME

Tuesday, May 17th 2016

9:00 –

9:15

Opening ceremony of the SEED Conference

9:15 –

10:15

Invited lectures:

Wojciech Nowak, Center of Energy, Director – Future of the power energy

Józef M. Pacyna, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research – Can

combustion of fossil fuels be sustainable in the environmental and human

health context?

Andreas Ortwein, Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige

GmbH – Combined Heat and Power Systems for the Provision of Sustainable

Energy from Biomass in Buildings

10:15 –

11:00

Sponsors session

11:40 –

12.20

I Poster session:

Marcin Borcuch, AGH University of Science and Technology - The Analysis

of Heat Exchangers Geometry in Thermoelectric Generators for Waste Heat

Utilization

Piotr Cyklis, Cracow University of Technology - The hybrid two stage

anticlockwise cycle for ecological energy transformation

Zuzanna Czwarkiel, AGH University of Science and Technology - Nb-

dopped SrTiO3 as potential anode material for SOFC

Marcela Davidová, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava - Talented

employees in the field of brownfields

Wojciech Drozdowski, Cracow University of Technology - Modernised DC

Traction Substation Recuperating Braking Energy

Sebastian Ernst, AGH University of Science and Technology - Optimization

of Renewable Energy-Based Autonomous Device Operation Using Simulation

Methods

Mirosław Janowski, AGH University of Science and Technology - ICCP

cathodic protection of tanks with photovoltaic power supply

Jakub Jurasz, AGH University of Science and Technology - Assessing

temporal complementarity of solar, wind and hydrokinetic energy

Bogdan Kosturkiewicz, AGH University of Science and Technology -

Analysis of briquetting of sewage sludge with coal to combustion process

Barbara Kowal, AGH University of Science and Technology - Reporting of

sustainable development strategy in energy industry

Anna Kraszewska, AGH University of Science and Technology -

Intensification of heat transfer with an application of strong magnetic

6 | p a g e

gradients

Dominik Kryzia, The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the

Polish Academy of Sciences - The sizes of the flat plat collectors surfaces or

evacuated tube collectors heat pipe surfaces as a function of solar system

heat share in the heat demand

Tomasz Kura, AGH University of Science and Technology - Approach to

novel design of CO2 based centrifugal compressor

Marta Kuta, AGH University of Science and Technology - The role of phase

change materials for the sustainable energy

Sławomir Kurpaska, University of Agriculture in Krakow - The effects of

storing excess heat in the stone battery in a horticultural building

Hubert Latała, University of Agriculture in Krakow - Thermal effects of the

stone battery depending on the bed volumes

Dominika Matuszewska, AGH University of Science and Technology - The

environmental impact of renewable energy technologies shown in case of

ORC-Based Geothermal Power Plant

Jerzy Mikulik, AGH University of Science and Technology - How residential

PV might change the energy demand curve in Poland

Tomasz Mirowski, The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of

the Polish Academy of Sciences - The possibilities of using waste for energy

purposes

Adrian Mizera, AGH University of Science and Technology - Preparation

and properties of Y-dopped SrTiO3 materials

Michał Musiał, AGH University of Science and Technology - Numerical

modeling of thermoelectric generator with graded thermoelectric modules

Artur Nemś, Wroclaw University of Technology - Investigation of the

efficiency of a high temperature heat storage charging

Magdalena Nemś, Wroclaw University of Technology - Linear concentrating

collector as an air heater in the heating system of building in polish climatic

conditions

Milena Nowek, Kielce University of Technology - Performance of sand-lime

products made with plastic waste

Aleksandra Radziejowska, AGH University of Science and Technology -

Multicriteria analysis in selecting the optimal option of solar system

Elżbieta Radziszewska-Zielina, Cracow University of Technology -

Analysis of investment profitability in renewable energy sources as

exemplified by a semi-detached house

Aleksandra Roszko, AGH University of Science and Technology - Magnetic

nanofluid properties as the heat transfer enhancement agent

Mikołaj Skowron, AGH University of Science and Technology -

Electromagnetic therapeutic coils design to reduce energy loss

Mikołaj Skowron, AGH University of Science and Technology - The

possibility of separation of waste electronic using their electrical properties

Marek Skrzypkiewicz, Institute of Power Engineering - Solid oxide fuel cell

stack coupled with a biomass gasification unit

Wiktoria Sobczyk, AGH University of Science and Technology - Energy

balance in a passive solar building. An attempt of economic assessment

Krzysztof Sornek, AGH University of Science and Technology - The

optimization of the renewable energy based systems using dynamic

simulations software



7 | p a g e

Radosław Szczerbowski, Poznan University of Technology - Multicriteria

analysis of a hybrid generation system of wind turbines, photovoltaic

modules, and a fuel cell

Katarzyna Szramowiat, AGH University of Science and Technology - Off-

grid photovoltaic systems as a solution for the ambient pollution avoidance

and Iraq’s rural areas electrification

Karol Sztekler, AGH University of Science and Technology - Modelling of

the energy use of ventilation air from the mines

Karol Sztekler, AGH University of Science and Technology - Utilization of

waste heat from rotary kiln for burning clinker in the cement plant

Zbigniew Szular, Cracow University of Technology - A novel proposal of

cooperation between a cage induction generator and three-phase grid

Mateusz Tarach, AGH University of Science and Technology - Reversible

fuel cells: application and material challenge

Tomasz Węgiel, AGH University of Science and Technology - Efficiency of

energy conversion for variable speed small hydropower

Eliza Wolak, AGH University of Science and Technology - Adsorptive

processes in refrigeration systems – review of research

15:45 –

17:00

I plenary session "Energy”

Bartłomiej Głowacki, University of Cambridge – Integration of Hydrogen

Technology into Multiplatform Decentralised Energy Management

Rumen Tomov, University of Cambridge – Inkjet printing and inkjet

infiltration of functional coatings for SOFTs fabrication

Mariusz Ruszel, Rzeszow University of Technology – The political

importance of energy cooperation between Germany and Denmark on the

European Union energy market

Witold Kwapiński, University of Limerick – Gasification of raw and

torrefied biomass. How pre-treatment effects process performance, gas

quality and tar composition?

Louis Jestin, University of Cape Town - Power sector in South Africa: issues

and challenges

Bożena E. Matusiak, University of Lodz – Local balancing system from the

business model canvas perspective

Wednesday, May 18th 2016

9:00 –

10:30

II plenary session "Biomass Energy"

Mariusz Filipowicz, AGH University of Science and Technology –

Characterization of the wood combustion process based on the TG analysys,

numerical modelling and measurements performed on the experimental

stand

Andrea Dernbecher, Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum

gemeinnützige GmbH – Numerical investigation of a straw combustion

boiler? Part I: Modelling of the thermo-chemical conversion of straw

Mateusz Szubel, AGH University of Science and Technology – CFD model of

180 kW biomass-fired bath boiler based on reduced mechanism of reactions

8 | p a g e

Katarzyna Jagodzińska, Silesian University of Technology – Possibility

analysis of combustion of torrefied biomass in 140 t/h PC boiler

Wojciech Goryl, AGH University of Science and Technology – Possibility of

using flue gases as a medium for straw drying

9:00 –

10:30

III plenary session "Waste management"

Barbara Tora, AGH University of Science and Technology – Biomass fuel

based on wastes from the paper industry

Tadeusz Pająk, AGH University of Science and Technology – Municipal

waste-to-energy plants in Poland? Current projects

Anna Wiktor-Sułkowska, AGH University of Science and Technology –

Renewable energy sources (RES): alternative possibilities, which could be

implemented in Poland

Andrzej Piotrowicz, AGH University of Science and Technology – Tantalum

recycling from waste of electrical and electronic equipment

Natalia Pałczyńska, AGH University of Science and Technology – Waste

immobilization and environmental sustainability in glass-ceramics glazes

development

10:45 –

12.15

IV plenary session "Solar and Wind Energy"

Alicja Stoltmann, Gdańsk University of Technology – Application of multi-

criteria methods to compare different solutions of supplying buildings in

electricity from photovoltaic systems

Dariusz Borkowski, Cracow University of Technology – Performance

analysis of the Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter of a photovoltaic

system in the water and wind applications

Merve Çelik Tolu, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University – Cost-effective

Polythiophene Counter Electrodes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Mateusz Ilba, AGH University of Science and Technology – Estimating the

daily solar irradiation on building roofs and facades using blender cycles path

tracing algorithm

Dorota Jeziorowska, AGH University of Science & Technology – Analysis of

the impact of energy production in cogeneration units, PV systems and wind

farms to the domestic power balance

Mehmet Numan Kaya, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University – Wind power

plants for low rated wind speed regions: feasibility analysis and simulation of

a system

10:45 –

12.15

V plenary session "Environment"

Janusz Gołaś, AGH University of Science and Technology – Mercury

emission from coal combustion

Anita Lewandowska, University of Gdansk – Dry (PM1, PM2.5) and wet

(rain, snow, mixed) deposition of elemental carbon and particulate and

dissolved organic carbon into the Baltic Sea

Magdalena Kistler, Vienna University of Technology – Patterns of particle-

bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as characteristic feature to

distinguish between air pollution source

Andrius Garbaras, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology – Origin

identification of atmospheric aerosol particles by stable carbon and

radiocarbon analysis



9 | p a g e

Remigiusz Jasiński, Poznan University of Technology – Emission of

particulate matter during aircraft landing operation

Katarzyna Szramowiat, AGH University of Science and Technology –

Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols from the Kraków area:

carbonaceous species dry deposition analysis

13:00 –

13:45

II poster session

Barbara Bielowicz, AGH University of Science & Technology - Qualitative

and chemical characteristics of ash in the selected lignite deposits in light of

their suitability for clean coal technologies

Maciej Chomiak, Wrocław University of Technology - Regeneration of CoO

or NiO promoted Zinc Titanate sorbent for Hydrogen Sulfide from hot coal

gas

Marek Chyc, Silesian Environmental Doctoral Study - Effect of soot formed

in result of coal combustion with two types of solid fuel additives on soot soil

bacteria interaction biodegradation of soot components by soil bacteria

Natalia Czuma, AGH University of Science and Technology - Fly ash

zeolites for CO2 capture

Natalia Czuma, AGH University of Science and Technology - The

characteristic of NaHCO3 with a developed specific surface area in the aspect

of the purification of exhaust gases from SO2 and HCl

Agnieszka Ćwik, AGH University of Science and Technology - The effect of

the coal surface nature on the carbon dioxide sequestration

Alina Dereszewska, Gdynia Maritime University - Sustainability

considerations in operation of wastewater treatment plant "Swarzewo"

Wojciech Drozd, Cracow University of Technology - Light clay straw bale

solutions in the contemporary housing as an element of sustainable

development

Mira Flasch, Vienna University of Technology - Solvent effects on extraction

of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in ambient aerosol samples

Paweł Frącz, Opole University of Technology - Nonlinear modeling of

activated sludge process using the hammerstein-wiener structure

Magdalena Gazda-Grzywacz, AGH University of Science and Technology -

Carbon Footprint of the hydrogen production process from coke oven gas

Joanna Gil-Mastelerczyk, Kielce University of Technology – Sustainable

design in the contemporary architecture of tall buildings

Alicja Kicińska, AGH University of Science and Technology - Risk

assessment of children exposure to potential harmful elements (PHEs) in

selected urban parks of the Silesian agglomeration

Beata Klojzy-Kaczmarczyk, The Mineral and Energy Economy Research

Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences - Sulphur as a parameter in the

suitability assessment of gangue from coal mining for reclamation of

opencast excavation, taking into account the requirements regarding

protection of the soil and water environment

Katarzyna Komisarczyk, Kielce University of Technology - The properties

of doped sand-lime products

Michał Kopacz, The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the

Polish Academy of Sciences - Economic efficiency of coal gasification in

Poland and the price of CO2 emission rights

10 | p a g e

Paulina Kostrzewa, Kielce University of Technology - Impact of

polyethylene glycol on porosity and microstructure of sand-lime product

Anna Kowalczyk, Jagiellonian University - Isolation, screening and

identification of mercury resistant bacteria from mercury contaminated soil

Katarzyna Krasowska, Gdynia Maritime University - Environmental

degradability of polycaprolactone under natural conditions

Anna Król, Opole University of Technology - The role of the silica fly ash in

sustainable waste management

Renata Kozik, Cracow University of Technology - Green public procurement

- the legal bases and instruments to support sustainable development in

construction projects

Aneta Magdziarz, AGH University of Science and Technology - Analysis of

sewage sludge ashes from oxy-fuel combustion in a circulating fluidized-bed

Jarosław Markowski, Poznan University of Technology - Development of

alternative ship propulsion in terms of exhaust emissions

Marcin Migza, AGH University of Science and Technology - Production and

import of energy - Poland against EU countries

Robert Oleniacz, AGH University of Science and Technology - Impact of a

coal-fired CHP plant without flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system on

secondary inorganic aerosol formation in air

Tadeusz Olkuski, AGH University of Science and Technology - The impact

of TTIP agreement on the European union-united states coal trade potential

Jacek Pielecha, Poznan University of Technology - Analysis of Passenger

Car Emission Factors in RDE Tests

Marzena Popek, Gdynia Maritime Academy - Response of international

shipping to current environmental challenges

Justyna Pyssa, AGH University of Science and Technology - Polish

experience in the area of management of the waste generated during the

exploration for hydrocarbons from unconventional accumulations

Justyna Pyssa, AGH University of Science and Technology - the influence

of changes in the structure of the electric power generation on the

management of energetic waste in Poland

Maria Rajska, AGH University of Science and Technology - An effect of the

support structure in the Au/Al2O3-TiO2 catalysts on low temperature CO

oxidation

Maria Rajska, AGH University of Science and Technology - The use of

CeO2-Co3O4 oxides modified by potassium as a catalyst for the reduction of

N2O

Robert Ranosz, AGH University of Science and Technology - Bonds

convertible to raw materials in the context of bonds convertible to shares

and ordinary bonds

Feliks Stachowicz, Rzeszow University of Technology - Agricultural

utilization of municipal sludge in willow plantation

Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj, The Mineral and Energy Economy Research

Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences - Energy efficiency and steam

coal transport over long distances

Katarzyna Szramowiat, AGH University of Science and Technology -

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-PAHs associated with PM10 from

Krakow city in heating season

Daniel Wałach, AGH University of Science and Technology - Impact of

separated bottom ashes on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete



11 | p a g e

Magalena Wdowin, Lublin University of Technology - Modification of fly ash

for obtaining porous structures to flue gas purification

Michał Wichliński, Czestochowa University of Technology - Low-

temperature thermal treatment for the reduction of mercury content in coal

Faustyna Wierońska, AGH University of Science and Technology -

Investigations of the effectiveness of lead disposal from hard coal through

the cleaning process

Małgorzata Wilk, AGH University of Science and Technology - A novel

method of sewage sludge pretreatment - HTC

Robert Wróblewski, Poznan University of Technology - Thermogravimetric

analysis in the study of solid fuels

14:30 –

16:00

VI plenary session "Nuclear Energy"

Waclaw Gudowski, KTH Royal Institute of Technology – Nuclear Power –

a vital component of environmental friendly energy supply mix in XXI

century and why Poland should go nuclear…

Mikołaj Oettingen, AGH University of Science and Technology – Influence

of FIMA burnup on actinides concentrations in PWR reactors

Paweł Gajda, AGH University of Science and Technology – Underestimation

of nuclear fuel burnup – theory, demonstration and solution in numerical

models

Kamila Wilczyńska, KTH Royal Institute of Technology – Transmutation of

Spent Nuclear Fuel

Przemysław Stanisz, AGH University of Science and Technology –

Validation a calculational benchmark VHTRC critical experiment using the

MCB code

Mikołaj Oettingen, AGH University of Science and Technology – Numerical

design of the Seed-Blanket Unit for the thorium nuclear fuel cycle

14:30 –

16:00

VII plenary session "Sustainable development"

Joanna Kulczycka, The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of

the Polish Academy of Sciences – CRS, environment-friendly investments

and innovations - the three elements necessary to build a modern and

strong enterprise

Anna Zaręba, University of Wrocław – Green infrastructure practices -

strategies how to sustain life in the EU metropolitan areas

Kinga Świtalska, Poznan University of Economics – Low-emission economy

plans as a chance for sustainable development of municipalities

Anna Adamczak, Kielce University of Technology – Dragon Bridge as

element of smart city

Joanna Gil-Mastelerczyk, Kielce University of Technology – Aspect of

sustainability and sustainable development in contemporary religious

realizations

Marcin Migza, AGH University of Science and Technology – Environmental

management reporting in Polish mining companies in the context of World

CSR trends

16:15 –

17:30

VIII plenary session "Fuel cells"

Magdalena Dudek, AGH University of Science and Technology – Utilisation

of coal for energy production in fuel cells

12 | p a g e

Marek Skrzypkiewicz, Institute of Power Engineering – Carbon as a fuel

for efficient electricity generation in carbon solid oxide fuel cells

Piotr Dudek, AGH University of Science and Technology – Rapid

Prototyping methods for fuel cells manufacturing

Michał Kawalec, Institute of Power Engineering – Manufacturing

technology of AS-SOFC prepared with different commercially available

precursors

Bartłomiej Lis, AGH University of Science and Technology – Selected

aspects of the design and diagnostics of solid oxide fuel cells

16:15 –

17:30

IX plenary session "Buildings and transportation”

Krzysztof Kozioł, Cracow University of Technology – Impact of vibrations

on people residing in buildings from different types of traffic loads according

to the VDV scale

Alicja Kowalska-Koczwara, Cracow University of Technology – Protection

of historic buildings against environmental pollution of vibrations

Mateusz Hodurek, AGH University of Science and Technology – Low

energy building in MHM and PHE systems as an example of an ecological

building solution

Barbara Kożuch, Cracow University of Technology – Impact of the

vibration on the environment caused by the passages of trains at variable

speed

Katarzyna Botwińska, Warsaw University Of Life Sciences – Modelling of

the work processes high-pressure pump of common rail diesel injection

system including the use of biofuels

Thursday, May 19th 2016

9:00 –

10:30

X plenary session "Cogeneration and energy efficiency"

Krzysztof Sornek, AGH University of Science and Technology – The

comparison of air and water cooling methods for thermoelectric generator

integrated with stove-fireplace with accumulation

Roman Duda, Cracow University of Technology – The control optimization

of the ecological hybrid two stages refrigerating cycle

Muharrem Hilmi Aksoy, Selcuk University – Particle image velocimetry

measurements of internal flow structures in a centrifugal pump

Jacek Gembicki, Warsaw University Of Life Sciences – Energy efficiency in

the plant feed

Magdalena Joka, Bialystok University of Technology – The influence of bio-

conox addition on the process of methane rich gasification

9:00 –

10:30

XI plenary session "Environment II"

Krzysztof Kozioł, Cracow University of Technology – Influence of

originating from traffic subway way transfer to shake with ground for

building

Małgorzata Grygar, AGH University of Science and Technology –

Electrochemically generated chlorine in water disinfection

Natalia Czuma, AGH University of Science and Technology – Fusion

synthesis conditions analysis on the SO2 sorption properties of zeolites



13 | p a g e

produced out of fly ash

Agnieszka Ćwik, AGH University of Science and Technology – Kinetic

equations assessment for methane and carbon dioxide sorption and

sorption-induced expansion of coal

Bartosz Mikoda, AGH University of Science and Technology – The

evaluation of copper flotation waste as an adsorbent of Cu(II), Cr(III) and

Pb(II) from aqueous solutions

Natalia Czuma, AGH University of Science and Technology – Impact of

demagnetisation of fly ash process on hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites

10:45 –

12:15

XII plenary session "Simulation and modelling"

Łukasz Borsuk, AGH University of Science and Technology – Using CFD

software for setting the location of water stream micro turbines

Andrzej Łączak, University of Zielona Góra – Modeling changes in the

energy efficiency of buildings using neural networks on the example of

Zielona Gora

Muhammem Emin Tolu, Necmettin Erbakan University – Rule-Based

Mamdani-Type Fuzzy Modelling of Thermal Performance of Fin-Tube

Evaporator Under Frosting Conditions

Michał Dudek, AGH University of Science and Technology – High-

temperature nuclear reactor power plant cycle for hydrogen and electricity

production - numerical analysis

Łukasz Pleskacz, AGH University of Science and Technology – Various

aspects of magnetic field influence on the forced convection

12:45 –

13:45

XIII plenary session "Solid Fuels I"

Beata Kosa, AGH University of Science and Technology – Coal from the

waste disposal site of the Siersza mine (Trzebinia, Poland) and its properties

as a possible alternative fuel

Agata Mlonka-Mędrala, AGH University of Science and Technology –

Chloride corrosion in biomass-fired boilers? Fe-O-Cl system thermodynamic

analysis

Mateusz Karczewski, AGH University of Science and Technology –

Corrosive Components of Nutshells and Their Chars

Faustyna Wierońska, AGH University of Science and Technology –

Germanium content in polish hard coals

Karol Rzepa, AGH University of Science and Technology – Building ceramics

with improved thermal insulation parameters

14:00 –

15:00

XIV plenary session "Solid Fuels II"

Tomasz Niedoba, AGH University of Science and Technology – Application

of relevance maps method to evaluate the suitability of coal samples to

fluidal gasification process

Waldemar Gądek, Silesian University of Technology – Gasification and

pyrolysis of different biomasses in lab scale system: a comparative study

Przemysław Grzywacz, AGH University of Science and Technology –

Kinetics examinations of pressurised steam gasification of beech wood

Aleksandra Pawluk, AGH University of Science and Technology – Effect of

grinding process on the level of leaching of the contaminants from the fly

ashes from incineration of biomass

14 | p a g e



15 | p a g e

INVITED LECTURES

16 | p a g e



17 | p a g e

FUTURE OF POWER ENGINEERING

Wojciech Nowak1

Keywords: CO2 capture, clean coal technologies, oxy combustion

ABSTRACT

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) of CO2 from large energy sources can be the

effective solution to decrease the global release of greenhouse gases. CCS has the

possibility of storing the large amount of produced CO2 in geological formations.

Three main technology options of CO2 reduction are:

separation CO2 after the combustion process (post-combustion capture),

separation CO2 before the process (pre-combustion capture),

combustion in oxygen atmosphere (oxy-fuel combustion).

One cannot show on the present stage of the technology development, which

among these technologies has the largest potential to reduce costs and energy needed to

run the process of carbon capture and storage. Therefore, there is a need for intensive

R&D since each of these technologies has the different approach to capture CO2.

Although the CCS technology causes increasing fuel consumption because of the

inevitable decrease of the process efficiency, the achievement of the significant reduction

of greenhouse gases is until now a better solution than the potential which is possible

through the increase of power efficiency.

The technology of coal combustion in oxygen integrated with capture,

transportation, processing and storing of CO2 is presently under detailed investigations

in Poland within the Strategic Project of National Center for Research and Development

(NCBIR) „Advanced technologies of energy production” within Task 2 „Study of the

oxy-combustion technology for pulverized and fluidized bed boilers integrated

with CO2 capture”.

Oxy-fuel combustion both in PC and CFB boilers, seems to be the only reasonable

solution allowing radical limitation of CO2 from coal-fired power plants. All arguments,

and first of all high costs of CO2 capture in post-combustion technology, speak for the

choice of this option. The plant with oxy-fuel combustion produces the CO2 – rich gas

which after purification in the CPU unit is ready for sequestration. The power

consumption in the oxy-fuel combustion plants is lower when compare to other CCS

technologies and will vary between 170-190 kWh/tone CO2. The total power plant

efficiency will decrease by approx. 6-8 % depending on the coal type.

However, the economy of oxy-fuel combustion technology does not leave illusions,

that this option will receive the chance when the price of emitted CO2 exceeds 25

euro/ton of avoided CO2. Beyond the financial aspect, the farther development of oxy-

fuel combustion technology among other CCS technologies, depends on social acceptance

and legal conditions.

It seems that retrofitting of existing boilers withy oxy-fuel combustion technology is

better solution than construction of new oxy boilers.

Recent strong efforts in the development of oxy-fuel combustion and purification

technologies show that near zero emission power plant firing coal can be demonstrated in

the nearest future. By this technology it would be possible to recover up to 99% of CO2

and drastically reduce emissions of SO2, NOx, dust and mercury by 99% and more.

The paper discusses the current state-of-the art of the oxy-fuel combustion

development addressing the problem of oxy-fuel concept, components and performance. 1 AGH University of Science and Technology

18 | p a g e

CAN COMBUSTION OF FOSSIL FUELS BE SUSTAINABLE IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN HEALTH CONTEXT?

Jozef M. Pacyna 1*, Rebecca J. Thorne1, Kyrre Sundseth1, Elisabeth G. Pacyna1

Keywords: fossil fuels, emissions, control measures, future projections, human health

risk

ABSTRACT

The combustion of fossil fuels, and particularly coal, is considered as one of the main

sources of environmental pollution and for human health exposure. This adverse impact

of fossil fuel combustion has been documented when discussing climate change impacts,

pollution of mercury and other heavy metals, carcinogenic impacts of polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the releases of radionuclides. On the other hand, the

combustion of fossil fuels will continue to be one of the major sources of energy

production, at least in the near future. What needs to be done in other to make this

process more environmental friendly? This is the main question defined in the

presentation. Emissions and impacts of greenhouse gases, mercury, benzo(a)pyrene

(BaP), and some radionuclides are discussed briefly focusing on current status and future

projects in the context of energy production scenarios. Then, the major environmental

impacts and human health risks related to these emissions are assessed. The main issue

addressed in the paper is technological and non-technological measures for the reduction

of emissions and human exposure to the above mentioned pollutants. Technological,

economic and social challenges hampering the implementation of these measures will be

discussed on the basis of research carried out by the authors for major international and

national institutions/ organizations aiming at the reduction of environmental pollution

worldwide, such as the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU) Framework

Programmes, as well as environmental authorities in Norway, Poland, China and the

United Arab Emirates (UAE). The intention of the authors is to convince the Conference

audience that combustion of fossil fuels can be sustainable in the future but several

improvements and developments would need to be done to meet this goal. Some

suggestions in the context will be presented.

1 NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air research, Kjeller, Norway



19 | p a g e

COMBINED HEAT AND POWER SYSTEMS FOR THE PROVISION OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FROM BIOMASS IN BUILDINGS

Andreas Ortwein1,*

Keywords:

ABSTRACT

Climate change caused by greenhouse gases is a major challenge for the world.

Substitution of fossil by renewable energy is considered to be a key element of carbon

dioxide emission reduction. Energy consumption in buildings is one of the main

contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems

fueled by biomass can efficiently supply energy with high flexibility.

Such CHP systems will usually consist of one or more thermo-chemical conversion

steps and at least one (the more or less separated) electric power generation unit. The

most common thermo-chemical processes used for power generation from biomass

include pyrolysis, gasification and combustion.

Depending on the main products of the previous conversion steps (e.g. combustible

gases or liquids, but also flue gases with sensible heat [1]), different technologies are

available for the final power conversion step [2]. This includes steam cycles with steam

turbines or engines and different working fluids (water, organic fluids), but also

combustion based systems like gas turbines or gas engines. Further promising

technologies include fuel cells with high electric efficiency.

When integrating such CHP systems in buildings, there are different strategies,

especially concerning electric power generation. While some concepts are focusing on

base load production, thus achieving a high number of annual operating hours, others

are regulated either by thermal or by electric power demand. For all strategies, user

satisfaction has to be on a high level to achieve public acceptance [3].

The lecture will give a systematic overview on the combination of thermo-chemical

conversion of biomass and combined heat and power production technologies. The

mentioned building integration strategies will be discussed, leading to conclusions for

further research and development in that field.

[1] Pollex, A.; Ortwein, A.; Kaltschmitt, M.: Thermo-chemical conversion of solid biofuels - Conversion

technologies and their classification. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2(1): pp. 21-39, 2012.

[2] Ortwein, A.; Lenz, V.: Flexible power generation from solid biofuels. In: Thrän, Daniela (Ed.): Smart Bioenergy - Technologies and concepts for a more flexible bioenergy provision in future energy systems. ch. 4, pp. 49-66. Springer International Publishing, Cham (CH): 2015.

[3] Büchner, D.; Schraube, C.; Carlon, E.; von Sonntag, J.; Schwarz, M.; Vermac, V. K.; Ortwein, A.: Survey of modern pellet boilers in Austria and Germany - System design and customer satisfaction of residential installations. Applied Energy, 160(1), S. 390-403, 2015.

1 DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Straße 116, 04347 Leipzig, Germany

20 | p a g e

DEVELOPMENT OF HEATING NETWORK IN KRAKÓW AT ENVIROMENTAL AND SOCIAL MEANING

Marcin Bartosik1,*

Keywords: district heating network, development of heating network, environmental

conditions, social conditions

ABSTRACT

The paper will present the main issues related to the development of municipal

heating network in Kraków, in the context of its significance and influence on city

residents in meeting their demand of heat [e.g. central heating, domestic hot water]. The

paper will also discuss the dynamics of changes and actions in various aspects of the

municipal heating network development, that has a direct and real effect on growth of

demand for heat from this source. The lecture also discusses investments and technical

solutions allowing a significant impact reduction, that the system has on the natural

environment, which is associated with the necessity to meet the increased environmental

requirements set by the European Union, that concern reducing emission of the

greenhouse gases and lowering energy consumption.

1 EDF Polska S.A. Oddział nr 1 w Krakowie *[email protected]



21 | p a g e

PLENARY SESSIONS

22 | p a g e



23 | p a g e

ENERGY

24 | p a g e



25 | p a g e

PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY MEASUREMENTS OF INTERNAL FLOW STRUCTURES IN A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Muharrem H. Aksoy11,*, Muammer Ozgoren1, Osman Babayigit2, Osman Kocaaslan3

Keywords: centrifugal pump, CFD, impeller, PIV, phase average

ABSTRACT

Centrifugal pumps are widely used for the purpose of water supply, industrial

applications, waste pump, water treatment and irrigation systems, and many more.

Pump systems use approximately 20% of the electricity consumed in the world. In order

to decrease this energy consumption ratio, even a small percentage of efficiency

improvement for pumps can provide significant amount of energy savings. Therefore

detailed numeric and experimental studies should be carried out to understand the flow

pheromone inside pump.

In this study a specific pump system was established to make an experimental

investigation based on PIV measurements on the first stage of a tree-stage multistage

centrifugal pump. The study has focused on the fluid–structure interaction between water

and impeller associated with the blade passage period when the pump operates at

different flow rates and revolution speeds. The bottom pump section on the suction side,

impeller and diffuser were made of Plexiglas to make the flow visible. A high speed

camera was located below the pump and face upwards while the laser was placed to the

orthogonal to the laser sheet. To obtain phase-averaged results, an encoder that

provided an external trigger to run simultaneously the camera and laser was located to

the pump shaft and the signal was transmitted to the timer box. Both instantaneous and

phase-averaged velocity fields and turbulence quantities were obtained in a blade

passage region of the centrifugal pump. Pump was run at 700 and 1400 rpm at different

flow rates in the experimental study. Flow patterns of instantaneous data with 500

images consisting of a continuous series were taken by an encoder trigger and

processed. The instantaneous absolute velocity vector and corresponding phase-

averaged velocity vector fields, instantaneous absolute velocity contour and phase-

averaged absolute velocity contours at half span plane of the pump impeller stage were

determined. It is demonstrated that the flow characteristics of the centrifugal pump by

PIV can provide useful information for both designing new pump and validation of the

CFD studies.

1 Selcuk University, Engineering Faculty, Mechanical Engineering Department, Konya, Turkey 2 Selcuk University Hadim Vocational School, Hadim, Konya, Turkey 3 Selcuk University Huglu Vocational School, Huglu, Konya, Turkey

* corresponding author: [email protected]

26 | p a g e

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE SINGLE-PHASE GRID-CONNECTED INVERTER OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM IN THE

WATER AND WIND APPLICATIONS

Dariusz Borkowski1

Keywords: grid connected inverters, water turbine, wind turbine, maximum power point

tracking

ABSTRACT

Single-phase grid connected inverters are nowadays broadly developed and tested in

various types of applications especially in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The main aim of the

inverter control strategy is to extract to the maximum energy from the PV system which

corresponds to the maximum power at certain conditions. Due to environmental

variations the control techniques have to track the maximum power point (MPP) with

high efficiency [1].

However, the MPPT methods are also important in other renewable energy

conversion systems. Wind turbines use these techniques to optimize turbine speed under

various wind velocities.

Another renewable energy source, which may gain advantages from the MPPT

techniques, is a water turbine. Variable speed techniques which become popular in the

hydropower solutions [2-3] create an opportunity to implement the adaptive methods.

The scientific literature is poor and limited mainly to the “run of the river” small

hydropower plants (SHP). However, especially attractive types of the small hydropower

are reservoir plants working with the variable speed where the MPPT technique may be

easily implemented.

This paper analyses the performance of a commercially available photovoltaic

inverter in the water and wind systems. The presented models are implemented in a

laboratory test bench in the form of torque characteristics realized by the induction

motor fed by the inverter with the vector control. The parameters are scaled into relative

variables to provide a proper performance comparison. The presented tests include a

step response to assess the performance of system dynamic. The validation of the MPPT

efficiency is made under the realistic water and wind profiles.

The presented dynamic tests have showed fast systems response in the both cases.

The MPPT tracking accuracy tested under realistic profiles is similar for both cases: 98%

and 96% respectively for the wind and water system. These results prove the

satisfactory performance of the MPPT of the PV microinverter in these applications. [1] Bastidas-Rodriguez, J.D.; Franco, E.; Petrone, G.; Andres Ramos-Paja, C.; Spagnuolo, G., "Maximum

power point tracking architectures for photovoltaic systems in mismatching conditions: a review," in Power Electronics, IET , vol.7, no.6, pp.1396-1413, June 2014.

[2] Fraile-Ardanuy J., Wilhelmi J.R., Fraile-Mora J.J., Perez J.I., Variable-Speed Hydro Generation: Operational Aspects and Control, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 21, No. 2, June 2006.

[3] Borkowski D., Węgiel T., Small Hydropower Plant with Integrated Turbine-Generators Working at Variable Speed, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 28, No. 2, June 2013, pp. 452–459. Lovecraft (Eds.) Extinction, Barnes and Ellis, New York, 1990, 175-189.

1 Institute of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Cracow University of Technology, Krakow, Poland



27 | p a g e

COST-EFFECTIVE POLYTHIOPHENE COUNTER ELECTRODES FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

M. Celik Tolu1,*, B. Bezgin Carbas1, S. Sonmezoglu2

Keywords: Dye sensitized solar cells, polytiophene, PEDOT, electrochemical deposition

ABSTRACT

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are most promising devices among third-

generation solar cells because of low cost, easy production, environmental friendliness,

and relatively high conversion efficiency. Counter electrode (CE), which is an important

component in DSSCs, functions as an electron transfer agent as well as the regenerator

of redox couple. Till now, various methods and materials are used to prepare different

counter electrodes. Among these materials, conducting polymers (CPs) have been widely

investigated and employed in various applications such as sensors, supercapacitors,

energy storage devices, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and others. In this study,

Polythiophene conducting polymer was succesfully synthesized by electrochemical

deposition method, and employed as an alternative to expensive platinum counter

electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Besides, Polythiophene conducting polymer

were electrochemically deposited via cyclic voltammetry method on FTO substrates. The

morphology of the polythiophene CPs were imaged by SEM and AFM. These CPs show

good catalytic activity towards triiodide reduction as compared to PEDOT/FTO electrodes.

Finally, the photovoltaic performance of DSSC fabricated using N719 dye were compared

with both PT/FTO and PEDOT/FTO counter electrodes. This new concept—along with

promising electrocatalytic activity and facile electron transfer—provides a new approach

to enhance the photovoltaic performances of Pt–free dye-sensitized solar cells.

1 Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, TURKEY 2 Department of Metalurgical and Materials Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University,

Karaman, TURKEY * corresponding author: [email protected]

28 | p a g e

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF A STRAW COMBUSTION BOILER – PART I: MODELLING OF THE THERMO-CHEMICAL CONVERSION OF

STRAW

A. Dernbecher1,*, A. Ortwein1, F. Tabet1

Keywords: computational fluid dynamics (CFD), biomass combustion, alternative

biogenetic fuels, combined heat and power (CHP)

ABSTRACT

In 2012, wood and solid biofuels had a share of 47.2% in primary energy production

by renewables in the European Union [1], with increasing tendency. Solid biofuels are

advancing, because they provide sustainable and almost CO2 neutral energy.

Additionally, biomass can be utilized based on energy demand to compensate

fluctuations in energy production from other renewables as wind or sun. However, the

full capacity of alternative biogenetic fuels is not yet exploited, because combustion of

alternative fuels is associated with high emissions of pollutants.

Responding to a growing interest in decentralized production of electricity from

renewable resources, small and middle-scale technologies for combined heat and power

(CHP) are investigated and further developed at present. The organic Rankine cycle

(ORC) is of interest for the combination with biomass combustion, as it is capable to use

low temperature levels for electricity production.

Both issues are addressed by a European project, in which a straw combustion boiler

is investigated. The boiler is used to gain thermal energy from whole bales of straw and

can be operated with an additional ORC to produce electricity. One objective of this

project is the improvement of the boiler with regard to efficiency increase and emission

reduction by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

A comprehensive CFD simulation has to cover all processes inside the combustion

chamber. The turbulent reactive flow in the freeboard and the thermo-chemical

conversion of biomass in the fuel bed are crucial for the correct simulation. Additional

models can be used to describe other processes, for example pollutant formation.

In this study, a model is described, which was adapted and enhanced at DBFZ to

simulate the thermo-chemical conversion of a single particle of straw. The model is based

on the software openFoam [2], in particular the solver biomassGasificationFoam [3]. It

contains equations for heat and mass transfer inside the porous biomass particle, drying,

pyrolysis, gasification and combustion. Kinetic parameters for the pyrolysis of straw were

determined experimentally.

In parallel, project partners from AGH in Krakow are working on the simulation of

the homogeneous gas phase reactions. Details and results of their work are introduced in

part II of this study. Future work will include the enhancement, upscaling and

combination of the models to develop a comprehensive CFD simulation of the straw

combustion boiler.

[1] European Union, Eurostat, Energy, transport and environment indicators (2014), Luxembourg,

doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2785/56625. [2] [online] [access: April 11th, 2016] http://www.openfoam.org/ [3] K. Kwiatkowski, P.J. Zuk, M. Dudyński, K. Bajer, Journal of Physics: Conference Series Bd. 530 (2014),

12-15.

1 DBFZ - Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gGmbH, Torgauerstraße 116, D-04347 Leipzig, Germany




29 | p a g e

THE CONTROL OPTIMIZATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL HYBRID TWO STAGES REFRIGERATING CYCLE

Piotr Cyklis 1,*, Roman Duda2,*

Keywords: hybrid adsorption compression cycle, control optimization

ABSTRACT

There are some possibilities to achieve low temperatures, using anticlockwise cycles

[1-7]. Most commonly used is the compression refrigerating cycle. However due to the

environmental regulations, the use of classic F-gases as refrigerants is limited. Therefore

the combined compression-adsorption hybrid cycle with natural liquids: water/carbon

dioxide working as the energy carriers is a promising solution. This allows to utilize the

solar or waste energy [2][3][5][6]. The utilization of the solar or waste energy for the

heat transformation in the sorption system is presented in [1][2]. In this paper

application of the solar collectors as the energy source for the adsorption cycle, coupled

with the low temperature (LT) refrigerating compression cycle, where carbon dioxide is

applied is shown. The LT cycle is equipped with two parallel compressors with frequency

inverters allowing the revolution speed adjustment according to the need of cold. The

thermodynamic cycle has been presented in [2]. In this paper the optimized method of

the control of the solar supply for the adsorption is presented. Also the control of the

cooling wet tower operation was optimized and the results are included in the paper. The

designed control system and algorithm is related to the LT compression cycle, which

operates according to the need of cold for the refrigeration chamber. The control

parameters such as measured temperatures, pressures and flow are described in the

paper, as well as control algorithm. The results of the laboratory investigations of the full

system, containing reduction of the energy supply and utilization of the solar heat for

different control methods are presented. The energy savings of the continuous control of

the compressor speed over the on/off system for this double stage refrigerating hybrid

system is calculated and presented. The refrigeration cycle has to operate during 12

months period therefore it is extremely important to design the optimised and

automatized control for all elements of the system.

[1] P. Cyklis, G. Brak, Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, 121, 49-66, 2008. [2] P. Cyklis, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 48, s. 121-131, 2014 [3] P. Cyklis, K. Janisz Chemical and Process Engineering, Vol. 36, No. 3, s. 321-330, 2015. [4] A. Grzebielec, Archives of Thermodynamics, 30, 189-200, 2009. [5] W. Han, L. Sun, D. Zheng, H. Jin, S. Ma, X. Jing, Applied Energy, 106, 383–390, 2013. [6] Suamir I., Tassou S. Applied Thermal Engineering, 50, 1487-1495, 2013.

1 Politechnika Krakowska Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Power and Process Engineering, [email protected] 2 Politechnika Krakowska Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Power and Process Engineering, [email protected]

30 | p a g e

HIGH-TEMPERATURE NUCLEAR REACTOR POWER PLANT CYCLE FOR HYDROGEN AND ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION – NUMERICAL

ANALYSIS

Michał Dudek1, Marek Jaszczur1, Katarzyna Skolik2, Mateusz Malicki2, Ludwik Pieńkowski2

Keywords: HTR, Gas Turbine Combined Cycle, Thermochemical Cooper Chlorine Cycle

ABSTRACT

Using a high temperature gas nuclear reactor (called HTR or HTGR) for both

electricity generation and hydrogen production is analysed. The HTR reactor because of

relatively high temperature of coolant could be combined with a steam or gas turbine, as

well as with the system for heat delivery for high temperature hydrogen production

[1,2]. However current development of HTR allow us to consider achievable working

temperature up to 750 C. Due to this fact industrial-scale hydrogen production using

copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) thermochemical cycle is considered and compared with high

temperature electrolysis. Presented calculations shows and confirm potential of HTR as a

future solution for hydrogen production without CO2 emission [3-5]. Furthermore

integration of a high temperature nuclear reactor, with a combined cycle for electricity

and hydrogen production, may reach very high efficiency and could possibly lead to a

significant decrease of hydrogen production costs. [1] Bae S J, Lee J, Ahn Y and Lee J I 2015 Preliminary studies of compact Brayton cycle performance for Small Modular High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor system Annals of Nuclear Energy 75:pp. 11–19. [2] Burns E M 2009 Next Generation Nuclear Plant - Emergency Planning Zone Definition at 400 Meters Tech. Rep. Westinghouse Electric Company LLC NGNP-LIC-GEN-RPT-L-00020. [3] Guven U and Velidi G 2011 Design of a Nuclear Power Plant with Gas Turbine Modular. Helium Cooled Reactor Nice : Proceedings of International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants, ICAPP. [4] M.T. Schwartz, T.V. Billoski, Greenhouse hypothesis: effect on dinosaur extinction, in: B.T. Jones, N.V. Lovecraft (Eds.) Extinction, Barnes and Ellis, New York, 1990, 175-189 [5] Marsden B J, Fok S L and Hall G 2003 High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Core Design Future Material Consideration International Conference on Global Environment and Advanced Nuclear Power Plants Paper 1222.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Fundamental Research in Energy Engineering, Krakow, Poland 2AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Nuclear Energy



31 | p a g e

UNDERESTIMATION OF NUCLEAR FUEL BURNUP – THEORY, DEMONSTRATION AND SOLUTION IN NUMERICAL MODELS

Paweł Gajda1, Grzegorz Kępisty1,*, Michał Orliński1

Keywords: nuclear fuel, burnup, depletion code, PWR, error

ABSTRACT

Continuous energy Monte Carlo burnup codes such as MCB [1] and SERPENT [2] are

precise tools for depletion calculations in nuclear critical and subcritical systems. The

biggest advantages of this approach is exact treatment of neutron transport physics in

arbitrary geometries. This leads to reliable estimation of reaction rates that are applied in

transmutation procedure. As a result, solutions obtained by Monte Carlo burnup codes

are considered as reference ones and the methodology is widely applied in fuel cycle

studies.

Statistical solution of Boltzmann transport equation and Bateman equations are in

practice applied to steps of limited length, because neutron flux spectra and the heating

per source neutron vary significantly during irradiation [3]. In this paper we show that

simple staircase step model leads to underprediction of numerical fuel burnup.

Theoretical considerations indicates that this error is inversely proportional to the length

of time step and origins from a linear variation of neutron source intensity. The bias can

be avoided in first approximation by application of advance step model such as predictor-

corrector [4]. As a result the burnup declared by a code user becomes equal to the one

resulting from numerical simulation. For example Fissions per Initial Metal Atom (FIMA)

is a practical measure of burnup as it can be directly compared to experimentally

measured values.

In order to demonstrate this type of bias a set of burnup simulations with various

step length and coupling schemes has been performed. SERPENT code version 1.17 has

been applied to the model of a typical fuel assembly from Pressurized Water Reactor. In

reference case FIMA reaches 6.24% that is equivalent to about 60 GWD/tHM of industrial

burnup. The discrepancies up to 1% have been observed depending on time step model

and theoretical predictions are consistent with numerical results.

The results presented in this paper are important for research and development

concerning nuclear fuel cycle. Comparison of various industrial scenarios and analysis of

experiment results require deep understanding on applied codes and their methodology.

Such considerations are especially important from the point of view of Gen4 systems,

which may be dedicated to burning of minor actinides [5].

[1] J. Cetnar et al. (1999) EUR 18898 EN, OECD/NEA 523; [2] J. Leppänen et al. (2015) Annals of Nuclear Energy, Volume 82, August 2015, Pages 142-150; [3] G. Kępisty, J. Cetnar, P. Stanisz (2016) Annals of Nuclear Energy 94 (2016) 189–207. [4] D. Kotlyar, E. Shwageraus (2012) Annals of Nuclear Energy 58 (2013) 228-237. [5] J. Cetnar, M. Kopeć, M. Oettingen (2013) AGH UST (ISBN: 978-83-911589-2-0).

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Nuclear

Energy * corresponding author: [email protected]

32 | p a g e

GASIFICATION AND PYROLYSIS OF DIFFERENT BIOMASSES IN LAB SCALE SYSTEM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Waldemar Gądek1*, Agata Mlonka-Mędrala2, M. Prestipino3, P. Evangelopoulos4, S.

Kalisz1, W. Yang4

Keywords: biomass, gasification, pyrolysis, biomass utilization

ABSTRACT

Gasification and pyrolysis are very promising technologies for clean energy

production especially from low rank fuels. Biomass and wastes with high chlorine, alkali

and even heavy metals content are fuels preferential for thermal utilization. However,

several problems during combustion in conventional steam boilers occurs e.g. slagging,

fouling, chlorine corrosion, boiler efficiency deterioration [1]. New efficient and cost

effective technologies are needed, even in small-scale applications. An alternative to the

combustion process may be technology of gasification and pyrolysis. Gasification is

thermo-chemical conversion process which convert solid fuels into syngas (mixture of

combustible and non-combustible compounds such as: N2, CO2, O2, H2, CO, CH4, CxHy)

[2]. The composition, yield of syngas depends on process parameters: temperature,

pressure, oxidizing agent. Pyrolysis compared to the gasification occurs in inert

atmosphere (without oxygen) and lower temperature [2].

The main objective of this work was to find the most suitable process: gasification

in air or pyrolysis and process parameters (temperature) for biomass thermal conversion.

Three important fuels for European power industry were selected: woody biomass and

two residual biomass, such as oat straw and dried citrus wastes. In order to evaluate the

possibility to use different feedstocks or to combine and/or integrate them in

thermochemical processes, a comparison among typical and untypical feedstocks is

needed. Tests performed on small scale fixed bed reactor show the gas yield, its

composition and LHV (Lower Heating Value) parameter. The gas analysis was performed

using gas chromatography - Agilent 490 Micro GC. The pyrolysis process was examined

in 400, 500 and 600⁰C, while gasification process in 700 and 800°C. With increasing the

temperature, process occurs rapidly and higher concentration of combustible compounds

was observed. Furthermore, different yields were observed among the different

biomasses studied at the same process conditions, in accordance with their different

structures and origins.

The results achieved on small-scale reactor located in Royal Institute of Technology

(KTH) in Sweden, contribute to the develop eco – friendly gasification and pyrolysis

technology of different biomass fuels. The research was funded by BRISK program

(Biofuels Research Infrastructure for Sharing Knowledge).

[1] S. Loo, J. Koppejan, The Handbook of Biomass Combustion and Co-firing, Earthscan, London 2008. [2] P. Basu, Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis Practical Design and Theory, Oxford: Academic Press Elsevier, 2010.

1 Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Konarskiego 20, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland *corresponding author: [email protected] 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels 3 University of Messina, Department of Engineering 4 Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering



33 | p a g e

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE PLANT FEED

Jacek Gembicki1

Keywords: Energetic efficiency, measurement, feed

ABSTRACT

Energy efficiency is an indicator denoting how much energy we were able to save.

Thanks to the implementation of appropriate systems to reduce energy consumption.

Efficient use of electricity is to reduce the amount of energy required to manufacture the

products.

Food processing is associated with the use of various energy sources. In the feed

industry consumes:

• Electricity

• Thermal energy

• Water

• Mechanical energy

• Compressed air energy

Reducing the demand for electricity in the plant a few percent may result in

large cost savings. Allowing to increase the profitability of production. The feed

industry collected a large amount of energy required for the production. In the

feed industry and the food industry on energy consumption of production

influenced by various factors, mainly technical and technological. Top four groups

of factors are:

• General description of company (installed power, the volume of production, surface

area of the plant)

• Number of employees

• Structure of installed capacity of individual electrical appliances

• The structure of the raw material processing or production.

The fundamental step of analysis of energy consumption investigated

company feed is to calculate the value of different indicators technical and

organizational. These indicators have typically approximate. They also allow for

the changes associated with the organization of production technology and

aspiration to optimize it.

A thorough study of company and calculate its energy intensity is needed

to properly balance the energy production facility.

[1] Björklund A. 2012. Life cycle assessment as an analytical tool in strategic environmental assessment. Lessons learned from a case study on municipal energy planning in Sweden. Envi-ronmental Impact Assessment Review, 32, s. 82-87 [2] Ekvall T., Tillman A. M., Molander S. 2005. Normative ethics and methodology for life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, s. 1225-1234 [3] Wojdalski J., Dróżdż B. 2012. Efektywność energetyczna zakładów przemysłu spożyw-czego. Zarys problematyki i podstawowe definicje. Inżynieria Przetwórstwa Spożywczego, 3, 3, s. 37-49 [4] Zawiślak K., Sobczak P. 2006. Energochłonność procesu kruszenia granulatu. Pasze Przemysłowe, nr 1, tom 15, s. 10-12

1Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie Wydział Inżynierii Produkcji Katedra

Organizacji i Inżynierii Produkcji Zakład Organizacji, Zarządzania i Inżynierii Produkcji corresponding author: [email protected]

34 | p a g e

INTEGRATION OF HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY INTO MULTIPLATFORM DECENTRALISED ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Emma S. Hanley1, William J. Nuttall2, Nikolas Kazantzis3, Rumen Tomov4, Bartek A.

Glowacki*1,4,5

Keywords: Hydrogen, cryogenics, energy storage

ABSTRACT

Successful operation of future energy systems requires not only efficient generation

and use of energy but also advanced storage technology to improve energy security

reduce fuel price volatility and allow further penetration of renewable energy. There are

many different types of storage technologies and approaches available. The comparison

of storage technologies is of paramount importance for transitioning to a low-carbon

sustainable energy and resource efficient economy. This study will provide a

comprehensive and comparative study of storage options identified in Figure 1

considering an integrated systems approach. The storage technologies considered will

include (but is not limited to) redox flow batteries, compressed hydrogen storage, liquid

hydrogen storage integrated with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and

molten salt thermal energy storage, Figure 1. The study will be based on the concept of

these storage technologies integrated together representing one overall storage system.

Different emerging techno-economic opportunities and barriers will be identified.

Additionally, the study will consider the importance of fossil fuels, Figure 1, used in

conjunction with novel low-carbon emission technology for well-functioning energy

systems in the short-term while the transition to sustainable energy systems is taking

place. Furthermore, added value products arise from the system in Figure 1. Liquid

hydrogen is one valuable material that has various functions including cryogenic

applications for use with medical devices i.e. MRI, SMES, motors, data centre cables and

fault current limiters. Additionally, liquid hydrogen will also be an important energy

carrier for transport. Complex integrated energy systems will form the basis of a

sustainable energy future.

Figure 1. Complex integrated energy system with various storage methods connected together.

1Department of Physics and Energy and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland 2Department of Physics and Energy and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland 3 Department of Engineering and Innovation, Venables Building, Room N2004, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA

UK 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609-2280, USA 5Institute of Power Engineering, Mory 8, 01-330 Warsaw, Poland

* Prof. B.A. Glowacki: [email protected]



35 | p a g e

POSSIBILITY OF USING FLUE GASES AS A MEDIUM FOR STRAW DRYING

Wojciech Goryl1,*, Mariusz Filipowicz2

Keywords: straw, drying, flue gases, biomass

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the possibility of straw drying in dedicated and innovative straw

dryers in different drying modifications. The basic problem of the energy use of bales of

straw as fuel is the moisture content. The main influence on it comes from the period of

harvest and the conditions of its storage. Dry straw can reach humidity even under 10%,

however the harvest during unfavourable weather conditions causes too severe moisture

of the straw ranging between 60-70% of the relative humidity, what is the value often

observed for fresh biomass. In Polish climate conditions and in many European countries,

the heating season is relatively long and usually lasts from October to May, while the

harvest of straw takes place only in the summer period in July and August. It is therefore

necessary to store straw, which will be used in the heating period.

Experimental and numerical studies were conducted to examine the effectiveness of

drying and heat transfer in the straw bale with the preset boundary conditions.

Experimental studies have shown that the inner layers of the bale heat up much faster

and achieve significantly higher temperatures than the external ones, what is also

confirmed by the results achieved with the numerical method. Applying dedicated straw

dryers, homogenous field of moisture content in straw bale is achieved in a very cost

effective way.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels * corresponding author: [email protected]

36 | p a g e

ESTIMATING THE DAILY SOLAR IRRADIATION ON BUILDING ROOFS AND FACADES USING BLENDER CYCLES PATH TRACING

ALGORITHM

Mateusz Ilba1,*

Keywords: solar radiation, Blender, urban areas, facades

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the development of an daily solar irradiation algorithm with

application of the free software Blender. Modelling the natural and artificial lighting is one

of the main factors shaping the image in computer graphics. In rendering (creating the

photorealistic image presenting the projection of a 3D model), advanced algorithms can

trace millions of individual light beams in order to determine the colour of a particular

pixel in the final image. Since the algorithm can simulate the lighting of the virtual world,

it can be used to calculate the solar irradiation of individual parts of a 3D model.

Considerable attention was paid to the possibilities of simulation of reflections of direct

and diffuse solar radiation. For this purpose, the rendering algorithm "Cycles" was used,

based on the principle of bi-directional path tracing – tracing random paths of light

beams. The presented algorithm was written in the form of a script in python language.

It uses a function to generate shadows and light reflection defined in the blender. In the

presented method of obtaining data on the solar irradiation, the individual components of

global radiation were divided into four separate parts: direct beam radiation, reflect

beam radiation, diffuse radiation and reflect diffuse radiation. The developed algorithm

allows calculation of solar irradiation for all elements of the 3D model created in Blender,

or imported from an external source. One minute is the highest possible time resolution

of the analysis, while the accuracy is dependent on the resolution of textures defined for

each element of a 3D object. The analyzed data is stored in the form of textures that in

the application of the algorithm are converted to the value of solar radiance. The result of

the analysis is visualization, which shows the distribution of daily solar irradiation on all

defined elements of the 3D model. The algorithm named "Blend-Sun" has advanced

capabilities of conducting analysis of the direct and diffuse radiation reflections. The

resolution of the performed analysis is very flexible, and depends on the resolution of the

specified textures. The smallest possible time scope of the analysis is one minute. The

possibilities of the presented solution can contribute to a greater popularization of

advanced solar irradiation analyses by specialists from various areas of science, who will

be able to modify the algorithm code to suit their own purposes. These results are useful

for the development of solar dissemination policies, architects and urban planning.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology

* [email protected]



37 | p a g e

POWER SECTOR IN SOUTH AFRICA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Louis Jestin1,*, Artur Wyrwa2

Keywords: South Africa, power sector, challenges

ABSTRACT

South Africa is a major role player in coal generated energy both regionally and

globally. It is the main electrical power generator in Africa, and falls under the top ten

coal producers and consumers in the world. Approximately 85% of South African energy

is generated by coal-fired power stations that belong to Eskom, a South African public

energy utility. A dynamic economic growth experienced after 1994, when economic

sanctions of the apartheid era were lifted, has led to a rapid grow in the power demand.

Due to delayed investments in new power capacities in 2000s, South Africa has been

experiencing energy shortages since 2007. To overcome this, so called, energy crisis

Eskom has embarked on an expansion program that aims to increase power generation

capacity within South Africa from 44GW to 75GW by 2025.

With abundant reserves of cheap domestic coal, energy technologies other than

coal-fired stations seem not viable or affordable at present. There are many issues and

challenges that power sector is facing, including: (i) international environmental

pressures to decarbonize the electricity generation mix and to meet stringent pollutant

targets, (ii) exploration of renewable energy sources and its influence on the traditional

base-load driven business model, (iii) current engineering offering in South African

universities does not fully meet the specific subject skills required for the power plant

industry. These challenges and issues has been discussed in the paper.

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering - University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa 2 Faculty of Energy and Fuels – AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland * [email protected]

38 | p a g e

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ENERGY PRODUCTION IN COGENERATION UNITS, PV SYSTEMS AND WIND FARMS TO THE

DOMESTIC POWER BALANCE

Damian Komar1,*, Dorota Jeziorowska2

Keywords: CHP, PV system, wind farm, power network, blackout

ABSTRACT

On August of 2015 in accordance with the Ordinance of the Council of Ministers

power stages was introduced in Poland. This situation was caused by the confluence of a

series of unexpected adverse events for traffic management and operation of the power

network. One of important reasons was critically low electricity generation in wind

sources. It should be pointed out that the increase of wind power capacity has been

substantial and dynamic in during the last few years.

Given the above informations, in the article was performed the analysis of the

operating characteristics of cogeneration units, photovoltaic installations and wind farms,

in terms of impact on the domestic power balance development in summer and winter.

These sources have a common feature – they are characterized by fluctuating electricity

production. The main factors that determine the volume of electricity production from

these sources, which include, as appropriate, heat demand, wind and sunlight, was

dentified and described. It was compared the currently installed capacity of the electricity

generating units of each of these types [1], the authors have attempted to determine the

prospects for their development in Poland, taking into account the operational safety of

the power network [2]. On the basis of the daily and yearly graphs of electricity

production from these sources in the year 2015 [3], the authors have proposed the

optimal (from the point of view of domestic power balance) ratio between the power

installed in contemplated in article manufacturing technologies. In addition, hypothetical

simulation for Polish power balance on 10 August 2015, assuming calculated optimal

ratio between installed cogeneration units, photovoltaic installations and wind farms, was

made.

[1] KSE Report (2014) [2] Transmission Network Code (TNC) PSE S.A. [3] Giełdowa Platforma Informacyjna (GPI) PSE S.A.

1 Warsaw University of Technology; Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental

Engineering 2 AGH University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering * corresponding author: [email protected]



39 | p a g e

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY OF AS-SOFC PREPARED WITH DIFFERENT COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE PRECURSORS

M. Kawalec1, R. Kluczowski1, M. Krauz1

Keywords: AS-SOFC, fuel cell technology, precursors

ABSTRACT

Fuel cells are devices converting the chemical energy into the electrical energy and

warmth as result of the electrochemical reaction between gaseous fuel and a gas oxidant

in flameless combustion process. Because of omission of thermo-mechanical steps that

are present in any traditional energy conversion technology (e.g. gas turbine) fuel cells

shows increased efficiency in comparison. Compact sizes and modular scalability

predestines this technology for distributed energy generation including but not limited to

renewable energy sources (e.g. wind, solar). Fuel cells technology also addresses other

very important part of distributed renewable energy generation. Because of unreliable

energy production rates and usual for renewable energy sources mismatch between

energy supply and demand, some sort of energy tank is needed to store surplus of

produced energy and release it when needed. Reversible fuel cells, that generate

hydrogen from available surplus of energy and then generate energy from that stored

fuel when needed are cheaper and more ecologically friendly alternative to usually used

batteries. This technology is still under development, including research at IEN OC

CEREL.

In the early development of reversible fuel cells, new types of nickel oxide and

porosity forming carbon was evaluated for this task. This work compares electrical and

mechanical parameters of SOFC manufactured with JT Backer NiO and Carbon Polska

carbon [1] with fuel cells made from other commercially available materials. Basing on

evaluated quality, purity, availability and cost, following materials were selected for

comparison: Novamet NiO, 99,9% pure, grain size 1-2 µm and Aldrich carbon with

parameters similar to graphite used previously. Preliminary tests shows clear changes in

microstructural, mechanical and electrical parameters.

[1] R. Kluczowski, M. Krauz, M. Kawalec, J.P. Ouweltjes „Near net shape manufacturing of planar anode

supported solid oxide fuel cells by using ceramic injection molding and screen printing” Journal of Power Sources 268 (2014) 752-757

1 Institute of Power Engineering Ceramic Department CEREL

40 | p a g e

WIND POWER PLANTS FOR LOW RATED WIND SPEED REGIONS: FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF A SYSTEM

Mehmet Numan Kaya1,*, Faruk Köse2

Keywords: Low, speed, Wind, Power, Feasibility

ABSTRACT

The use of wind power has become an important and growing part of the electrical

energy supply in many countries all over the world. Wind turbines are the main

components of wind power stations and every single development on these turbines

affects the market. Latest developments in wind turbine technologies caused to decrease

in costs, thus, besides high-wind-speed regions, low-wind-speed regions are taken into

account as a feasible option to generate electricity. The present work investigates the

feasibility of a wind power station located in a low rated wind speed region of Turkey

providing a general approach for selection of the suitable wind turbine. Economic analysis

was performed by calculating the key financial figures such as net present value (NPV),

basic payback period (BPP) and the internal rate of return (IRR) for five various options

and hourly, monthly and seasonal mean power productions are simulated for the most

feasible option using the wind speed measurements in the region. Results show that it is

possible to obtain a reasonable capacity factor in low rated wind speed regions with wind

turbines that have larger rotors. Although the average wind speed is low in the examined

region, a wind power station is still found to be feasible. According to the simulation

results, maximum power is produced during the evening hours on a daily basis and

during the summer months on a seasonal basis, ensuring power flow usually when

maximum power consumption levels are reached. All the data used in this study are

based on long-term measurements.

1 Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Karaman, Turkey 2 Selcuk University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Konya, Turkey




41 | p a g e

GASIFICATION OF RAW AND TORREFIED BIOMASS. HOW PRE-TREATMENT EFFECTS PROCESS PERFORMANCE, GAS

QUALITY AND TAR COMPOSITION?

Marzena Kwapinska1*, J. J. Leahy2, Witold Kwapinski2*

Keywords: gasification, torrefaction, biomass, fluidised bed

ABSTRACT

Biomass gasification is less mature technology when compared to coal gasification.

However, its development has become an established practice in countries with large

woody biomass resources or with strong support for renewables. The possibility of

converting all forms of low-energy density organic materials to energy carriers will open

the space for gasification to play a role in a future sustainable energy industry.

There are three main problems with biomass gasification: (1) bulky feedstock –

biomass gasification project tends to be small because of the high cost of transporting

large amount of biomass to single point of use; (2) tar which limits conversion efficiency

and the application of the product gas to combustion in boilers and (3) agglomeration

due to reactive mineral components. The advantages of biomass compared to coal

include: higher reactivity and lower temperature required for conversion.

Biomass gasification is not yet widely deployed commercially because of (a)

conversion efficiency losses due to large amounts’ of C in the fly ash and

agglomeration which leads to extensive bed extraction with unburned carbon and

sensible heat being carried by the extracted material, (b) high O/C ratios in the

feedstock, and over-oxidation of biomass in the gasifier in order to evaporate moisture)

and (c) syngas cleaning optimisation related to the production of carbon particulates and

heavy hydrocarbon compounds. The formation of carbonaceous material (char or particle

fines) and tars are directly correlated to the fuels structure and composition.

Torrefaction which involves heating the biomass to temperatures of between 200-

300°C under an inert atmosphere is suggested to be an effective method to reduce the

cost of biomass provision and improve its fuel properties. During torrefaction biomass is

partly decomposed with the physicochemical changes including drying, devolatalisation of

hemicellulose and to lesser extend depolymerisation and devolatalisation of cellulose and

depolymerisation and softening of the lignin.

There are relatively few reports in the scientific and engineering literature providing

detailed investigation of process conditions for laboratory scale gasification studies of

torrefied biomass [1]. In this study, both raw and torrefied Miscanthus × giganteus were

gasified in air-blown bubbling fluidized bed gasifier using olivine as the bed material. The

effects of equivalence ratio and bed temperature on the gasification performance in

terms of gas composition, carbon conversion and cold gas efficiency were investigated.

Tar concentration in the product gas was measured by means of SPA and tar evolution

was compared for both raw and torrefied grassy biomass. The results obtained suggest

that chemical composition expressed as lignin to cellulose and hemicellulose ratio has a

pronounced effect on carbon conversion efficiency and tar production. [1] M. Kwapinska, G. Xue, A. Horvat, A. Rabu, S. Dooley, W. Kwapinski, J.J. Leahy. Energy & Fuels 29, 7290-

7300, 2015.

1 Technology Centre for Biorefining & Biofuels, University of Limerick, Ireland 2 Carbolea Research Group, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland

* [email protected] [email protected]

42 | p a g e

LOCAL BALANCING SYSTEM FROM THE BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS PERSPECTIVE

Bożena Ewa Matusiak1

Keywords: local balancing, energy exchange management systems, energy

flexibility

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the overall view on the business model (BM) for the e-balance

system for: balancing energy production and consumption in energy efficient, smart

neighbourhoods (the e-balance project, FP7-SMARTCITIES-2013) along with its

functionalities, based upon the Osterwalder’s canvas methodology. Additionally, this is

the second, after two years of work, deeper version of the BM evaluation from the user’s

and demo site’s perspective (Bronsbergen, the Netherlands). The aim of this paper is to

present results and assess mentioned BM in face the perspective of a commercialisation

and applicability of them in Europe.

Justification of the topic: Smart grids, dispersed energy resources (DER)

development, active demand response management (ADRM) and energy flexibility (EF)

on the power market – these are the main elements which play a critical role in

understanding the energy policy ambitions in the future European power system [1], [2].

Demand response [3][4], a need for more energy flexibility and better use of them in

local destinations (smart neighbourhoods) trigger many innovative projects,

platforms/applications, as well as new business model approaches and propositions [5].

The e-balance project proposes a new system on the energy market with a large

number of prosumers who will not only consume the energy, but mainly produce and

save it depending on the market and price /incentives conditions [6], [7]. The new, most

important role in this system will be played by market-makers, referred to as the

aggregators. The aggregator is not a clearly identifiable electricity market actor so far.

Such role and areas of its responsibilities are still in development [8], [9].

This paper presents the current state of the e-balance system and its business

model’s picture [6] using the Osterwalder’s canvas after two years of project work.

[1] European Parliament and Council Directive 2009/72 / EC of 13 July 2009. Concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity.

[2] European Parliament and Council Directive 2012/27 / EU of 25 October 2012. Concerning energy efficiency.

[3] The future of the electric grid, An interdisciplinary MIT study 2011, https://mitei.mit.edu/system/files/Electric_Grid_Full_Report.pdf [online: 04.2016]

[4] J. Torriti, M. G. Hassan, M. Leach, Demand Response experience in Europe: policies, programmes and implementation, in Energy, vol. 35 no. 4 pp. 1575-1583, 2010, http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/749580/1/DR%20experience%20in%20Europe.pdf [online: 04.2016]

[5] B.E. Matusiak, et.al.: Energy Management Using the Business Model Approach; European Energy Market, EEM15, Lisbon (Portugal), May 19-22, 2015; DOI: 10.1109/EEM.2015.7216612

[6] B.E. Matusiak et.al.; Deliverable D2.3 “Market Assessment and Business Models; The e-balance project proceedings; www.e-balance-project.eu; 2015

[7] M. Muratori, G. Rizzoni, Residential demand response: dynamic energy management and time-varying electricity pricing, in IEEE Transaction on Power systems vol. 31 no. 2, 2016

[8] G. Kotsis, et.al.: Demand Aggregator Flexibility Forecast: Price Incentives Sensivity Assessment; EEM15, European Energy Market International Conference 2015 Lisbon 19-22 May

[9] E. Koliou, et.al.: Complexity of demand response integration in European electricity markets, EEM15, European Energy Market International Conference 2015 Lisbon 19-22 May

1 University of LODZ, Faculty of Management

https://mitei.mit.edu/system/files/Electric_Grid_Full_Report.pdf

http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/749580/1/DR%20experience%20in%20Europe.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2015.7216612



43 | p a g e

APPLICATION OF MULTI-CRITERIA METHODS TO COMPARE DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS OF SUPPLYING BUILDINGS IN

ELECTRICITY FROM PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

Barbara Mendecka1, Alicja Stoltmann2,*

Keywords: Multi-criteria methods, Monte Carlo, photovoltaic systems

ABSTRACT

Currently, the technologies of electricity generation in distributed systems are

usually associated with renewable energy sources (RES). The choice of the construction

site depends firstly on the availability of the power system, but energy planning,

especially in case of RES, is a complex process involving multiple, often conflicting

objectives.

The complexity of the selection electricity system is frequently addressed with the

use of multicriteria tools, involving all of the considered criteria and also different

methods of their aggregation. The result is a final ranking of the available alternatives.

The paper describes the application of a multicriteria decision tool for the analysis of

the specified variants of the construction of solar farms in various methods of the

foundation and variants of the construction solar panels (off and on-grid) for individual

buildings. The construction of each new sources of electricity generation, including

photovoltaic, is the issue of multi-threaded and multi-dimensional.

The criteria used in the analysis combine technical, economical and environmental

issues. First of the considered criterion is net present value (NPV) which determines the

economic viability of the project. Second criterion, thermo ecological cost (TEC),

connecting exergy and environmental issues.

As aggregation function, the weighted sum method (WSM) is used. The sensitivity

analysis of the criteria weights was performed with the use novel method involving Monte

Carlo simulation and a method of data reconciliation.

1 Florence University, Industrial Engineering Department, Italy – [email protected] 2 Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering * corresponding author: [email protected]

44 | p a g e

CHLORIDE CORROSION IN BIOMASS-FIRED BOILERS – Fe-O-Cl SYSTEM THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS

R. Kaczmarczyk1,*, A. Mlonka-Mędrala2

Keywords: chloride corrosion, biomass combustion, parametric equations, active

oxidation model, thermodynamic analysis

ABSTRACT

In the recently proposed LCP BREF document update much more restricted

emission limits, especially for fossil fuel combusting units were presented. At the

moment, the emission limits at such low level are not even possible to achieve for

conventional fuel fired units and necessary modernizations of environmental systems will

generate high additional expenses for power plants. The most common and easiest

alternative and "green" technologies for conventional fossil fuels firing are biomass

combustion and co-combustion. However, high-chlorine fuels (Clar>0,2%) like: biomass,

waste and high chlorine coals generate the risk of intensified corrosion process,

especially of the superheaters and a limited steel mechanical strength is observed. To

reduce the risk of high temperature corrosion it is necessary to decrease the steam

parameters, such practice affects unit efficiency and increases energy production costs.

Pure chlorine and chlorine compounds in flue gases, ash deposits and also alkali

and heavy metals eutectic mixtures are the main sources of high temperature corrosion

and causes a serious exploitation problem in the boiler technology.

In the literature, high temperature chloride corrosion is described by a so-called

"active oxidation" model. It explains a formation mechanism of the steel components

chloride phase, destruction of the oxide scale layer and intensification of the steel

corrosion in contact with the [O-Cl] gaseous phase. However, it does not consider the

effect of water vapor concentration in the gas phase.

The paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of chloride corrosion in the Fe-O-Cl

system. The ranges of the metallic, oxide and chloride phase stability are determined

within the temperature range T = 750-1000 K. Based on the parametric equations the

equilibrium concentration of gaseous phase determined by Deacon reaction is presented.

The effect of H2O concentration in the gaseous phase on chloride corrosion process and

gaseous NaCl influence on NaFeO2 formation in the passive oxide scale layer

(FeO/Fe3O4/Fe2O3) are discussed as well. The results are correlated with available in the

literature laboratory experimental data and industrial corrosion process observations.

Presented thermodynamic analysis is compared with assumptions of "active oxidation"

model. The results may be used for experimental research prediction and a corrosion

prevention in the industry.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Fundamental Research in Energy Engineering

*corresponding author: [email protected] 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Thermal

and Fluid Flow Machines

mailto:[email protected]



45 | p a g e

APPLICATION OF RELEVANCE MAPS METHOD TO EVALUATE THE SUITABILITY OF COAL SAMPLES TO FLUIDAL GASIFICATION

PROCESS

Dariusz Jamróz1, Tomasz Niedoba2,*, Agnieszka Surowiak3

Keywords: coal types, relevance maps, particle fractions, multidimensional visualization

ABSTRACT

The coal gasification process is one of the technologies which gain more and more

attention among technologists dealing with processing and utilization of coal. Because of

the type of gasification, two main methods can be found: on-surface and underground

gasification. In case of ground gasification, one of such technologies is fluidized bed

gasification. For such gasification the guidelines were elaborated within the scientific

project of NCBiR no. 23.23.100.8498/R34 entitled “Elaboration of technology of coal

gasification for highly efficient fuel and energy production” being the part of strategic

program of scientific research and developmental works entitled “Advanced technologies

of energy obtaining” [1, 2, 3 ,4]. Authors chose main of these guidelines, concerning the

required levels of certain coal features. In purpose of investigating coal for its suitability

to gasification, samples were collected from two Polish mines: KWK Janina and KWK

Wieczorek and processed properly.

The methods being used to visualization of multidimensional data through

transformation of multidimensional space into two-dimensional space allow to present

multidimensional data on computer screen. Thanks to this the qualitative analysis of this

data can be performed in the most natural way for human being – through the sense of

sight. The example of such method of multidimensional visualization is relevance maps

method. This method was used in this paper to present and analyze set of seven-

dimensional data describing coal samples originating from KWK Janina and KWK

Wieczorek mines. It was decided to check whether this method of visualization of

multidimensional data allows to divide the samples space into subspaces of various

usefulness to the process of fluidal gasification or not. To this purpose, the “Card of

technological suitability of coal” was used [2, 3] in which the key, relevant and additional

parameters having influence on gasification process were described. As a result of

analyses, it was stated that efficient determination of coal samples suitability for the on-

surface gasification process in a fluidised reactor is possible. The relevance maps method

enables the visualisation of the optimal subspace containing the set requirements

concerning the properties of coals intended for this process. [1] J. Marciniak-Kowalska et al., Project report NCBiR, Elaboration of technology of coal gasification for highly

efficient fuel and energy production, report from part of the project Investigations of coal beneficiation by means of mechanical processing, not published work, 2012-13. [in Polish]

[2] A. Sobolewski, T. Chmielniak, T. Topolnicka, N. Gieza, Selection of coals to gasification in pressure fluidized bed gas generator, Karbo, 1 (2013), 28-38. [in Polish]

[3] A. Sobolewski, T. Chmielniak, T. Topolnicka, G. Świeca, 2012. Characteristics of Polish coals in aspect of their suitability to fluidized gasification. Polish Mining Review, 2 (2012) 174-183. [in Polish]

[4] A. Strugała, K. Czalicka-Kolarz, M. Ściążko, Projects of new technologies of coal gasification created within Strategic Program NCBiR, Energy Policy Journal, 14(2) (2011), 375-390.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology 2 AGH University of Science and Technology 3 AGH University of Science and Technology * corresponding author: [email protected]

46 | p a g e

INFLUENCE OF FIMA BURNUP ON ACTINIDES CONCENTRATIONS IN PWR REACTORS

Mikołaj Oettingen1,*, Katarzyna Skolik1

Keywords: PWR, FIMA, MCB, burnup

ABSTRACT

The change in the nuclear fuel composition caused by the series of nuclear

transmutations and radioactive decays in the neutron field is called the fuel burnup. The

burnup in FIMA units describes the net change of heavy metal in the specified piece of a

nuclear fuel at the specified time. The measured burnup of the irradiated nuclear fuel

sample is the crucial parameter for the numerical reconstruction of the irradiation

experiment e.g. in terms of validation of numerical models, libraries and codes.

In the paper we present the dependence of the actinides concentrations in the

irradiated nuclear fuel on the fuel burnup in FIMA units. The obtained concentrations are

later compared with the result of the post irradiation assay of two spent fuel samples.

The samples were cut from the fuel rod irradiated in the Japanese Ohi-2 Pressurized

Water Reactor as is depicted in Fig. 1 [1, 2]. The performed comparative analysis

assesses the reliability of the developed numerical set-up, especially in terms of the

system normalization to the measured FIMA burnup. The numerical simulations were

preformed using the Monte Carlo Continuous Energy Burnup Code – MCB [3].

Fig. 1 Location of the investigated fuel samples in the fuel rod and assembly.

[1] K. Suyama, M. Murazaki, K. Ohkubo et al., Re-evaluation of assay data of spent nuclear fuel obtained at

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute for validation of burnup calculation code systems, Annals of Nuclear Energy 38, 930-941, 2011

[2] T. Adachi, Y. Nakahara, N. Kohno, K. Gunji et al., Comparison of calculated values with measured values on the amount of TRU and FP nuclide accumulated in Gadolinium Bearing PWR Spent fuels, Journal of nuclear Science and technology 31[10], 1119-1129, October 1994.

[3] J. Cetnar, General Solution of Bateman Equations for Nuclear Transmutations, Annals of Nuclear Energy 33, 640–645, 2006

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

* corresponding author: Mikołaj Oettingen, [email protected]



47 | p a g e

NUMERICAL DESIGN OF THE SEED-BLANKET UNIT FOR THE THORIUM NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

Mikołaj Oettingen1,*, Katarzyna Skolik1

Keywords: PWR, MCB, Thorium, Seed-Blanket

ABSTRACT

In the thorium fuel cycle the fertile Th232 transmutes on the neutron capture to the

Pa232 and in the two following β- decays produces the fissile U233. The U233 content

gradually increases during the fuel operation in the nuclear reactor core and it

contributes more and more to the power output. Hence, thorium itself is not a fissile

isotope but it is a fertile material similar to the U238, which transmutes to the Pu239 in

the standard uranium fuel cycle. Therefore, thorium needs to be merged with the fissile

material i.e. U233, U235 or Pu239, to provide the surplus neutrons for the breeding of

the U233 and maintenance of the nuclear chain reaction.

Comparing with the uranium fuel cycle the Th-based fuel cycle claims several

potential advantages. Thorium is more abundant in the nature and properly used in the

breeding reactors might serve as a major component of a nuclear fuel. The production of

plutonium from a thorium fuel is reduced by a factor of 3-5 comparing with the standard

production in the Light Water Reactors fueled with uranium, which makes it practically

unusable for the military purposes. The fuel utilization is improved due to the larger

residence time in the nuclear reactor core and larger burnups, which follows to the

reduction in the volume and radiotoxicity of the spent nuclear fuel. However, the thorium

fuel cycle have three significant drawbacks i.e. complicated process of fuel reprocessing –

the TOREX process; demand of surplus neutrons for breeding; slow conversion rate of

Th232 to U233 [1].

In the paper we presents the Monte Carlo modelling of the 17x17 Pressurized Water

Reactor fuel assembly designed according to the Radkowsky Thorium Fuel concept. This

design incorporates either a U/Zr metal or ceramic UO2 fuel pins in the seed region and

the (Th,U)O2 uranium oxide fuel pins in the blanket region. The high power seed region

supplies neutrons for the low power blanket region and thus induces breeding of the

U233. The both regions are physically separated and thus this approached is also known

as either the heterogonous approach or Seed-Blanket Unit [2].

The numerical modelling were preformed using The Monte Carlo Continuous Energy

Burn-up Code [3] developed at the Department of Nuclear Energy, Faculty of Energy and

Fuels of the AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland. In the study the

supercomputers ZEUS and PROMETHEUS of the Academic Computer Center Cyfronet

AGH and the Pl Grid Infrastructure were used for the calculations and data post-

processing. [1] S. Ashley, B. Lindley, G. Parks, W. Nuttall, R. Gregg, Fuel cycle modelling of open cycle thorium-fuelled

nuclear energy systems, Annals of Nuclear Energy 69, 314-330, 2014. [2] Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Thorium fuel cycle –

Potential benefits and challenges, IAEA-TECDOC-1450, VIENNA, 2005. [3] J. Cetnar, General solution of Bateman equations for nuclear transmutations, Annals of Nuclear Energy 33,

640–645, 2006.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland * corresponding author: Mikołaj Oettingen, [email protected]

48 | p a g e

MUNICIPAL WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANTS IN POLAND – CURRENT PROJECTS

Maciej Cyranka1, Michał Jurczyk2*, Tadeusz Pająk3*

Keywords: grate incinerators, MSW, WtE plants, waste managment

ABSTRACT

In 2016, six municipal waste incineration plants will be operating in Poland. They are

located near Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Konin, Krakow, Poznan and Szczecin. These projects

will influence Waste Management in Poland as well as change energy security of the

country. So far in Poland only one WtE power plant in Warsaw has been operating.

Unfortunately, that is not enough, taking into account Polish development in the last 13

years. EU directives have put pressure on Polish Waste Management Systems and results

are visible in the current projects.

This work analysis the projects from economic and technological point of view, their

impact on the entire Waste Management System and energy security. This shows how

many projects were prepared, how many fell through and time frame (start of

construction and the planned completion). Considering how this will change the amount

of waste going to waste landfills, which are still the most popular way to treat waste in

Poland.

Conclusions show how important for Poland it is to develop all networks of waste-to-

energy plants which are so popular in other EU countries and in Poland it is just starting

to develop.

1,2,3 Department of Power Engineering and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science

and Technology, Krakow, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]



49 | p a g e

VARIOUS ASPECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELD INFLUENCE ON THE FORCED CONVECTION

Lukasz Pleskacz1,*, Elżbieta Fornalik-Wajs1

Keywords: magnetic field, forced convection, numerical simulation, Prandtl Number

ABSTRACT

Flows in the channels of various geometries can be found everywhere in the

industrial and daily applications. Thinking about energy transfer, the force convection

represents main utilized mechanism of high performance. However, in the light of

technical development it becomes not sufficient, especially in the areas, in which high

heat fluxes should be transferred. Therefore, the enhancement methods are looked for.

One of new approaches goes toward changes of analyzed flow force system. It can be

modified by application of the magnetic field. It should be emphasized that majority of

“forced” fluids are of weak magnetic properties, life for example water or air, so this

challenge is even more difficult. In the case of natural convection the significant

improvement was reported. Forced convection is more demanding phenomenon, that is

why the systematic investigations were undertaken. This paper shows and discuss

various aspects of new force system.

The mathematical model included mass, momentum and energy conservation

equations. The momentum equation contained magnetic force term, representing the

magnetic field influence on the fluid flow. In order to calculate magnetic force Biot-

Savart's law was utilized. Numerical analysis was performed with the usage of commonly

used software. However, user-defined functions were implemented.

The results revealed that the both velocity and temperature fields were influenced by

the strong magnetic field (as can be seen in the fig. 1). Three basic flow modifications

can be distinguished: acceleration, deceleration and recirculation zones. Increase of the

Prandtl number led to additional changes, which would be demonstrated in the paper.

Fig. 1 Exemplary velocity field of the flow with and without strong magnetic field influence.

Analysis of the results will help answer the question, whether the magnetic field can

be useful in engineering applications. It is highly possible that it will help avoid the

negative phenomena that occur during the fluid flow through the ducts of complex

geometry.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology * [email protected]

50 | p a g e

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WOOD COMBUSTION PROCESS BASED ON THE TG ANALYSIS, NUMERICAL MODELING AND

MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED ON THE EXPERIMENTAL STAND

Mateusz Szubel1,*, Mariusz Filipowicz2, Wojciech Goryl3, Grzegorz Basista4

Keywords: wood combustion, TGA, CFD, DRPM

ABSTRACT

The paper presents selected results of thermogravimetric (TG) analyses for softwood

(pine) and hardwood (beech). The composition of the studied fuels has been defined and

described. Both wood types used in the TG tests were studied in order to define their

content of basic components such as lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Types of wood

used in the TGA have been combusted on the experimental stand which is equipped with

a set of temperature sensors and an exhaust analyser. A comparison of the TG analysis

and the combustion in the heating unit has been performed to find relations between the

kinetics of devolatilisation for different wood species and to determine the exhaust

composition. Numerical modelling using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been

performed for the process of carbon monoxide oxidation to supplement the tests results.

The results of the comparisons of the performed analyses can be useful in all areas

related to the process of optimisation and improvement of combustion, pyrolysis and

devolatilisation process conditions in small scale heating units.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels 3 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels 4 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels




51 | p a g e

THE POLITICAL IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY COOPERATION BETWEEN GERMANY AND DENMARK ON THE EUROPEAN UNION

ENERGY MARKET

Mariusz Ruszel1

Keywords: Germany, Denmark, EU internal energy market, interconnector, renewables

ABSTRACT

Denmark and Germany have similar goals of energy transition. Both states are going

to implement a policy that is aimed at a transition from fossil fuel-based towards a

renewable energy system with a variable renewables generation. The main objective of

German energy transition is to cover more than 80% of the energy consumption by

renewables up to 2050. For comparison, Denmark is going to build a fossil fuel-free

system, which would be able to cover 100% of energy consumption through renewable

by 2050. To this end, stronger cooperation between Germany and Denmark could

enhance the position of both countries in EU energy market. The main aim of this paper

is to analyse the impact of the energy cooperation between Germany and Denmark. It is

crucial to answer the question, how both states could build a stronger energy position

and which tools would be useful in this regard. Denmark is the world's leader in the

deployment of wind power, which is also implemented in the northern part of Germany.

For this reason, both states have similar challenges with respect to the stabilisation

electricity systems. The current and perspective integration of energy systems of both

countries is also important in improving the energy security. It is also crucial to answer

the questions, whether the energy integration will have political implications for both

countries, and whether the stronger energy cooperation between Germany and Denmark

will strengthen the competitive advantage of the German economy in the EU.

1Mariusz Ruszel, PhD - Assistant Professor at Department of Economics Faculty of Management Rzeszow University of Technology, 12 Powstańców Warszawy street, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland, email: [email protected]

52 | p a g e

SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL STACK COUPLED WITH A BIOMASS GASIFICATION UNIT

Marek Skrzypkiewicz1,*, Michał Wierzbicki, Michał Stępień

Keywords: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, SOFC, gasification

ABSTRACT

A possibility of fueling a solid oxide fuel cell stack (SOFC) with biomass fuels can be

realized by coupling a SOFC system with a self-standing gasification unit. Such a solution

enables multi-fuel operation, elasticity of the system as well as the increase of the

efficiency of small-scale biomass-to-electricity conversion units. A system of this type,

consisting of biomass gasification unit, gas purification unit, SOFC stack, anode off-gas

afterburner and peripherals was constructed and operated successfully.

During the process, biomass fuel (wood chips) was gasified with air as gasification

agent. The gasifier was capable of converting up to 30 kW of fuel to syngas with

efficiencies up to 75%. Syngas leaving the gasification unit is passed to a medium

temperature adsorber for sulphur compounds removal. Steam is added to the purified

fuel to maintain steam to carbon ratio higher than 2. The syngas then is passed to a

SOFC stack through a fuel preheater. In such a configuration it was possible to operate a

commercial 1.3 kW stack within its working regime.

The stack was initially heated-up with hydrogen-nitrogen mixture flowing through

the anodic compartment. When the operating temperature was reached, the stack

polarization curve has been measured. Later, a humidified simulated syngas fuel was

introduced instead of H2/N2 mixture and the performance of the SOFC stack was

confirmed on a synthetic fuel of similar composition to the gasifier output. In the next

step, the SOFC stack was fueled from the biomass gasifier. A number of polarization

measurements was performed and finally system was operated for 20 hours at constant

current load, generating ca. 0.8 kW of electric power. Conducted tests confirmed

successful operation of a SOFC stack fueled by biomass-sourced syngas. Possibility of

utilization of locally available renewable fuels, such as biomass, for high efficiency

distributed heat and power generation gives an opportunity for wider implementation of

the sustainable development strategy. Similar systems for simultaneous electricity and

heat generation are one of the important directions rising in European power generation

policies.

1 Institute of Power Engineering, Thermal Processes Department, Ul. Augustówka 36, 02-981 Warsaw, Poland



53 | p a g e

THE COMPARISON OF AIR AND WATER COOLING METHODS FOR THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR INTEGRATED

WITH STOVE-FIREPLACE WITH ACCUMULATION

Krzysztof Sornek1,*

Keywords: Biomass, combined heat and power generation, stove-fireplace

with accumulation, thermoelectric generators

ABSTRACT

This paper shows results of study carried out to determine the effect of cooling

method on the operation of thermoelectric generator integrated with a stove-fireplace

with accumulation.

Stove-fireplace with accumulation, which has been used as a heat source, combines

typical fireplace and accumulative stove. Simply, homemade construction of the heat

exchanger (designed specially to work with thermoelectric modules) has been located

in the vicinity of the exhaust outlet from the furnace area. Thermoelectric module (TE)

with maximum hot side temperature at a level of 150°C has been placed on the surface

of the exchanger (only one unit has been used at this time). The effect of the hot

and cold sides temperature changes on the current-voltage characteristics of TE module

and consequently generated electric power has been experimentally determined.

During conducted tests, temperature of the hot side of the TE module was controlled

both by changing the stream of the air blown to the furnace area and the stream of flue

gas. On the other hand, cooling down of TE module was realized using the dedicated

water exchanger (supplied with cold water) and using the air radiator (both without

and with fun). The efficiency of these methods has been compared and finally specific

characteristics of TE module has been determined using water-based cooling system.

The results of conducted investigations allowed to compare different cooling methods

as well as technical and economic aspects connected with their usage. The high potential

of using TE modules to generate electricity from the stove-fireplace with accumulation

was also confirmed.

The work has been completed as part of the statutory activities of the Faculty of Energy

and Fuels at the AGH University “Studies concerning the conditions of sustainable energy

development”, in cooperation with Foundation Institute for Sustainable Energy.

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Sustainable Energy Development * corresponding author: [email protected]

54 | p a g e

VALIDATION OF VHTRC CALCULATION BENCHMARK OF CRITICAL EXPERIMENT USING THE MCB CODE

Przemyslaw Stanisz1,*, Mateusz Malicki2

Keywords: nuclear physic, validation, nuclear data library, monte carlo

ABSTRACT

A calculation benchmark problem VHTRC which is a pin-in-block type core critical

assembly loaded mainly with 4% enriched uranium coated particle fuel has been

investigated with the Monte Carlo Burnup (MCB) code in order to validate the latest

version of Nuclear Data Library based on ENDF format. This benchmark is made on the

basis of Very High Temperature Reactor Critical (VHTR) benchmark available in the

International Handbook of Evaluated Reactor Physics Benchmark Experiments. This

benchmark is useful for verifying of discrepancies of the keff values (which is generally

the consequence of different of neutron flux spectra) between various libraries with

experimental values. This will allow us to improve accuracy of the VHTR neutrons

calculations that helps us better design commercial VHTRs of high performance. Almost

all safety parameters comes from the accuracy of neutrons calculation results. Those

depends on the nuclear data libraries used in the calculations. Thus, the evaluation of

their applicability to VHTR neutrons calculations is one of the important subjects. We

compared calculation and numerical experiment using different version of available

nuclear data: ENDF-B-VII.1 and JEFF-3.2 prepared for specified temperatures by the

tree different methods. Cell calculations have been performed with the MCB code based

on Monte Carlo methods which allow for the calculation of precise representation of

complex VHTR geometry including the double heterogeneity of a fuel. In this paper

together with impact of nuclear data we discus the impact of different kernel placement

in the model. The discrepancies of the most important parameter, keff have been

successfully observed and show good agreement with each other and with the

experimental one within 1%. Obtained results promise to improve the accuracy of the

new Nuclear Data Library. [1] NEA, “International Reactor Physics Experiment Evaluation (IRPhE) Project”,

https://www.oecd-nea.org/science/irphe/irphe-handbook/handbook.html [2] Forrest B. Brown, “Stochastic Geometry and HTGR Modeling with MCNP5”, Conference Paper. The Monte

Carlo Method: Versatility Unbounded In A Dynamic Computing World [3] E. MacFarlane, “NJOY99 – code system for producing pointwise and multigroup neutron and photon

crosssections from ENDF/B data”, Los Alamos Nat. Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, Rep. RSIC PSR-480, 2000.

[3] Forrest B. Brown, “The makxsf Code with Doppler Broadening”, Description and Input Manual for the makxsf Code

[4] NEA, “Temperature effect on reactivity in VHTRC-1 core,” VHTRC-GCR-EXP-001, CRIT-COEF, NEA/NSC/DOC(2006)2, 2006.

[5] Jerzy Cetnar, Mariusz Kopeć, Mikołaj Oettingen, “Assessment of Pu and MA utilisation in deep burn Prismatic HTR by Monte Carlo Method – MCB- Project PUMA”, internal report

[6] Jerzy Cetnar , “User Manual for MCB professional” [7] M. Goto, et al., “Impact of Revised Thermal Neutron Capture Cross Section of Carbon Stored in JENDL-4.0

on HTTR Criticality Calculation”, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology [8] G. Kępisty, P. Stanisz and J. Cetnar, “Monte Carlo burnup in HTR system with various TRISO packing”,

Annals of Nuclear Energy

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland




55 | p a g e

CFD MODEL OF 180 kW BIOMASS-FIRED BATH BOILER BASED ON REDUCED MECHANISM OF REACTIONS

Mateusz Szubel1,*

Keywords: Biomass, combustion, emission, batch boilers

ABSTRACT

Currently, attention of the producers of biomass batch boilers is mostly focused

on the problem of total efficiency of energy conversion, CO emissions as well as particle

matters emissions. Due to the European Union regulations, the emissions referred

to above have to be kept at certain levels due to health considerations, but also because

of the necessity to increase the efficiency of the devices. To understand the causes

of energy losses in a boiler system, a proper definition of significant elements

of the unit’s heat balance is necessary. In the group of energy losses, the flue gas loss

and the incomplete combustion loss are the most significant factors. The problem with

the loss resulting from incomplete combustion, which is related to the presence

of combustible substances in the exhaust, is especially significant in case of biomass

boilers [1].

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is an excellent supplement to practical

experiments for the design and optimization of biomass combustion appliances. With the

possibility to quickly and individually change parameters, it accelerates the development

of stoves and boilers. Biomass combustion is difficult to model, as various processes are

involved and many details have to be considered [2].

The paper presents the process of a straw-fired small-scale boiler analysis.

It is intended to support this process with simulations in Computational Fluid Dynamics.

In this study, the early stage CFD model presented in previous paper [1] has been

improved and evaluated. Based on [3], additional set of species participating in

homogeneous gas reactions were assumed to describe the combustion process

sufficiently. Associated Arrhenius parameters for the description of these reactions have

been applied.

ANSYS Fluent 16 has been implemented to perform analysis which was focused

on the CO emission level as well as on the impact of the modeling approach on the result

of computing. Impact of the source type of the gasification products on the emission

levels obtained from the CFD simulation has been evaluated and discussed. Moreover,

incomplete combustion loss for each of considered cases has been calculated.

[1] M. Szubel, Analysis of selected problems of biomass combustion process in batch boilers – experimental and numerical approach, Experimental Fluid Mechanics 2015: proceedings of the international conference: November 17.–20. 2015, Prague, Czech Republic

Journal of Paleontology, 17 (1993) 198-209. [2] A. Dernbecher, F. Tabet, A. Ortwein, A CFD-based approach for thermochemical conversion of straw,

Proceedings of 3rd OpenFOAM User Conference, 2015 Stutgard [3] M. Miltner, A. Makaruk, M. Harasek, A. Friedl, Computational fluid dynamic simulation of a solid biomass

combustor: modelling approaches, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2008, 165 – 174.

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Sustainable Energy Development

56 | p a g e

LOW-EMISSION ECONOMY PLANS AS A CHANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MUNICIPALITIES

Kinga Świtalska1*, Zenon Foltynowicz2

Keywords: low-emission economy plans, local government, low-emission economy,

sustainable development

ABSTRACT

Adequate low-emission policy, that is implemented at the local level, should activate

society to take action to achieve the benefits of improving the environment. According

to the National Programme for the Development of Low-emission Economy, low-emission

transformation is a direction for changes of Polish economic model, which could solve the

problem of natural resources depletion. This implementation must have been done on all

levels, from local through to national level [1; 2; 3].

The document, that determines the direction of economic transformation, is the Low-

emission Economy Plan (LEP). According to the financial perspective for 2014-2020 the

municipalities, which will develop and implement plans for a low-emission economy, will

be able to apply for external funding sources for tasks related to air protection, energy

efficiency and renewable energy. The need for a Low-emission Economy Plan is not

formally required by the law. It is a derivative of the commitments it has made by Poland

in the framework of international agreements to reduce emissions [4; 5].

The results of the study will be presented, which include the analysis of the plans

of low emission economy for municipalities from Wielkopolska region, which has been

developed in order to meet the requirements of the Ministry of Economy. The results

of the research will be used to develop model guidelines on the preparation of such

documents.

Preliminary results show that the municipalities have potential to improve energy

efficiency and use of resources of local energy sources, as well as the opportunities

associated with the management of public and private transport, especially in urban

areas. Local governments are the basic units in the implementation of energy policy and

records of climate and energy package, as well as the objectives of the National

Programme for the Development of Low-emission Economy. Low-emission economy plan

has to be a document that will allow local governments to establish the right direction

to a low-emission economy transformation [6].

[1] K. Brzeziński, M. Bukowski, Niskoemisyjne dylematy. Jak ograniczyć emisję gazów cieplarnianych i co to

oznacza dla polskiej gospodarki?, Inst. Badań Struktur. ISBN 978-83-933263-0-3, Warszawa, 2011 [2] Ministerstwo Gospodarki, Ministerstwo Środowiska, Założenia Narodowego Programu Rozwoju Gospodarki Niskoemisyjnej, Warszawa, 2011 [3] A. Hinc, Transformacja gospodarki w kierunku niskoemisyjnym, Studia BAS 1(29)2012, 109–136 [4] Sz. Firląg, W. Terlikowski, A. Węglarz, Nowa misja – niższa emisja. Gospodarka niskoemisyjna w gminach,

Krajowe Stowarzyszenie Inicjatyw ISBN 978-83-939655-0-2, Białystok, 2014 [5] B. Poskrobko, Gospodarowanie energią na poziomie lokalnym. Podręcznik dla gmin, Wyższa Szkoła

Ekonomiczna w Białymstoku ISBN 978-83-61247-47-0, Białystok, 2011 [6] K. Świtalska, Plany gospodarki niskoemisyjnej jako narzędzia wspomagania zrównoważonego rozwoju

energetycznego, Energia i Paliwa 2015 ISBN 978-83-932168-5-7, Kraków, 2016

1 MSc, Poznan University of Economics, Faculty of Commodity Science, Department of Commodity Science and Ecology of Industrial Products, Al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań 2 Prof., Poznan University of Economics, Faculty of Commodity Science, Department of Commodity Science and Ecology of Industrial Products, Al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań




57 | p a g e

RULE-BASED MAMDANI-TYPE FUZZY MODELLING OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF FIN-TUBE EVAPORATOR UNDER FROSTING

CONDITIONS

D.N. Ozen1,*, K. Altinisik2, M.E. Tolu3,*, K. Dincer2

Keywords: Finned tube, evaporator, heat transfer, frosting, fuzzy logic

ABSTRACT

Satisfying the need of heating and cooling is an ancient and essential problem of the

humanity for centuries that had to be dealt with. Humankind, that has tried many

various methods for heating and cooling in different ages of history, started using heat

exchangers more often and efficiently in last century. Heat exchangers are devices that

serve the purpose of transferring the heat between two or more fluids. During use of the

heat exchangers, various problems may emerge. One of them is frost formation that

brings about insulating effects over the surface of a heat exchanger and thereby

deteriorating total heat transfer of the heat exchanger.

Fuzzy logic may be explained in the most basic way as an alternative form of logic

that truth values of variables may be any real number between “0” and “1”, in contrast

to Boolean logic. In recent years, interest to the fuzzy logic phenomenon that is shown

by the researches has increased due to the need of new solutions to old problems.

Especially in the solution of engineering problems, fuzzy logic based models make it

easier to overcome many of the issues encountered.

In this study, a fin-tube evaporator is modeled by making use of Rule-based

Mamdani-Type Fuzzy (RBMTF) logic where total heat transfer, air inlet temperature of 2

°C to 7 °C and four different fluid speed groups (ua1=1; 1.44; 1.88 m s-1, ua2=2.32; 2.76

m s-1, ua3=3.2; 3.64 m s-1, ua4=4.08; 4.52; 4.96 m s-1) for the evaporator were taken

into consideration. In the developed RBMTF system, outlet parameter UA was determined

using inlet parameters Ta and ua. The RBMTF was trained and tested by using MATLAB

fuzzy logic toolbox. R2 (%) for the training data and test data were found to be 99.91%.

With this study, it has been shown that RBMTF model can be reliably used in

determination of a total heat transfer of a fin-tube evaporator.

1Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Meram, Konya, Turkey 2Selcuk University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey 3Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karaman, Turkey * corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

58 | p a g e

INKJET PRINTING AND INKJET INFILTRATION OF FUNCTIONAL

COATINGS FOR SOFCS FABRICATION

R.I. Tomov1,*, Ch. Gao1, M. Krauz2, R.V. Kumar1, B.A. Glowacki1,3,4

Keywords: SOFC, inkjet printing, inkjet infiltration, nano-decoration

ABSTRACT

Inkjet printing and inkjet infiltration fabrication and modification of electrodes and

electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) was studied. A variety of suspension

(doped zirconia, doped ceria, LSM, LSCF) and solution inks (Cu-, Co-, Gd:CeO2) [1,2]

were optimised for direct inkjet printing of functional coatings and infiltration of the

electrodes’ backbone structures. Electromagnetic print-heads were utilized to

reproducibly dispense droplets of inks at rates of several kHz on demand. Printing

parameters including pressure, nozzle opening time and droplet overlapping were studied

in order to optimize the inks jetting and the uniformity of the inks delivery. Droplet

volumes of order of tens of nL and jetting velocities of order of several m/s were

achieved without accompanying satellite droplet formation and splashing effects. The

technology allowed for easy modification of the coatings, including thickness control and

porosity graduation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed highly conformal 6-10 µm

thick dense electrolyte layers routinely produced on cermet and metal porous supports.

Open circuit voltages ranging from 0.95 to 1.01 V, and a maximum power density of

~0.180 W.cm−2 were measured at 750oC on Ni-8YSZ/YSZ/LSM single cell 50x50 mm in

size [3]. The effect of anode and cathode microstructures on the electrochemical

performance was investigated. Two - step fabrication of the electrodes using inkjet

printing was implemented. In the first step the porous electrode scaffold was created

printing suspension composite inks. During the second step drop-on-demand inkjet

printing infiltration led to a controllable loading of active elements and a formation of

nano-grid decorations on the walls of the electrode scaffolds radically reducing the

activation polarization losses of both electrodes. Symmetrical cells of both types were

characterized by impedance spectroscopy in order to study the relation between the

microstructure and the electrochemical performance and the durability of the nano

decoration effects. The results suggested that the inkjet printing technique offers unique

advantages when applied in combination with more conventional ceramics processing

methods. In addition the inkjet printing is environmentally friendly by allowing a

substantial reduction of the expensive precursor materials usage.

[1] C. Wang, S.C. Hopkins, R.I. Tomov, R.V. Kumar, B.A. Glowacki, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 32 (2012) 2317–

2324 (2012) [2] C. Wang, C., R.I. Tomov, R.V. Kumar, B.A. Glowacki, J. Mater. Sci., 46 (2011) 6889–6896. [3] R.I. Tomov, M. Krauz, J., Jewulski, S.C. Hopkins, J.R. Kluczowski, D.M. Glowacka, B.A. Glowacki, J. of

Power Sources, 195 (2010) 7160–7167.

1 Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom 2 Institute of Power Engineering - Ceramic Department CEREL, Poland 3 Bernal Institute, Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Plassey, Ireland 4 Institute of Power Engineering, Warsaw, Poland




59 | p a g e

ENVIRONMENT

60 | p a g e



61 | p a g e

EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF FORECASTING THE DISPLACEMENTS OF THE SOLINA DAM BASED ON OBSERVATION

OF THE FEELER GAUGES

Aleksandra Bąk*1

Keywords: displacements forecasting, modelling displacements, Solina Dam, EDF model

ABSTRACT

Operation of hydrotechnical facilities entail serious potential flood risk, partly

because of the size, age and function of this type of objects. This risk is the result

of static and dynamic loads, which have an impact on hydrotechnical structures,

as dams. This flood risk prompts to take actions to improve monitoring and control of the

dam. Previously conducted researches presented methods, that were created to support

the monitoring process. These studies confirmed utility of the EDF model in analysis

of the displacements of the Solina Dam. Previous analysis determined the dependence

between the natural, cyclical factors and the displacement data from the feeler gauges.

This analysis, as a continuation of the researches of the measurement data from the

feeler gauges, assess the possibility of forecasting of the future displacements. The

Solina Dam is equipped with the feeler gauges located on the retailing walls, pillars and

4 sections of the gallery. This analysis based on 4 different forecasting periods.

Comparison of these periods allows to conclude, that to obtain reliable forecasts the

measurements data from 15 years of operation is required. The use of such

a comprehensive database enabled the achievement of full compliance between modelled

values and observed displacements within the established confidence intervals.

Implementation of the modelling presented both in this analysis, as well

as in previous ones, into the practical sphere of monitoring, and control of dams will

allow for ongoing assessment of the state of the object, early intervention and detection

of anomalies, discontinuities, and intensification of the displacements. In addition,

performed modelling improve both the safety of the object and local residents. [1] Fiedler K. Awarie i katastrofy zapór – zagrożenia, ich przyczyny i skutki oraz działania zapobiegawcze.

IMGW. 2007 [2] Bąk A. Analiza przydatności modelu EDF dla celów monitoringu odkształceń elementów zapory Solina. IV

National Conference of Young Scientists „Nauka dla Środowiska Przyrodniczego” Poznań, 2015. [3] Bonelli S., Tourment R., Felix H. Analysis of earthdam monitoring data. Selected problems of water

engineering, Kraków, 2003. p. 133 – 150. [4] Chouinard L., Larivière R., Côté P., Zhao W. Analysis of Irreversible displacements in multiple arch

concrete dam using principal component analysis. Joint International Conference on Computing and Decision Making in Civil and Building Engineering, Montréal, Canada. 2006.

[5] Łuczek W. Podstawy statystycznego opracowania pomiarów. University of Technology in Gliwice, Gliwice. 1995.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental

Engineering * Aleksandra Bąk: [email protected]

62 | p a g e

USING CFD SOFTWARE FOR SETTING THE LOCATION OF WATER STREAM MICRO TURBINES

Łukasz Borsuk1,*

Keywords: CFD software, stream micro turbines, modeling.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to estimate the efficiency of CFD software in calculating

flow velocity magnitude in natural water streams. These kind of estimations are essential

for setting the locations of water stream micro turbines. These devices can be useful to

provide electricity to areas remote from power generating facilities or as backup power

supply in case of power grid failure. However energy generated by water stream micro

turbines is strongly related to flowing water velocity therefore optimal placement of these

devices is essential for this topic.

Water stream was studied on the length of 100 m and its average slope was

approximately 10%. Water velocity varies in the range from 0.5 m3*s-1 to 2 m3*s-1.

Additionally, the influence of ground roughness to stream velocity was also an important

factor. Surface of the river bed was determined on the basis of cross-sections. They were

placed in distance close to 12 m from each other.

Results proved to be satisfactory. In the studied stream, velocities were in range

which allows to effective work of proposed micro turbine. Calculation grid created by CFD

software did not have many areas which may rise doubts. Also, the influence of changes

of the ground roughness factor was noticeable. Preliminary CFD simulations allow to

estimate the places in stream in which placing of the micro turbine will be most efficient.

On the other hand, despite of these calculations, profitability and return from the

investment still can be questionable. Also annual changes in flow magnitude undermine

effectiveness of water stream micro turbines as a sustainable power supply. Additionally,

chosen method for river bed estimation can raise doubts. Probably surface created on the

basis of digital elevation model will be more reliable.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental

Engineering, Department of Environmental Management and Protection *[email protected]




63 | p a g e

IMPACT OF DEMAGNETISATION OF FLY ASH PROCESS ON HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES

Natalia Czuma1,*, Katarzyna Zarębska1, Paweł Baran1, Wojciech Franus2

Keywords: zeolite, hydrothermal synthesis, fly ash, demagnetisation process

ABSTRACT

Due to high potential possibilities of application of zeolite materials there is a need

for searching cost effective methods of synthesis of these substances. Hydrothermal

synthesis with the use of residues (wastes) from the combustion of coal in power plants

and heat-power plants fly ash is a promising option. The chemical composition of fly

ashes allows using it as a substrate for the zeolite production. The need for receiving

higher zeolite synthesis efficiency in this process lead to searching for effective and low

cost methods for synthesizing materials with high content of zeolite phases. One of the

possibilities is the separation of ferrimagnetic components, which would positively affect

the zeolite synthesis process, due to the literature [1,2].

The purpose of the experiment was to modify the fly ash by demagnetization

process in economically reasonable way and determine the influence of this process on

the efficiency of zeolite material synthesis form fly ash. An additional advantage of the

proposed method is potentially using possibility to use the demagnetization residues for

industrial purposes [3].

A series of synthesis had been performed out of selected samples of modified and

non-modified fly ash. The syntheses were differentiated by the process conditions (the

concentration of base solution used, temperature, synthesis time and the use of additives

supporting the synthesis). Each of synthesis was performed in identical reaction

conditions, both on modified and non-modified fly ash.

The results of the experiments proved that the chemical composition of fly ash

determines the type of formed zeolite phases. Based on the results obtained, there was

no apparent and clear influence of modification in relation to the efficiency of formed

zeolite phases, nevertheless as a result of using demagnetized material additional or

new, different phases of zeolites may be formed. [1] R. Sommerville, R. Blissett, N. Rowson, S. Blackburn, Producing a synthetic zeolite from improved fly ash

residue, International Journal of Mineral Processing 124 (2013) 20–25. [2] A.M. Cardoso, A. Paprocki , L.S. Ferret , C.M.N. Azevedo, M. Pires, Synthesis of zeolite Na-P1 under mild

conditions using Brazilian coal fly ash and its application in wastewater treatment, Fuel 84 (2005) 1351–1363

[3] Qing-feng Xue, Sheng-gao Lu, Microstructure of ferrospheres in fly ashes: SEM, EDX and ESEM analysis, Journal of Zhejiang University Science A 9(11)( 2008) 1595-1600

1 AGH University of Science and Technology 2Lublin University of Technology

*[email protected]

64 | p a g e

FUSION SYNTHESIS CONDITIONS ANALYSIS ON THE SO2 SORPTION PROPERTIES OF ZEOLITES PRODUCED OUT OF FLY ASH

Natalia Czuma11,*, Katarzyna Zarębska1, Paweł Baran1

Keywords: fly ash, fusion, zeolites, SO2 sorption

ABSTRACT

Fly ash-derived zeolites became attractive alternative for natural zeolites as well as

for zeolites produced out of pure chemicals. Growing awareness approach to environment

protection is a basis for the use of waste materials as a raw material for production of

zeolites. Additionally, environmentally friendly actions undertaken in order to reduce air

pollution, enforce necessity to search for new options for elimination of hazardous air

pollutants out of flue gases.

Production of zeolite materials out of fly ash for the purpose of obtaining SO2

adsorbent [1] is economically and environmentally justified challenge.

In this work the synthetic zeolite material was obtained with the use of fusion

method. The synthesis method was selected due to literature information stating that

this procedure allows for highly efficient zeolite synthesis [2,3]. In this paper the

influence of synthesis parameters (temperature, fly ash/base ratio, time of hydrothermal

reaction after fusion) on the type and estimated quantity of received zeolite material in

the sample was investigated. SO2 sorption experiments were performed on selected

samples.

Based on experimental results the best fusion conditions for zeolites synthesis out of

fly ash were selected. It was proved that the synthesized zeolite material is a promising

candidate for the SO2 sorption. Obtained SO2 sorption values were directly correlated

with the amount of zeolites present in synthesized samples. Good and very good

regeneration properties of investigated materials were found.

[1]T. T. Suchecki, T. Wałek, M. Banasik, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 13, 6 (2004) 723-727 [2] S. S. Bukhari, J. Behin, H. Kazemian , S. Rohani , Fuel 140 (2015) 250–266 [3] N. Shigemoto, H. Hayashi, K. Miyaura, Journal of Materials Science 28, 17 (1993) 4781-4786

1 Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza w Krakowie * [email protected]

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236114009466




http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00162361

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00162361

http://link.springer.com/journal/10853

http://link.springer.com/journal/10853/28/17/page/1



65 | p a g e

RAPID PROTOTYPING METHODS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF FUEL CELLS

Piotr Dudek1,*, Andrzej Raźniak2

Keywords:rapid prototyping, 3D printing, fuel cell, PEM (Polimer Electrolyte Membrane)

ABSTRACT

The term rapid prototyping (RP) is widely used to describe technologies which create

physical prototypes directly from digital data. The first methods for rapid prototyping

became available in the late 1980s and were used to produce models and prototype

parts. In various areas of manufacturing, research, and education, 3D rapid prototyping

methods are widely employed. Typical applications include engineering, architecture, and

medicine. The present level of technical and commercial demand requires the

development of faster and cheaper methodologies for the design and realisation of

structures. Different techniques based on CAD platforms and rapid prototyping are

available. Parts can be produced in a variety of materials: polymers, metal, paper,

ceramics, and composites.

The RP method also enables the production of prototypes which are useful for

analysing the characteristics of a complex system (e.g. interference between dynamic

parts, geometric evaluation, quality and reliability). Compared to other methods, RP can

produce very complex parts which are impossible or difficult to produce by traditional

methods.

This paper presents typical applications of rapid prototyping technology for

manufacturing mechanical parts for fuel cells, such as housing parts or bipolar plates

which supply reactants (hydrogen to anodes and oxygen to cathodes), conduct electrons

from one cell to the next, remove waste heat from the cell, and provide mechanical

support for cells in a stack. Conventional graphite or composite materials can be replaced

by lighter metallic materials characterised by greatly superior manufacturability and cost

effectiveness, greater mechanical strength, increased durability and resistance to shock

and vibration, and zero permeability [1,2].

The potential for application of this method for the manufacture of metallic bipolar

plates (BPP) for application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is

presented and discussed. Special attention was paid to the fabrication of light elements

for the construction of PEMFC stacks designed for mobile applications such as aviation

technology and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) [3,4].

This paper was supported by National Center for Research and Development

Project-PBS3/A6/24/2015, AOS-H2

[1] R. Taherian, Journal of Power Sources, 265 (2014) 370–390.8-209. [2] L. Penga, P. Yia, X.Laia, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39 (2014) 21127–21153. [3] T.H. Bradley, B.A. Moffitt, D. Mavris, D.E. Parekh, Applications – Transportation Aviation: fuel cells in:

reference module in chemistry, molecular sciences and chemical engineering encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources, Elsevier 2009, 186–192.

[4] O. Z. Sharaf, M. F. Orhan, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 32 (2014) 810–853.

1AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland 2AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-

059 Kraków, Poland


66 | p a g e

ORIGIN IDENTIFICATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL PARTICLES BY STABLE CARBON AND RADIOCARBON ANALYSIS

A. Garbaras*,1, J. Sapolaite1, Z. Ezerinskis1, I. Garbariene1, M. Pocevicius1, L. Krikscikas1,

V. Remeikis1

Keywords: carbon isotope ratio analysis, radiocarbon, aerosol particles

ABSTRACT

Particulate carbonaceous matter in the atmosphere originates from intervening

sources. It is difficult to quantify the contribution due to source diversity, chemical

complexity and processes during atmospheric transport.

Stable carbon isotope analysis of size segregated aerosol particles allow to quantify

two principal aerosol sources [1]. Due to unique isotopic signatures, dual carbon isotope

analysis (δ13C and 14C) of atmospheric aerosol samples has been performed to

demonstrate the potential in atmospheric aerosol apportionment between three principal

sources: coal, biomass and liquid fossil fuel derived aerosols [2]. The results presented

here, utilizing combinations of dual carbon isotope analysis, provide quantification of

main aerosol sources during heating season in Vilnius. We found that biomass-derived aerosol sources are prevailing during wintertime and

are ranged from 57 to 84 % of total carbonaceous aerosol fraction. Applying isotope

mass balance calculations, the traffic emissions were estimated to be about 15% and

coal combustion made up 14±9 % in PM1 fraction. To provide better information about

the pollution sources, the carbon isotope analysis of air mass transport pattern was

performed. Our results demonstrated that the high contribution to PM from coal burning

(up to 40 %) was observed for air masses transported from highly industrialized Western

Europe regions. Combination of stable carbon isotope ratio with the radiocarbon data

allows distinguishing coal from liquid fossil fuel in the aerosol particle emissions.

[1] A. Masalaite et al, Atmospheric Research, 158–159 (2015) 1–12. [2] A. Garbariene et al, Aerosol and Air Quality Research (2016), in press.

1 Center for Physical Science and Technology, institute of Physics, Savanoriu av. 231, Vilnius, Lithuania




67 | p a g e

ASPECT OF SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEMPORARY RELIGIOUS REALIZATIONS

Joanna Gil-Mastalerczyk 1,*

Keywords: sustainable development, architecture, sacrum, environment

ABSTRACT

The emergence in recent decades the idea of sustainability and sustainable

development significantly affected the innovative approach to architectural design and

urban planning. The article presents contemporary examples of Polish works of sacred

architecture and urban planning, which prove the use and incorporation of the concept of

the architectural values of the environment, including climate, energy of the sun and

other natural elements such as .: landform, structure or green water.

The analysis of contemporary examples of architecture, realized in the second half of

the twentieth. age, confirms that such actions are taken. An expression of the search for

a friendly urban space, which combines the comfort of living with the comfort of the

natural environment.

The contemporary objects and complexes sacral testify to integrated planning with

nature. The system of architectural and urban planning objectives is clearly reflected in

the functioning of city and how to organize and use of space, including an attempt to

rebuild a sustainable relationship built environment with the natural environment.

When designing the contemporary forms sacred has become very important in

addition to the historical past, the identity of individual urban structures, at the same

time maintaining the high quality of the environment. Projecting of harmony with the

local climate and the use of natural conditions in urban planning.

1Ph. D. Arch. Joanna Gil-Mastalerczyk, Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering

and Architecture , Department of Architecture and Town Planning, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7 , 25-314 Kielce, Poland

http://tu.kielce.pl/organizacja/wbia/jednostki/jednostka.mhtml/id=413

68 | p a g e

ELECTROCHEMICALLY GENERATED CHLORINE IN WATER DISINFECTION

Małgorzata Grygar1

Keywords: drinking water, sodium hypochlorite, electrolysis, brine

ABSTRACT

Chlorine and its derivatives are an important class of chemical compounds used for

drinking water disinfection. The most commonly used disinfectant is chlorine, rarely used

are chlorine oxide (IV) and ozone, chloramines are used only occasionally. The use of gas

chlorine required to provide sanitary protection zones, transport safety and suitable

storage conditions. These problems could be avoided by using sodium hypochlorite as a

disinfectant. Sodium hypochlorite is often used in smaller water distribution systems

because of relatively simple dispensing methods. Sodium hypochlorite is unstable but it

can be produced on site by electrolysis of sodium chloride (brine) - there is no need to

transport, service and storage the disinfectant. Moreover, the possibility of immediate

application prevent the loss of chlorine. Despite many advantages, sodium hypochlorite

electrolysis has also drawbacks. The disadvantages of this process are reactions of the

disinfectant (strong oxidant) with substances present in the water. Organic matter can be

a precursor for drinking water disinfection by-products, which are unwanted in drinking

water because of their negative influence on human health.

The paper presents the results of the water from Krakow water treatment plant. The

analyzes were performed on the treated water (before the disinfection process). The

disinfection by-products formation potential from the group of trihalogenomethanes

(trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, tribomomethane)

and the sodium hypochlorite and electrochlorine disinfection efficiency were analyzed.

The quality of raw water was also examined.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland



69 | p a g e

EMISSION OF PARTICULATE MATTER DURING AIRCRAFT LANDING OPERATION

Remigiusz Jasiński1*, Jacek Pielecha1, Jarosław Markowski1

Keywords: exhaust emissions, Landing/Take-Off cycle, aircraft engines

ABSTRACT

Deterioration of atmospheric air quality in particular in urban areas results in various

types of efforts to reduce toxic emissions. Currently one of the biggest problems

concerning the air in urban areas is the increased concentration of particulate matter,

resulting in a reduction of visibility in the form of smog and negative effects on human

health appearing as diseases of the heart and lungs. Legislative measures taken by the

authorities of the European Union are focused on reducing emissions of harmful

compounds from automotive vehicles, however, more and more attention in particular

scientific community attracts exhaust emission from aircraft engines.

The article presents the results of studies conducted in the area adjacent to the

airport, to determine the impact of aircraft landing operation on the concentration of

particulate matter. Measurements were carried out using a mass spectrometer, enabling

the measurement of the particle size distribution. The research allowed to determine the

nature of the emitted particles and their impact on air quality in a residential area. The

tests were carried out during four aircraft landing operations. In each of the four cases

total concentration of particulates number before landing (reference level) and during the

landing of the aircraft was measured. In addition, the size distribution of reference level

particles and its change after the landing operation was measured.

In all cases, several tenfold increase in the total particle concentration during the

landing of an aircraft was observed. Increased number of particles matter maintained in

the air for about two minutes. On the basis of the particle size distribution, it was found

that the particulate matter emitted during aircraft landing operation are in the range of

5–40 nm.

Based on the conducted research, it was found that landing aircrafts have a

significant impact on the concentration of particulate matter in the area adjacent to the

airport. A single landing operation causes an increase of the value of particle number

concentration tens of times. The fact that the measurement was performed at a distance

of about 2 km from the aircraft touchdown point, suggests that areas of the runway,

taxiways and aprons can be much more polluted than the area where the tests were

carried out. [1] Ramanathan V., Feng Y., Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional

perspectives, Atmospheric Environment, 43 (2009) 37–50. [2] Masiol M., Harrison R.M., Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to

ambient air pollution: A review, Atmospheric Environment 95 (2014) 409–455. [3] Hyslop N.P., Impaired visibility: the air pollution people see, Atmospheric Environment, 43 (2009)

182–195.

1 Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport, Poznan, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected]

70 | p a g e

PATTERNS OF PARTICLE-BOUND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AS CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE TO DISTINGUISH

BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION SOURCE

Magdalena Kistler1,*, Mira Flasch1, Anne Kasper-Giebl1

Keywords: atmospheric aerosols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, diagnostic ratios,

source characterization

ABSTRACT

Air quality is an important topic related directly to energy production. Even

renewable energy sources, e.g., wood, can significantly raise the threat of air pollution

with particulate matter (PM). The term “sustainable development” should therefore be

understood in relation to both the intelligent use of energy sources and environmental

quality management. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most

important aspects related to combustion. Their ambient concentration is regulated in the

EU directive 2004/107/EC [1] and it may not exceed 1 ng/m³ in the yearly average. The

knowledge on the origin of pollution through PAHs is though the requirement for the

effective air quality management. Diagnostic ratios are one of the methods allowing to

describe the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient PM (review

provided by [2]).

In this work we report the diagnostic ratios of particle-bound PAHs determined in

samples from different environments across Austria. PM10 (particulate matter with

aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm) was collected at different sites across Austria

representing various environments: kerbsite, residential background dominated by wood

combustion, residential background influenced through coal burning emissions and high

alpine regional background. Particles were collected on quartz fiber filters during selected

periods of winter and summer months in years 2007, 2011 and 2016. Samples were

analyzed for PAHs (GC-MS), anhydrosugars (HPAE-PAD), as well as for the main

constituents, i.e., organic and elemental carbon (thermal-optical analysis) and major ions

(isocratic ion chromatography. We provide the ambient concentrations of 18 PAHs,

including the 16 US EPA priority PAHs as well as Pyrene and Benzo(e)pyrene.

Furthermore we characterize their contributions in the vicinity of direct sources and at

the remote background in order to evaluate to which extent the long-range transport

should be considered for source apportionment of local PAHs. The study gives also the

PAH patterns and discusses those in relation to main PM10 sources (identified based on

chemical tracers). The PAH diagnostic ratios obtained for the ambient PM10 are

compared with those reported for source aerosols and evaluated.

[1] Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to

arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, Official Journal of the European Union, L23/3-16, 2005

[2] M. Tobiszewski, J. Namiesnik, Environmental Pollution, 162 (2012) 110-119.

1 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria



71 | p a g e

COAL FROM THE WASTE DISPOSAL SITE OF THE SIERSZA MINE (Trzebinia, Poland) AND ITS PROPERTIES AS A POSSIBLE

ALTERNATIVE FUEL

Beata Kosa11*, Alicja Kicińska1

Keywords: coal waste, fuel, Siersza

ABSTRACT

Coal mining generates in Poland about 36 million Mg waste per year, of which 5.6

million Mg is disposed of on the dumps. The volume of waste accumulated so far is

estimated at 459 million Mg [1]. Considering the presence of such components as heavy

metals (Cd, Fe, Mn, Tl, Ti, Zn, and Hg), sulfur and chlorine, mining and processing coal

waste may be a serious threat to the environment [2]. The authors recovered bituminous

coal from the dump of the closed down Siersza mine in Trzebinia, determined its

properties and evaluated a possibility of applying it as an alternative fuel for the cement

industry. The dump material was enriched in a laboratory using the gravity (jigs, shaking

tables) and flotation methods of coal cleaning. The gross calorific value of the processing

products, measured with a calorimetric bomb, ranges from 13,588 to 22,543 MJ·kg-1.

The contents of heavy metals, determined with XRF, are as follows: Fe 3.76-5.25 mg·kg-

1, Mn 0.037-0.132 mg·kg-1, Ti 0.325-0.493 mg·kg-1 and Zn 0.113-0.329 mg·kg-1, while of

Hg (determined with ASA) from 0.02689 to 0.21870 mg·kg-1. The content of sulphur is

0.7349-1.0484 wt.% and of chlorine Cl 0.131-0.135 wt.%, the net calorific value of

13,446-22,538 MJ·kg-1. Other parameters include: the ash content – 21-55 wt.%, the

content of volatiles – 12-31 wt.% and the moisture content after ageing (1 month,

ambient temperature) – 13-21%.

The results indicate that the laboratory jigging and flotation provide products that

meet the parameters of the solid fuels selected by [3] applicable to the needs of cement

plants.

[1]GUS – Central statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2015, Warsaw. [2]K. Galos, J. Szlugaj, Management of hard coal mining and processing waste in Poland, Mineral Resources

Managements, 2014, 13(2), 51-64. [3]M. Sarna, E. Mokrzycki, A. Uliasz-Bocheńczyk, Paliwa alternatywne z odpadów dla cementowni –

doświadczenia Lafarge Cement Polska S.A., Inżynieria Środowiska in: Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Budownictwa i Inżynierii Środowiska Politechniki Koszalińskiej, 21(2003), 309-316.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental

Protection, Mickiewicza 30 av., 30-059 Kraków *[email protected]

72 | p a g e

PROTECTION OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION OF VIBRATIONS

Alicja Kowalska-Koczwara1,*, Krzysztof Stypuła2

Keywords: historic buildings, dynamic influence, vibrations, environmental protection

ABSTRACT

Historic buildings in Poland are largely neglected objects that small percentage is

preserved in its original form. Unrelenting in the case of historic buildings is a time that

brings with it the natural processes of aging of buildings, but also the history of the

object which is often marked by military conflicts, fires or even incompetently carried out

reconstruction. Nowadays historic buildings are also destroyed by the rapid development

of infrastructure and residential construction. This development could lead to changes of

water in the soil, make changes in the geological structure or cause exposure of the

historic building to the new influences (eg. transport vibrations), to which building has

not been subjected so far. Vibrations are often omitted in environmental issues, although

the protection against noise and vibration has its place in the Law on Environmental

Protection, in which vibrations are treated as pollution.

This article presents the methodology for the measurement and interpretation of

vibration influence on historic buildings and the assessment methods of technical

condition of historic building on the example of dynamic measurements made on St.

Nicholas Church in Krakow. The importance of well-done crack-by-crack documentation

and characterization of damages based on damage index is shown. Difficulties that can

be encountered when determining the causes of technical condition of historic buildings

are also shown.

1 Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Warszawska 24 St., 31-155, Poland 2 Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Warszawska 24 St., 31-155, Poland




73 | p a g e

IMPACT OF VIBRATIONS ON PEOPLE RESIDING IN BUILDINGS FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRAFFIC LOADS ACCORDING TO THE

VDV SCALE

Krzysztof Kozioł1

Keywords: vibration propagation, dynamic response of the building, paraseismic

vibrations dynamic influence, vibrations, environmental protection, subway vibrations

ABSTRACT

Development of communication lines as well as reducing the distance of its location

from buildings contributes to the deterioration of human comfort residing in buildings.

For that reason it is necessary to determine the size of this nuisance . This paper

presents a comparative analysis in order to determine influence of vibrations originating

from selected means of transport for people in buildings using ISO 2631-1, British BS

6481 and Polish prPN /B-02171 standards. The analysis focuses mainly on the parameter

called dose of vibrations - VDV. In the comparative analysis - as the load acting on the

human - vibration acceleration of ceilings caused by crossing subway, truck, tram and

train were used. Presented in the paper analysis show, that each types of considered

traffic excitations gives similar results for all concerned standards. In case of BS648

standard values of VDV are smaller in vertical direction than for other standards.

However, for extortions, in which in the amplitude-frequency characteristics dominate

lower natural frequencies, difference between obtained results decreases.

1 Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Warszawska 24 St., 31-155, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected]

74 | p a g e

INFLUENCE OF EXCITATIONS ORIGINATING FROM MOVING SUBWAY ONTO TRANSFERING VIBRATIONS FROM GROUND TO

STRUCTURE

Krzysztof Kozioł 1

Keywords: dynamic influence, vibrations, environmental protection, subway vibrations

ABSTRACT

During designing and further raising of the structure (according to the Polish Building

Law Dz.U.1994 No. 89, Item 414) it should be ensure, that subsequent requirements

relating to safety of structure, usage of appropriate hygiene and health conditions, fire

resistance, heat and humidity as well as inhabitants protection against noise and

vibration requirements will be fulfilled.

In the majority of these influences parameters describing them are known.

Nevertheless, in the case of vibration is not always simple to determine their parameters,

especially when the source is located outside. The paper presents problems associated

with the building loads generating by the subway passages. Moving subway train in a

tunnel, through the layout of the track, transfers energy to the housing tunnel, then to

the ground which then propagates in the ground layers to the building. This causes

movement of foundations generating kinematic excitation for the entire facility. Generally

way of propagation of vibration is complex. During designing new facility, it is possible -

at its future location – to measure vibration level of existing sources on the ground. Soil

movements in the vicinity of the foundation of the house are not the same - they are

quite often very different from each other. This is related to wave transitions through the

border between the different soil layers. Therefore there is a need to determine the

transfer function between the vibrations registered on the soil and potential real

construction loadings. Such analysis were made for an existing building with six floors

loaded with excitations caused by movement of the subway in a nearby tunnel.

According to Polish Standard PN-85/B-02170 (“Hazard rating of vibrations

transmitted through the ground to the buildings”) only vibrations with frequency up to

100Hz in terce octave bands (1/3 octave) were considered. As is apparent from the

analysis the global amplitude value of vibrations registered on the ground is several

times less than on the foundation of the building. However, in particular one-third octave

bands (up to several Hz) it may happen that the acceleration vibration of the foundation

is higher than on the surrounding terrain. Increased amplitudes may be important in the

effort analysis of structure cross-sections as well as the effects of vibrations on people

staying inside. Therefore, the problem of loading building with vibrations caused by the

movement of subway should take into account an analysis of the nature of amplitude-

frequency at the interface soil-foundation.

1 Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Warszawska 24 St., 31-155, Poland




75 | p a g e

IMPACT OF THE VIBRATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT CAUSED BY THE PASSAGES OF TRAINS AT VARIABLE SPEED

Barbara Kożuch 1,*, Tadeusz Tatara 2

Keywords: Pendolino, EMU 250, high speed trains, WODB, SDI

ABSTRACT

The paper deals with negative environmental impact caused by the passages of

different kinds of trains at variable speed. The study is based on the measurement

results, which took place in Poland in 2013 on the railway line no. 4. The effect of the

traction unit – Pendolino (EMU 250) on the vibration climate was analyzed. The impact of

passages of the new trains was compared to currently operated rolling stock. The speed

of trains was varying between 40 and 250 km/h.

Vibration measurements were conducted by the staff of an accredited Laboratory of

Structural Mechanics at Cracow University of Technology (Accreditation No. AB 826). The

measurements were realized during the homologation test of newly purchased Pendolino

train.

The influence of the indicated vibrations due to passages of the trains on the

building in the neighbourhood of the line was investigated. The assessed building was

located within 50 m of the track. The vibration assessment was done for the horizontal

components of vibrations (X and Y) according to Polish standard [1] code. The results

were illustrated by graph of frequency spectra with the Scales of Dynamic Influences

(SDI scales) according to the standard [1].

Assessment of environmental impact was presented by indicator of perceptibility of

vibration through construction (WODB), which refers to SDI scales.

The limits specified by standards in any of the passages have not been exceeded.

The change of speed or rolling stock resulted in a change in the characteristic of the

vibration spectrum. [1] PN-85/B-02170:1985, Evaluation of the harmfulness of building vibrations due to ground motion (in

polish)

1 M. Sc. Eng. Barbara Kożuch, Institute of Structural Mechanics, Cracow University of Technology, Poland 2 Prof. D. Sc. Ph. D. Eng. Tadeusz Tatara, Institute of Structural Mechanics, Cracow University of Technology, Poland


76 | p a g e

CRS, ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY INVESTMENTS AND INNOVATIONS - THE THREE ELEMENTS NECESSARY TO BUILD A MODERN AND

STRONG ENTERPRISE?

Joanna Kulczycka1,*, Katarzyna Hałasik2

Keywords: CSR, innovations, environment-friendly investments, Polish hard coal minig

sector

ABSTRACT

Currently, strongly increasing globalization forces companies around the world to

search new ways to build competitive advantage and value that will ensure the

maintenance of the market and achieving goals. Society having wider access to

information and products, began to pay attention not only to the attractiveness of the

goods, but also to the credibility of the environmental and social of functioning

companies. This requires an understanding of the organization's broader interests and

expectations of society. Conditions legal and political additionally impose new standards

and norms to ensure the support of sustainability. This makes, that the concept of

corporate social responsibility and the green revolution, which are strongly associated

with innovations, in last years become widely discussed in the literature, as well as

popular in the activities of enterprises. This article is an attempt to answer the question,

whether the combination of these three elements - CSR, investments in the environment

and innovations - is a guarantee for the creations of a positive image, and thus the value

of a modern and strong company. In other words, whether the contribution of business in

sustainable development through smart growth based on knowledge and innovation,

conducive to the public and the environment, it is a source of gaining competitive

advantage. The research literature aims to identify the current approach to these three

factors and their characteristics. In contrast, the analysis of Polish hard coal mining

sector indicates the role of innovation, environmental protection and CSR in the industry

- whether the actions in this area are present and to what extent. In addition, it will be

presented to outline the current state of Polish hard coal mining sector.

1 D.Sc., Associate Professor AGH-UST, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, Krakow, Poland 2 M.Sc. Eng., PhD student AGH-UST, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, Krakow, Poland




77 | p a g e

DRY (PM1, PM2.5) AND WET (RAIN, SNOW, MIXED) DEPOSITION OF ELEMENTAL CARBON AND PARTICULATE AND DISSOLVED

ORGANIC CARBON INTO THE BALTIC SEA

Anita Lewandowska1,*, Agnieszka Witkowska2

Keywords: aerosols, precipitation, organic carbon, elemental carbon, scavenging ratios

and cleaning of air

ABSTRACT

Parallel studies on organic and elemental carbon in PM1 and PM2.5 aerosols and in

wet deposition in various forms of its occurrence (rain, snow, mixed precipitation) were

conducted for the period between January 2012 and February 2015 in the urbanized

coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. Measurements made it possible to indicate a significant

role played by the sea and land emission sources in the formation of concentration of

organic and elemental carbon in aerosols and precipitation and their loads to the sea.

The concentrations of organic carbon in water insoluble (WIOC) and water soluble

(WSOC) form as well as of elemental carbon (EC) were on average a few orders of

magnitude higher in precipitation than in PM1 and PM2.5 aerosols. In both forms of

precipitation, dry and wet, organic carbon was predominant and present mainly as

WSOC. The most marked rise in the concentration of WIOC and WSOC in precipitation

occurred in the warm period at marine advection, as a consequence of high primary

production in the sea. On the other hand, an increase in EC in precipitation was evident

in the heating period at terrestrial advection of a local character.

The carbon load introduced into the sea water was affected by the volume and form

of precipitation as well as by air mass origin. Both, suspended and dissolved organic

carbon were more effectively removed from the air with rain than snow. However the

highest flux of WIOC and WSOC were recorded in precipitation of a mixed nature. An

inverse relationship was found for elemental carbon. The most effective way of EC

removal was snow.

The atmospheric cleaning of water insoluble organic carbon was observed to be the

most effective on the first day of precipitation, while water soluble organic carbon and

the hydrophobic elemental carbon were removed more efficiently when the precipitation

lasted longer than a day. The average scavenging ratios of both, WIOC and EC, were

higher for PM1 than for PM2.5 regardless of the form of precipitation. Snow has been the

most effective form of precipitation in scavenging of EC in PM1 aerosols. WSOC average

scavenging ratio was determined by season in which lasting measurements. In warm

period higher scavenging WSOC ratios were noted for PM2.5 while in the heating period

for PM1 aerosols. Rain was more effective in cleaning air from WSOC in PM2.5 while snow

and mixed precipitation from WSOC in PM1.

1 Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland 2 Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland

78 | p a g e

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORTING IN POLISH MINING COMPANIES IN THE CONTEXT OF WORLD CSR TRENDS

Paweł Bogacz1, Marcin Migza1,*

Keywords: environmental management, CSR, GRI

ABSTRACT

According to International Council on Mining and Metals analysis from 2014,

environmental management matters are among the greatest challenges that mining

companies have to face in the nearest future. Furthermore, natural environment, beside

social and financial spheres, is one of the fundamental elements of sustainable

development concept and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

In the recent years, Corporate Social Responsibility is very fast evolving

management concept in the whole world. Therefore environmental management

development is one of the most important strategic direction and determines objectives

for modern enterprises. It is particularly relevant for mining enterprises, because their

impact on the natural environment is in principle significant.

The authors of this article aimed to verify if the abovementioned trend is reflected in

polish mining companies actions. The observations and conclusions regarding

environmental management reporting were made from quantitative and qualitative

perspective. Mining companies which accordingly to EU law are classified as big

enterprises, are obligated to non-financial reporting. The level of compliance of

environmental management component in reporting made by polish mining enterprises

on 31.12.2015 was analysed in detail in this article. In the paper the level of Global

Reporting Initiative (GRI) usage in mining companies was considered. Global Reporting

Initiative is now the most frequently used method of non-financial reporting in the world.





79 | p a g e

THE EVALUATION OF COPPER FLOTATION WASTE AS AN ADSORBENT OF Cu(II), Cr(III) AND Pb(II) FROM AQUEOUS

SOLUTIONS

Bartosz Mikoda1,*, Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska1, Agnieszka Klimek2

Keywords: copper flotation waste, heavy metals, adsorption, wastewater purification

ABSTRACT

The amount of flotation waste generated and stored after copper ore processing in

Poland is an impetus for seeking the opportunities of its utilization, e.g. in construction

materials or as an ingredient of the backfill for mining excavations. However, none of the

investigated utilization methods was efficient enough to this day. The aim of this work

was to assay the copper flotation waste material as a low-cost adsorbent for metal-

contaminated wastewater purification. Material used in the experiment was the flotation

waste sampled from the pipeline system leading towards the “Żelazny Most” landfill,

where the waste from copper ore beneficiation in KGHM are stored. The waste material

was composed mainly of carbonates, quartz and clay minerals, containing some

significant amounts of heavy metals sulphides. Batch studies carried out at 2-12 pH

value, 100-5000 mg/l initial concentration of metals and 10-300 min reaction time were

conducted to determine Cu(II), Cr(III) and Pb(II) ions sorption on flotation waste.

Langmuir and Freundlich theoretical sorption models were fitted to the measured

sorption values. The sorption curves were well fitted to the Langmuir (Cr(III), Pb(II)) and

Freundlich (Cu(II)) models. Kinetics of the sorption process was studied using the

pseudo-first and pseudo-second order reaction models. The results revealed that the

pseudo-second order kinetic models provided much better R2 values. The experiment

revealed that the flotation waste exhibited good sorption ability for all three investigated

elements. Optimal sorption values were achieved in reaction conditions: pH 3, 60 min

and 100 mg/l concentration, which provided over 97% removal of contaminants from

solutions. The experiments implicated that the copper flotation waste from KGHM can be

an effective adsorbent in metal-contaminated wastewater purification. Obtained results

suggested that conducting the industrial scale wastewater purification study using the

copper flotation waste is recommended.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental

Protection, Department of Environmental Protection; al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry; al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059

Krakow, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected]

80 | p a g e

WASTE IMMOBILIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN GLASS-CERAMICS GLAZES DEVELOPMENT

N. Pałczyńska11,*, M.Kosmal2, M.Reben1, P.Pichniarczyk2

Keywords:glazes, sintering process, glass-ceramic, basalt, CRT glass cullet

ABSTRACT

The traditional ceramic glaze is a thin layer of glass created on the ceramic surface

to enhance the aesthetic appearance and also to waterproof the artifact. In general

glazes are based on quartz, SiO2, and a flux such as Na2O or K2O, similar to the

composition of common silicate glasses. The current work investigated the formulation

of glazes using recycled CRT waste glass powder mixed with basalt, kaolin and other

additives.

CRT panel glass waste was deliberately chosen due to its particular chemical

composition especially its high barium and strontium content. A CRT is composed of

three different parts: One is the viewing section, known as the screen or panel, which is

made of barium oxide glass. The others are funnel and the neck. There are several issues

around CRTs which create obstacles to the increased recovery of the glass. It is

important to underline that because liquid crystal displays are rapidly replacing cathode

tubes, there are no manufacturers of CRT glass in Europe and in North America. Glazes

were formed via sintering process which took place during firing off the tiles. New glaze

compositions can be crystallized in order to improve the mechanical and chemical

properties of fast-fired glazed tiles. These glazes are characterized by high resistance to

abrasion. The physico-chemical properties of wastes and the final products were

determined with use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The thermal expansion coefficient of glassy and glass-ceramic glazes was measured. The

glaze sealed the porosity of the body and enhanced both mechanical properties and

chemical stability. Final results suggest that CRT glass cullet and other wastes such as

basalt and kaolin have potential to be vitrified into economically and environmentally

low-cost glass-ceramic glaze materials.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland 2 Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Division of Glass in Cracow, Lipowa 3, 30-702 Cracow, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected] AGH University of Science and Technology,

Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland



81 | p a g e

EFFECT OF GRINDING PROCESS ON THE LEVEL OF LEACHING OF THE CONTAMINANTS FROM THE FLY ASHES FROM INCINERATION

OF BIOMASS

Aleksandra Pawluk1

Keywords: energetic waste, ash from the biomass combustion, leachability of

contaminants

ABSTRACT

The most commonly used renewable energy source in Polish energy production

companies is solid biomass which is used both as a separate fuel or as a component co-

incinerated together with (mostly) charcoal. During its incineration the biomass

generates side-products with diverse and variable physicochemical properties. The most

of the waste from production of electricity and/or heat are fly ashes. The fly ashes from

combustion of biomass (10 01 03) are a particular kind of waste distinguished by high

level of leaching of contaminants and variable chemical composition.

Fly ashes from combustion of conventional energy sources are commonly used in

many branches of industry. Generally in production of building materials and mining

technologies. Ashes from combustion of biomass are also utilized in the industry, for

example production of building materials [2].

The side-products from incineration can only be used in production when their

physicochemical properties meet specific parameters. One of the important indicators is

level of leaching of contaminants. Unexceeding of required levels of leaching of chemical

substances can decide on way of utilization. Taking the above into consideration it is only

reasonable to analyze the leachability of side-products from biomass combustion in

different kinds of boilers and the possibilities of limitation which could allow to determine

potential usage of these kinds of ashes [1].

This article presents results of research on leachability of chemical pollutants from

dry ashes of combustion or co-combustion of biomass. The study of the impact of

grinding of ashes on the level of their leachability was also conducted. Ashes from

combustion of biomass as well as their mixture with fluidized ash from combustion of

charcoal were submitted to grinding process. Afterwards level of leachability was

measured on them to determine prospect of utility in mining technologies. The results of

the research on leachability of ashes were compared to PN-G-11011 Mining Norm -

Materials For Backfilling And Caulking Of Cavings - Requirements And Tests because fly

ashes are commonly used in suspended matter in underground mining. In reference to

the Norm PN-G-11011 examined ashes from combustion of biomass showed elevated

levels of leachability of sulfates, chlorides, cadmium, chromium and copper. Grinding of

the ashes caused decrease in leaching of contaminants but despite of that, levels of

leachability of some ashes were still exceeding requirements of Norm PN-G-11011.

[1] A. Uliasz-Bocheńczyk, A. Pawluk, Wymywalność zanieczyszczeń z popiołów lotnych ze spalania biomasy,

Mineral Resources Management, Vol. 31, Issue 3, s. 145–156, 2015. [2] W. Kępys, Z. Piotrowski, R. Pomykała, A. Grzywa, Application of fly ash from biomass in suspension

technologies, Journal of the Polish Mineral Engineering Society, nr2, s.251–255, 2014.

1 Mgr inż., AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering; e-mail: [email protected]

82 | p a g e

TANTALUM RECYCLING FROM WASTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

A. Piotrowicz1,*, S. Pietrzyk 22

Keywords: rare metals, tantalum capacitors, recycling

ABSTRACT

Tantalum is a very rare element in the earth’s crust (2.1 ppm) and also desirable, in

sintered carbide and superalloys industry sectors, especially in the electronics industry

for the tantalum capacitors manufacturing. Tantalum capacitors have very high

capacitance while maintaining a small volume and are stable under operating conditions.

Trend in miniaturization of electric/electronic equipment leads to increased interest and

demand for this metal.

In the global economies, including the European Union, most of tantalum is imported

from Australia, Brazil, Canada, countries of Southeast Asia and Central Africa. Practically,

the European Union has no own deposits of tantalum. For this reason, tantalum is

considered a critical metal.

Recycling of tantalum in the European Union currently focused only on sintered

carbide and alloys sectors. More effort is spent on the substitution of tantalum

capacitors, unsuccessfully.

Despite growing demand for tantalum, still not development a simple and effective

process of the tantalum recycling from waste of electrical and electronic equipment,

mainly used printed circuit boards.

The possibility of tantalum recycling using basic physical and chemical methods, ie.

mechanical separation via crushing, leaching of silver layer in diluted nitric acid, grinding

and oxidation of “slug” and thermic reduction with metallic reducing agent in solid as well

as liquid state, was investigated. A recovery rate of “slug” material was determined at

96%, and recycling efficiency of tantalum to pure form was determined more than 50%.

Also was made mass balance of the proposed method of tantalum recovery.

1 Department of Physical Chemistry and Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland 2 Department of Physical Chemistry and Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland




83 | p a g e

BUILDING CERAMICS WITH IMPROVED THERMAL INSULATION PARAMETERS

K.Rzepa1,*, W.Wons1, M.Reben1, J.Małolepszy1

Keywords: Thermal insulation, expanded perlite, building ceramics, thermal insulation

ceramics, perlite brick

ABSTRACT

One of the most important performance characteristics of masonry units is their high

thermal insulation. There are many different ways to improve this parameter, however

the most popular methods in case of ceramic masonry units are: addition of pore-

creating raw materials and application of proper hole pattern. This study was an attempt

to improve thermal insulation of ceramics by applying thermal insulation additives. Perlite

dust created as a subgrain from expansion of perlite rock was used. Perlite subgrain is

not very popular among consumers, that’s why it’s subjected to granulation to obtain

coarse grain. The authors presented concept of direct application of perlite dust for the

production of building ceramics with improved thermal insulation. Fineness of this

additive is asset for molding of ceramic materials from plastic masses. Based on the

results it was found that about 70% perlite by volume can be added to obtain material

with a coefficient of heat conductivity of 0,37 W/mK. Higher content of this additive in

ceramic mass causes deterioration of its rheological properties. Mass loses its plasticity,

it tears up and formed green bodies are susceptible to deformation. During sintering

perlite takes an active part in compaction process. Higher sintering dynamics is caused

by: high content of alkali oxides in perlite and glass nature of perlite. Alkali oxides

generate creation of liquid phase which intensifies mass compaction processes. Active

role of perlite in sintering process causes good connection of its grains with clay

groundwork which is important factor for mechanical parameters of ceramic materials. It

was also noted that addition of perlite above 40% by volume of mass effectively

neutralized negative effect of efflorescence in ceramic materials.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology * corresponding author: [email protected]

84 | p a g e

CARBONACEOUS SPECIES IN ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS FROM THE KRAKOW AREA (MALOPOLSKA DISCTRICT): CARBONACEOUS

SPECIES DRY DEPOSITION ANALYSIS

Katarzyna Szramowiat1, Katarzyna Styszko1*, Magdalena Kistler2, Anne Kasper-Giebl2,

Janusz Gołaś1

Keywords: atmospheric aerosols, PM10, chemical composition, carbonaceous species,

dry deposition

ABSTRACT

In recent years, scientists have taken a greater interest in atmospheric aerosols.

This is especially due to the adverse impact of particulate matter on human health and

due to the climate changes caused by aerosols. Unlike the gases present in the

atmosphere, aerosols have a complex structure, and are composed of a wide range of

both organic and inorganic chemical compounds. Aerodynamic diameter sizes range from

several nanometres to several micrometres. The chemical composition is determined

depending on the emission sources and meteorological conditions in the monitored

region [1].

The paper presents the results of the analysis carried out for the determination and

comparison of the chemical composition of the PM10 fraction of particulate matter from

three different measurement locations in the Lesser Poland District: from Krakow, Bialka

and Skawina. The sampling locations represent an urban area, a rural/residential area

and an industrial/residential area, respectively. The samples were collected during the

winter time study in 2013. Moreover, the dry deposition fluxes of carbonaceous species

were calculated.

The highest concentration of PM10 was observed in Bialka and was equal to 81.0

µg·m-3. The lowest amount of PM10 was reported in Krakow and was equal to 58.3 µg·m-

3. The share of carbonaceous fraction (the sum of the elemental carbon and organic

matter) in the PM10 is similar in Krakow and Bialka and is equal to ca. 40 %. The highest

contribution of carbonaceous species was observed in Skawina (ca. 62 %).

Acknowledgement

This work was partially supported by AGH University Grant no 11.11.210.244. The

authors acknowledge the financial support of OeaD and of the Ministry of Science and

Higher Education (Poland) in the frame of project WTZ (Wissenschaftlich–Technische

Zusammenarbeit), No. PL09/2015. The authors thank the students of AGH University for

their support in the collecting and analysis of samples.

[1] X. Querol, A. Alastuey, C.R. Ruiz, B. Artiñano, H.C. Hansson, R.M. Harrison, E. Buringh, H.M. ten Brink, M.

Lutz, P. Bruckmann, P. Straehl, J. Schneider, Atmospheric Environment, 38 (2004) 6547- 6555.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria * corresponding author: Katarzyna Styszko, [email protected]



85 | p a g e

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES (RES): ALTERNATIVE

POSSIBILITIES, WHICH COULD BE IMPLEMENTED IN POLAND

Anna Wiktor-Sułkowska1,*

Keywords: Renevable Energy Sources (RES), mine water, hydroelectric power station,

pumped storage plant, geothermy

ABSTRACT

The Kyoto Protocol and the EU’s Renewable Energy Directive [1] are the World and

the European Union’s legal regulations, which put pressure on most of the countries to

extensive use of renewable energy sources (RES), in exchange for a reduction of energy

from conventional sources. The main goal of the legal regulations is to reduce

greenhouse gas emission. In European Union, from 1990 till 2014, share of the solid

fuels in energy production has decreased about 60%, and share of the renewable energy

sources (hydro, wind, solar, biomass and renewable wastes, geothermal) has increased

about 173%. Among the renewable energy sources, one of the most important is

hydropower, which took part in 16%, in the renewable energy mix in 2014 [2]. The data

show that RES share in energy mix is increasing, and still has to increase. Therefore, all

European’s countries are obligated to build new RES installations and to improve the

efficiency of existing installations. That is the reason of that paper. In this article, on the

base of own field research carried out in Germany and in Poland, author presents two

alternative methods of energy obtaining, in which former mining excavations are used. In

first method the excavations are adapted as the elements of the hydroelectric power

stations (flow power station of special type and pumped storage plant) and in second

method they are used as a source of geothermal energy. In the end of the paper, author

presents the proposals for the implementation of similar solutions in Poland.

[1] European Commission, „Directive 2009/28/ec of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC,” European Commission, 23 April 2009.

[2] European Commission, „EU Energy in figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2016,” Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2015.



86 | p a g e

NEUTRON INDUCED TRANSMUATAION REACTIONS IN 237Np AND 239Pu SAMPLES

Lukas Zavorka1,*, Kamila Wilczynska2,3

Keywords: ADS, Spent nuclear fuel, Transmutation reaction, Spallation neutrons

ABSTRACT

From the beginning of the nuclear era the presence of long-lived actinides and fission

products in the spent nuclear fuel stands as a great disadvantage of nuclear energy

generation. Arguably the most intriguing method of management of spent fuel

is the nuclear transmutation. Due to this process the negative effects of abovementioned

radioactive waste can be reduced. Namely, the most dangerous long-lived actinides will

transmute into other, less dangerous isotopes.

The purpose of the presented experiment was to study transmutation rates –

in particular the neutron induced fission rates – in the actinide samples located

in the secondary neutron field generated in the spallation process by the 660 MeV proton

beams irradiating the massive natural uranium spallation target QUINTA. Exclusively,

the transmutation rates of 237Np and 239Pu were investigated. The neutron-induced

transmutation of the actinide samples was measured off-line by implementing methods

of gamma-ray spectrometry with HPGe detectors.

Results of experiment were expressed in the form of both the individual reaction

rates and the average fission transmutation rates. For 237Np sample the average fission

transmutation rate per unit beam energy equals (0.57±0.30) × 10-26 [atom-1proton-1GeV-

1], whereas for 239Pu sample is equal to (2.99±0.0521) × 10-26 [atom-1proton-1GeV-1]. The presented experimental data surely constitute a fertile ground for drawing a potential

comparison with the results of Monte Carlo simulation of neutron production in spallation

targets employing various nuclear physics models and event generators.

1 JINR, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków 30-059, Poland 3 KTH Royal Institute of Technology, MSc EMINE – European Master in Nuclear Energy, Stockholm 11428, Sweden




87 | p a g e

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PRACTICES-STRATEGIES HOW TO SUSTAIN LIFE IN THE EU METROPOLITAN AREAS

A. Zaręba1,*, A. Krzemińska2, K. Widawski3, P. Oleśniewicz4

Keywords: green infrastructure, metropolitan areas, sustainable development

ABSTRACT

The green infrastructure is ‘an interconnected network of green space that conserves

natural ecosystem values and functions and provides associated benefits to human

populations’ (Benedict and McMahon, 2002, p. 12) It contributes to long term strategic

development goals for data and information management. The research paper was

introduced with the aim to protect EU green areas in urban environment by improving

biodiversity, leisure and recreation, tidal and fluvial flood risk management, grey water

treatment and quality of life. Planning and design of green system should provide

appropriate responses to the distinctive local circumstances. Green spaces encourage

social interactions, form new places to practise sport and contribute to public health and

fitness, as well as have indirect benefits for a range of environmental services. The

research hypothesis is that green infrastructure is the framework for conservation and

development and we need to design green infrastructure systems strategically to connect

across urban, suburban, rural and wilderness landscapes and incorporate green space

elements and functions at the state, regional, community and parcel scales (Zaręba,

2014).

The task of the paper is to present models of the green infrastructure strategy

construction using various examples of metropolitan areas as case studies. The basic

idea is to make comparison between green infrastructure practices. The central task is to

create the review of scientific analysis of the green infrastructure identification, typology

and assessment which in further practical research are used to develop urban planning

models flexible enough to accommodate new development, but at the same time

constant in protecting valuable terrain for recreation and the environment. The idea is to

introduce the green infrastructure examples, which could be applied in different spatial

settings. The main goal of the paper is to recognize the system of analysis for green

infrastructure identification, typology and assessment, which could be introduced as the

first step in the green infrastructure strategies on different levels (from cities to regional

and sub-regional green infrastructure development strategies). [1] M. Benedict M., E. McMahon E., Green Infrastructure: Smart Conservation for the 21st Century, in:

Renewable Resources Journal, Autumn Edition, 2002, 12-17, http://www.sprawlwatc h.org/greeninfrastructure.pdf.

[2] A.Zaręba, Multifunctional and Multiscale Aspects of Green Infrastructure in Contemporary Research, in: Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 2/201, 149-156, http://ekorozwoj.pol.lublin.pl/no18/s.pd

1 University of Wrocław 2 University of Wrocław 3 University of Wroclaw 4 University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw

* [email protected]

88 | p a g e



89 | p a g e

FUELS

90 | p a g e



91 | p a g e

MODELING OF THE WORK PROCESSES HIGH-PRESSURE PUMP OF COMMON RAIL DIESEL INJECTION SYSTEM INCLUDING THE USE

OF BIOFUELS

Katarzyna Botwińska1,*, Remigiusz Mruk2

Keywords: Common Rail System, High Pressure Pump, Computer Modeling

ABSTRACT

Common rail injection system is increasingly being used in the fuel systems of

modern diesel engines. Proper conduct of the fuel combustion in diesel engines depends

on proper injection of fuel into the cylinder. Course of the injection must be realized

reliable (especially in the final phase) at a specified time, because each deviation from

the established value translates into increased fuel consumption or emissions. Common

Rail systems are subject to continuous improvements, so their construction is also

modified. A characteristic feature of common rail injection system is the fuel storage

under high pressure, which keeps the high pressure pump.

In this paper was focused on precisely this element, which is so important for the

correct operation of the whole system. High pressure pumps are devices, which having

two or three embossing elements, and their movement is caused by causing the cam or

eccentric, mounted on the drive shaft. It allows to maintain the correct (high) pressure

in system (up to 180 MPa), and providing appropriate amounts of fuel in the parts of

supply system. In this paper was focused on precisely this element, which is so

important for the correct operation of the whole system. High pressure pumps are

devices, which having two or three embossing elements, and their movement is caused

by causing the cam or eccentric, mounted on the drive shaft. It allows to maintain the

correct (high) pressure in system (up to 180 MPa), and providing appropriate amounts

of fuel in the parts of supply system.

The new requirements about fuels, in terms of efficiency of the engines and their

emission oblige to exploration an alternative to the conventional fuels. It was decided to

analyze the work system using biofuels based on rapeseed oil.

In this study was carried out computer modeling of the high-pressure pump of

system Common Rail. The simulation was performed in the Sky Lab environment and

based on diagrams made in a graphical computer program AutoCad. To build the model,

was used the actual dimensions of the object, which is part of the test stand with one

cylinder diesel engine Farymann Diesel. The system allows the use of fuels with different

properties than conventional diesel, which allows to determine the operating parameters

of the pump with other carries. This allows you to analyze the correct work of the

system, without the risk of negative impact on the test object. [1] Chung, N. H., B. G. Oh, and M. H. Sunwoo. "Modelling and injection rate estimation of common-rail

injectors for direct-injection diesel engines" , Journal of Automobile Engineering 222.6 (2008): 1089-1001. [2] Gautier C., Sename O., Dugard L., Meissonnier G.: “Modelling Of A Diesel Engine

Common Rail Injection System”, IFAC 16th Word Congress, Prague 2005. [3] Günther H.: „Układy wtryskowe Common Rail w praktyce warsztatowej: budowa, sprawdzanie,

diagnostyka.”, Wydawnictwo Komunikacji i Łączności, Warszawa 2010. [4] Szuliborski A. Tł.: „Sterowanie silników o zapłonie samoczynnym”, Informator Techniczny BOSCH,

Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności, Warszawa 2004.

1,2 Warsaw University Of Life Science (SGGW), Faculty Of Production Engineering, Department of

Production Organization and Engineering * corresponding author: [email protected]

92 | p a g e

KINETIC EQUATIONS ASSESSMENT FOR METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE SORPTION AND SORPTION–INDUCED EXPANSION OF

COAL

Katarzyna Czerw1,*, Paweł Baran1, Katarzyna Zarębska1, Agnieszka Ćwik1

Keywords: sorption kinetics, methane sorption, carbon dioxide sorption, coal swelling

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of kinetic equations to describe the

sorption kinetics and expansion rate of solid coal samples. In order to address this issue

the sorption kinetics of methane and carbon dioxide on three bituminous coals were

studied. Experiments were carried out at high pressure by means of the volumetric

method on a cubicoid solid samples, sized 20 x 20 x 40 mm, cut with the long axis

perpendicular to the bedding plane. At the same time, the changes occurring in the

sample’s overall dimensions, which accompanied sorption processes, were monitored.

Several literature-based modeling approaches and equations are proposed to fit the

kinetic curves of gas deposition, as well as the adequate kinetics of coal swelling

resulting from the sorption/desorption processes. First approach proposed by Busch et al.

[1] consider the combination of two first-order rate functions and represent the

traditional approach to interpret experimental data in terms of fast and slow sorption

process. The other empirical kinetic equations are: the pseudo-second-order kinetic

equation (PSOE) first proposed by Blanchard et al. [2, 3], Elovich equation [4, 5], and

stretched exponential equation (SE) also known as the KEKAM equation [6, 7]. All

considered equations are suitable to describe the kinetics of methane and carbon dioxide

sorption. Three of the four equations have been successfully used to interpret and

quantify the observed dilatometric phenomena rates. The equations are characterized by

two or three parameters: the rate constants and the equilibrium parameters which are a

measure of the distance from the state of sorption equilibrium. Unfortunately,

comparison of the parameters obtained in this study showed no dependence with respect

to properties of coal under study. The stretched exponential equation gave the best fit to

the experimental data. [1] A.Busch , Y. Gensterblum, B.M.Krooss , R. Littke, International Journal of Coal Geology, 60 (2004) 151–

168. [2] G. Blanchard, M. Maunaye, G. Martin, Water Research, 18 (1984) 1501–1507. [3] W. Płaziński, J. Dziuba, W. Rudziński, Adsorption, 19 (2013) 1055–1064. [4] C. Aharoni, Y. Suzin, Journal of Chemical Society, Faraday Transitions 1: Physical Chemistry of Condensed

Phases, 78 (1982) 2321–2327. [5] C. Aharoni, F.C. Tompkins, Transactions of Faraday Society, 66 (1970) 434–444. [6] M. Avrami, Journal of Chemical Physics, 7 (1939) 1103–1112.

[7] F. Brouers, O. Sotolongo-Costa, Physica A, Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 368 (2006) 165–175.

1AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Aleja Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland *corresponding author: [email protected]



93 | p a g e

UTILISATION OF COAL FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN FUEL CELLS

Magdalena Dudek1, Tadeusz Olkuski1, Barbara Tora2, Przemysław Grzywacz1

Keywords: direct carbon fuel cell, coal, solid oxide electrolyte, energy,

ABSTRACT

Coal has been a basic source for the production of the world’s electricity for decades,

producing about 40% of electrical power. Its importance has steadily increased since the

oil crisis of the 1970s. Notwithstanding strenuous efforts to reduce CO2 emissions,

carbonaceous fuels remain one of the main energy carriers exploited in the power

industry. Statistical and economic analyses show that in the coming decades, in

developing countries such as China, India, and some EU countries, coal-fuelled power

plants will maintain their strong position in the power sector due to their reliability and

low costs and the large world reserves of coal and lignite. Coal is mined in politically

stable areas, which guarantees its easy and safe purchase and transport.

EU energy policy makers have assigned a high priority to the reduction of CO2

emissions, above all those from the power industry. To meet this challenge, in areas

where the industry is based on hard and brown-coal power plants, adequate

countermeasures should be undertaken as soon as possible. One possible approach is to

increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels, in tandem with CO2

sequestration.

One of the more promising technologies which fulfils these requirements is the direct

carbon fuel cell (DCFC), an electrochemical device which directly converts the chemical

energy of carbonaceous fuel into electricity without ‘flame burning’. The electrical

efficiency of a DCFC is indeed very high (in practice exceeding 80%), and the product of

conversion consists of almost pure CO2, eliminating the most expensive step of

sequestration: the separation of carbon from flue gases.

This paper provides a brief description of solid oxide fuel cells supplied by solid

powdered carbon fuels and gaseous fuel produced during carbon gasification. The

potential construction of electrical generators involving SOFCs supplied by fuels involving

coal is analysed. Special attention has been given to the modification of the

physicochemical properties of raw and purified coal using a cost-efficient method. The

strategy of coal selection is briefly described.

The paper also presents selected results of investigations of planar and tubular solid

oxide fuel cells supplied by coal-based fuels. An analysis of the stability of electrical

parameters was performed for a DC-SOFC operating under load over an extended period

of time. The tests indicated that DC-SOFCs fed with de-ashed coal were characterised by

stable operation, with power density greater than 100 mW/cm2 from a single cell.

1 AGH-University of Science and Technology Faculty of Fuels and Energy , Cracow, Poland

94 | p a g e

KINETICS EXAMINATIONS OF PRESSURISED STEAM GASIFICATION OF BEECH WOOD

Przemysław Grzywacz1,*, Grzegorz Czerski1, Tadeusz Dziok1, Stanisław Porada1,

Katarzyna Zubek1

Keywords: biomass, gasification, pressure, kinetics

ABSTRACT

In Poland, among all renewable energy sources, share of biomass in electricity

production is the largest. Great potential in biomass utilization involves use of

gasification technology. The course of biomass gasification process in steam atmosphere

is the subject of numerous scientific studies. The aim of this study was kinetics

examination of pressurized beech wood waste gasification, that can be successfully used

in industrial process. Measurements were carried out on a unique laboratory installation,

that allows kinetics examination of solid fuels gasification with steam at wide range of

pressures, via using thermovolumetric method. Formation rates of main gaseous

products were determined, moreover, composition of post-reaction gas, as well as

biomass conversion degree depending on the temperature were specified. Kinetic

parameters of gasification were calculated and series of kinetic models were used to their

designation ie. Isoconvesional method, Integrated Core Model (ICM), Grain Model (GM)

and Random Pore Model (RPM).

2 AGH-University of Science and Technology Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering , Cracow, Poland 1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-

059 Krakow, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected]



95 | p a g e

POSSIBILITY ANALISYS OF COMBUSTION OF TORREFIED BIOMASS IN 140 t/h PC BOILER

Katarzyna Jagodzińska1*, Marek Pronobis1, Bartłomiej Hernik1

Keywords: torrefaction of biomass, PC boiler, heat transfer

ABSTRACT

Due to environmental policy of the European Union, importance of energetic usage

of biomass is steadily increasing. The utilization of biomass in existing pulverized coal

(PC) boilers is related to challenges connected with its properties as a fuel, such as

fibrous and tenacious nature and high moisture content. Due to it, milling and firing of

biomass in already existing PC firing systems is very difficult. Hence development of

technologies of biomass pre-treatment being aimed to make it possible to use it instead

of coal in existing milling systems. One of that technologies is torrefaction, which is a

thermal processing of biomass, in temperatures about 200-300 oC, being aimed to

disintegration lignin and cellulose contained in biomass and thus improve its grindability.

It makes it possible milling the torrefied biomass in coal mills, but it is unknown if it can

substitute coal as regards the heat transfer in existing PC boilers.

The study attempts to answer that question by evaluating the impact of combustion

of torrefied osier and palm kernel shell (PKS) on heat exchange in 140 t/h PC boiler,

through the analysis of 6 cases for different boiler loads (60 %, 75 % and 100 %),

comparing them with combustion of coal. Analysis is premised on 0-dimensional model

based on method contained in [1,2,3] and long-standing experimental measurements.

The result of the study are: the temperature distribution of the flue gas and working

medium (water/steam) in the characteristic points of the boiler as well as the heat

transfer coefficients for each element of it, expressing the character of heat transfer

changes. The effect of fuel change on boiler efficiency was also presented.

Temperature distribution of both flue gas and working medium in boiler is similar for

all of analysed fuels for each boiler load. Heat transfer coefficients for each element of

boiler for different kinds of fuel are similar too. However, exit flue gas temperature is

higher in case of torrefied biomass combustion. It causes stack loss increase leading to

boiler's efficiency decrease. Based on that it has been a conclusion drawn that

combustion of torrefied biomass is possible in PC boiler without any necessity of changing

its construction, but it will be less effective than in case of coal combustion.

[1] P. Orłowski, W. Dobrzański, E. Szwarc, Kotły parowe, WNT, Warszawa, 1979. [2] Teplowoj rasczet kotelnych agregatov (Normativnyj metod), Energia (1973), Moskva. [3] M. Pronobis, Wymiana ciepła w zanieczyszczonych powierzchniach konwekcyjnych kotłów, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej, seria: Energetyka (z. 115), Gliwice, 1992.

1 Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Gliwice, Poland.


96 | p a g e

THE INFLUENCE OF BIO-CONOX ADDITION ON THE PROCESS OF METHANE RICH GASIFICATION

Magdalena Joka1,*, Sławomir Poskrobko1

Keywords: biomass, gasification, methane

ABSTRACT

In the work there are shown the results of experimental studies on methane rich

gasification of wood biomass (pellet) in Bio-CONOX technology. It has been examined

how does the amount of Bio-CONOX additive, in the fuel mixture, effects the quality of

the obtained gasification gas. The experiment was carried out on a laboratory scale

gasifier (5 kW), which design features allow producing a high quality gas with a high

methane content (methane is the most valuable component of syngas). In the results

there was identified the impact of the quantity of Bio-CONOX on the amount of

flammable gas compounds (methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide) in the synthesis

gas and the gas calorific value. The additive was added in 10,20,30 and 50%

concentrations to the gasifier chamber. It has been shown that increasing the amount of

the additive has a positive effect on the calorific value of the synthesis gas (Fig.1,2). Gas

with a high content of methane (and high calorific value) was obtained from gasification

of biomass with a 50% addition of Bio-CONOX. There was also examined the proportion

of blowing air (gasifying medium) for which the properties of obtained syngas were the

best.

Figure 1. Gasification of wood pellets with

a 10% addition of Bio-CONOx Figure 2. Gasification of wood pellets with

a 50% addition of Bio-CONOx

1 Białystok Technical University, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

* e-mail: [email protected]



97 | p a g e

CORROSIVE POTENTIAL OF NUTSHELLS AND THEIR CHARS

Mateusz Karczewski1,*, Marta Marczak1, Piotr Burmistrz1, Dorota Makowska1

Keywords: Corrosion, Alkali, Hazelnut, Pistachio, Nutshells, Pyrolysis, Sulphur, Chlorine

ABSTRACT

Biomass became increasingly popular source of renewable energy in recent years.

Its relative low investment cost for implementation and possibility to use seemingly

unwanted side products of different processes related to agricultural, industrial or

municipal activity were one of the main drives for such trend. There are also significant

advantages over conventional coal fuels like lower sulphur and nitrogen content, similar

qualitative composition for coal and reduction in waste storage scale [1].

There are many drawbacks connected with its use, however. Most of potential

biomass fuels possess large quantities of water in its content, an unfavourable

constituent that lowers energetical potential of given fuel and increases the volume of

fuel needed to substitute conventional solid fuels, effectively increasing the

transportation cost [2]. One of possible solution is selection of low-moist biomass

materials like nutshell [3]. Among other possible actions pyrolysis as pretreatment

method seems to be most promising as treating fuel with high temperature in lack of

oxidant leads to water evaporation, but also to structural bondings breakage inside of the

material and release of volatiles. Loss of both constituents effects in noticeable increase

in carbon content and increase in fuel quality.

Although pyrolysis allows for gap reduction in case of properties between coal and

biomass some differences, like ash composition still remain. Several studies shown that

metallic content of ashes can have noticeable influence for powerplant installation

elements. Alkalis and iron in ashes are amidst the possible components with potentially

adverse effects as they can corrode pipes and deactivate catalysts [4]. Chlorine is

another element that can be identified with equipment corrosion. Chlorine ions that

combine into gas particle reacts with iron in pipes and returns to the flow under influence

of oxygen, leaving structurally damaged pipe [5].

Given all the possible influence of ash components on the combustion systems

this works aims to determine the content of potentially corrosive elements in raw

pistachio and hazelnut shells and their chars created from several different pyrolysis

temperatures. The results allowed to choose which material and its pretreatment

conditions were the most beneficial for their use as biomass fuel. [1] K.R.G. Hein, J.M. Bemtgen, EU clean coal technology, cocombustion of coal and biomass. Fuel Process

Technol 54 (1998), 159–169. [2] G.R. Sampson, A.P. Richmond, G.A. Brewster, A.F. Gasbarro, Co-firing of wood chips with coal in interior

Alaska. For. Prod. J., 41.5 (1991), 53–56. [3] Aygü, A., Yenisoy-Karakaş S., & Duman, I., Production of granular activated carbon from fruit stones and

nutshells and evaluation of their physical, chemical and adsorption properties. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 66.2 (2003) 189-195.

[4] M. Ściążko, J. Zuwała, M. Pronobis, Zalety i wady współspalania biomasy w kotłach energetycznych na tle doświadczeń eksploatacyjnych pierwszego roku współspalania biomasy na skalę przemysłową, Energetyka i ekologia, 03 (2006), 206-220.

[5] H. J. Grabke, E. Reese, M. Spiegel, The effects of chlorides, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide in the oxidation of steels below deposits. Corrosion Science, 37.7 (1995), 1023-1043.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Fuels


98 | p a g e

SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN AND DIAGNOSTICS OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS

Bartłomiej Lis1,*

Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cell, proton conductors,

ABSTRACT

An increased growth in demand for energy accompanied by efforts to limit its

negative impact on the environment is forcing society to seek new, more efficient energy

sources.

Fuel cells are one of the most promising solutions among the widely developed new

generation of electrical generators. Fuel cells directly convert chemical fuel into

electricity. Water and waste heat are by-products of fuel cell operation. Solid oxide fuel

cells (SOFCs) have proven to be one of the most interesting solutions among the five

types of technologically advanced fuel cells, for their ability to operate at temperatures

above 800°C. The high temperature of the fuel cells makes the resultant of the electrical

efficiency of these cells now higher than the PEMFCs (proton exchange membrane fuel

cells). This is mainly due to the higher reaction rates of the electrode at an elevated

operating temperature (lower activation polarizations), both for the anode and the

cathode process. Furthermore, SOFCs are characterized by other advantages in

comparison to PEMFCs, including: (1) no need to use expensive catalysts (e.g. platinum,

the price of which is high, and its resources limited), (2) the possibility of direct, internal

conversion of hydrocarbon fuels, (3) lower sensitivity to contaminants (in particular,

hydrogen fuel containing CO, which is useful for SOFCs instead of the platinum catalyst

poisoners), and (4) the possibility of using waste heat in a gas turbine, or for heating or

other industrial purposes [1, 2, 3]. The SOFCS and PEMFCs can also operate in reverse

mode. They can be applied to an electrical/hydrogen grid system as a fuel cell as well as

an electrolyser.

The paper discusses selected issues regarding the construction and characteristics of

planar and tubular SOFCs This paper presents selected results of the following

electrochemical investigations: BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-based electrolytes as possible

components of SOFCs, and solid oxide steam electrolyser (SOECs). The comparative

analysis, according to oxide-ion conductors, was also presented. [1] H. Uchida h. Ono, K. Ogaki, K. Journal of Electrochemical Society (1993) 529 [2] E. Fabbri, D. Pergolesi, E. Traversa, Materials challenges toward proton-conducting oxide fuel cells: a

critical review, Chemical Society Reviews 2010, (39) 4355-4369. [3] N. Mahato, A. Banerjee, A. Gupta, S. Omar, K. Balani Progress in material selection for solid oxide fuel cell

technology: A review; Progress in Materials Science 72, 2015, 141-337

1AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Fuels and Energy Av. Mickiewicza 30, 30-

059 Kraków, [email protected]



99 | p a g e

BIOMASS FUEL BASED ON WASTES FROM THE PAPER INDUSTRY

Stanisław Budzyń1, Barbara Tora1,*

Keywords: celuloce waste, energetic recovery, SRF

ABSTRACT

Wastes from paper industry are mostly combustible. It is possible to recycle them

with energy recovery.These wastes have a high moisture content (up to 60%) and thus a

small calorific value. An alternative to waste incineration is the production of solid

recovered fuel. The benefits are: easy adjustment of the physical and chemical properties

of the fuel, low moisture and high calorific value.

The study involved the following types of cellulose wastes:

1. Belmer - the rejects from recovered paper are impurities and consist of lumps of

fibers, staples and metals from ring binders, sand, glass and plastics and paper

constituents as fillers, sizing agents and other chemicals.

2. Krofta - deinking sludge. This residue contains mainly short fibers or fines,

coatings, fillers, ink particles , extractive substances and deinking additives. It is

normally reused in other industries (e.g. cement, ceramics), or is incinerated, even

though it has a poor heating value)

3. Sludge - wastewater treatment sludge. It comes from two sources: primary

sludge and biological sludge generated in the second clarifier. These sludges are

generally blended together, a polymer added and dewatered together to a 25–40% dry

solid content.

4. Bark - the rejects from virgin pulps. It consist of sand, bark and wood residues

from wood handling, which are undesirable for papermaking.

The results of investigations of waste, produced in one of the biggest Polish paper

mill - International Paper Kwidzyn, are shown. Following aspects were investigated:

energy properties, content of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine and nitrogen, chemical

composition of ash. Authors proposed the formula of the biomass fuel. The properties of

the fuel: content of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine or nitrogen, the chemical

composition of the ash were investigated. Due to the fact that the combustion of the

biomass fuel is preferred in view of law regulations (zero CO2 emission, green

certificates) the content of biodegradable fraction was examined. It has been shown that

the fuel is a biomass one. Fuel from waste can be a substitute for approx. 25% of

primary fuel (coal) used by the IP Kwidzyn.

[1] S. Budzyń, W. Andrusikiewicz, V.Cablik, B.Tora, Energetic recovery of celulose wastes, Inżynieria

Mineralna = Journal of the Polish Mineral Engineering Society ; ISSN 1640-4920. — 2015 R. 16 nr 2, s. 137–141.

[2] [online] [access: 20.02.2016] www. eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/PP_revised_BREF_2015.pdf

1 AGH University of Science and Technology * - corresponding author: [email protected]

100 | p a g e

GERMANIUM CONTENT IN POLISH HARD COALS

Dorota Makowska1,*, Faustyna Wierońska1, Andrzej Strugała1, Katarzyna Kosowska1

Keywords: germanium, critical elements, hard coal, fly ash

ABSTRACT

Due to the new policy of the European Union, it is necessary to search for new

sources of scarce raw materials. One of these materials is germanium, listed as a critical

element. This semi-metal is widely used in the electronics industry, for example in the

production of semiconductors, fiber optics and solar cells. Coal and fly ash from its

combustion and gasification for a long time has been considered as a potential source of

many critical elements, particularly germanium. The paper presents the results of

germanium content determination in the Polish hard coal. 23 coal samples of various coal

ranks were analyzed. The samples were collected from 15 mines of the Upper Silesian

Coal Basin and from one mine of the Lublin Coal Basin. The determination of germanium

content was performed with the use of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with

Electrothermal Atomization (GFAAS). The investigations showed that germanium content

in the analyzed samples was at least twice lower than the average content of this

element in the hard coals analyzed so far and was in the range of 0.08 ÷ 1.28 mg/kg.

Moreover, the content of Ge in the ashes from the studied coals does not exceed 15

mg/kg, which is lower than the average value of Ge content in the coal ashes. The

highest content of this element characterizes coals of the Lublin Coal Basin and young

coals type 31 from the Vistula region. The results indicate a low utility of the analyzed

coal ashes as a source of the recovery of germanium. On the basis of the analyses, the

lack of the relationship between the content of the element and the ash content in the

tested coals was noted. For coals of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, the relationship

between the content of germanium in the ashes and the depth of the seam was

observed.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30,

30-059 Krakow, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected]




101 | p a g e

URBANISATION & TRANSPORTATION

102 | p a g e



103 | p a g e

DRAGON BRIDGE - THE WORLD LARGEST DRAGON-SHAPED STEEL BRIDGE AS ELEMENT OF SMART CITY

Grzegorz Świt1*, Luong Minh Chinh2, Aleksandra Krampikowska3, Anna Adamczak4

Keywords: Dragon Bridge, Cau Rong, steel bridge, arch bridge

ABSTRACT

Dragon Bridge - the world's largest dragon-shaped steel bridge, with an installation

cost of $85 million USD, features 6 lanes for two separate directions, 666 meters

of undulating steel in the shape of a dragon, the symbol of prosperity in Vietnamese

culture. This unique and beautifully lit bridge, which also breathes fire and sprays water.

It’s the purposeful integration of the lighting hardware articulates the dragon's form,

and the fire-breathing dragon head. This project transcends the notion of monumental

bridge with dynamic color-changing lighting, creating an iconic sculpture in the skyline

that is both reverent and whimsical. The signature feature of the bridge was the massive

undulating support structure resembling a dragon flying over the river. The dragon

is prominent in Vietnamese culture as a symbol of power and nobility. Dragon Bridge

stands out as a model of innovation. It has received worldwide attention in the design

community and from the global media for its unique arch support system. Dragon Bridge

serves as an example of how aesthetic quality of a design can serve cultural, economic

and functional purposes.

1 Kielce University of Technology 2 Thuy Loi University 3 Kielce University of Technology 4 Kielce University of Technology * corresponding author: [email protected]


104 | p a g e

LOW ENERGY BUILDING IN MHM AND PHE SYSTEMS AS AN

EXAMPLE OF AN ECOLOGICAL BUILDING SOLUTION

Mateusz Hodurek1,*

Keywords: MHM system, PHE system, low energy building

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to examine the technology of MHM and PHE systems used in

the single family housing project of the architectural company Natkaniec Olechnicki

Architekci. The project consists of the ten one-storey houses which will be constructed in

the village Chyby, located 20 kilometers from Poznań (Poland). The unusual form of the

buildings required a close collaboration between an architect, structural engineer and the

contractor.

The first part of this paper discusses the structural materials which will be used to

construct the buildings. In particular due to the complicated form of the buildings and

long distance between their supports, the steel elements were recommended. To fulfill

ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states the design frame from C-section C200

was proposed. Additionally, the hangers from I-beam HEA 200 or two C-section UPE 200

were recommended. The walls of the houses will be made from separate boards joined

together, in order to achieve the desired thickness. The ceilings are designed as solid

timber PHE elements, made from multiple rows of 24 mm thick softwood boards fastened

by fluted aluminum nails. The proposed rafters are Steico joist SJ60/360 filled with

insulation.

The second part of this paper focuses on the requirements applicable to the low-

energy buildings. It was analyzed in details whether those requirements are met in the

discussed project. In particular, it was examined whether the applied windows, doors,

mechanical ventilation system as well as used insulation solutions meet requirements of

current NF40 regulations.

The final part of this paper describes the expected benefits of the solutions proposed

in the project. Going into details, the whole structure of the building will not contain any

chemicals and will still retain a high degree of fire retardancy. Moreover, these type of

buildings have a remarkable heat storage, a low thermal conductivity and good insulation

values. The final conclusion is that MHM and PHE systems might be considered as a good

solutions for sustainable and ecological buildings. [1] P. Natkaniec, P. Bieroński, M. Faber, Architectural design, Cracow, 2015 [2] M. Hodurek, Cz. Hodurek, Structural design, 2015 [3] European Technical Approval ETA-13/0799 [4] PN-EN 12831 Heating systems in buildings

[5] PN-EN 1995-1-1: Design of timber structures Part 1.1: General rules and rules fr buildings [6] [online] www.massivholzmauer.de [7] [online] www.steico.com

1MSc, Ph.D. Student, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Department of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering and Geotechnics

http://www.steico.com/



105 | p a g e

MODELING CHANGES IN THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS USING NEURAL NETWORKS ON THE EXAMPLE OF ZIELONA GORA

Andrzej Łączak 1, Marta Mrówczyńska 2, Anna Bazan - Krzywoszańska3, Marta Skiba4,*

Keywords: municipal energy policy, spatial policy, increase energy efficiency in housing,

sigmoid neural networks

ABSTRACT

The objective of this article is to find a way to pursue optimum spatial policy on the

local level to meet the assumptions of the energy policy of the European Union. One of

the possible ways of developing energy efficient civil engineering is varied town policy

and programmes supporting energy efficient buildings. And the second is the use of

renewable energy sources as a factor improving the energy safety of built areas and

reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. And the third is the optimization of

expenditure on these goals in towns. Although our current research and estimations

based on it are limited to a medium-sized town in the west of Poland, the observations

included in this article may be important for other regions that are interested in reducing

energy consumption in buildings, residential areas and towns. Taking into account the

geographical context, it is especially important for these regions of Europe that are

obtaining financial aid from the European Union in the perspective for the years 2014-

2020.

1 State School of Higher Professional Education in Sulechow, Institute of Law and Tourism, 66-100 Sulechow, Armii Krajowej 51, Poland 2,3,4 University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Licealna 9, Poland


106 | p a g e



107 | p a g e

POSTER SESSIONS

108 | p a g e



109 | p a g e

ENERGY

110 | p a g e



111 | p a g e

THE ANALYSIS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS GEOMETRY IN THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS FOR WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION

M. Borcuch11, S. Gumuła1, M. Musiał1, K.T. Wojciechowski2

Keywords: thermoelectric generator, waste heat, heat exchanger, CFD modelling

ABSTRACT

The paper presents results of the analysis and comparison of the hot-side heat

exchangers (HXs) dedicated for the thermoelectric generators (TEGs). TEGs are

becoming more and more popular nowadays, in view of waste heat harvesting. These

devices could supply in electrical energy e.g. domestic gas boilers or simple heating

systems, using waste heat from flue gases. Efficient operation of TEG depends on, i.a.

proper design of the hot-side HX. Six geometries of the HX cross-section have been

investigated and analysed in view of heat transfer and pressure drop. As an assumption,

useful heat exchange surface has been set up as 2400 cm2, maintaining HX length as 30

cm, which is enough for the placement of the 32 thermoelectric modules able to generate

at least 140 W of the electrical power. The source of waste heat is flue gas, in the

analysis approximate as an air. Cold-side HX has been simplified and calculated as a

water flow around the casing of the hot-side HX due to achieve comparable results. As a

base, circular shape has been presented. Numerical calculations provide results

suggesting which shape is most suitable for specified application. Results could be the

first guidelines for selecting and designing the HX for the TEG. Further investigation will

focus on optimization of the chosen HX in view of increase heat transfer and minimizing

pressure drop. [1] J. Yu , H. Zhao, Journal of Power Sources, 172 (2007) 428–434. [2] C. Lu, S. Wang, C.Chen, Y. Li, Applied Thermal Engineering, 89 (2015) 270-279. [3] L, Chen, J. Gong, F. Sun, C. Wu, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 41 (2002) 95–99. [4] H. Lu, T. Wu, S. Bai, K. Xu, Y. Huang, W. Gao, X. Yin, L. Chen, Energy, 54 (2013) 372-377. [5] J. Esartea, G. Minb, D.M. Rowe, Journal of Power Sources, 93 (2001) 72-76. [6] M. Hatami, D.D.Ganji, M.Gorji-Bandpy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37 (2014) 168–181. [7] W. He, G. Zhang, X. Zhang, J. Ji, G. Li, X. Zhao, Applied Energy, 143 (2015) 1–25. [8] M. Musiał, M. Borcuch, K.T. Wojciechowski, DOI: 10.1007/s11664-015-4090-0 [online 19.11.15].

1 Department of Thermal Engineering and Fluid Flow, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland 2Thermoelectric Research Laboratory, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland

112 | p a g e

THE HYBRID TWO STAGE ANTICLOCKWISE CYCLE FOR ECOLOGICAL ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

Piotr Cyklis1,*

Keywords: hybrid refrigeration cycle, compression, adsorption

ABSTRACT

The anticlockwise cycle is commonly used for refrigeration, air conditioning and heat

pumps applications. The refrigerating compressor cycle requires a refrigerant as a

working fluid. Due to the Montreal 1982 regulations the application of the refrigerants is

limited. The low ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) and TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming

Impact) factors substances are needed. This is favorable for natural refrigerant such as

carbon dioxide, water, ammonia. However the natural refrigerants have strong

temperature application limits. The economically justified application is within the

temperature limits of the triple point and the critical point. Therefore the cooperation of

the two energy carriers as for example water and carbon dioxide in double stage

anticlockwise refrigeration cycle shall be the subject of the investigation and

development [2],[3],[5],[6]. In the paper the possibilities of the two stages hybrid

ecological refrigerating cycle will be presented. The possibilities of the chosen solutions

will be shown, as well as some experimental results of the adsorption-compression

double stages cycle powered with solar collectors for refrigeration.

As a high temperature cycle the adsorption system [1-4] is applied where the waste

or renewable energy can be used as the energy source. Using this solution the low COP

of the high temperature adsorption cycle is not influencing the total energy consumption.

The low temperature cycle is the compression stage with carbon dioxide as a working

fluid. This allows to achieve relatively high COP for low temperature cycle and for the

whole system. The system [2] was build and constantly operating since 2012 at the

Laboratory of Thermodynamics and Thermal Machines Measurements. The possibility of

the whole year system use (as a heat pump, refrigeration and air conditioning setup)

makes the economy of the system more affordable. [1] P. Cyklis, G. Brak, Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, 121, 49-66, 2008. [2] P. Cyklis, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 48, s. 121-131, 2014 [3] P. Cyklis, K. Janisz Chemical and Process Engineering, Vol. 36, No. 3, s. 321-330, 2015. [4] A. Grzebielec, Archives of Thermodynamics, 30, 189-200, 2009. [5] W. Han, L. Sun, D. Zheng, H. Jin, S. Ma, X. Jing, Applied Energy, 106, 383–390, 2013. [7] Suamir I., Tassou S. Applied Thermal Engineering, 50, 1487-1495, 2013.

1 Politechnika Krakowska Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Power and Process Engineering, [email protected]



113 | p a g e

NB-DOPPED SrTiO3 AS POTENTIAL ANODE MATERIAL FOR SOFC

Zuzanna Czwarkiel*1, Ewa Drożdż1

Keywords: donor dopant, strontium titanate, SOFC

ABSTRACT

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are electrochemical devices working in high

temperature, in which chemical energy of H2O synthesis from elements (H2 and O2) is

converted into electricity. The most important requirements for anode materials for SOFC

technology are: mechanical and chemical stability in high temperatures, high electronic

and ionic conductivity and compatibility with other cell components.

Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) with a perovskite-type structure is interesting material

because of being thermally stable solid electrolyte in wide temperature ranges in both –

reducing and oxidizing atmosphere. Perovskite-type materials, with general chemical

formula ABO3, have usually cubic or tetragonal structure (also orthorhombic or trigonal

structures occur). Idealized cubic cell has type ‘A’ atoms at cube corner positions, type

‘B’ atoms at body centre positions and oxygen atoms at face centered positions. The

stability of SrTiO3 structure allows partial substitution of A or B site cations by other

metals with different oxidation state, resulting in creation of point defects such as anionic

or cationic vacancies that could enhance conductivity of SrTiO3. This kind of substitution

provides materials with high mobility of ions. Using an appropriate dopant one can

maximize the number of free electrons, thus it is possible to create in this way a mix-

conductor [1]. Considering the above it can be concluded that SrTiO3 may be used in

electrical appliances, especially in SOFC anodes.

As shown in literature [2], an idealized substitution of Ti4+ by Nb5+(as a donor

dopant) takes place according to the following equation:

(1)

In order to satisfy the electroneutrality condition, when TiIV is replaced by NbV, free

electron has to be released and empty crystal orbital in conduction band filled. It was

reported that mixed ionic-electron conductivity of donor-doped SrTiO3 can be obtained

[2].

The solid-state reactions are usually employed for obtaining perovskite materials,

but this methods result in a material with low porosity. In order to increase porosity the

wet synthesis method based on sol-gel citrate method was used in this project. An

aqueous solution of Nb-dopped SrTiO3 precursors (strontium nitrate, titanium

isopropoxide and solution of niobium ethoxide in ethanol) were mixed with citric acid

creating sol which after heating transformed to gel. Then gel were calcinated at 900°C

and sintered at 1200°C. The amount of incorporated Nb in prepared powders were:

1mol%, 2mol% and 3mol%.

Acknowledgment

This work was financially supported by the National Science Centre of the Republic of

Poland, Grant No 2014/14/EST5/00763. [1] J.C. Ruiz-Morales, J. Canalez-Vazquez, C. Savaniu, D. Marrero-Lopez, W.Z. Zhou, J.T.S. Irvine, Disruption

of extended defects in solid oxide fuel cell anodes for methane oxidation, Nature, 439 (2006) 568 [2] Fang JunFei, Xuan YiMin, Li Qiang. Preparation of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous perovskite

materials, Chinese Science Bulletin, July 2011

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Kraków

114 | p a g e

OPTIMIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY-BASED AUTONOMOUS DEVICE OPERATION USING SIMULATION METHODS

Sebastian Ernst1,*

Keywords: off-grid device, simulation, planning, renewable generators

ABSTRACT

Off-grid devices, such as autonomous lamps, are finding numerous applications in

locations with no power grid availability. These devices rely on built-in generators,

usually small PV panels or wind turbines, and batteries which allow the energy to be

stored and utilized at appropriate time.

The main operating goal of these off-grid devices is to maintain the desired

autonomy, i.e. to guarantee operation until the next opportunity to accumulate more

energy. However, algorithms used to control the generation and consumption of energy

in such devices are simplistic and do not always yield the optimal results. For example,

off-grid lamps often use a simple algorithm which switches the light source on at sunset

and off at sunrise. No planning takes place and no knowledge regarding e.g. weather

forecast is taken into account, which may result in the energy being consumed before

more can be generated.

This problem can be avoided by computing a dispatch plan which dims the lamps

during predicted periods of cloudy or windless days. Still, the accuracy and reliability of

weather prediction is limited, and the dispatch plan should allow the device to adapt its

operation to actual conditions. Therefore, it is important to generate a space of all

situations with a certain degree of probability and calculate optimal control strategies for

each of them.

The proposed solution relies on using a simulator to predict the behaviour of power

generators given assumed uncertainty of input parameters (i.e. weather forecast),

possible output parameter values (i.e. the light intensity desired by the user and the

minimum admissible one) and synthesizing them into a search space in the form of a

graph.

The paper presents the formal model of the state space and provides a real-life

example of a search graph synthesized using a PV simulator. Algorithms which can be

used to find the multi-variant, robust dispatch plan are described, as well as an intuitive

example for local execution of the plan by the device.

[1] Bonet, B., Geffner, H.: Planning as heuristic search. Artificial Intelligence 129(1-2), 5–33 (jun 2001),

http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0004370201001084 [2] Chassin, D.P., Schneider, K., Gerkensmeyer, C.: GridLAB-D: An open-source power systems modeling and

simulation environment. In: 2008 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition. pp. 1–5 (2008)

[3] Klimek, R., Wojnicki, I., Ernst, S.: State-Space Reduction through Preference Modeling. In: Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, pp. 363–374. Springer (2013)

[4] Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: GridLAB-D 3.0 Documentation (2015), http://gridlab-d.sourceforge.net/doxygen/3.0/

[5] Wojnicki, I., Ernst, S., Turek, W.: A Robust Planning Algorithm for Groups of Entities in Discrete Spaces. Entropy 17(8), 5422–5436 (jul 2015), http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/17/8/5422/htm

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland *corresponding author: [email protected]



115 | p a g e

ICCP CATHODIC PROTECTION OF TANKS WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SUPPLY

Mirosław Janowski 1,*, Agnieszka Wantuch 2*

Keywords: cathodic protection, photovoltaic, renewable energy sources

ABSTRACT

Corrosion is the result of the electrochemical reaction between a metal or composite

material usually having conducting current properties. Control of corrosion related defect

is a very important problem for structural integrity in ground based structures. Cathodic

protection (CP) is a technique to protect metallic structures against corrosion in an

aqueous environment, it is employed intense on the steel drains in oil and gas industry,

specifically to protect underground tanks and pipelines. CP is commonly applied to a

coated structure to provide corrosion control to areas where the coating may be

damaged. It may be applied to existing structures to prolong their life. There are two

types of cathodic protection systems: sacrificial (galvanic) anode cathodic protection

(SACP); the other system is Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP). Majority of

the structures protected employ impressed current system. The main difference between

the two is that SACP uses the galvanic anodes which are electrochemically more

electronegative than the structure to be protected - the naturally occurring

electrochemical potential difference between different metallic elements to provide

protection; ICCP uses an external power source (electrical generator with D.C.) with inert

anodes, and this system is used for larger structures, or where electrolyte resistivity is

high and galvanic anodes cannot economically deliver enough current to provide

protection. The essential of CP is based on two parameters, the evolution of the potential

and the current of protection. A commonly accepted protection criterion used for steel is

a potential value of minus 850 mV. ICCP system consist of anodes connected to a DC

power source. As power sources may be used such as solar panels, wind turbines, etc.

The object of this study is analysis of the possibilities and operating parameters of ICCP

system supplied with photovoltaic solar panels. Photovoltaic generator made up of the

following elements: photovoltaic modules of solar cells, a control and regulation system,

a storage system.

[1] E. Kurgan, A. Wantuh; EXTERNAL SOURCE PROTECTION OF UNDERGROUND OBJECTS WITH EXTERNAL

PAINTING LAYERS, 17 (2009) 198-209. [2] Roberge, Pierre R, Handbook of Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-Hill (1999)

[3] J. Gopalakrishnan, G. Agnihotri, D. M. Deshpande; Virtual Instrumentation Corrosion Controller for

Natural Gas Pipelines, The Institution of Engineers, 93(4) (2013) 259–265. [4] [online] [access: date] www.adress.pl

1 AGH University of Science and Technology 2 AGH University of Science and Technology * corresponding author: email [email protected]; [email protected]


116 | p a g e

ASSESSING TEMPORAL COMPLEMENTARITY OF SOLAR, WIND AND HYDROKINETIC ENERGY

Jakub Jurasz1,*, Adam Piasecki2, Marcin Wdowikowski3

Keywords: renewable energy, hybrid power source, complementarity

ABSTRACT

Three major renewable energy sources namely wind, solar and hydro are inherently

variable. From those hydropower is perceived as least intermittent and hydroelectric

power stations operate sometimes as a baseload power plants. However energy

generation from hydropower exhibits some annual and even daily patterns. The same

can be said about wind and solar resources, however those patterns can be perceived as

a best case scenario and the energy generation from those sources remains random and

predictable to a limited extent.

This study investigates the concept of wind, solar and hydrokinetic energy temporal

complementarity from the perspective of potential resource availability and small power

stations which nominal power does not exceed 10 kW. Two sites in Poland, with rivers

exhibiting different regimes were selected for analysis. Data concerning flow velocity and

rate, irradiation and wind speed was obtained from the measuring stations of the

Institute of Meteorology and Water Management and Solar radiation Data (SoDa) [1].

Data contained hourly values of individual parameters for the period 2005-2015.

Obtained results indicate that wind and solar energy sources tend to complement

each other on a monthly time scale. Hydropower and wind energy are strongly positively

correlated and both reach their minimum values in summer. From the perspective of

daily patterns potential complementarity between investigated sources varies depending

on month. Beneficial negative correlation may occur from October to April. In summer

months all sources tend to exhibit smaller or greater positive correlation.

[1] [online] [access: 05.04.2016] http://www.soda-pro.com/

1 AGH University, Faculty of Management, Department of Engineering Managment 2 AGH University, Faculty of Management, Department of Economics, Finance, and Environmental Management, 3 Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute, 01-673 Warsaw, Podleśna 61 Street, Poland




117 | p a g e

ANALYSIS OF BRIQUETTING OF SEWAGE SLUDGE WITH COAL TO COMBUSTION PROCESS

Bogdan Kosturkiewicz1,*, Andrzej Janewicz2

Keywords: sewage sludge, briquetting, waste management, thermal analysis (TG)

ABSTRACT

Energy recovery from sewage sludge can be achieved by several thermal

technologies, but before those processes sewage sludge requires special pretreatment.

The paper presents the investigation of the sewage sludge briquettes as a fuel for

combustion process. Research is conducted at Department of Manufacturing Systems and

Department of Thermal Engineering and Environmental Protection, AGH University of

Science and Technology to develop a technology of briquette preparation. The obtained

results showed possibility of briquetting of municipal sewage sludge with coal in roll

presses, equipped with asymmetric thickening gravity feed system. The following

properties were determined for the obtained briquettes: the density, drop strength and

compressive strength. Based on physical and chemical analysis of prepared briquettes it

was confirmed that briquettes have good fuel properties to combustion process. The

thermal behaviour of studied sewage sludge and prepared mixture was investigated by

thermogravimetric analysis (TG). For the thermo gravimetric analysis (TG) the samples

were placed in an alumina crucible. C.a. 15 mg of sample was heated from an ambient

temperature up to 1000 C at a constant two rates: 10 C/min, 40 C/min and 100

C/min in a 40 ml/min flow of air.

[1] L.I. Darvell, J.M. Jones, B. Gudka, X.C. Baxter, A. Saddawi, A. Williams, A. Malmgren, Fuel, 89 (2010),

2881-2890. [2] A. Magdziarz, M. Wilk, B. Kosturkiewicz, Chemical and Process Engineering, 32 (2011), 299–309. [3] B. Kosturkiewicz, B. Tora, Waste Forum, 4 (2010), 385-388. [4] A. Magdziarz, M. Wilk, Energy Conversion and Management, 75 (2013), 425–430. [5] Resolution no. 217 issued by the Council of Ministers on December 24, 2010, on “National wastes

management plan 2014”, Official Journal - Monitor Polski, 101, 1183, 2010. [6] A. Skreiberg, O. Skreberg, J. Sandquist, L. Sorum, Fuel, 90 (2011), 2189-2197. [7] D. Vamvuka, E. Karouki, S. Sfakiotakis, Fuel, 90 (2011), 1120-1127. [8] Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland, Warsaw 2012, 104. [9] National plan of operation in range of energy from renewable sources, Warsaw 2010, 127. [10] D. Fytili, A. Zabaniotou, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12 (2008), 116-140.


2 AGH University of Science and Technology * corresponding author: email address

118 | p a g e

REPORTING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN ENERGY INDUSTRY

Kowal Barbara1,*, Kustra Arkadiusz2

Keywords: sustainable development, Global Reporting Initiative, value reporting,

responsibility business, energy industry

ABSTRACT

Issues of strategic management based on the sustainable development concepts and

social responsibility focused on value creation for stakeholders. This value is created for

the corresponding resource companies representing their tangible and intangible capitals.

Forms of disclosuring equity are often financial and non-financial and they act the need

for corporate reporting as a form of reporting to the needs of stakeholders.

It should be noted that the information needs of financial reporting is filled with the

result of the financial accounting system. In the light of the concept of sustainable

development it is important to the reporting areas of intangible assets associated with

company’s non-financial resources. In this regard, the solutions adopted (not obligatory),

focused on sustainable development reports, which are constructed on the basis of the

guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).

Sustainable development reports are the source of information about the

effectiveness of the enterprise in the non-financial areas related with the economic,

environmental or social efficiency. The data disclosed in the indicated areas fill the

information gap, which is the result of the limitations of a typical financial reporting,

concentrated around the material capital held by companies and theirs financial result.

The information gap is the cause underestimation of the value of sustainability for

stakeholders. Closing this gap and underestimated the value for the needs of

stakeholders must be based on financial reporting and also on sustainability reports,

which together constitute the integrated reporting.

The concept of integrated reporting is relatively new, but it is rapidly developing into

an important source of information, not only for the shareholders. It also meets the

requirements of full transparency especially in industries whose functioning is dependent

on a wide range of stakeholders.

An example of this is the energy sector, whose functioning is often a strategic

activity in the country. The article focuses on the concept of sustainability reporting and

energy companies trying to integrate reporting with data from financial reports.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology 2 AGH University of Science and Technology




119 | p a g e

INTENSIFICATION OF HEAT TRANSFER WITH AN APPLICATION OF STRONG MAGNETIC GRADIENTS

Anna Kraszewska1,*, Łukasz Pyrda1, Janusz Donizak1

Keywords: heat transfer, thermo-magnetic convection, strong magnetic field

ABSTRACT

Technological progress and miniaturization of devices require modern and efficient

heat transfer techniques. One of the methods to enhance fluid movement, and hence the

heat exchange, is an application of an external magnetic field. By using a fluid with

paramagnetic properties, high magnetic field acts on the fluid particles causing

a magnetic buoyancy force, and by adjusting the orientation of the magnetic field, it is

possible to achieve both the suppression and intensification of convective fluid motion. In

the present study Authors focused on increasing the heat exchange in the system.

To investigate an influence of external magnetic field on heat exchange, rectangular

enclosure with aspect ratio (AR=height/width) 0.5, filled with paramagnetic fluid, was

studied. Experimental enclosure was placed inside superconducting magnet in Rayleigh-

Bénard configuration, and the temperature differences between heated bottom wall and

cooled top wall were set to 5°C, 11°C and 20°C. For every temperature difference, set of

11 measurements with magnetic induction from 0T to 10T – was performed. Results of

heat transfer analysis versus maximum induction in the center of the magnet |b0|max are

shown in Fig.1.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

T=5°C

T=11°C

T=20°CNu

sselt N

um

be

r N

u [-]

Magnetic induction |b0|max

[T]

Fig. 1 Nusselt number versus magnetic induction

Presented results show high increase in heat transfer – for ΔT=5°C, Nusselt number is

four times higher for magnetic induction of 10T than for natural convection case.

Thermo-magnetic that convection is novel method can be used to enhance heat

transfer in critical devices characterized by high heat fluxes, where conventional cooling

methods are insufficient.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Fundamental Research in Energy

Engineering, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Krakow, Poland * [email protected]

120 | p a g e

THE SIZES OF THE FLAT PLAT COLLECTORS SURFACES OR EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTORS HEAT PIPE SURFACES AS A

FUNCTION OF SOLAR SYSTEM HEAT SHARE IN THE HEAT DEMAND

Piotr Olczak1,*, Małgorzata Olek2, Dominik Kryzia3

Keywords: solar collectors, heat demand, Monte Carlo method

ABSTRACT

The popularity of solar collectors in Poland is still increasing. Collectors in good

location and at a relatively big density of solar radiation deliver heat even in spite of

relatively low ambient temperatures, whereas solar systems used in summer for heating

domestic heat water allow almost complete elimination of conventional energy sources

(e.g. gas, coal). That is why more and more house owners in Poland decide to install the

solar system installation. The most common types of solar collectors in Poland are flat

plate collectors (FPC) and evacuated tube collectors with heat pipe (ETCHP), both were

selected for the analysis.

During the analysis it was determined how the heat demand related with the

preparation of hot water is connected with the size of solar collectors area. The analysis

includes FPC and ETCHP and heat demand of less than 10 000 kWh/year. Simulations

were performed in Matlab and the data from a typical meteorological year (TMY) as well

as the 126-year period of measurements of insolation for Krakow were implemented. A

model HDKR (Hay, Davis, Klucher, Reindl) was used for the calculation of solar radiation

on a surface absorber. The monthly medium temperature of the absorber temperature

depends on the amount of solar system heat as well as the heat demand. All the

previously mentioned data were used to determine solar efficiency. As solar efficiency

and solar system heat are connected the calculations were made with the use of an

iterative method. Additionally, the upper limit for useful solar system heat results from

the heat demand and thus, the authors prepared a model of statistical solar system heat

deviations based on the Monte Carlo method. It was found that increase in the useful

solar system heat in reference to heat demand is connected with more than proportional

increase in the sizes of the analyzed of solar collectors types surfaces.

1 Institute of Thermal Engineering and Air Protection, Cracow University of Technology 2 Institute of Thermal Engineering and Air Protection, Cracow University of Technology 3 Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences * corresponding author: [email protected]



121 | p a g e

ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF PREPARATION OF DOMESTIC HOT WATER

Dominik Kryzia1,*, Katarzyna Kryzia2

Keywords: hot water, electric storage water heater, economic effectiveness, district

heating network

ABSTRACT

The paper presents results of assessment of economic effectiveness of preparation of

domestic hot water (DHW) for a dwelling. The first scenario assumes that DHW is

prepared in electric storage water heater. In the second scenario preparation of DHW is

carried out using heat from district heating network. The third scenario is a combination

of the previous ones.

The research was carried out on actual data obtained from installation for preparing

DHW. The Authors took into account following assumptions: six-storey building located

in Krakow, dwelling located on the first floor and inhabited by two working people.

Different parameters were also assumed in the research: capital costs, user

preferences, the nature of use of residential premises and profile of cutting domestic hot

water. The Authors hypothesized that the use of electric storage water heater may be

more effective than buying hot water prepared using the heat from district heating

network.

There are several reasons to support this hypothesis: 1) relatively high price

purchasing domestic hot water produced using heat from district heating network; 2)

needs and habits of the DHW users; 3) lack of DHW after long time of lack of water

intake; 4) seasonal changes in energy demand for preparation of domestic hot water in

electric storage water heater: in summer higher temperature of water on the input tothe

heater than in winter.

The results obtained show that we can indicate situations when the use of storage

water heater for preparing domestic hot water is more economically attractive than

buying domestic hot water produced using heat from district heating network. The

analysis does not include influence of used system of preparation domestic hot water on

the comfort of using domestic hot water. However, this may affect the attractiveness of

each solution.

1 Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering * corresponding author: [email protected]

122 | p a g e

APPROACH TO NOVEL DESING OF CO2 BASED CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

Tomasz Kura1 , Elzbieta Fornalik-Wajs1

Keywords: refrigeration, turbomachinery, energy efficiency

ABSTRACT

Even though turbomachinery design issues have been investigated almost since the

beginning of engineering, its optimization process is still important. With the

development of refrigeration devices and ORC based distributed generation facilities, a

need for efficient and low-energy compressors and turbines became even more

demanding. Such machines working with typical fluid, like air, are well described, but

there is a room regarding the fluids like CO2, vapour of organic fluids, etc. The main

objective of present studies is to propose a numerical model of the centrifugal

compressor, with CO2 as the working fluid. Such unit may be a part of refrigeration cycle.

Commonly, the scroll or piston compressors are used in such cases, however some

discussed disadvantages show that the novel designs should be looked for. Properly

designed centrifugal compressors can have higher efficiency than the presently used.

Three dimensional analyses of proposed geometries were conducted – using a model

including heat, mass and momentum conservation laws as well as ideal gas law.

Verification of the proposed mesh and results was performed in the basis of values

obtained using theoretical and empirical equations. With about 700 000 control volumes

in the validated model, error of the results was no higher than 5%, with only about 1%

in regards to the thermal parameters. A few design proposals were analyzed, with

performance maps as the main comparison factor. Apart from performance

characteristics, the pressure and velocity fields were presented, showing the process of

flow structure optimization. The main goal was to reduce negative effects of pressure and

velocity gradients on the performance. Proposed precursory design might be a good

starting point for further development of compressors. The results of numerical analysis

were promising and shows the possibility of proposed design usage in practical

applications, however to obtain deep understanding of the problem, the experimental

analysis should be also done.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels



123 | p a g e

THE EFFECTS OF STORING EXCESS HEAT IN THE STONE BATTERY IN A HORTICULTURAL BUILDING

Slawomir Kurpaska*, Jakub Sikora, Krzysztof Mudryk, Hubert Latała1, Pawel Konopacki2

Keywords: stone battery, storing excess heat, greenhouse

ABSTRACT

Greenhouses are characterized by high transparency and small insulation of a cover.

These objects are vulnerable to solar radiation, because penetrating the shields the sun's

rays, causing a rapid rise in temperature inside the object. Excess heat causes

unfavorable thermal conditions adversely affecting the cultivated plants. Too high a

temperature conducive for intensification of gas exchange, thus contributing to the

advantage of the process of breathing on photosynthesis. Too low a temperature inside

greenhouse causes abnormal development of the aerial parts of crops. As a result,

incorrect temperature affects negatively on earliness, yield quantity and quality of crops.

Hence arises the need for ventilation of the object, and what this entails the creation of

heat loss. An alternative solution leading to the storage of excess heat energy there is

collect it in special batteries. Among the possible batteries (batteries exploiting heat of

the body, the heat of chemical reaction, solar ponds, the heat of phase transitions:

melting - solidification, crystallization - dissolution, sublimation - resublimation,

evaporation - condensation, boiling - condensation and changes in crystal structures) for

research, because the universality of access, lack of reaction with food grown used a

stone battery was chosen. The idea of the system is illustrated graphically in Fig. 1.

W

qwy

Into the

tunnel

qWE

Stone accumulator

perforated pipe

W- ventilator

Fig. 1. Schematic of the laboratory research

The parameters of ambient climate, microclimate inside the building and pumped

and flowing from the battery air were measured under conditions with and without the

cultivated plants (tomato). The paper presents the results achieved: the amount of

stored heat, changes in the concentrations of water vapor in the air flowing from the

battery. Also identified global (during growing season) obtained environmental effects.

1 Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland 2 Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected]

124 | p a g e

THE ROLE OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

Marta Kuta1,*, Dominika Matuszewska1, Tadeusz Michał Wójcik1

Keywords: phase change materials, renewable energy, heat storage

ABSTRACT

Unceasing global economic development leads to continuous increase of energy

demand. Considering the limited conventional resources of energy as well as impact on

the environment associated with its use, it is important to focus on the rational

management of energy resources and on supporting the development of new

technologies related to both conventional and renewable energy resources. In a number

of cases the use of phase change materials (PCMs) turns out to be a reasonable solution.

Phase change materials are substances which changes phase in certain temperature

range. Significant property of PCMs is ability to absorb specified amounts of heat during

the phase transition(1).

According to their properties such us: transition temperature range, type of

transition, value of the latent heat of fusion and thermal conductivity, phase change

materials can be used in numbers of applications including energy sector. PCM have

found applications in fields like: short and long term thermal energy storage, thermal

control in buildings and vehicles, solar power plants, spacecraft thermal system, medical

applications, thermal stability of electronic devices and many others.

Heat storage with the application of PCMs is based on the use of sensible heat. It has

been proved that this kind of method is an effective solution. Also many successful

investigations has been conducted according to the application of phase change materials

for thermal energy storage or latent heat thermal storage systems for heat pumps, solar

engineering as well as for heating and cooling systems of residential and public utility

buildings(2)

This paper contains a summary of well studied and known, previously used solutions

based on phase change materials as well as novel possibilities, which are under

development. It has been decided to investigate this topic due to the wide range of

highly effective solutions. [1] B. Zalba, J.M. Marin, L.F.Cabeza, H. Mehling, Applied Thermal Engineering, 3 (2003) 251-283. [2] A. Sharma, V.V. Tyagi, C.R. Chen, D. Buddhi, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13 (2009) 318-

345.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Thermal

and Fluid Flow Machines, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow



125 | p a g e

THERMAL EFFECTS OF THE STONE BATTERY DEPENDING ON THE BED VOLUMES

Hubert Latała*, Slawomir Kurpaska, Jakub Sikora, Krzysztof Mudryk,1, Pawel Konopacki2

Keywords: stone battery, storing heat, absorb water vapoure

ABSTRACT

The search restrictions energy consumption in horticultural production there are in

progress continually. They concern on the one hand reduce heat loss and, second, better

use of available energy. Greenhouse efect in the greenhouse forced ventilation process

especially in the surplus heat. Lost by ventilation heat flux can be successfully used in

the process of storage. This applies to the period of excess heat during the day. In a

cycle of night because of the need to heat the object stored heat in the battery can

successfully complement the energy source arising from conventional fuels. An additional

effect of such a system is to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and dust.

The paper presents the manner of management of excess heat in the stone battery.

Its structure included four segments with a volume of 13.1 m3 each. Segments of the

battery were fed a stream of air in an independent manner. This enabled the work of

individual segments or a few at a time. The battery can work in two stages: charging and

discharging. Selecting the stage took place automatically according to the developed

algorithm. This decision was dependent on the parameters of air flowing through the bed

and the thermal state of the battery. During the process of charging and discharging

monitored changes in air enthalpy at the inlet and outlet of the battery, and the

temperature and relative humidity of air in the bed of battery.

For different bed volumes increases its temperature, heat storage capacity and the

ability to absorb water vapoure was determined.

1 Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland 2 Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice, Poland



126 | p a g e

THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES SHOWN IN CASE OF ORC-BASED GEOTHERMAL

POWER PLANT

Dominika Matuszewska1,*, Marta Kuta2, Jan Górski3

Keywords: environmental impact, ORC, LCA, optimization

ABSTRACT

Nowadays energy is considered as one of the basic needs essential for functioning of

our society. In large degree, the economic development of countries is based on

providing various energy services, such as electricity, district heating or district cooling.

Demand for these services has become the main driving force behind the development of

the energy industry using predominantly energy from non-renewable sources. A large

share of fossil fuels in energy industry has meaningful effect on the natural environment

and human health. For these reasons, a strong emphasis is put on the search of new,

clean ways of energy production e.g. through the use of renewable energy installations.

However one should not forget that the renewable energy technologies in construction

and decommissioning phases can have more significant impact on environment than

during operation. The motivation of this study was to analyze the environmental impact

of renewable energy technologies.

This paper presents an optimization model of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)

geothermal power plant combined with the environmental impact assessment of this

installation. For this purpose, a thermodynami model of the ORC has been integrated by

using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The main objective of the project is to

evaluate environmental impact of optimized ORC system by using different LCA methods.

Analyzed ORC-based geothermal power plant has been modeled as a stracture consisting

of three subsystems: the superstracture of exploitable resources - in this case Enhenced

Geothermal System (EGS), the superstracture of geothermal conversion technology - the

ORC) and the profiles of energy demand. In paper, the methodology used to integrate

LCA with thermodynamic model is also presented. The results are shown for a couple

working fluids.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology 2 AGH University of Science and Technology 3 AGH University of Science and Technology





127 | p a g e

PRODUCTION AND IMPORT OF ENERGY - POLAND AGAINST EU COUNTRIES

Sylwia Lorenc1, Marcin Migza1,*

Keywords: Energy sources, energy production, energy policy

ABSTRACT

One of the biggest threats in the European Union is its dependence on the external

supply of energy carriers. In 2013, 53.4% of gross inland energy consumption was

imported. Nowadays, the area of energy within the EU countries is quite complex.

Today, the EU consists of 28 states of different size, population, economy, and

energy structure. Without presenting the political-economic context, a comparison

between energy market in Poland to those in the other 27 EU countries would not

produce a reliable picture.

The existence of these discrepancies was a motivating factor in the authors’ efforts

to account for the Polish energy market as compared to the other EU states which were

grouped according to certain key. The dividing line was the accession date.

The purpose of this paper is to present the Polish energy market compared to the

countries of the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ European Union. The study was conducted based on

the Eurostat information mainly. The data was presented and analyzed according to the

following kinds of energy sources: nuclear energy, solid fuels, natural gas, crude oil,

renewable energy.

In each of the abovementioned kinds, the situation of Poland was thoroughly

examined and compared to that of the other EU members. The findings help to better

understand the differences between the Polish energy market and the other EU countries.

Taking into consideration the current composition of the EU, without an in-depth

analysis of this market in each of the member countries it seems impossible to follow one

energy policy. The European energy market is so diverse across all the member states

that it is necessary to clearly specify the energy situation in each of them.

This analysis allows for a better understanding of the Polish and the European

energy markets. It can be taken as an introduction to more detailed studies and a

contribution to a larger diversification of the demands within the common energy policy

of the EU.

1 AGH University * corresponding author: [email protected]

128 | p a g e

HOW RESIDENTIAL PV MIGHT CHANGE THE ENERGY DEMAND CURVE IN POLAND

Jakub Jurasz1,*, Magdalena Krzywda1, Jerzy Mikulik1

Keywords: renwable energy, distributed generation, photovoltaics

ABSTRACT

Considering variable renewable energy (VRE) sources photovoltaics (PV) constitute

to only 1.3% of their total installed capacity (5.63 GW as on the end of 2015) in Poland.

Amongst VRE, wind energy exhibits the most rapid expansion whereas the number of

hydropower projects remains stagnant. Due to the PV scalability, modularity and

common social acceptance this source of electrical energy may in future attract much

more attention of households’ owners. Most recent literature points to the problems of

integrating large amount of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources to the power

grid. Energy generation from a single PV station may vary strongly in time, but research

indicates that a fleet of PV installations distributed on a larger area behave in a more

predictable and acceptable manner.

This paper addresses the issue of an increasing number of residential PV installations

and their potential impact on the energy demand curve in Poland. This theoretical study

took into the consideration the mean annual electrical energy consumption in rural

households considering their location in different districts (in total 314 polish districts

were investigated without cities with district rights). In those 314 districts almost 4.8

million rural households is located. Daily load patterns were generated based on data

available from international databases and so far conducted research in polish literature.

Time series of irradiation values which exhibit good temporal and spatial resolution were

obtained from http://www.soda-pro.com/. Coordinates for each time series have been

estimated based on the center point of each district. It has been assumed that the mean

nominal power of residential PV system is equal to 3 kWp and has a performance ratio of

80%. The impacts of different number/percent of households owning PV system were

investigated.

Results indicate that there is a possibility to integrate as much as 300 000

residential PV installations without generating energy surpluses, which will be exported

beyond districts borders. Increasing this number to 20% will cause a situation when 10%

of annually generated electricity from PV is perceived as a surplus – cannot be used on

site (district).

1 AGH University, Faculty of Management, Department of Engineering Management * corresponding author: [email protected]

http://www.soda-pro.com/



129 | p a g e

THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING WASTE FOR ENERGY PURPOSES

Tomasz Mirowski1,*, Monika Pepłowska2

Keywords: Waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies, waste recycling, energy saving

method

ABSTRACT

The growth and diversity of waste produced in Polish cities and villages and their

potentially harmful effects on the environmental and also an increase in disposal costs

and protect public health led to the need for advanced methods of safe disposal of

garbage. While there is an obvious need to re-use and recycling some of them, the

technologies for recovery of energy from wastes can become one of the reliable sources

of energy in the future. Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the

process of generating energy in the form of electricity (and/or heat) from the primary

treatment of waste. WTE technologies involve converting various parts of municipal solid

waste such as plastics, celulosic materials (paper), food wastes or wet biomass to

generate energy by either bio- or thermochemical processes. There are many of other

new and emerging technologies that are able to produce energy from waste. Many of

these technologies have the potential to produce more electric power from the same

amount of fuel than would be possible by direct combustion.

In this paper the authors present a brief comparison of thermo-chemical techniques,

such as: combustion, thermal depolymerization, gasification and pyrolysis in fast

response times.

In the field of biochemical processes it will be: a mechanical biological treatment

(MBT), anaerobic digestion, hydrolysis and fermentation using enzymes occurring at a

slow pace.

The low-cost and energy saving method of waste is the segregation of waste at the

source it is produced. An example of analysis how to reduce the waste materials in

selected commune in Małopolska will be presented in this paper.

1 Ph.D., Eng., Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences 2 M. Sc., Eng., Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences

* [email protected]

130 | p a g e

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF Y-DOPED SrTiO3 MATERIALS

Adrian Mizera1,*, Łukasz Łańcucki1, Ewa Drożdż1

Keywords: strontium titanate, Y-dopant, SOFC, citrate method

ABSTRACT

The perovskite type materials (ABO3) due to their mixed ionic-electronic conductivity

(MIEC) can be successfully applied in solid-state ionic devices e.g. solid oxide fuel cells,

batteries, systems for electro synthesis or electro induced gas separation. One of the

most motivating applications of strontium titanates is to employ them as a peculiar

alternative to traditionally used nickel-zirconia cermet as anode material in solid oxide

fuel cells. Furthermore both chemical stability and electrical or/and ionic conductivity of

SrTiO3 can be enhanced by incorporation of aliovalent dopants (donor or acceptor) at

both, A or B sub-lattices. To make SOFC application possible, the used material, has to

meet circumstances such as high porosity and high value of electronic/ionic conductivity.

Moreover porous perovskite materials, contrasting dense materials, often demonstrate

not only different microstructure but also thermal and electronic (ionic end electron)

conductivity.

Strontium titanate is a dielectric material but its conductivity can be greatly boosted

by doping SrTiO3 with donors that cause converting of the native material into n-type

semiconductor. Electron donor admixtures create states located near the conduction

band of strontium titanate. Thus, substitution of strontium by yttrium leads to release of

free electron into the conduction band as – structure must maintain its electroneutrality.

This phenomenon is described by the equation:

x

OSr

SrTiO OeYOY 322 '3

32 (1)

The strontium titanate materials were synthesized using the citrate sol-gel method.

The solutions of strontium, titanium and yttrium precursors were mixed with citric acid.

Then, the solution was evaporated and the obtained xerogel was further dried and

calcined at air atmosphere. The samples of Sr1-xYxTiO3 where x is in the range 0.0 – 0.8

mol.% were prepared. Used synthesis method lead to obtaining high-porous materials

consisting of nanoparticles [2].

For the structure and microstructure characterization, XRD technique and scanning

electron microscopy SEM together with EDAX analysis were employed. The analysis of

phase composition of received powders shown that materials consisted only of single-

phase SrTiO3, EDS spectra confirmed presence of yttrium in materials. Electrical

properties of all samples were determined on a basis of impedance measurements (EIS)

conducted in 5%H2/95%Ar and synthetic air atmospheres.

Acknowledgment

This work was financially supported by the National Science Centre of the Republic of

Poland, Grant No 2014/14/EST5/00763. [1] S.Q. Hui, A. Petric, Electrical properties of yttrium-doped strontium titanate under reducing conditions, J.

Electrochem. Soc. , 149 (2002) J1-J10 [2] E. Drożdż, J. Wyrwa, M. Rękas, Influence of sintering temperature and aging on properties of cermet

Ni/8YSZ materials obtained by citric method, Ionics, 19 (12) (2013) 1733-43

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Kraków



131 | p a g e

PERFORMENCE CALCULATIONS OF THERMOELECTRIC MODULE P-TYPE LEG COMPOSED OF (Bi2Te3)x(Sb2Te3)1-x

M. Musiał1,2*, M. Borcuch1,2, S. Gumuła1, K.T. Wojciechowski2

Keywords: thermoelectric modules, modeling, waste heat, energy conversion

ABSTRACT

Industrial processes and transportation are major fields of huge amounts of waste

heat. Since last decades thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are becoming more popular in

the area of waste heat recovery because of many advantages, such as compact design,

no moving parts, no working fluid and quiet operation.

TEGs allow to directly convert heat into electricity as a result of Seebeck effect, but

still suffer due to unsatisfactory conversion efficiency because of low efficiency of

commercially available thermoelectric modules and ineffective dedicated heat

exchangers. The most popular thermoelectric modules based on Bismuth Telluride (Bi-

Te) alloys, materials developed in 1960s have efficiency around 5%. Novel research

provides new types of materials dedicated for energy harvesting, with efficiency reaching

15%.

The paper presents the results of numerical and analytical performance

investigations of p-type leg of thermoelectric module. Calculations of

(Bi2Te3)x(Sb2Te3)1-x p-type leg for different chemical compositions

(x=0.16,0.20,0.24,0.26) have been carried out to estimate the power output and

conversion efficiency. Study has been performed for constant and temperature

dependent thermoelectric parameters - , , k. Results of modeling for constant material

parameters fit very well with the analytical solution, pointing that numerical tools are

useful in development of thermoelectric modules and generators. [1] S. Lineykin, S. Ben-Yaakov, Transactions on Industry Applications, 43 (2007). [2] E. E. Antonova, D. C. Looman, IEEE (2005), 215-218. [3] S. Yongming, Z. Zhixiang et al., Energy Conversion and Management, 101 (2015), 713-720. [4] N. Espinosa, M. Lazard et al., Journal of Electronic Materials, 9 (2010), 1446-1455. [5] J. Jang, L. Chen et al., Journal of Crystal Growth, 277 (2005) 258-263.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Thermal and Fluid Flow Machines 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Thermoelectric Research Laboratory * corresponding author: [email protected]

132 | p a g e

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT STORAGE CHARGING

Artur Nemś1,*, Agata Hołowczak1, Magdalena Nemś1

Keywords: high temperature storage, efficiency of heat accumulation, brick thermal

storage

ABSTRACT

The article presents the results of the test of a heat storage filled with chamotte

brick. The storage is a part of a set-up for examining the long-term accumulation of heat

from the solar linear concentrating collector. For the purpose of the experiment, the set-

up was equipped with an additional heater with regulated setpoints that allow to obtain

different input parameters in laboratory conditions. Sensors placed in the internal part of

the housing were used to measure the distribution of temperature in the deposit as well

as the parameters of inlet and outlet air. The obtained results were put together in the

form of diagrams. It was shown that there is a great temperature gradient towards the

air flow. The air parameters were used as the basis for determining the heat stream

represented by a working medium, which was then compared with the stream

accumulated in the material filling the deposit. In that way, the efficiency of heat

accumulation was determined. In the first few minutes, the efficiency dropped

significantly, which was connected with the deposit's construction elements heating. After

6 minutes, the curve's character changed and the efficiency rose until the tests were

finished. Additionally, heat streams were shown for individual segments of the deposit.

The efficiency of heat accumulation was determined for each of them. They showed that

the efficiency of accumulation process was highest in the deposit's first segments and the

lowest in the last segments, where the air was the coldest. The dynamics of the

efficiency's shift was different for each of the observed segments. In the area closest to

the inlet of hot air, the dynamics of the process of heat accumulation decreased the

fastest and after one hour only a slight increase of efficiency was visible in the function of

time. In the accumulation material placed closest to the outlet, the process of absorbing

heat was very fast, starting from the 20th minute before the tests were completed. The

smallest changes in the process' character, throughout the whole time of testing, were

recorded in the middle layer. It confirms the assumption that the heating construction

elements of the deposit had a great influence on the efficiency in the first phase of the

accumulator's charging process.

1 Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Poland




133 | p a g e

LINEAR CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR AS AN AIR HEATER IN THE HEATING SYSTEM OF BUILDING IN POLISH CLIMATIC

CONDITIONS

Magdalena Nemś1,*, Agnieszka Manikowska1, Artur Nemś1

Keywords: solar air heater, parabolic concentrator, heating system

ABSTRACT

Solar concentrating collectors are used mainly in solar power plants and

technological processes. Despite being more efficient than flat collectors, they are not

popular in Poland. However, collectors of a low level of concentration, designed for

domestic hot water are commercially available.

The article presents the analysis of the performance of a concentrating collector in

the heating system of a residential building. Air was used as the working fluid. The

conceptual heating system was designed for a single-family house with energy

consumption of 45 kWh/m2year, and it did not use heat accumulator. The heating

requirements of the building were determined for each day of the year.

The amount of direct irradiation reaching the absorber’s surface on all the days of

the year was determined with the use of hourly meteorological data for Wrocław, shared

by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Growth. It was assumed that the collector is

equipped with a tracking system working in one axis. Calculations and comparisons were

made for the amount of solar irradiation for three values of the receiver’s inclination

angle: β1=60°, β2=90° and β3=30°. Then, the collector’s efficiency was determined on

a modeling way. Statistical method described by Korzyński [1] was used in order to

determine the optimum inclination of the mirror and the amount of flowing air. This

method involves creating a plan of experiment with three levels of changeability for two

input factors.

In the last stage, the amount of heat obtained from the installation during all the

days of the year was analysed. The gains were juxtaposed on the diagram with the

building’s heat demand. The analysis has shown that the heat requirements can be met

only partially. This solution has to be complemented with another heating device, so the

system must be bivalent. [1] M. Korzyński, Methodology of the experiment (in Polish), Wyd.Naukowo-Techniczne, Warsaw, 2006.

1 Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Poland


134 | p a g e

MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS IN SELECTING THE OPTIMAL OPTION OF SOLAR SYSTEM

Aleksandra Radziejowska 1,*, Krzysztof Zima 2

Keywords: multicriteria analysis, solar systems, sustainable development, energy

sources

ABSTRACT

Alternative energy sources are becoming more serious competition to traditional

ways of generating energy. It becomes real the integration of eco-energy with ecology,

as well as the innovative technologies with low-energy construction. More often, due to

the additional initial costs and long payback period for the building object, selection of

the most beneficial source of renewable energy is becoming problem of the private and

the public investor [2]. Apart from the cost an important issue are technical parameters

of the equipment, durability, ease of installation, etc. The investor therefore is facing

with the problem of decision-making to choose the best solution from the point of view of

many criteria.

In the article, the authors present the proposal to apply the methods of multi-criteria

analysis to select the most beneficial variant of the solar system solutions. Currently on

the manufacturers of solar collectors market appears a variety of solutions, which are

used to convert solar energy into heat [1]. Solar energy that gets directly to the device is

converted by the heat transfer medium, which may be a liquid (eg. glycol, water) or gas

(eg. air) into heat energy. The analysis will cover flat solar systems, some of which are a

gas-filled, liquid-filled or two-phase and flat-vacuum solution, vacuum-tube or

concentrating systems.

The authors present an assessment of solutions by multiple criteria, using in this

purpose among other the method of multivariate analysis of AHP of Saaty, the taxonomic

method of weighting factors and, belonging to a group of methods using outranking

relations, the Promethee II method [3]. Proposed comparative analysis can be used as a

method for decision support during the selection of the most beneficial technological

solution of solar installation and to evaluate operational efficiency existing buildings

which will have implemented new systems. [1] M. Wesołowski, T. Ekonomiczny aspekt montażu instalacji słonecznych w gospodarstwach domowych,

instytucjach i zakładach pracy, in: II Konferencja Zapotrzebowanie energetyczne w gminach i powiecie z uwzględnieniem odnawialnych źródeł energii, Bielawa, 2004.

[2] K.Neupauer, J. Magiera, Efficiency analysis of different types of solar collectors, Technical Transactions, Issue 4, 2009

[3] J. Szwabowski, J. Deszcz, Metody wielokryterialnej analizy porównawczej : podstawy teoretyczne i przykłady zastosowań w budownictwie, Gliwice : Wydaw. Politechniki Śląskiej, 2001

1 M. Sc. Eng Aleksandra Radziejowska, Department of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering and Geotechnics, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, AGH University Of Science And Technology in Cracow, Poland 2 PhD. Eng. Krzysztof Zima, Institute of Construction and Transportation Engineering & Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University Of Technology, Poland




135 | p a g e

ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT PROFITABILITY IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AS EXEMPLIFIED BY A SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE

Elżbieta Radziszewska-Zielina1,*, Renata Rumin 2

Keywords: investment profitability, renewable energy sources

ABSTRACT

The paper presents an analysis of investment profitability of selected systems based

on renewable energy sources as exemplified by a semi-detached house with the usable

area of nearly 150 m2. The analysis was performed in three variants:1) the application of

a biomass boiler, solar collectors and photovoltaics; 2) a heat pump, solar collectors and

photovoltaics; 3) a heat pump, solar collectors and a wind turbine. Next, the proposed

solutions were compared with the traditional heating system by means of a gas boiler

and the acquisition of electric energy from the electrical network. After the selection of

appropriate equipment, the investment and exploitation costs were calculated. In the

analysed example, the highest investments are required in variant 3 (purchase and

installation of a heat pump, drilling to install submersible pumps). The highest

exploitation costs concern the use of traditional solutions. The analysis of investment

profitability was performed using simple and discounted methods of profitability

evaluation. A discounted payback period is the shortest for variant 3: less than 13 years.

After such a period the investment will reach the break-even point. To sum up, it must

be noted that the profitability of an investment depends on the solutions adopted. Due to

high initial costs, investors are often not interested in the purchase and installation of

systems of renewable energy sources; however, thanks to subsidies and reductions for

the installation of systems of renewable energy sources, investors’ input may be

diminished. There is an observable decrease in the prices of the most popular and the

most efficient systems of renewable energy sources.

1 Institute of Management in Construction and Transport Cracow University of Technology

2 Graduate of Cracow University of Technology


136 | p a g e

MAGNETIC NANOFLUID PROPERTIES AS THE HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT AGENT

Aleksandra Roszko1*, Elżbieta Fornalik-Wajs1

Keywords: heat transfer enhancement, thermo-magnetic convection, strong magnetic

field

ABSTRACT

Nowadays a lot of attention is paid to the efficiency and energy usage in all areas of

engineering. Therefore, many of existing and operating units or procedures need to be

optimized and improved. Scientists are developing ideas how to fulfil the requirements of

new regulations. In the field of heat transfer still important is concern of its increase. One

of the intensively studied method of heat transfer enhancement is connected with

utilization of nanofluids as an innovative way to overcome the limitations of commonly

used coolants. Moreover, there are attempts to combine more augmentation methods

during one process. Authors idea was to support the passive method (addition of

nanoparticles) with the active method (action of magnetic field) to obtain the highest

possible improvement. This approach was described and discussed in presented paper.

The influence of various factors like (the nanofluid preparation method, the magnetic

field strength and location of the experimental enclosure in magnetic field) on the heat

transfer rate were demonstrated. Two methods of nanofluid preparation (mechanical and

ultrasonic agitation) were compared, since this step of experimental analysis was

significant. The measurements were conducted with and without magnetic field

utilization. When magnetic field was acting the value of magnetic induction varied in the

range of 2-9T. Furthermore, position of the experimental enclosure in magnetic

environment was considered due to the meaning of magnetic induction square gradient,

influencing the heat transfer processes inside the vessel.

Summarizing, investigation and evaluation of the listed aspects were performed and

discussed. The presented results revealed the highest possible enhancement under

applied conditions and also direction of the future studies. One of the most demanding

subjects is on estimation to which extend the fluid properties determined the phenomena

in the enclosure and to which extend – the magnetic field. The results gave the

opportunity to understand not only the global thermal effect but also the fluid-particle

interaction.





137 | p a g e

ELECTROMAGNETIC THERAPEUTIC COILS DESING TO REDUCE ENERGY LOSS

Przemyslaw Syrek1, Mikolaj Skowron, Szczepan Moskwa, Wojciech Kraszewski, Antoni

Ciesla

Keywords: magnetotherapy, coils desing, energy loss

ABSTRACT

In extremely low frequency band, both components of electromagnetic field, may be

considered separately and their influence the human tissues. Both components are used

in a wide range of medical problems. Remotely supervised therapies are developed in

many branches of medicine, e.g.: related to the brain stimulation [1]. Since the fractures

and general, orthopedic injuries contribute to several percent increase in sick leave in the

workplace, this aspect requires the use of available, technical means. Therapy conducted

remotely, involves many advantages: travel time to rehabilitation is reduced to the

barest minimum, whereas the session duration, in principle, is unlimited. In this context,

the energy saving problem occurs. Searching the patent databases, it can be found many

claims concerns control systems for the magnetic field, methods of power supplies.

The article introduces the problem of energy loss reduction, in order to extend the

continuous operation of the portable magnetic field applicator. Here, the energy loss is

due to four causes: energy source itself, converter and impulse generator, anatomical

structures absorbing the energy, and final is within the applicator’s winding. The first two

are beyond considerations. In turn, human tissues and their electric conductivity

combined with current range induced by devices involve the negligible energy level.

Therefore variety of stimulators winding shapes are considered, in order to focus or

ensure the uniformity of electric or magnetic field [2]. The coil winding design should

take into account energy efficiency as well. The results were obtained using evolutionary

strategy, are presented for variety of adopted objective functions, that depend on

requirements imposed on field distribution. [1] L.E. Charvet, M. Kasschau, A. Datta, H. Knotkova, M. C. Stevens, A. Alonzo, C. Loo, K.R. Krull, M. Bikson,

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 9 (2015) 26, 1-13. [2] D. Zhi-De, S.H. Lisanby, A.V. Peterchev, Brain Stimulation, 6 (2013), 1–13.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland, [email protected]

138 | p a g e

CARBON AS A FUEL FOR EFFICIENT ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN CARBON SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS

Marek Skrzypkiewicz1,*, Magdalena Dudek2

Keywords: Direct Carbon Fuel Cell, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, DCFC, DC-SOFC, charcoal

ABSTRACT

Combustion of solid carbonaceous fuels (wood, coal etc.) has accompanied human

civilisation from the very beginning initially for heat and later for power generation.

Unfortunately, the oxidation of carbon is inextricably linked to the formation of CO2,

which is believed to affect the Earth’s climate through the destructive rise of global

temperatures. Because the abrupt elimination of coal from use in the power industry is

impossible, efforts are now being concentrated on increasing the efficiency of power

generation, including cogeneration in distributed systems, the wider use of biomass, and

improvements in CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies. All these challenges can

be met through the application of direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs), which have

accordingly attracted growing interest over the past decade. The DCFC offers significant

advantages over traditional carbon conversion technologies. It converts the chemical

energy of solid carbon fuel directly into electricity without a reforming or combustion

process, operates with high efficiency, and is possible to apply in small domestic units

enabling the distributed cogeneration of electricity and heat. In this paper, the impact of

the physicochemical properties of carbonaceous solid fuels on the performance of a direct

carbon solid oxide fuel cell (DC-SOFC) was investigated. High-purity carbon powders

such as carbon black, charcoal, and graphite were chosen for analytical and

electrochemical investigations in a DC-SOFC. The research was focused on choosing an

optimised, cost-effective, high-purity carbon powder which could be applied as a solid

reference fuel for all tests performed on a single DC-SOFC cell as well as in DC-SOFC

stack constructions. The relationship between structure, physicochemical properties, and

electrochemical reactivity in a DC-SOFC was analysed. Most of the electrochemical

investigations described in this paper were performed on solid oxide button cells.

However, we also performed several experiments with larger cells, namely square-

shaped DC-SOFCs with dimensions of 5 cm × 5 cm. The purpose of these experiments

was to examine the effect of system scale-up. Based on our results, obtained using

analytical and electrochemical methods, charcoal-based fuels seem to be adequate and

cost-effective solid reference fuels for DC-SOFCs. Comparative results of electrochemical

tests on cells of smaller and greater dimensions were analysed and discussed.

1 Institute of Power Engineering, Thermal Processes Department, Ul. Augustówka 36, 02-981 Warsaw, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland




139 | p a g e

THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY BASED SYSTEMS USING DINAMIC SIMULATION SOFTWARE

Krzysztof Sornek1,*, Mariusz Filipowicz1, Kamila Rzepka2

Keywords: renewable energy, dynamic simulations, optimization

ABSTRACT

This paper shows the possibility of using TRNSYS (Transient System Simulation Tool)

and POLYSUN simulation software to optimization the renewable energy based systems.

The proper design of the solar and photovoltaics installations is really important

to provide their efficient and safe operation. In many cases, typical design methods,

based on the static calculations, are not precise enough. Therefore, nowadays more

and more popular are dynamic simulations taking into account high variability of such

parameters as sun radiation, temporary production and consumption of the heat

and electricity etc.

During described studies, the simple models of solar and photovoltaic installations

were implemented in the TRNSYS and POLYSUN software. There were calculated different

configurations of proposed systems (various types and number of sun devices, various

parameters of solar and photovoltaic systems and various climatic conditions). Carried

out calculations allowed to determine the heat and power generation in the discussed

systems in each case. The guidelines for optimization of the initial systems configurations

were prepared consequently.

The results of conducted studies were compared with the results obtained using

other available tools (based on the static calculations). The difference is quite significant

(a few and more percent, depending on the tool). It means, that traditional designing

energy systems may be a reason for some further exploitation problems (low efficiency,

overheating etc.).

Concluding it may be found, that performing dynamic simulations at the designing

stage may help in the maximizing the efficient and safe exploitation of renewable energy

based systems.

The work has been completed as part of the statutory activities of the Faculty of Energy

and Fuels at the AGH University “Studies concerning the conditions of sustainable energy

development”, in cooperation with Foundation Institute for Sustainable Energy.

1 AGH University, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Sustainable Energy Development 2 Foundation Institute for Sustainable Energy


140 | p a g e

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND STEAM COAL TRANSPORT OVER LONG DISTANCES

Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj1,*, Zbigniew Grudziński2

Keywords: energy efficiency, CO2, rail, transportation of coal

ABSTRACT

Different distribution of steam coal in the world in relation to their consumer’s

causes that need to be transported often very long distances. The global coal trade is

dominated by maritime transport. It is estimated that about 90% of the turnover coal in

the world is carried by sea. In condition of Polish, European countries or countries

characterized by a large surface, for example: The United States of America, The

People's Republic of China, and The Russian Federation - a major role played by land

transport.

The article discusses the structure of the steam coal trade in the international

market. Discussed two separate geographically, basic markets: the Atlantic and the

Pacific region. The paper presented flows between the major producers and users of

steam coal in the world.

In Poland, a significant role of transport of steam coal plays rail transport. This

applies to both transport in the relationship of domestic and import. Among the countries

exporting steam coal to the Polish market for many years marked by a dominant position

of the Russian Federation. Usually steam coal is imported from the Kuznetsk Basin (the

so-called Kuzbass), located in the West Siberia (Kemerovsky District). Average transport

distance from Kuzbass to the rail border crossings in Poland is around 5 thousand

kilometers.

The article was calculated, what is the share of energy associated with the transport

of steam coal from Russia to Polish, in relation to the energy contained in the imported

steam coal. In addition, the article presents information on the environmental costs

associated with this issue.

In this paper the authors want to answer the question whether the high cost of CO2

allowances coal transportation by rail over long distances can be effective.

1 Ph.D. Eng., The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow 2 D. Sc., Eng., Associate Professor; The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow

* [email protected]



141 | p a g e

MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID GENERATION SYSTEM OF WIND TURBINES, PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES, AND A FUEL CELL

Radosław Szczerbowski1,*, Bartosz Ceran2

Keywords: PEM fuel cells, energy storage, hybrid power systems

ABSTRACT

Fully distributed generation is playing an increasingly important role in the power

system, especially wind and photovoltaic plants. According to the author’s, while

observing an increasing saturation of a power system by this type of sources, it is

extremely important to gain knowledge about planning of the burden between

unconventional and conventional sources based on carbon, which will continue to be the

primary energy source in the coming years.

The development of distributed generation must be commensurate with the

development of energy storage technologies, where a high PEM fuel cell shows potential,

cooperating with cell and hydrogen tank. The efficiency of the charging and discharging

of the energy store cell - fuel cell reaches the level of 45-25% depending on the load.

While planning collaboration between renewable sources with conventional ones,

energy aspects of examined electricity generation technologies should be considered

(efficiency process of processing of primary energy into electricity), economic aspects

(cost of generating electricity) and environmental aspects (emissions of pollutants).

For example, the high value of weight of ecological criteria will be linked to

environmental protection, which naturally is stated by many people improves the quality

of life. However, this will be realized at the expense of low-value weights of the other

criteria, including economic and, consequently, high-value electricity prices.

On the other hand, at high value of weight of economical criterion and low-value

energy criterion it may turn out that the energy from the thermal power plant is more

attractive to people preferring economic aspects than wind power because the price of

energy production in this source will be relatively lower what will positively impact the

household budget of a man at the expense of the environment.

In this article the results of multi-criteria analyzes of cooperation of the hybrid

system consisting of wind power plant, photovoltaic plant and energy storage cell - fuel

cell with conventional sources, taking into account the energy, environmental and

economic aspects will be presented. The results will allow to gain knowledge about the

optimal planning of cooperation of hybrid systems with conventional sources of power

system. [1] B. Ceran, K. Sroka, Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Generation System of Wind Turbines, Photovoltaic

Modules, and a Fuel Cell, Acta Energetica, 2/23 (2015), 36–42 [2] B. Ceran, P.A. Bernstein, Operational characteristics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells,

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, 10/2014, 102-105 [3] C. Wang, M.H. Nehrir, Power Management of a Stand-Alone Wind/Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Energy System,

Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions, 2008, 957-964 [4] P. A. Bernstein, M. Heuer, M. Wenske, Fuel Cell System as a Part of the Smart Grid, Proccedings of

Powertech, Grenoble, 2013, 1-4 [5] R. Szczerbowski, B. Ceran, Możliwości rozwoju i problemy techniczne małej generacji rozproszonej opartej

na odnawialnych źródłach energii, Polityka Energetyczna, tom 16, z. 3, 193 - 20

1 Poznan University of Technology 2 Poznan University of Technology


142 | p a g e

OFF-GRID PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS AS A SOLUTION FOR THE AMBIENT POLLUTION AVOIDANCE AND IRAQ’S RURAL AREAS

ELECTRIFICATION

Qusay Hassan1,2*, Marek Jaszczur2, Katarzyna Styszko3, Katarzyna Szramowiat3,

Janusz Gołaś3

Keywords: solar PV, electrification rural area, off-grid system, CO2 emissions avoidance

ABSTRACT

The growing demand for local pollution free renewable energy sources in the world

considered the solar energy as a one of the important renewable energy technologies

and becomes dominant to the renewable energy source being exploited. The last

investigations have shown that concentrations of most air pollutants in Baghdad City

have shown a downward trend in recent years, but they are generally in many instances

worse than natural ambient air; thus, all pollutants (except CO) fluctuated between high

and below limits certified by Iraqi and international standards. Although grid extension

still remains the preferred mode of rural electrification [3], extension of the central

electricity grid to geographically remote and sparsely populated rural areas can either be

financially unviable or practically infeasible. The paper presents a unique approach to

study and analysis off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system in order to provide the required

energy for a one fold household in Diyala State, Iraq as well as the CO2 emissions and

life cycle (LCC) and economical aspect was considered. The results of the study by

depending on site metrological data shows that the unit of electrical cost of (1 kWh)

about ($0.73) and this value is not expensive compared to the current unit cost of

electricity and becomes effect and encouraged the use the PV system to electrify the rare

sites. The average of CO2 emissions get avoidance about 434.35 kg/year compared with

conventional fuels used in Iraq to generate electricity.

1Department of Fundamental Research in Energy Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland 2Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Diyala, Iraq 3Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and

Technology, Poland



143 | p a g e

MODELLING OF THE ENERGY USE OF VENTILATION AIR FROM THE MINES

Karol Sztekler1*, Maciej Komorowski1*, Dawid Kot1*

Key words: ventilation air methane, catalytic flow reversal reactor, low-grade waste

heat recovery, organic Rankine cycle

ABSTRACT

In this paper an attempt is a comprehensive presentation of the problem of methane

emissions from ventilation air from the mines to the atmosphere and possible solutions

were suggested. Methane is released during excavation work in coal mines is a big

problem in terms of safety and environmental protection. At the same time it is a further

potential source of energy that has been not yet on a larger scale [1].

In order to properly identify ventilation air methane as an energy source will be

presented to its properties and possible complications due to the nature of this type of

fuel. A very important part will also determine the methane potential from ventilation air

in Poland [2].

The work provides an overview of available technology for methane utilization from

ventilation air as a fuel. Important from the point of view of the rest of the work is

presentation of catalytic flow-reversing reactor technology created in Poland. Main

objective of the topic is the development and modeling of heat recovery system

cooperating with the IUMK-1000 installation [3]. The premise is the electricity production

and also heat for central heating when it is technically feasible and justified in economic

terms.

Different concepts of heat recovery are modeled by the IPSE-Pro software. Then an

analysis of the efficiency and performance of the proposed system is carried out. Based

on the results, an individual concepts cycle works were analyzed and assessed and the

best solutions possible for implementation on an industrial scale is selected.

[1] Booth P.: West VAMP. BHPB Illawarra Coal. Materiały konferencji „U.S. Coal Mine Methane Conference”, Pittsburgh, USA, 2008

[2] Gatnar K.: Energetyczne wykorzystanie metanu z pokładów węgla- doświadczenia JSW S.A. i perspektywy w aspekcie zmian w Prawie Energetycznym. Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią, Zeszyty naukowe, nr 78., s. 59–73, 2010

[3] Nawrat S. (i in.): Utylizacja metanu z pokładów węgla w polskich kopalniach podziemnych. Uczelniane Wydawnictwa Naukowo–Dydaktyczne, Kraków, 2009, s.7–8,21,61


*corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]



144 | p a g e

UTILIZATION OF WASTE HEAT FROM ROTARY KILN FOR BURNING CLINKER IN THE CEMENT PLANT

Karol Sztekler11*, Macjej Komorowski2*, Milena Tarnowska3*

Key words: heat utilization, CO2 reduction

ABSTRACT

Cement subsector next to the glass industry is counted among one of the most

energy-intensive industries, which absorbs approx. 12-15% of the total energy

consumed by the industry. The paper discusses various methods of reducing

consumption of energy in the cement industry. Cement production carries a very large

emissions of greenhouse gases, where CO2 emissions on a global scale with the industry

than approx. 5%. Great opportunity in CO2 emissions reduction in addition to the

recovery of waste heat is also alternative fuels co-firing in cement kilns [1], [2].

In the cement sector interest in fitting-usable waste energy is growing in order to

achieve high rates of savings and hence the financial benefits, as well as the environment

[3]. In the process of cement production is lost irretrievably lot of energy and reduction

of these losses on a global scale gives a visible saving of consumed fuel.

The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of waste heat using in Rudniki

cement plant near to Czestochowa. After analyzing all of waste heat sources will be

analyzed the heat emitted by radiation from the surface of the rotary kiln at the relevant

facility. On the basis of thermal-flow calculations in the most favorable radiative heat

exchanger will be designed. The calculations based on available measurements provided

by the cement plant, a thermal power of the heat exchanger, the heat exchange surface,

the geometry of the heat exchanger, and other important parameters will be established.

In addition the preliminary calculations of hydraulic losses and set directions for further

work will be carried out. Direct benefits observed with the introduction of the broader

heat recovery technology, is a significant increase in energy efficiency of the industrial

process, which is reflected in the reduction of energy consumption and costs. Indirectly it

leads to a pollution and energy consumption reduction.

[1] Mokrzycki E., Uliasz-Bocheńczyk A.: Wybrane problemy zużycia energii

w przemyśle cementowym. Polityka energetyczna, 2006 (t.9, zeszyt 1) [2] Madlool N.A, Saidur R., Hossain M.S., Rahim N.A.: A critical review on energy use and savings in the

cement industries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011 (15), pp. 2042-2060 [3] Atmaca A., Yumrutas R.: Analysis of the parameters affecting energy consumption of a rotary kiln in

cement industry. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014 (66), pp. 435-444

1 AGH University of Science and Technology * corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]





145 | p a g e

A NOVEL PROPOSAL OF COOPERATION BETWEEN A CAGE INDUCTION GENERATOR AND THREE-PHASE GRID

Zbigniew Szular1,*, Witold Mazgaj2

Keywords: cage induction generator, energy conversion system, small wind or

water plants

ABSTRACT

Cage induction generators are quite often used in small wind or water plants. In

many cases, the induction generator is directly connected to the three-phase power grid,

which provides reactive power to this generator; this reactive power is necessary to

excite the magnetic flux in the induction generator. This solution is very simple and

reliable, however, the induction generator can operate only in a very narrow range of

angular speed changes. The second method of power generation with the use of the

squirrel cage induction generator is an application of an AC-AC dual active bridge

converter; this energy generation system can operate in a wide range of rotational speed

changes. On the other hand, the application of the AC-AC dual active bridge converter

causes the complexity of both the topology and control system.

The induction generator can be also excited by capacitor battery connected to the

stator winding terminals. In order to ensure a stable operation, the capacity of the

battery should be continuously adjustable. The simply fulfillment of this condition is

technically complicated. However, continuous adjustment of the battery capacity can be

carried out by the series connection of capacitors and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

(IGBT). In the paper, the new concept of the cooperation between a cage induction

generator and three-phase grid is presented. Three appropriate selected capacitors are

connected to the stator winding terminals through two bi-directional controlled switches.

The generator output voltage is stabilized by a suitable control of these switches. The

stator winding terminals are also connected to the diode bridge rectifier. Energy in DC

circuit is converted to the parameters of the three-phase grid (400 V, 50 Hz) by means

of a three-phase voltage source inverter. Chosen examples of operation of the proposal

energy generation system are presented in the paper.

1 Cracow University of Technology, Insttute of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Poland 2 Cracow University of Technology, Insttute of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected]

146 | p a g e

REVERSIBLE FUEL CELLS: APPLICATION AND MATERIAL CHALLENGES

Mateusz Tarach1,*, Konrad Świerczek1

Keywords: hydrogen energy, high temperature water electrolysis, Solid Oxide Fuel

Cells, proton conduction

ABSTRACT

For centuries, oil, coal and other fossil fuels have been broadly used in energy and

transportation sectors, which over the time brought serious environmental issues.

Currently, one of the major topics being researched about in many leading laboratories

and institutions throughout the world is related to a search for more efficient and

environmental friendly alternatives, which can replace the traditionally used energy

resources.

Membrane technology has been successfully commercialized in many different

industrial applications, including treatment of chemicals, food, gas, water, wastewater

and pharmaceuticals [1]. Also, it recently emerged in clean and renewable power

applications, and for instance, application of dense ceramic membranes having mixed

ionic-electronic conductivity (MIEC) is considered as the most promising alternative

methods for production of a high purity hydrogen and oxygen via gas separation route,

production and processing of syngas, e.g. by a partial oxidation of methane, etc. [2].

Also, purely ion-conducting membranes are used as solid electrolytes in Solid Oxide Fuel

Cells (SOFC) or Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cells (SOEC) [3]. Their application is related to a

high ionic conduction, good chemical stability, as well as excellent thermomechanical

properties. Depending on the particular application both, oxygen-conducting and proton-

conducting membranes have their advantages and disadvantages. For example, if oxide

exhibiting high proton conductivity is used in SOEC, high-purity and dry hydrogen can be

produced. However, if one wants to utilize non-hydrogen fuels, such as e.g. methane,

oxygen-conducting membrane in SOFC is indispensable.

In this work, a critical review concerning material-related challenges of solid oxide

electrolytes is given, including results of a proposed novel class of materials based on

chemically-modified NdBaInO4 [4]. For the obtained oxides results regarding their ionic

conductivity in different atmospheres are shown, indicating possible transformation

between oxygen vacancy, interstitial oxygen, and likely, proton transfer.

This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education research

grant ‘Diamentowy Grant’ No. D12013 003243. [1] A. Basile, S.P. Nunes (Editors), Advanced Membrane Science And Technology For Sustainable Energy And

Environmental Applications, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 [2] A. Gugliuzza, A. Basile (Editors), Membranes For Clean And Renewable Power Applications, Woodhead

Publishing Limited, 2014 [3] V.V. Kharton, Editor, Solid State Electrochemistry II: Electrodes, Interfaces And Ceramic Membranes,

Wiley-Vch Verlag & Co. Kgaa, 2011 [4] K. Fujii et al., Chem. Mater. 26 (2014) 2488

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-

059 Krakow, Poland



147 | p a g e

EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY CONVERSION FOR VARIABLE SPEED SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANT

Tomasz Węgiel 1,*, Dariusz Borkowski 2

Keywords: variable speed PM synchronous generator, small hydropower plant

ABSTRACT

Present-day Small Hydropower Plants (SHPs) have a large development potential

because of the increasing interest in renewable resources and distributed energy

generation; however, the variable hydrological conditions that are found in run-of-the-

river projects require operations over a wide range of water flow and head variations.

Special control methods and system topologies are needed to maintain the high

efficiency of energy conversion systems. For example, the synchronous generator excited

by permanent magnets (PMSG) characterizes higher and more stable efficiency

characteristic, in relation to the generated power, then mostly used in SHPs

asynchronous machines.

This paper presents most important aspects of the energy conversion system

efficiency for an exemplary SHP solution. This system is based on an innovative

generation unit (hydro-set) containing a propeller turbine integrated with a PMSG. In

order to obtain high efficiency in a wide range of water flow the variable speed operation

method, has been used. This solution requires a Power Electronic Unit (AC/DC/AC

converter) in the energy conversion system to match the load and control the power flow

from the generator to the grid. Presented efficiency analysis concerns all elements of

energy conversion system of 75kW power. All results comes from the real life SHP object.

This article contains both theoretical analysis, and real characteristics. [1] D. Borkowski D., T. Węgiel: Small Hydropower Plant with Integrated Turbine-Generators Working at

Variable Speed, IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, June 2013. Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.452 – 459. [2] G.A. Aggidis, E. Luchinskaya, R. Rothschild, D.C. Howard, The costs of small-scale hydro power

production: Impact on the development of existing potential, Renewable Energy, 35 (2010) p. 2632-2638. [3] J. Fraile-Ardanuy, J.R. Wilhelmi, J.J. Fraile-Mora, J.I. P´erez, Variable-Speed Hydro Generation:

Operational Aspects and Control, IEEE Transactions On Energy Conversion, vol. 21, No. 2, June 2006, p. 569 – 573.

[4] B. Köhler, Drehzahlvariable, getriebelose Wasserkraftanlage mitpermanentmagneterregtem Synchrongenerator und Francisturbine, Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Series 21 (Elektrotechnik), No. 256, VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf, 1998.

[5] D. Roberts, J. Bard, D. Shenhai, Variable speed operation of axial flow turbines, Hydropower and Dams, 2/98, 1998.

1 Cracow University of Technology 2 Cracow University of Technology

* corresponding author email: [email protected]

148 | p a g e



149 | p a g e

ENVIRONMENT

150 | p a g e



151 | p a g e

EFFECT OF SOOT FORMED IN RESULT OF COAL COMBUSTION WITH TWO TYPES OF SOLID FUEL ADDITIVES ON SOOT – SOIL

BACTERIA INTERACTION

– BIODEGRADATION OF SOOT COMPONENTS BY SOIL BACTERIA

Barbara Kalicka1, Marek Chyc2,3, Monika Bojko4, Dariusz Latowski5*

Keywords: biodegradation, soot, fuel additives, triiron tetraoxide, soil bacteria

ABSTRACT

Soot is one of the main pollutants emitted into the atmosphere during combustion of

carbon-containing materials, such as coal, wood, fuel oil, waste oil, paper, plastics, and

household refuse. Because, soot formation is unwanted, great numbers of fuel additives

used to reduce of soot production are commercially available. In this study two additives

were selected to produce soot samples: (i) commonly used and containing significant

quantities of NaCl and copper (Cu-additive) (first type of soot), (ii) newly developed

without NaCl and with triiron tetraoxide instead of copper (Fe-additive) (second type of

soot). The third type of soot was soot produced during combustion without additive. The

toxicity and biodegradation of these types of soot by two soil bacteria strains i.e.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis were compared. It was found that average

number of bacterial colonies was almost the same when second (with Fe-additive) and

third types of soot (without additive) were used. It was about 50% higher than number

of colonies when soot formed with Cu-additive was applied. Biodegradation of four soot

components i.e.: phenol, naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene was tested by

static headspace gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (HS-GC-MS). It

was observed that the bacteria inoculated into soot suspensions were alive during whole

4-weeks period of biodegradation. Additionally, the HS-GC-MS analysis of the four

selected aromatic components has shown the changes in the chemical composition of

soot due to the two bacteria strains used for biodegradation. It could be observed that P.

aeruginosa was more efficient in degradation of all soot types components than B.

subtilis. Although tested components of all using types of soot could be degraded by

bacteria, the best biodegradation was observed for soot formed during combustion with

the new-developed additive, i.e. Fe-additive incubated with P. aeruginosa (about 80%).

It can be concluded that newly developed additive does not increase toxicity of the soot

on soil bacteria and soot will be removed more quickly from the environment.

1 Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland 2 State Higher Vocational School in Tarnów, Mickiewicza 8, 33-100 Tarnów, Poland 3 Silesian Environmental Doctoral Study, Plac Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland, * corresponding author: [email protected] 4 AGH University of Science and Technology

* corresponding author: [email protected] 5 The Strata Mechanics Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences 2AGH University of Science and Technology

*corresponding author: [email protected]

152 | p a g e

FLY ASH ZEOLITES FOR CO2 CAPTURE

Katarzyna Zarębska11, Paweł Baran1, Natalia Czuma1,*, Jakub Szczurowski1

Keywords: fly ash, zeolite, adsorption, CO2

ABSTRACT

Zeolite synthesis out of fly ash is an interesting, low cost alternative for the

production of zeolites in comparison to its production from pure chemicals as well as for

natural zeolites [1]. There are wide ranges of possible applications for material

synthesizes from coal combustion waste [2]. One possibility is the use of this material as

a carbon dioxide adsorbent [2,3]. Polish energy sector is mainly based on fossil fuels.

Environmentally friendly goals and objectives aimed at reduction of climate change

legally oblige to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases out of flue gas. Due to

restrictions on the emission limits it is prudent to search for differentiated methods for

CO2 capture adapted for the economy new needs. The use of zeolites as a sorbents in the

industrial processes may have a positive ecology outcome not only due to the elimination

of drawbacks of commonly used absorption methods of CO2 capture (corrosive reaction

effects, high energy use during regeneration, necessity of large absorbent volumes, and

negative effects from trace contaminants in the input flue gas [4,5]), but also due to the

usage of waste material as a substrate in the reaction.

A hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite material out of fly ash was presented. The

reaction conditions were selected in the way that the received samples had only one type

of zeolite each. Two samples were obtained, in one the presence of zeolite type A was

confirmed, and in the second zeolite type X. In relation to the structure of synthesized

zeolites, it is possible to use it as a CO2 adsorbents [2,3,6]. Obtained zeolites A and X

were subjected to CO2 sorption in the temperature 250C. The sorption capacity of

received samples was obtained. The estimation of efficiency of the zeolite - synthesis as

CO2 adsorbent out of flue gases- out of fly ash was performed.

The proposed direction of future work should be focused on the synthesis of zeolites

out of fly ash with higher efficiency, the possibility of modification of zeolite material in

connection to ion exchange and impregnation with substances enhancing CO2 sorption. [1] W. Nowak, J. Pacyna, I. Majchrzak-Kucęba, Sorbenty z popiołu dla energetyki, Wydawnictwo Politechniki

Częstochowskiej, Częstochowa 2010. [2] S.S.Bukhari, J.Behin, H. Kazemian, S.Rohani, Fuel, 140 (2015) 250-266. [3] Kyung-Mi Lee, Young-Min Jo, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 12 (2010) 212-219, [4] Cheng-Hsiu Yu, Chih-Hung Huang, Chung-Sung Tan, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12 (2012) 745–

769. [5] S. Deng, B. Hu, T. Chen, B. Wang, J. Huang, Y. Wang, G. Yu, Adsorption, 21 (2015) 125–133. [6] M. Wdowin, R. Panek, W. Franus, Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal, 17, 4 (2014) 329–338.

1 VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Institute of Environmental

Engineering, 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic



153 | p a g e

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF NAHCO3 WITH A DEVELOPED SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA IN THE ASPECT OF THE PURIFICATION OF

EXHAUST GASES FROM SO2 AND HCL

Anna Pajdak11,*, Katarzyna Zarębska2, Paweł Baran2, Natalia Czuma2

Keywords: purification, exhaust gas, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride

ABSTRACT

The authors of this paper present the effects of the use of a modified sodium

compound in the form of sodium bicarbonate in the simultaneous purification of the

exhaust fumes from sulphur dioxide (SO2) and chloride (HCl) in power plants and CHP

plants fuelled by coal. The initial stage included the examination of the effect of

mechanical and thermal modification on the grain texture.

The mechanical modification consisted in grinding in an impact mill and the thermal

modification consisted in heating in the temperature range from 373 K to 673 K. The

applied modifications caused a change of the grain structure and parameters such as

specific surface area and the pore size determined by low-pressure gas adsorption (N2,

77 K) and mercury porosimetry (Hg) methods. The biggest development of the active

surface BET from 0,1 m2/g to 6,0 m2/g was achieved after milling and heating in the

temperature range from 423 K to 523 K.

The ability of so modified sodium compounds to simultaneously remove SO2 and HCl

was determined on a fluidised bed test rig CWF 0,1MW. Using the dry technology of fume

purification they were fed into the rig in three different mass ratios Na/S into a jet of gas

at 573K. The effects of removing the sulphur dioxide from the fumes were closely related

to the grain size and the amount of the reagent. The average purification efficiency was

from 17% to 89% decreasing the pollutant concentration from about 2800 mgSO2/m3n to

320 mgSO2/m3n by the use of the smallest grain in the mass ratio Na/S=1,0. The

average efficiency in removing hydrogen chloride was ranged from 54% to 78%. The

obtained decrease in the concentration was from 24 mgHCl/ m3n (before the purification

process) to 1,2 mgHCl/ m3n.

1 VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Economics, Department of Management, Sokolská

tř. 33, 701 21 Ostrava 1, Czech Republic * corresponding author: [email protected]

154 | p a g e

TALENTED EMPLOYEES IN THE FIELD OF BROWNFIELDS

Marcela Davidová1,*, Petra Horváthová2

Keywords: brownfields, talent, talent management

ABSTRACT

The article is aimed at bringing information on one of the important terms for

successful redevelopment, recovery and operation of brownfields – efficient people,

employees. Not only brownfields, but generally all organizations that want to be

competitive and successful, want to outperform their present rivals and considerably

increase their added value have to pay attention to talent management. The article is

concerned, on the basis of available theoretical information and the existing practical

experience, at describing three particular processes of talents management (their

identification, development and retention) which are necessary for the successful use of

talent. The purpose of the article is providing recommendation how to help operators of

brownfields identify and retain highly talented employees, build on their strong points,

reward their success, provide them with a chance to make progress, and increase their

overall efficiency.

[1] M. Armstrong, S. Taylor, Armstrong´s Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 13th ed.,

Kogan Page, Philadelphia, 2014. [2] L.A.Berger, D.R. Berger, Talent Management Handbook: Creating Organizational Excellence by Identifying,

Developing & Promoting Your Best People, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010. [3] J.A. Cannon, R. McGee, Talent Management and Succession Planning, CIPD, London, 2007.

1 Department of Chemistry and Industrial Commodity Science, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska

Str. 83-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland 2 ‘Swarzewo’ Wastewater Treatment Plant, Wladyslawowska Str. 84, 84-120 Wladyslawowo, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected]



155 | p a g e

SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS IN OPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ‘SWARZEWO’

Alina Dereszewska1,*, Stanisław Cytawa2

Keywords: wastewater management, nutrient elimination, enrgy saving

ABSTRACT

Sewage treatment plant (WWTP) 'Swarzewo' plays a special role in the protection of

coastal waters of the Baltic Sea and management of solid wastes in the region. Various

alternative organic wastes from region (especially a fish waste) and household organic

wastes are discharged to the treatment plant to enhance energy production in the

digestive chambers. Thus, the WWTP reduces the amount of wastes going to local

landfills and reduces pollution associated with their transport. Co-fermentation of excess

sludge and organic wastes is also a factor of expanding segregation of garbage in the

region. Waste generating units are mobilized to extract from them a stream fit for

fermentation. The enegry balance shows a considerable benefit from the co-fermentation

of sludge with municipal organic wastes. Daily production excessds 3600 m3 of biogas

which gives the energy gain. Ultimately, energy self-sufficiency of treatment plant and

overproduction of energy is expected [1]. Another sustainable alternative to manage and

recycle organic solid wastes from WWTP ‘Swarzewo’ and region is composting. Taking

care of a high standard of waste segregation led to the production of certified compost

which can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. In this way non-degradable waste

from WWTP ‘Swarzewo’ are minimized to 2%. In the future, solution for contaminated

wastes can be provided by dry fermentation [2]. The second direction in energy

consumption management is implementation of nitrogen sensor as an element of a

wastewater treatment process control [3]. Changes in the control system has eliminated

unnecessary aeration of wastewater which reduced energy consumption by an average of

10% and ensure the maintenance of low concentration of nitrogen in effluent. Removal of

nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater is one of the priorities of WWTPs, since the

presence of nutrients in the outflow contributes to eutrophication. Currently, research on

the nutrient recovery from wastewater by precipitation of magnesium ammonium

phosphate (struvite) is carried out. At this stage the laboratory test were done and

results are promising. Depending on the precipitation conditions recovery of 90% of P-

PO4 and 20% of N-NH4 from the leachate were obtained. Additionally, this method allows

to limit the use of iron coagulant in the process of phosphorous removal.

The analysis presented in the work shows that the optimization of existing processes,

application of innovative solutions and the inclusion of WWTP in widely regional waste

management plan will create the foundation for better environmental protection of the

Baltic Sea region and fits into the philosophy of sustainable development.

[1] O. Nowak, P. Enderle, P. Varbanov, Journal of Cleaner Production, 88 (2015) 125-131 [2] M.A.O. Mydin, N.F. Nik Abllah, N.Md. Sani, N. Ghazali, N.F. Zahari, E3S Web Conferences 3, 01012 (2014) [3]A. Dereszewska, S. Cytawa, Ekonomia i Zarządzanie, 4, 1, (2012)127-136 (in Polish)

1 Tadeusz Kościuszko Cracow University of Technology Warszawska 24 St., 31-155 Kraków * corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Opole University of Technology


156 | p a g e

LIGHT CLAY STRAW BALE SOLUTIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY HOUSING AS AN ELEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

SELECTED ISSUES

Wojciech Drozd1,*

Keywords: light clay, straw bale, contemporary housing

ABSTRACT

Modern material and technological solutions - concrete, steel, glass as well as

intelligent systems have become the synonyms of modernity and luxury. Low-tech is on

the other extreme of modern construction. Low-tech solutions are based primarily on

tradition and local, low-cost raw materials that do not require special treatment, which

are readily available, such as soil, clay, straw and sand. Human hands are the main

building force, while the use of complicated techniques or expensive expertise is limited.

Family, friends, or neighbours may be involved in the construction process, which largely

reduces the cost of construction. Low-tech construction skips complex technical solutions

and supports natural, generally accessible, raw materials. The construction market,

dominated by giant construction companies, does not support the development of such

solutions, which are not profitable. This makes it difficult to popularise this building

method on a large scale. Despite this, low-tech buildings are becoming more common

and perfectly fit into the idea of sustainable development.

The article presents issues related to the solutions with light clay and straw bale in

the contemporary housing. Building using straw bale and light clay is simple, eco-friendly

and accessible to all. It fits in with the idea of sustainable development, supporting local

businesses and giving people the opportunity to integrate in the design and construction

of the house.

The article presents the thermal analysis for both walls made of straw bale and of

light clay. The analysis showed a very good performance. All positive aspects allow

treating straw and light clay as a viable alternative to the commonly used technologies

for erecting buildings.

[1] BN – 62/6738 – 01, Masses of cement - clay fillers; [2] BN – 62/6738 – 02, Construction of clay. The masses of clay; [3] BN – 62/8841 – 04, Construction of clay. The walls of rammed clay. Technical conditions for execution and

acceptance; [4] Law on construction products of 16 April 2004; [5] PN-EN ISO 6946:2008 Building components and building elements; [6] PN-EN ISO 13788:2003 Thermal and moisture properties of building components and building elements; [7] www.biobudownictwo .org; Books / Monographs [8] M. Hyła, D. Kupiec-Hyła, Houses of light clay – Guide, Published by: Grupa Cohabitat on Feb 20, 2011; [9] M. Zatylny, Formal and legal conditions for natural building in Europe and Poland with particular emphasis

on the application of straw bale, United Nations Development Programme, Warszawa 2011; [10] M. Jagielak, Building with straw bale in Poland against the general characteristics of this technology,

United Nations Development Programme, Warszawa 2011; [11] A. Lecyk, Architektura z natury-low-tech, Inteligentny Budynek nr 5/2012; [12] B. Backiel – Brzozowska, Construction of clay and straw - Preliminary assessment of selected aspects of

sustainability, Environmental Engineering, 40/2014.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Fuel Technology

https://www.scribd.com/COHABITAT



157 | p a g e

SOLVENT EFFECTS ON EXTRACTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AMBIENT AEROSOL SAMPLES

Mira Flasch1,*, Magdalena Kistler1, Bernadette Kirchsteiger1, Anne Kasper-Giebl1

Keywords: atmospheric aerosols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, extraction

efficiency, analytical uncertainty

ABSTRACT

Aspects of environmental pollution are directly linked with the energy production.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient particulate matter pose one of

the most important issues in the focus of environmental management. A fully successful

control over the pollution levels and their sources is limited by the high uncertainty of

analytical and statistical approaches used for their characterization.

PAHs are compounds burdened with certain adverse health effects [1] and thus the

concentration of their representative, Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), undergoes limitations

according to European Union directive [2]. To assure the conformity within the

monitoring networks the analytical approach for BaP (and other PAHs) in the ambient

aerosols is defined by the European Norm EN 15549 [3]. However, next to strict defined

sample types (filters sampled according to EN 12341 [4]) and conform statistical

procedures for characterization of detection limit or uncertainty, this document allows a

choice of analytical approaches for the analysis of BaP (GC-MS or HPLC-FLD). This fact

results in a relatively wide spectrum of the approved extraction methods (5) and solvents

(5).

In this contribution we present the results of an experiment comparing the effects

related to the use of different solvents in the course of ultrasonic extraction of filter

samples for the CG-MS PAH analysis. We use certified reference material (PM10-like PAH

mixture) and samples of PM10 and PM2.5 collected in Austria in order to compare the

extraction efficiency of BaP and accompanying particle-bound PAHs in different solvent

mixtures. We use solvents of increasing polarity (denoted in relation to water):

Cyclohexane (0,006), Toluene (0,099), Dichloromethane (0,309), Acetonitrile (0,460)

and Methanol (0,762), as well as mixtures of those and report the concentrations of PAHs

measured in respective extracts in order to call the attention of the scientists and policy

makers to the aspects related with different analytical approaches. [1] T. Rengarajan, P. Rajendran, N. Nandakumar, B. Lokeshkumar, P. Rajendran, I. Nishigaki, Asian Pacific

Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5 (2015) 182-189. [2] Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to

arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, Official Journal of the European Union, L23/3-16, 2005

[3] Air quality – Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in ambient air; German version EN 15549:2008

[4] Ambient air - Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM₁₀ or PM2,5 mass

concentration of suspended particulate matter; German version EN 12341:2014

158 | p a g e

NONLINEAR MODELING OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS USING THE HAMMERSTEIN-WIENER STRUCTURE

Paweł Frącz1,*

Keywords: wastewater treatment, Activated Sludge Process, nonlinear modeling,

Hammerstein-Wiener structure

ABSTRACT

The paper regards to mathematical model of the Activated Sludge Process (ASP),

which is a method used for biological wastewater treatment widely used in sewage

treatment plants [1,2,3]. The advantage of this method is its significant performance of

harmful chemicals reduction. The main disadvantage is connected with high costs of

electrical energy, which supply is needed for to assure a suitable amount of oxygen

bowing into the aeration tank.

The overall goal of research works performed is to develop a set of methodologies

that will be used to improve and expand the precedent control system for wastewater

treatment plant. The overriding control system provides measurement data to the

subordinating control systems of the plant and replaces in this way human service for

sewage treatment plants. The aim of research works, results of which are presented in

this paper, was to determine the nature of changes and dependencies of wastewater

parameter values, which characterize the treatment process. In particular, the nitrogen

transformation process and the demand of chemical fractions, involved in the ASP

process were described based on experimental measurements. Moreover, the non-linear

relationship between the flow of wastewater and the consumed electrical energy, used by

the blowers, was determined. Example measurement and analysis results of nitrite and

ammonium nitrogen concentrations in the aeration reactor and the active power,

consumed by blowers for the aeration process, are presented in the paper. Further the

procedure for mathematical modeling of ASP, which uses the Hammerstein-Wiener

structure and example verification results are also presented.

The achieved results confirmed the hypothesis that it is possible to apply the

Hammerstein-Wiener structure for ASP modeling for to optimize the treatment process.

Further it was stated that the developed set of methodologies may be used to improve

and expand the overriding control system for wastewater treatment plant. [1] G. Bitton, Wastewater Microbiology, 3rd Edition, Chapter 8. Activated Sludge Process, 2005. [2] M. Henze, W. Gujer, T. Mino, M. van Loosdrecht, Activated sludge models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2D and

ASM3, IWA Scientific and Technical Report No.9. IWA Publishing, London, UK, 2000. [3] J. Makinia, M. Swinarski, E. Dobiegala, Experiences with computer simulation at two large wastewater

treatment plants in northern Poland Water Science & Technology 45(2002) 209–218.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal

Chemistry and Environmental Sciences * corresponding author: [email protected]



159 | p a g e

CARBON FOOTPRINT OF THE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM COKE OVEN GAS

Piotr Burmistrz1,, Leszek Czepirski2, Magdalena Gazda-Grzywacz2,*

Keywords: Carbon Footprint, hydrogen production, coke oven gas, Life Cycle

Assessment

ABSTRACT

The analysis of Carbon Footprint (CF) for technology of hydrogen production

from cleaned coke oven gas was performed. Carbon Footprint is an objective method of

assessing the impact of technology on the environment in terms of greenhouse gas

emissions. Carbon footprint is a measure of the total greenhouse gas emission (GHG) of

a product or technology. On the basis of real data and simulation calculations of the

production process of hydrogen from coke gas, emission indicators of carbon dioxide (CF)

were calculated. These indicators are associated with net production of electricity and

thermal energy as well as direct and indirect emission of carbon dioxide throughout

a whole product life cycle. Product life cycle includes: coal extraction and its

transportation to a coking plant, the process of coking coal, purification and reforming of

coke oven gas, carbon capture and storage. The values were related to 1 Mg of coking

coal and to 1 Mg of the produced hydrogen. The calculation is based on the

configuration of hydrogen production from coke oven gas for coking technology available

on a commercial scale that uses a technology of coke dry quenching (CDQ). The

calculations were made using ChemCAD v.6.0.2 simulator for a steady state of

technological process. The analysis of carbon footprint was conducted in accordance with

the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a study of the aspects of potential environmental

impacts over the lifetime, i.e. at its various stages - from obtaining the raw material,

production of the product, to the disposal. Hydrogen yield for considered technology was:

0,1859 Mg H2 per 1 Mg of coal and 0,0076 Mg H2 per 1 GJ net calorific value contained in

coal. Carbon Footprint counted for 1 Mg of dry coal was 1 106,3 kg CO2. CF for 1 GJ

chemical entalphy contained in raw coal was 41,6 kg CO2. Value of CF in reference to 1

Mg of produced hydrogen was 5 463,7 kg CO2.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Geology, Geophisics and Environmental Protection, Mickiewicza av. 30, 30-052 Kraków * corresponding author: [email protected] 2 The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences

160 | p a g e

RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN’S EXPOSURE TO POTENTIAL HARMFULL ELEMENTS (PHEs) IN SELECTED URBAN PARKS OF THE

SILESIAN AGGLOMERATION

Alicja Kicińska 1,*

Keywords: Silesian agglomeration, urban parks, soil, children, assessment

ABSTRACT

Several centuries long traditions of bituminous coal mining and metallurgy of Zn-Pb

and Fe ores have left their marks not only on the landscape of Upper Silesia, but also on

the environment quality and the health of local population It was a reason to undertake

the investigations of selected environmental components of the Upper Silesian industrial

region, one of the oldest in Poland and currently the largest one. Research included the

contents of some potentially hazardous elements (PHEs): As, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Sn

which can affect the health of population, particularly of the youngsters.

The aim of the investigations carried out in three urban parks of the Silesian urban

agglomeration was two-pronged:

1. to determine total contents of the selected PHEs in the environment components

with which children come into contact within playgrounds. The sample material included

adjacent soils and sand of sandboxes, and also urban dusts deposited on recreational

toys and facilities used by children;

2. to establish a degree of health risk of children playing in Silesian parks.

The upper limit of Cd (a Polish regulation) was exceeded in the soils of two largest

and most frequented parks, the Silesian Park and the Kościuszko Park. The mean Cd

contents of soils are 9 and 7 mg/kg, respectively. The metal contents of the sands from

sandboxes are generally much lower than those of the soils: Cu 28 times on the average,

As 13 times, and Cd and Ni around 4 times, while the Co and Sn contents of sands are

comparable with those of soils. Airborne dusts are a significant source of metals: they

contain Cd (1-20 mg/kg), Co (2-17 mg/kg) and Cu (6-143 mg/kg).

The quotients of the health risk indicate to a potential risk of As, Cd and Ni for

children, particularly for those with a low body mass, less than 15 kg. The risk level is 1-

4% PTMDI and results from an accidental (via dirty hands) swallowing of soil. This find

requires attention because As, Cd and Ni are toxic and included into the group I of

carcinogens.

1 The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences



161 | p a g e

SULPHUR AS A PARAMETER IN THE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT OF GANGUE FROM COAL MINING FOR RECLAMATION

OF OPENCAST EXCAVATION, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT

THE REQUIREMENTS REGARDING PROTECTION OF THE SOIL AND WATER ENVIRONMENT

Beata Klojzy-Karczmarczyk 1,*, Janusz Mazurek 2, Jacek Mucha 3

Keywords: coal mining, gangue, waste, reclamation, sulphur

ABSTRACT

In the process of mining and cleaning coal considerable amounts of waste material

are generated from which it is possible to produce aggregates which could find

application in a variety of construction projects, including the filling of reclaimed opencast

excavation. In order to demonstrate that a given material does not result in soil and

water contamination, it is necessary to assess a number of aggregate parameters in

relation to the requirements of the current legislation (regulation on the quality of waste

and regulation on the condition of water environment). Depending on their origin,

gangue or mining waste contains varying amounts of mineral impurities which may

include elements commonly recognised as contaminants of the soil and water

environment. One of the basic characteristic parameters which may be used to assess

the suitability of aggregates for filling reclaimed opencast excavation is sulphur, which

slowly released from sulphides in the waste enters to aqueous solutions in the form of

sulphates and can lead, in extreme cases, to long-term contamination of drinking water

supplies. This parameter has been selected on the basis of the publication of other

authors and own research. Sulphur content from gangue samples in total and leachable

forms was analysed in the study. It has been shown that it is possible to select

aggregates which are safe for the environment when the main assessment criterion was

the percentage of sulphur in the aggregates and sulphate concentration in leaching tests,

supplemented by aggregate buffering potential tests (study of neutralising potential

ratio). The conducted research confirmed the role of sulphur as the most important and

characteristic parameter which determines where and in what specific conditions the use

of gangue or mining waste it may be possible. Studies of sulphur content in samples

should be carried out with sufficient frequency and in a manner enabling to obtain most

reliable results which would refer to an entire batch of material. The applied methods of

statistical evaluation make it possible to estimate to what extent the obtained results of

sulphur in the samples are close to actual values for the entire mass of materials.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology * corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Kielce Univesity of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce, Poland 3 Kielce University od Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce, Poland


162 | p a g e

THE PROPERTIES OF DOPED SAND-LIME PRODUCTS

Ryszard Dachowski1 , Katarzyna Komisarczyk2,*

Keywords: sand-lime products, lithium water glass, water absorption

ABSTRACT

Sand-lime products are natural materials consisting of lime, sand and water with the

least content of radioactive elements in comparison to other masonry elements. They are

characterized by very high compressive strength, high acoustic insulation, good thermal

properties, provide a friendly atmosphere and prevent the spread of mold and bacterial

flora. In addition they are fully recyclable.

White bricks through the porous structure and the occurrence of capillaries have the

ability to rising water. The height of capillary action is dependent on the contact angle

and the size of existing pores in the material. This property affects the frost resistance

and other characteristics of durability of wall materials operated under conditions of

intense exposure to moisture. The aim of the study is to determine the impact modifier

on the properties of autoclaved sand-lime products. For testing used autoclaved sand-

lime brick dimensions 40x40x160 [mm]. The weight of the products consists of 5% lime,

90% sand and 5% lithium water glass (MP=2,6 and MP=7,0). The produced samples

were subjected to autoclaving at temperatures of 203◦C and pressure of 1.6 MPa in

collaboration with the Silicate Production Plant in Ludynia.

Three finished sets of samples (standard, modified with lithium silicate 2.6 and 7.0)

have been immersed in water to the desired height during certain time. The results show

the diversity of the internal structure of the tested products. In particular pore

distribution, size and volume.

[1] A. Stępień, Wpływ kruszywa bazaltowego na porowatość I wytrzymałość wyrobów silikatowych,

Zagadnienia materiałowe w budownictwie i inżynierii środowiska pod red. M. Iwańskiego, Politechnika Świętokrzyska, Kielce 2012, s. 37-46

[2] A. Stępień, The impact of barium sulfate on the microstructural and mechanical properties of autoclaved silicate products, The 9th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”, 22-23 May 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania

[3] R. Dachowski, S. Kapała, Wpływ regranulatu polistyrenu wysokoudarowego na właściwości użytkowe autoklawizowanego betonu komórkowego, Materiały budowlane, 12, 2015

[3] J. Małolepszy, M. Gawlicki, W. Pichór at all, Materiały budowlane. Podstawy technologii i metody badań, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków 2008

[4] M. Żygadło, Z. Piasta, Prognozowanie mrozoodporności ceramicznych materiałów budowlanych na podstawie ich właściwości kapilarnych, Inżynieria i Budownictwo, 2/1989,56-57

[5] V.Nikitsin, B.Backiel-Brzozowska, Ocena zdolności wyrobów wapienno-piaskowych do przeciwstawiania się wnikaniu wody”, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1, 2010

[6] V. Nikitsin., B. Backiel-Brzozowska, Ocena oporu penetracji wody w tworzywach ceramicznych, Vol. 103, 2008, 1031-1036

[7] PN-EN 772-10 Określenie wilgotności elementów silikatowych i elementów z autoklawizowanego betonu

komórkowego.

1 Dr. Eng. prof. PSk, Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture,

Kielce, Poland 2 MSc, Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce, Poland




163 | p a g e

IMPACT OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL ON POROSITY AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF SAND-LIME PRODUCT

Ryszard Dachowski1, , Paulina Kostrzewa2*

Keywords: sand-lime products, microstructure, porosity, polyethylene glycol

ABSTRACT

Autoclaved sand-lime products are environment-friendly building materials in the

form of bricks and blocks [1,2]. Due to the great interest of silicate products, there have

been numerous studies and modifications designed to refine the material. Due to the

great interest of silicate products, there have been numerous studies and modifications

designed to refine the material.

The article presents most important characteristics of the traditional and modified

with polyethylene glycol of sand-lime product. This article aims to estimate porosity,

determine the type, size and distribution of pores and analysis of the microstructure

aforementioned samples. From a practical point of view, these characteristics are

particularly important in the construction materials. The differences were analyzed in

bulk density using the hydrostatic method, capillary rise, absorption and mercury

porosimetry of samples containing polyethylene glycol, as compared to the traditional

silicate samples. The samples were also subjected to microstructure observation in a

scanning electron microscope.

Preliminary research findings clearly show the positive influence of the substrate

used for the basic properties of modified sand-lime product. In comparison to a reference

sample, modified products show a decrease in water absorption and reduced capillarity.

The confrontation of the measurements made using a mercury porosimeter with

observation of the microstructure, shows differences in the distribution of pores and their

size. In addition to the additive huge impact on the properties of silicate has a production

process (a method for mixing the ingredients, time and temperature of autoclaving) [3].

[1] B. Stefańczyk i inni, Budownictwo Ogólne, Tom 1 - Materiały i wyroby budowlane, Arkady, Warszawa,

2005. [2] R. Dachowski, A. Stepien, The impact of various additives on the microstructure of silicate products.

Procedia Engineering 21, 2011, pp.1173-1178. [3] A. Stepien, K. Komisarczyk, Rozkład mezo- i makroporów w wyrobach wapienno-piaskowych określonych

za pomocą porozymetrii rtęciowej, Ochrona przed korozją, nr 1s/A, (2016) pp. 49-51.

1 Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland 2 State Higher Vocational School in Tarnów, Mickiewicza 8, 33-100 Tarnów, Poland

164 | p a g e

ISOLATION, SCREENING AND IDENTIFICATION OF MERCURY RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM MERCURY CONTAMINATED SOIL

Anna Kowalczyk1,4, Magdalena Wilińska1, Marek Chyc2,3, Monika Bojko1, Dariusz

Latowski1*

Keywords: bioremediation, mercury, soil bacteria, wastewater treatment

ABSTRACT

New bacterial strains resistant to high concentration of mercury were obtained and

characterized focusing on their potential application in bioremediation of the areas and

waters contaminated with this metal and hazardous wastewater management. The

biological material was isolated from soil contaminated with mercury of concentration of

4,2 mg Hg/kg (d.m.) and then six pure bacterial strains most resistant to high (0,01%

w/v) mercury concentration in the medium were selected. The ability to removal of Hg

from the liquid medium and the effect of the various pH and mercury concentrations in

the environment on bacterial strains growth kinetics were tested.

The selected strains were identified by analysis of the 16S ribosome subunit coding

sequences as Pseudomonas syringae. The analysis of growth kinetics in media

supplemented with 0,01% w/v of pure Hg and without Hg demonstrated that bacteria

cells synthesized significantly more mucus than ones cultured without Hg and they

immobilized metal as a black precipitate HgS, which was not observed in cultures without

mercury, although cells division was more efficient in this case. The analysis of Hg

concentration in liquid medium as effect of microbial metabolism demonstrated that P.

syringae is able to remove this metal from medium and after 120 hours of incubation the

concentration of this element decreased about 200 times.

Obtained results revealed new ability of the isolated strain P. syringae. Analyzed

properties of this soil bacteria species able to reduce concentration of Hg or immobilize

this metal are promising for industrial wastewater treatment and bioremediation of the

soils polluted especially by mercury lamps scrapping, measuring instruments, dry

batteries, detonators or burning fuels made from crude oil, which may also contain

mercury. Selected bacteria strains provide efficient and relatively low-cost bioremediation

of the areas and waters contaminated with Hg.

1 Silesian Environmental Doctoral Study, Plac Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland, 4 Department of Environment Protection, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment

Protection University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Kraków

* corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering 3 Cracow University of Technology, , Faculty of Civil Engineering





165 | p a g e

GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT - THE LEGAL BASES AND INSTRUMENTS TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN

CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Renata Kozik1,*, Izabela Karasińska - Jaśkowiec2

Keywords: works, green public procurement, sustainable development

ABSTRACT

Public procurement in the construction sector, in terms of value, is the largest in the

domestic market. Therefore, green procurement of construction works due to its scale

and the importance for sustainable development should be of interest to broadly

understood public authorities. Authorities and contracting entities in spending public

funds should be able to use such law regulations and have instruments that allow them

both to optimize public expenditure and take into account environmental aspects,

including reducing of CO2. For the realization of sustainable development as an

overarching objective of the European Union, an implementation of Community law into

Polish law takes place. For its efficacy and for the full achievement of the objectives it is

necessary to implement this concept at the local level. Local authorities should create the

local policies and the use of essential tool for sustainable development such as green

public procurement.

This paper, based on the comparative analysis of the legal provisions, will indicate

the system of the legal regulations currently in force in Poland and European Union,

referring in particular to the construction sector.

Authors have attempted to answer the question whether the existing regulatory

system, based on which construction projects are carried out and financed with public

funds, is moving toward the intensification of actions to ensure sustainable development

and environmental protection.

Although, the law regulations generally allow for the effective implementation of

sustainable development conception, local government in their regional policies do not or

quite incidental suggest specific solutions. Failure to take into account green public

procurement in the local law regulations is not acceptable in terms of the overall concept

of political system and the efficiency of public funds spending.

1 Gdynia Maritime University, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Commodity Science, Gdynia, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Opole University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, ul. Mikołajczyka 5,

45-271 Opole, Poland

* [email protected]



166 | p a g e

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADABILITY OF POLYCAPROLACTONE UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS

Katarzyna Krasowska 1, Aleksandra Heimowska 1, Magda Morawska 1

Keywords: environmental degradation, sea water, pond, compost, polycaprolactone

In recent decades world consumption of polymers has increased exponentially.

Polymers are used in many areas, especially in the packaging, agriculture, medicine etc. In the process of consuming products humans generate plastic waste, which are

responsible for the problem of environmental pollution. The environment must serve as a

waste repository, either by absorbing or recycling them into useful or at least harmless

substances. When the waste products exceed the environment's ability to absorb them,

the result is water, soil and air pollution. The increase in volume of synthetic non-

degradable polymers, particularly in the form of one-trip packaging, presented a

potential threat to the natural environment (countryside, river, lake, sea). The plastic

packaging litter is not only the aesthetically undesirable but it caused the possibility of

risk for people, animals, birds on the land and in the sea.

Recently the increasing attention is paid to attempt rational replacement commonly

used synthetic polymers by biodegradable polymers. The use of biodegradable polymers

in consumer products should not lead to the generation of toxic or otherwise

environmentally unacceptable chemicals in the natural environment.

Biodegradable polymers are susceptible to biological degradation, resulting in the

disintegration and mineralization under the action of living organisms. In the case of

environmental degradation under natural conditions very often synergistic action various

factors including temperature, pH, humidity, aeration, sunlight, macroorganisms,

microorganisms and enzymes leads to degradation of biodegradable polymers.

Biodegradable polymers have been found to degrade more rapidly if a combination of

microbes is used rather than one specific microbe. Thus the presence of large varieties of

microbes in the natural environment support faster biodegradation.

The aim of this work was an estimation of susceptibility of biodegradable poly(-

caprolactone) (PCL) to environmental degradation in different natural environments such

as compost, pond, open and harbour area of the Baltic Sea. Characteristic parameters of

natural environments were monitored during the incubation of polymer samples and their

influence on degradation of PCL was discussed. Susceptibility of PCL to degradation in

natural environments was evaluated based on changes of weight, crystallinity and

polymer surface morphology. The rate of environmental degradation of PCL dependent

on the incubation place, environmental conditions and decreased in order:

compost>harbour area of the Baltic Sea>open area of the Baltic Sea>pond.

The changes of PCL surface and crystallinity during incubation in natural

environments led to conclusion that the environmental degradation of PCL occurred in

two stages. The first stage consisted of the degradation of amorphous phase and as a

result an increase in crystallinity of polymer occurred. The second stage started when

most of the amorphous regions were degraded, subsequently the crystalline phase was

degraded. The significant weight losses and erosion of the PCL surface after incubation in

the natural environments are the result of enzymatic hydrolysis of ester bonds, which

play the key role in the process under natural conditions.

1 Opole University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, ul. Mikołajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole * [email protected]



167 | p a g e

DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH METHODS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF LEACHING OF HEAVY METALS FROM MINERAL

WASTE

Anna Król 1,*, Kamila Mizerna1

Keywords: mineral waste, research methods, heavy metals, leaching

ABSTRACT

Worldwide there are applied different test methods to assess the level of the release

of heavy metals into the environment from mineral waste materials. These methods can

be divided according to:

1) leaching time periods,

2) leaching dynamics,

3) sample preparation method,

4) the pH of the elution medium.

In Poland, little attention is paid to the research on the relationship between the

leaching of particular heavy metals from mineral wastes and changes in environmental

conditions, including the pH of the environment.

Research studies being carried out abroad started to pay great attention to the pH-

dependent impact of the environment and the liquid being in contact with the material on

the degree of leaching contaminants from wastes. The solubility of all metals depends on

the value of the pH. The common view being described in the literature is that cations of

(Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Al, Fe) are characterized by the highest rate of the release in an

acidic environment and anions of (Cr, Mo, As, Se, Sb) in the basic environment.

However, the tendencies of changes in the leaching of heavy metals as a function of the

pH can vary depending on the type and degree of contamination of the test material and

its physico-chemical characteristics.

Authors of the paper will try to prove that Polish methods of waste characterization

is incomplete and inconsistent with opinions prevailing in the global literature. The

procedure described in the Polish standards are insufficient to determine the actual level

of leaching of heavy metals having regard to the impact of multiple external conditions

on the level of leaching of heavy metals.

Paper will show directions of development of research methods in the assessment of

leaching of heavy metals from mineral waste.

1 Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport, Poznan, Poland 2 Polish Naval Academy, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Gdynia, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected]

168 | p a g e

THE ROLE OF THE SILICA FLY ASH IN SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT

Anna Król 1,*

Keywords: silica fly ash, waste, mineral binders, solidification

ABSTRACT

Sustainable development is a call to prudence and moderation efforts to reconcile

key areas for humanity: ecological, economic and social development.

Consistent with the idea of sustainable development is the use of by-products from

other industries for the production of clinker, cement and concrete. These products can

successfully replace natural minerals or clinker in cement production. This considerably

reduces the extraction of natural resources and increases the economy of the process,

without compromising the quality of the product. In cement production technology

increasingly important role starts to play also active mineral additives. In the world's

cement production process it has economic, ecological, but also technological base. The

aim is in fact to obtain such cements whose properties will receive concrete high

durability, and the use of suitable mineral supplements can be helpful in this. Fly ash, the

most widely used supplementary cementitious material in cement and concrete, is a by-

product of the combustion of pulverized coal in electric power generating plants.

The use of fly ash in the composition of the binder leads to the formation of mineral

matrices which are stable in the environment.

Mineral composites with fly ashes are the materials which is increasingly being used

also in the process of solidification of hazardous waste. The use of fly ashes in the

process of solidification of galvanic sludge will be presented in the article with the

presentation of the author's own research in this field.

Solidification process can change the physical and chemical properties of waste and

also let to reduce the solubility and the leaching of hazardous compounds. The paper will

present the physico-mechanical properties of matrices which consequently affect the

durability of composites in the long term. Durability of composites solidifying waste is

also important from the point of view of leaching heavy metals into water or soil, which

matrices are in contact. Stabilization with using fly ash not only allows for the disposal of

hazardous waste, but also let to use of other industrial by-products, which can consider

the process to be consistent with the idea of sustainable raw materials and wastes

management.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Management and Protection, Krakow, Poland




169 | p a g e

DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE SHIP PROPULSION IN TERMS OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS

Jarosław Markowski1*, Jacek Pielecha1, Remigiusz Jasiński1,

Tomasz Kniaziewicz2, Paweł Wirkowski2

Keywords: exhaust emissions, alternative propulsion, turbine engines, marine engines

ABSTRACT

The introduction of new emission limits for exhaust emissions of ship's engines

contributes to development of new powertrains solutions. New solutions in the simplest

approach concern concentration reduction of sulfur in motor fuels. Typically, mentioned

fuels have lower value of viscosity which causes a number of supply system problems.

Desulphurised fuels are more expensive, which results in deterioration of the economic

aspects of maritime transport. Therefore, the use of desulphurised fuels are treated as a

temporary solution. Attention of shipowners and designers developing new constructions,

is focused on the search for other sources of energy to meet the functional needs of the

ships and their drives. In the area of interest are engine rooms with four-stroke engines

in combination with electricity generators powered by light fuels and equipped with

exhaust gas cleaning systems. The generated energy is used for the functional needs and

to power electric engines of the main drive. The use of Diesel engines equipped with

exhaust gas cleaning systems is expensive and needs considerable space of the engine

room. Therefore, usage of turbine engines for marine applications is also under

consideration. The most important factor is the concentration of power generated by the

engine in relation to the turbine system weight and its volume in engine room. The

advantage of this solution is the usage possibility of light fuels, sulfur-free, alternative

fuels such as vegetable oil esters, methanol, ethanol, methane and gaseous fuels as

natural gas and propane-butane. The use of natural gas as a fuel for power systems and

propulsion in particular may be advantageous in case of gas tankers transporting this

type of fuel. More and more common idea is a usage of fuel cells in engine rooms of

various types of marine vessels. These systems, unlike conventional systems that use

internal combustion engines have a zero exhaust emissions. Hydrogen, methanol,

methane and others may be used as a fuel in fuel cells. However, so far the best

operating parameters are characterized by cells powered by hydrogen, which is

associated with difficulties in obtaining and storing this fuel. Therefore, the use of turbine

engines allows obtaining large operating and environmental advantages. The paper

presents ecological parameters comparison of turbine and piston engines.

1 Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport, Poznan, Poland


170 | p a g e

IMPACT OF A COAL-FIRED CHP PLANT WITHOUT FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION (FGD) SYSTEM ON SECONDARY INORGANIC

AEROSOL FORMATION IN AIR

Robert Oleniacz1,*, Mateusz Rzeszutek1, Marek Bogacki1

Keywords: coal combustion, air pollution, secondary aerosols, atmospheric dispersion

modeling, CALPUFF

ABSTRACT

Coal-fired large combustion plants can cause significant air pollution, both in terms

of primary gaseous pollutants (SO2 and NOx) and the primary as well as the secondary

particulate matter (PM) [1]. Power plants with high SO2 and NOx emissions result in the

formation of acidic secondary PM (from the atmospheric oxidation of SO2 and NO2)

several orders of magnitude higher than the emissions of the primary fly ash PM [2, 3].

Since these secondary particles are very small they have long atmospheric residence

times and can travel long distances causing an increase in PM10 and PM2.5 air

concentrations, both at the local and regional scale.

This paper presents the results of the air quality impact assessment carried out for a

large-scale Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant, including the period of its operation,

in which the plant had been not equipped with FGD system yet. Particular attention in

this assessment was given to determine the effect of SO2 and NOx emissions on the

atmospheric formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, because the analyzed CHP plant

is located within the city of Krakow (Poland) where are exceeded acceptable levels of

PM10 and PM2.5 in air, especially during the heating season [4, 5].

This evaluation was performed by means of the atmospheric dispersion modeling

method with the use of the CALPUFF cloud model, recommended by the U.S. EPA [6],

taking into account advanced algorithms of chemical transformations of pollutants in

ambient air [7]. The input to the model were the one-year results of continuous

measurements of SO2, NOx and PM emissions to the air with 1-hour step and adequately

prepared spatial and meteorological data [8]. The calculations allowed, among others, to

determine the spatial variability of the share of secondary inorganic aerosols in the total

level of PM10 in air resulting from the analyzed CHP plant emissions. The results of air

concentration modeling were referred to appropriate reference values and acceptable

levels, as well as to the results of measurements carried out at air quality monitoring

stations located in Krakow. [1] J.S. Gaffney, N.A. Marley, Atmospheric Environment, 43.1 (2009) 23-36. [2] G.M. Hidey, Atmospheric Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 1994. [3] N.V. Gillani, S. Kohli, W.E. Wilson, Atmospheric Environment, 15 (1981), 2293-2313. [4] H. Junninen et al., Environmental Science & Technology, 43 (2009) 7964-7970.

[5] R. Oleniacz, M. Bogacki, M. Rzeszutek, A. Kot, Meteorological factors affecting air quality in Krakow, in: J. Konieczyński (Ed.) Ochrona powietrza w teorii i praktyce, T. 2, IPIŚ PAN, Zabrze, 2014, 163-178.

[5] U.S. EPA, Guideline on Air Quality Models, Federal Register, 40 CFR Part 51, 70 (2005) 68218-68261. [6] TRC Environmental Corporation, CALPUFF Chemistry Updates: User’s Instructions for API Chemistry

Options, Prepared for WEST Associates, Lowell, MA, 2010. [7] R. Oleniacz, M. Rzeszutek, Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, 8.2 (2014) 57-69.

1* Department of Chemistry and Industrial Commodity Science, Gdynia Maritime Academy, Morska 83-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland, [email protected]



171 | p a g e

ANALYSIS OF PASSENGER CAR EMISSION FACTORS IN RDE TESTS

Jacek Pielecha1,*, Jerzy Merkisz1, Jarosław Markowski1, Remigiusz Jasiński1

Keywords: exhaust emissions, real driving emissions, emission fators

ABSTRACT

The article presents a study on emission measurements in passenger cars in tests

conducted under real traffic conditions – RDE (Real Driving Emissions) using a PEMS

(Portable Emission Measurement System) type of equipment. A special feature of the

outlined RDE tests is that they were performed in Polish road conditions, and thus their

parameters may differ from their counterparts adopted in most European Union

countries. Based on the findings vehicle emission coefficient factors (CF) were developed,

characterized as the fractional increase (or decrease) of traffic emissions during the

homologation test or under normal operation conditions in relation to the emission limit

standards (for chosen emission class) of the vehicle.

In road tests the emission coefficient factors – depending on the curb weight of the

vehicle and on the technical solutions used (conventional drive, start-stop systems,

hybrid powertrain) – for gasoline engines were determined in range 0.5 to 0.9 for all

exhaust gas components. However, for gasoline vehicles with direct injection systems

values of coefficient factors obtained for particulate emissions (in terms of particulate

number) exceeds the value obtained in homologation tests. In the road tests values of

coefficient factors for emission of particulate number were in the range of 1.1 to 1.4. In

contrast it has been shown that during road tests for vehicles powered by diesel engines

values of the coefficient factors for emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are

less than 1 (meeting the standard of exhaust emissions), while coefficient factors

obtained for the emissions of nitrogen oxides have values ranging from CF = 2 to CF = 5.

Similar situation appears in the measurements of particulate emissions (in terms of PM

emissions their coefficient factors ranged from CF = 0,9 to 2, and for PN emissions from

CF = 1.2 to 2.5).

Conducted research and the calculated emission coefficient factors allowed for the

environmental impact assessment of the vehicles of various emission classes, while also

allowing early actions to restrict the emissions of selected components in passenger

vehicles. The methods and measures used can also be applied to other types of vehicles

(e.g. heavy duty or off-road vehicles) or vehicles powered by other fuels.

[1] Y. Chen, J. Borken-Kleefeld, Real-driving Emissions from Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles – Results

from 13 Years Remote Sensing at Zurich, Atmospheric Environment, 88 (2014) 157-164. [2] V. Franco, M. Kousoulidou, M. Muntean, L. Ntziachristos, S. Hausberger, P. Dilara, Road Vehicle Emission

Factors Development: A Review, Atmospheric Environment, 70 (2013) 84-97. [3] J. Merkisz, J. Pielecha, S. Radzimirski, New Trends in Emission Control in the European Union, Springer

Tracts on Transportation and Traffic, New York, 2014. [4] M. Weiss, P. Bonnel, R. Hummel, U. Manfredi, R. Colombo, G. Lanappe et al., Analyzing On-road Emissions

of Light-Duty Vehicles with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS), European Commission Joint Research Centre, Technical Report EUR 24697 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, 2013.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Faculty of Energy

and Fuels [email protected]

172 | p a g e

RESPONSE OF INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING TO CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

Marzenna Popek 1,*

Keywords sustanaible development, sea transportation

ABSTRACT

The international shipping industry directly facilitates the growth of world trade,

economic development and improvement of the global living standards. As the world

economy and population continue to expand, the volume of maritime trade is expected to

increase significantly as well.

Maritime transport (shipping industry) already contributes significantly to the three

pillars of sustainable development - social, environmental and economic. The ship

operation, operation of maritime management system, port and multi-modal connections

are all components of maritime transportation system that have a part to play in defining

and achieving sustainable development.

International shipping is facing a new and complex problems of environmental

protection, that involves both challenges and opportunities. Climate change in particular

continues to rank high on the international agenda, regarding shipping and port business.

Despite positive developments on a number of fronts, the world in not yet on track to

limit the average global temperature rise of 20C (above pre-industrial levels) [1].

Maritime transportation is generally considered environmentally friendly when

compared to other transportation means, especially if the energy efficiency is measured

per tonne transported/per mile. Nevertheless, emissions from the growing maritime

transport sector represent a significant and growing source of air pollution [2].

The paper identifies the main areas that should be addressed if maritime sustainable

development is to be achieved. It presents analysis of activities focused on

environmentally friendly solutions as a form of IMO support for realization of the strategy

of sustainable development.

One of the future goals in international shipping is to reduce the impact of CO2

emissions in order to meet the upcoming stricter International Maritime Organization

greenhouse gas emission requirements.

Following the trend of required higher overall ship efficiency, since the first oil crisis

in 1973, the efficiency of the main engines has increased and today the fuel energy

efficiency is about 50%.

In July 2011, governments at IMO agreed to a comprehensive package of technical

regulations for reducing shipping’s CO2 emissions which became enforced in January

2013.

In the long term, the shipping industry is exploring a number of alternative fuel

sources to help reduce CO2 emissions such as renewable energy, fuel cells, nuclear

propulsion and Liquid Natural Gas (LNG). [1] International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook Special Report: Redrawing the Energy-Climate Map,

2013. [2] IMO, A concept of a sustainable maritime transport, World Maritime Day, London, 2012.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Faculty of Energy

and Fuels

[email protected]



173 | p a g e

POLISH EXPERIENCE IN THE AREA OF MANAGEMENT OF THE WASTE GENERATED DURING THE EXPLORATION FOR

HYDROCARBONS FROM UNCONVENTIONAL ACCUMULATIONS

Justyna Pyssa1

Keywords: shale gas, exploitation, hydraulic fracturing, non-hazardous and hazardous

waste, technological and environmental aspect.

ABSTRACT

The exploration for shale gas in Poland has been lasting for six years now. The

locations of Polish gas fields range from the middle-east coast of the Baltic sea through

the central part of Poland to the Lubelskie region (the Lublin basin). Additionally, four

boreholes were drilled in the south-west part of Poland (in the Silesian Lowland and the

Opole region). The drilling waste is generated at all stages of works related to the

exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons from unconventional accumulations. The

gas from shale accumulations is released through drilling holes which reach the depth of

several hundred meters. In order to make the gas flow to the borehole, from several to

over a dozen operations of hydraulic fracturing are executed in horizontal sections. This

results in generating a considerable amount of waste, the management of which poses a

logistical, technological as well as environmental problem. To the main sources of

pollution residing in the drilling waste one can classify chemical agents used for drilling

fluid composition, biocides, oil-derived substances, corrosion inhibitors, and reservoir

fluids in a form of brine and crude oil.

The work presents the status of works over the gas exploration from unconventional

accumulations in Poland as of the 31st of December 2015. Both the qualitative and

quantitative characteristics of waste generated during the exploration for hydrocarbons

from unconventional accumulations (data for the years 2010-2014) are presented in the

paper. Due to the high content of water and the consistency of waste as well as its

changeable and hard-to-predict chemical composition, the waste is difficult to manage.

Possible manners of the management of drilling waste connected with the exploration

and exploitation of hydrocarbons from unconventional accumulations in Poland and

logistical challenges related to it are also discussed in the paper. The work is financed within the frames of statutory research no 11.11.210.213 at the Faculty of Energy and Fuels.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramic, Al.

Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

174 | p a g e

THE INFLUENCE OF CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION ON THE MANAGEMENT OF

ENERGETIC WASTE IN POLAND

Justyna Pyssa1,*

Keywords: energy industry in Poland, waste from the power industry, physicochemical

properties of ashes, standards, economic utilization of byproducts of incineration

ABSTRACT

Black coal, crude oil and natural gas are the basic carriers of the primary energy. The

long-term forecast for Poland appears to show that the position of coal will be steadfast

and remain at a high level for at least next several decades. The use of coal as the

primary energy is connected with definite ecological effects. In the process of incineration

of solid fuels, regardless of the applied technology, dusts, carbon monoxides, sulfur

monoxides and nitrogen oxides are emitted into atmosphere. The generation of electrical

energy and heat is intrinsically connected with producing significant amounts of waste –

regular products of incineration intercepted in a form of fly ash in electrostatic

precipitators and bottom ash (also called slag) shed from the deposit. Byproducts of

incineration comprise valuable raw materials for many industry branches. Continuous

technological changes which occur in the power industry significantly affect their variety

which in turn means their physical and chemical parameters. The biggest number of

studies regards the use of fly ashes from the black coal which are generated in

conventional pulverized-fuel boilers . Cinder from fluidized bad boilers and the brown coal

as well as ashes from co-incineration of the black coal and biomass are continuously

examined and new solutions based on their use are sought.

In the paper the changes in structure of production of electric power and heat in

Poland has been analyzed. Both the quantity and quality of incineration byproducts is

determined by the way of generation of energy and used raw materials. It also depends

on the production volume. The possibility of economic utilization of energetic waste from

various production sources requires detailed knowledge of its physicochemical

composition, properties and vulnerability for further processing in various technologies.

Economic directions of using byproducts from incineration is also discussed in detail. The work is financed within the frames of statutory research no 11.11.210.213 at the Faculty of Energy and Fuels.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramic, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 Foundry Research Institute, Department of Non-Ferrous Metal Alloys, Zakopiańska 73, 30-418 Krakow, Poland 3 Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland



175 | p a g e

THE USE OF CeO2-Co3O4 OXIDES MODIFIED BY POTASSIUM AS A CATALYST FOR THE REDUCTION OF N2O

Maria Rajska1,*

Keywords: support oxides, N2O reduction, CeO2, Co3O4

ABSTRACT

The anthropological sources of N2O include: the burning of fossil fuels and

biomass (time and part-time combustion) and chemical processes like producing nitric

acid(V), adipic acid, caprolactam or glyoxal [1,2]. Removing of nitrous oxide formed

during many processes requires the use of suitable catalysts based on the principle of

oxidation or reduction of N2O. For economic reasons, lowering the temperature of the

removing process is of considerable importance.

This work relates to the preparation and study of the physicochemical properties of

one of the potential catalyst for N2O reduction process. The subject of this research was

concerning to the effect of the addition of cerium dioxide and the presence of potassium

on the reduction of N2O.

Synthesized materials characterized by the structural and textural properties by

scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray

diffraction (XRD), laser particle size distribution (DLS) and analysis of adsorption

isotherms (BET). In addition, catalytic tests were performed with the use of a mass

spectroscopy (MS) and gas mixture containing 1000 ppm N2O in He over a temperature

range between 50 and 600 Celsius degrees.

The results of studies of the effect of CeO2 with respect to the reduction catalyst,

are qualitatively consistent with the information in literature. The presence of CeO2 in the

system facilitates the reduction of N2O. For each sample can be seen lowering the

temperature of complete conversion depending on the amount of added CeO2. Moreover,

it was observed the effect of the addition of the promoter on the catalytic activity of the

process. During the reduction process, it was detected that the only products of the

reaction were oxygen and nitrogen.

M Rajska acknowledges the Statutory Project for Science (Grant for Young Scientists no.15.11.160.763) 2015 at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics AGH UST.

[1] P. A. Trovarelli, Catalysis by ceria and related materials, 2nd ed., Imperial College Press, London, 2013. [2] C. H. Y. L.Xue, Catalysys Today, 126 (2007) 449-455.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland,

[email protected]

176 | p a g e

AN EFFECT OF THE SUPPORT STRUCTURE IN THE Au/Al2O3-TiO2 CATALYSTS ON LOW TEMPERATURE CO OXIDATION

Maria Rajska1,*, Piotr Długosz2, Rafał Zybała3

Keywords: sol-gel method, gold catalysts, CO oxidation, TiO2

ABSTRACT

The supported catalysis has received enormous attention in recent years. Especially

a lot of interest concerned about heterogeneous catalysts that makes it possible to

reduce gaseous pollutants, such as CO. Furthermore, the nano-size gold has a huge

potential in catalytic applications. It is currently employed in many reactions, including:

low temperature CO oxidation, water gas shift reaction, the purification of hydrogen from

CO for PEM fuel cells, etc [1].

The goal of this work was preparation of catalysts with different polymorphs of

alumina and titanium(IV), and determine the catalytic properties of selected phase in the

reaction of low temperature CO oxidation.

The catalyst supports were prepared with the sol-gel method using Al(C3H7O)3 and

Ti(C3H7O)4 alkoxides to obtain the corresponding oxides wherein an Al:Ti molar ratio

was 0.25:0.75, 1:1 and 0.75:0.25. The support precursors were calcinated at two

different temperatures: 500°C and 1350°C to obtain proper phase composition (γ-Al2O3,

α-Al2O3, anatase and rutile). The final catalysts were prepared by depositing gold in a

theoretical loading of Au 2 wt%, using the preposition-precipitation method.

The materials obtained were characterized by selected analytical techniques: XRD,

BET, SEM-EDX and laser particle size distribution. For rutile-containing catalysts, the

catalytic activity was very low, regardless of whether the analyzed system was with the

gold or not. The phase composition of the carriers significantly affect the size of the gold

crystallites and stabilize their growth, and thus decided to catalytic activity. The gold

crystallites with average size below 10 nm and very well dispersed on the oxides surface

appeared in all catalysts. Catalysts containing anatase studied in this work were very

active for low temperature CO oxidation. The highest catalytic activity, T90= 110°C,

showed the Au/Al2O3-TiO2 catalyst based on the support calcinated at 500°C [2].

M Rajska acknowledges the Statutory Project for Science (Grant for Young Scientists

no.15.11.160.763) 2015 at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials

Science and Ceramics AGH UST.

[1] V.G. Milt, S. Ivanova, O. Sanz, M.I. Dominguez, A. Corrales, J.A. Odriozola, M.A. Centeno., Applied

Surface Science, 270 (2013) 169-177. [2] M. Rajska, Materiały Ceramiczne/ Ceramic Materials, 67 (2015) 393-399.

1-3 Rzeszow University of Technology, Department of Materials Forming and Processing 4 Rzeszow University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering 5, 6 Rzeszow University of Technology, Department of Water Purification and Protection




177 | p a g e

THE POSSIBILITY OF SEPARATION OF ELECTRONIC WASTE BY MEANS OF THEIR ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

Mikolaj Skowron1, Antoni Ciesla, Agnieszka Surowiak, Przemysław Syrek, Damian

Lachendrowicz, Wojciech Kraszewski

Keywords: electrodynamic drum separator, distribution of electric field intensity,

electronic wastes

ABSTRACT

Each year, in the European Union about 8 million tons of waste originating from

electrical and electronic equipment is produced (the annual growth rate of formation of

these wastes is 3-5% of all produced ones), while worldwide, this amount annually is

around 20-50 million tons of such waste. One of the objectives of rational resource and

wastes consumption is the possibly best use of the primary components of natural

resource as well large recovery of processed elements from waste products. The

processing of various types of wastes with goal of recovery of useful components can be

done by separation methods of mineral processing. Therefore, the separation of useful

chemical elements from wastes is carried out by means of separation of well-defined

characteristics. This characteristic attribute, which is called generally the separation or

partition feature, could be in fact the difference between the densities of grained

components which are to be separated, settling velocity of particles, wettability

(hydrophobic and hydrophilic), magnetic susceptibility, electrical conductivity and others.

The paper presents working of high-voltage drum separator. The analysis of electric field

distribution in separator working space was done. Additionally, distribution of forces

acting on particles of dielectric and conductive properties was examined, trajectories of

charged particles movement were presented as well. The laboratory investigations of

electronic wastes were performed, and the particle size fraction 0 – 0.5 mm was obtained

in such process. It was observed that as a result of selective charging of particles they

separate according to their surface ability to electrification what allows to obtain selective

separation of components which are, so-called electronic wastes. The application of

electrodynamic drum separator allows to separate such chemical elements as Ti, Cu, Fe,

Pb, Sn from plastics occurring in electronic wastes.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

178 | p a g e

AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SLUDGE IN WILLOW PLANTATION

Feliks Stachowicz1*, Tomasz Trzepieciński2, Marta Wójcik3, Adam Masłoń4, Witold

Niemiec5, Adam Piech6

Keywords: energetic willow, fertilization, sewage sludge

ABSTRACT

The intensification of wastewater treatment processes results in an increase in the

quantity of sewage sludge which are estimated at 1÷2% of the total volume of

wastewater discharged to a wastewater treatment plant [1]. Sewage sludge is treated as

a substrate of potential fertilizer and can be used in different applications [1, 2].

According to the project proposal on “the Polish code for good agricultural practice”

assumes that the annual dose of nitrogen per hectare of cropland cannot exceed 170 kg

[1]. Due to the fact that sewage sludge is an organic fertilizer and similarly as manure

can be applied once in 3 or 4 years [1].

In many years municipal sludge was discharged into soil in uncontrolled manner

disturbing the properties of the soil. However, municipal sludge can be a valuable

fertilizer with a number of well-defined properties if a proper application of sewage

sludge to soil is ensured [3, 4]. Now the sewage sludge utilization on agricultural land is

legally regulated to minimize the risks associated with heavy metal buildup in soil. Still,

the demand for sewage sludge for the use in conventional farming is very weak, while

utilisation of sewage sludge in willow plantations has a considerably higher acceptance

[5]. Krutysz-Hus and Chmura [6] found that there is no considerable relationship

between the volume of the dose and the contents of heavy metals in the crop.

The paper presents the results of analyzes of the monitoring of selected energetic

willow plantations (30 ha) located in the Podkarpackie Province. The fertilization of willow

plantation is done by using the prototype of the special agricultural trailer for dosage of

municipal sewage sludge into soil. The presented prototype is a component of technology

of energetic plant production which has been developed at the Rzeszow University of

Technology [7]. The results of soil investigations allow to conclude that the deposition of

sewage sludge using of the presented prototype of the agricultural trailer is conducted in

accordance with the legal regulations and do not cause significant disturbing the natural

trophic chain. [1] P. Wolski, I. Zawieja, E. Stańczyk-Mazanek, Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska, 14 (2011) 411-418. [2] [online] [access: 14.02.2016] http://www.iea-biogas.net [3] F. Czyżyk, A. Rajmund, Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 16 (2014) 1-6. [4] D. Fytyli, A. Zabaniotou, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12 (2008) 116-140. [5] [online] [access: 14.02.2016] http://www.fao.org/publications/en/ [6] E. Krutysz-Hus, K. Chmura, Inżynieria Ekologiczna, 18 (2007) 143-144. [7] W. Niemiec, F. Stachowicz, T. Trzepieciński, L. Kępa, M. Dziurka, Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering

(accepted for publication).

1 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria * corresponding author: Katarzyna Styszko, [email protected]



179 | p a g e

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND NITRO-PAHs ASSOCIATED WITH PM10 FROM KRAKOW CITY IN HEATING

SEASON

Katarzyna Styszko 1,*, Katarzyna Szramowiat 1, Magdalena Kistler 2, Anne Kasper-Giebl 2,

Egon Erwin Rosenberg 2

Keywords: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,

PM10, Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry

ABSTRACT

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) with their nitro-derivatives and hundreds of

other organic compounds are present in ambient air. PAHs and nitro-PAHs originate from

Diesel and gasoline exhaust emission and other sources of fuels combustion. Nitro-PAHs

are also formed through the oxidation of parent PAHs in the atmosphere [1]. Studies of

particulate matter and gas phase of urban air showed that PAHs and their derivatives are

mainly responsible for mutagenic activity of ambient air [2]. The average concentration

of benzo(a)pyrene between 2008 and 2013 in Malopolska Voivodship was 8.4 ng m-3

[3].

Concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs in the particulate matter fraction PM10 in the

center of Krakow (27.01.2014 – 17.02.2014) have been investigated. The thirteen PAHs

and four nitro-PAHs are as follows: fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene,

pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene,

benzo(k)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene,

dibenz(a,h)anthracene, 2-nitrofluorene, 9-nitroanthracene, 3-nitrofluoranthene and

1-nitropyrene. The method of solvent extraction of particulate matter and GC/MS

analyses were applied. Depending on the compounds the relative recoveries ranged from

72 to 94%.

The concentrations of PM10 in the study period ranged between 23.5 µg m-3 and

153.8 µg m-3. The average concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs ranged from 1.0 to

26.0 ng m-3 and from 4.8 to 7.1 ng m-3, respectively. The average concentration of

benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was 24 ng m-3. The concentrations of 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1-

nitropyrene were below LOQ. The highest concentrations were observed for

benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, pyrene and fluoranthene.

Acknowledgement This work was partially supported by AGH University Grant no 11.11.210.244. The authors acknowledge the financial support of OeaD and of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland) in the frame of project WTZ (Wissenschaftlich–Technische Zusammenarbeit), No. PL09/2015. The authors thank the students of AGH University for their support in the collecting and analysis of samples.

[1] A. Cecinato, F. Marino, P. Di Filippo, L. Lepore, M. Possanzini, Journal of Chromatography A 846 (1996)

255-264. [2] G. Talaska, P. Underwood, A. Maier, J. Lewtas, N. Rothman, M. Jaeger, Environmental Health Perspectives

104 (1996) 901-906. [3] Air quality in Europe – 2013 report, European Environment Agency, 2013.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology * corresponding author: [email protected], al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin Univeristy of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40,

20-618 Lublin

180 | p a g e

IMPACT OF SEPARATED BOTTOM ASHES ON THE PROPERTIES OF FRESH AND HARDENED CONCRETE

Daniel Wałach1,*

Keywords: Concrete, bottom ashes, concrete strength

ABSTRACT

Polish energy industry is based primarily on the combustion of coal in conventional

boilers and increasingly in fluidised bed boilers. As a result of combustion, by-products

are formed, such as fly and bottom ashes. In the case of fly ashes, a number of methods

of utilising them have already been developed, e.g. for the production of cement,

concrete and in other industries. With regard to bottom ashes, whose properties differ

significantly from those of fly ashes, methods are still being researched for the possibility

of their industrial application. Similarly to fly ashes, it seems reasonable to move in the

direction of bottom ashes being used in the wider construction industry, including for the

production of concrete.

This paper analyses the impact of the addition of bottom ashes obtained from hard

coal combustion in conventional and fluidised bed boilers on the properties of fresh and

hardened concrete. A concrete mix composition was developed by an experimental

method, which was then modified with the use of bottom ashes. The impact of the

substitution of cement and aggregates with bottom ash on the concrete properties was

examined. For all the obtained series of concretes, tests were performed for the

consistency of the fresh concrete using the concrete slump test, the compressive

strength and tensile strength of the concrete after 3, 7 and 28 days of maturing and their

absorption. The experiments have shown significant declines in the strength parameters

of the concretes being analysed in the case of the substitution of cement with separated

bottom ash. However, substituting relevant aggregate fractions with separated bottom

ash resulted in an increase in both the compressive strength and the tensile strength in

the analysed concretes.

1 Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences * corresponding author: [email protected]



181 | p a g e

MODIFICATION OF FLY ASH FOR OBTAINING POROUS STRUCTURES TO FLUE GAS PURIFICATION

Rafał Panek 1, Beata Stożek2, Magdalena Wdowin1,*

Keywords: fly ash, micro/mesoporous materials, CO2, Hg

ABSTRACT

Flue gas from coals combustion contain many air pollution such as NOx, SOx, CO,

CO2, solid particle (fly ash) and small amount of gaseous form of mercury. The Polish

energy sector in 95% is based on coal combustion which is associated among others with

high emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. Additional it is believed that the gaseous

mercury species reduce the efficiency of absorbents in CO2 adsorption process in the

capture of carbon dioxide.

Silicate or aluminosilicate porous materials (micro/mesoporous) are considered as

one of many sorbents in purification of flue gases from various impurities among others

carbon dioxide [1-3], sulphur dioxide [4], nitrogen oxides [5] or gaseous form or

mercury [3,4,6].

In this studies F class fly ash (by-product of conventional coal combustion) was

considered as substrate to porous materials synthesis. The main aim of this works was to

obtain zeolites as well as mesoporous materials (MCM-41) from tested aluminosilicate

waste materials (Fly ash). In hydrothermal synthesis a micro/mesoporous zeolite type

Na-P1 was obtained. Based on method proposed by Zhou et al. (2015) a mesoporous

material (MCM-41) was derived. Resulted porous materials were characterize by

mineralogical (SEM-EDS, XRD), chemical (XRF) and textural analysis. Synthesized porous

materials in further examination will be considered as a sorbents of carbon dioxide

(activated the by amine compounds) and gaseous form of mercury (activated them by

silver compounds). Presented work are helpful in new search of waste materials usage as

well as purification of flue gases.

This researches are financed from National Centre Research and Development project no

LIDER/384/L-6/14/NCBR/2015 [1] I. Majchrzak-Kucęba, D. Bukalak, W. Nowak in: Polska inżynieria środowiska pięć lat po wstąpieniu do unii

europejskiej. t. 1., Ozonek J., Pawłowska M. [ed.]. Komitet inżynierii środowiska PAN, Monographies No 58, 2009, Lublin.

[2] M. Wdowin, W. Franus, R. Panek, Fresenius Environmetal Bulletin, 21/11 (2012) 3726-3734. [3] M.Wdowin, Zastosowanie zeolitów do separacji CO2 i Hg z gazów odlotowych w procesach wychwytywania

i składowania ditlenku węgla. Monigrafie Komitetu Inżynierii Środowiska PAN vol. 120. Lublin, 2015. [4] Y. Liu, T.M. Bisson, H. Yang, Z. Xu, Fuel Processing Technology 91, 20101175–1197. [5] H. Zhao, T.Wu, J.He, Y.Zhang, Advanced Materials Research, 650 (2013) 125-129. [6] M.Wdowin, M.M. Wiatros-Motyka, R. Panek, L. A. Stevens, W. Franus, C.E. Snape, Fuel, 128 (2014) 451-

457.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30,

30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental

Protection, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

182 | p a g e

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEAD DISPOSAL FROM HARD COAL THROUGH THE CLEANING PROCESS

Dorota Makowska1,*, Andrzej Strugała1, Faustyna Wierońska1, Adam Włodek2

Keywords: lead, heavy metals, hard coal, coal cleaning process

ABSTRACT

Lead, belonging to the category of toxic heavy metals, poses a major threat to the

environment and the health and life of living organisms. Anthropogenic sources of lead

emissions to the atmosphere include coal combustion, pyrolysis and gasification

processes. This metal enters the atmosphere through the fly ashes and gases, causing

chemical imbalance in the ecosystem. One way of reducing the emissions of heavy

metals into the atmosphere due to thermochemical processing of coal involves removing

impurities from the fuel prior to its use, eg. through the coal cleaning processes.

Removal of heavy metals from coal through these processes is possible due to the fact

that these elements are mostly related to the mineral matter, which is separated from

the organic matter. This paper presents the results of the removal efficiency of lead from

coals through coal cleaning processes in industrial plants. Additionally, the distribution of

lead between individual products of these processes was identified. The raw coals, coal

concentrates, intermediate products and waste from five plants of mechanical processing

of coking coal were analyzed. The determination of lead content was performed with the

use of Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Moreover, for all the samples,

a proximate analysis, and ultimate analysis and the determination of the content of main

elements of mineral matter were conducted. In order to confirm the mode of occurrence

of lead in coal mineral matter, an elemental analysis was conducted with the use of an

electron microprobe. The results of the investigations showed that with a significant

reduction of mineral matter in coal cleaning processes, the lead content is decreased,

both as a result of the application of the gravity and flotation methods. The analyzed

metal accumulates primarily in the waste and/or intermediate products of coal cleaning.

The lead content in the obtained coal concentrates does not exceed 25 mg/kg. The

microprobe examinations confirmed the presence of lead in sulphides, mainly in the form

of galena.

1AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental

Protection, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland * corresponding author: [email protected]



183 | p a g e

ADSORPTIVE PROCESSES IN REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS – REVIEW OF RESEARCH

Eliza Wolak1,*, Stefan Kraszewski2

Keywords: adsorption refrigeration, adsorption cooling system, adsorption cycle

ABSTRACT

Economic development entails a rise in the demand for electric power [1].

Considerable amounts of energy are used for work of refrigeration appliances which are

present in nearly every household. In times of energy crisis the quest for and recovery of

thermal energy are particularly justified in case of high levels of sunlight exposure and

limited access to electrical energy [2].

Refrigeration appliances can be classified into refrigerators, freezers and air

conditioners. These are usually compression-type appliances which are used on a wide

scale because of their high performance. Big disadvantage of such appliances is the

presence of substances harmful to the environment – mainly chlorofluorocarbons used as

the refrigerant [3].

Adsorptive systems may turn out to be an alternative to compression-type

refrigerators. Instead of substances harmful to the environment, they operate on non-

toxic chemical agents [4]. In the process of recovery of adsorptive cooling systems one

can use cheap energy in a form of: waste heat, energy of solar radiation and electric

power.

Ecological considerations and quest for newer and newer solutions based on the

energy recovery have caused that the interest in adsorptive technology in the

refrigeration industry is on rise. It is confirmed by an increasing number of published

research [5].

The paper presents principles of operation as well as advantages and disadvantages

of adsorptive refrigeration systems. Basing on literature the most frequently used

adsorbent – adsorbate systems – which are employed in refrigeration industry – have

been characterized. A review of construction solutions of systems on both laboratory and

industrial scale has been made. [1] W. Tkaczyk, A. Kozieł, H. Mikołajuk, Zużycie energii w gospodarstwach domowych w 2012 r., G.U.S.,

(2014). [2] M. Gwadera, K. Kupiec, Czasopismo techniczne, z. 8, 108, (2011) 61-70. [3] M. Hamdy, A.A. Askalany, K. Harby, N. Kora, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51 (2015) 1223–

1234. [4] D.C. Wang, Y.H. Li, D. Li, Y.Z. Xia, J.P. Zhang, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (2010),

344–353. [5] P. Goyal, P. Baredar, A.Mittal, A. R. Siddiqui, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53 (2016),

1389–1410.

1, 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, 30-059 Cracow, Poland


184 | p a g e



185 | p a g e

FUELS

186 | p a g e



187 | p a g e

QUALITATIVE AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ASH IN THE SELECTED LIGNITE DEPOSITS IN LIGHT OF THEIR SUITABILITY

FOR CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES

Barbara Bielowicz1,*

Keywords: lignite, ash, ash melting point

ABSTRACT

An analysis of the variability of ash content and chemical composition of coal ash is

crucial when assessing the possibility of using this raw material in clean coal technologies

(CCS). This analysis also affects the use of residues after combustion or gasification of

coal, which are usually used as material in the building or ceramic industries.

The paper focuses on chemical, technological and quality characteristics of ash from

the combustion of coal from Polish lignite deposits. Ash content on a dry ash-free basis

for the samples from 9 deposits varies from 1 to 50%. At the same time the parameter is

highly variable. The most commonly observed ash content in the studied samples of coal

is in the range between 10-20%. Sand (a granular fraction consisting of hard mineral

grains) is a harmful element in the mineral matter of coal in ash resulting from the

combustion of coal. The main component of sand is quartz (SiO2), followed by feldspar

and mica. In the studied deposits, the sand content on a dry basis (pd) is very variable.

When it comes to the use of coal for energy generation, attention should be paid to the

behavior of mineral matter during energy transformation processes - with particular

emphasis on combustion and gasification. An estimation of these behaviors can be done,

among other things, on the basis of characteristics of ash melting temperatures. The

measured ash melting temperatures from the collected lignite samples have shown that

the sintering , softening, melting and flow temperatures, determined in an oxidizing

atmosphere (air), are higher than those determined in a reducing atmosphere (a mixture

of CO and CO2 in a 3: 2 ratio). The study allowed to determine the oxide composition of

85 samples of ash from 9 Polish coal deposits.

In the majority of deposits, the dominant component of ash was SiO2, followed by

CaO. When evaluating the suitability of coal in energy production, with particular

emphasis on the combustion and gasification processes, it is also necessary to study the

behavior of ash at high temperatures and the impact of ash on the gasification and

combustion facilities. Ash fouling and slagging processes, which are heavily dependent on

the ash content, composition, melting point and the content of chlorine, phosphorus and

sulfur in coal, have a negative effect on the combustion process.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and

Environmental Protection, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, e-mail: [email protected]

188 | p a g e

REGENERATION OF COO OR NIO PROMOTED ZINC TITANATE SORBENT FOR HYDROGEN SULFIDE FROM HOT COAL GAS

Maciej Chomiak1*, Janusz Trawczyński

Keywords: hydrogen sulfide, regeneration; sorption; zinc sulfide, coal gas

ABSTRACT

Coal gasification technologies are experiencing a renaissance of interest in recent

years. Therefore, intensive research are carried out to develop methods for the high-

temperature gas desulfurization process. As most prospective is considered use high-

temperature sorbents based on mixed metal oxides. The most frequently studied

adsorbents are zinc titanate (ZT) and zinc ferrite. Susceptibility to regeneration, its

parameters, process rate or form of sulfur removed during regeneration, are equally

important criteria for sorbent evaluation as its sorption properties. The regeneration may

be carried out by oxidizing the sulfided sorbent to metal oxides and either SO2 or

hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur [2]. Regeneration to elemental sulfur appears to be

the most economically attractive method, but the limitation is the small number of metal

sulfides, for which this reaction occurs. The reaction of metal sulfides with oxygen is

highly exothermic and theoretically leads to the formation of metal oxide and SO2 [1].

Depending on the presence of other ingredients in the sorbent, oxygen concentration in

the gas and process conditions (especially temperature), direct oxidation S2- to SO42- can

occurs. The formation of metal sulfates in the regeneration process reduces sorption

capacity of the sorbent in successive cycles of operation.

Metal sulfides present in the loaded sorbent can mutually affect its regenerative

behavior [2]. Heat released during metal sulfide oxidation can affects the course of

oxidation. The aim of this study was determine the effect of nickel or cobalt oxides in the

sorption and regeneration of the primary sorbent. It was find that addition of cobalt

(nickel) oxide to ZT sorbents, affects profile of the SO2 concentration in the exhaust gas

from the reactor. Cobalt(II) sulfide is oxidized at lower temperature than ZnS does,

simultaneously heat produced during oxidation CoS apparently lowers the temperature of

ZnS oxidation from 600°C to 550°C. Furthermore, the addition of Co reduces formation

the sulfates in the regenerated ZTCo sorbent in comparison to the ZT one. Presence of

nickel in ZT sorbent (ZTNi) also lowers temperature of ZnS regeneration (up to 520oC).

However, contrary to cobalt, addition of Ni increases the amount of formed sulfates.

Acknowledgments

The work was co-financed by the National Centre of Research and Development in the

task of Research No. 3 Strategic Research Program — Advanced technologies for

obtaining energy. “Development of coal gasification technology for high-efficiency

production of fuels and energy” task 2.3.4 and also co-financed by a statutory activity

subsidy from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the Faculty of

Chemistry of Wrocław University of Technology.

[1] A. T. Atimtay, D. P. Harrison, Desulfurization of Hot Coal Gas, Springer, Berlin 1998, ISBN 978-3-642-

63810-7. [2] V. Girard, D. Chiche, A. Baudot, D. Bazer-Bachi, I. Clémençon, F. Moreau, Ch. Geantet; Innovative low

temperature regenerable zinc based mixed oxide sorbents for synthesis gas desulfurization; Fuel 140 (2015) 453–461.

1 Division of Chemistry and Technology Fuels, Wrocław University of Technology, Gdańska 7/9 Str.,

50-344 Wrocław, Poland;* corresponding author: [email protected]



189 | p a g e

THE EFFECT OF THE COAL SURFACE NATURE ON CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION

Agnieszka Orzechowska-Zięba1,*, Katarzyna Zarębska1, Paweł Baran1, Agnieszka Ćwik1

Keywords: adsorption, coal, steam, CO2 sequestration

ABSTRACT

In accordance with the international agreement, Poland is obliged to reduce the

greengouse gases emission, mainly carbon dioxide [1, 2]. There are many ways to meet

this condition: reducing the use of fossil fuels, improving the power plants efficiency,

increasing the share of energy production from renewable sources and nuclear energy.

One of the most promising alternative method is combining the use of solid fuels with

CCS (Carbon Capture Storage) - capture and storage of CO2 [3,4]. The idea of storing

the carbon dioxide in underground geologic formations for long time is known as

sequestration. Therefore, there is a lot of scientific - research work conducted on the

possibility of the gas injection and storage in deep geological structures, such as:

anticlines, depleted oil and gas fields or pit coal mines.

In order to apply the innovative method of waste gas emissions disposing by CO2

injection in porous geological deposits, the required criteria must be satisfied (impact on

the environment and long-term storage). Of strong importance is also the physical

behavior of the deposits, namely the storage capacity of the tank and the CO2 migration

ability in a porous carbon structure [4].

-1,25 mm), with varying

degrees of metamorphism, various share of Cdaf, and different element composition of

oxygen and nitrogen. The degree of metamorphism is associated with the sorption

capacity of coal [5, 6]. In order to determine the adsorption capacity and the chemical

nature of the surface, adsorption / desorption of water vapor on the selected coals at

303K was examined, using the volumetric method using microburettes.

The presence of the water in the coal may in fact adversely affect the sorption

properties of other molecules. The analysis of the results shows that the coals of low

rank and a high content of oxygen functional groups, which are also the active sites,

demonstrate greater affinity for water molecules absorbtion. Based on adsorption

equation, the amount of adsorption centers was specified. Adsorption centers can

potentially be involved in the adsorption of CO2 during the injection of the gas into coal

seams.

[1] C.M. White, D.H. Smith, K.L. Jones, A.L. Goodman, S.A. Jakich, R.B. LaCount, S.B. DuBose, E. Ozdemir,

B.I. Mors, K.T. Schroeder, Energy & Fuels ,19 (2005) 659–724. [2] G.X. Wang, P. Massarottoa, V. Rudolpha, International Journal of Coal Geology, 77 (2009) 127–136. [3] A. Wójcicki, Przeględ Geologiczny, 57 (2009) 138-143. [4] Y. Gensterblum, A. Busch, B.M. Krooss, Fuel, 115 (2014) 581-588. [5] D. Charriere, P. Behra, J. Colloid Interface Sci, 344 (2010) 460-467. [6] Z. Pan, Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 6 (2012) 94-103.

1Affilliation: AGH University of Science and Technology *corresponding author: [email protected]

190 | p a g e

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF COAL GASIFICATION IN POLAND AND

THE PRICE OF CO2 EMISSION RIGHTS

Michał Kopacz1,*

Keywords: coal mining, gangue, waste, reclamation, sulphur

ABSTRACT

Economic efficiency is now one of the key criteria for making investment decisions.

There are many methods and criteria for determining the profitability or economic

efficiency of a project. Their selection is an individual matter, depending on both the

purposes of that evaluation, as well as the specifics of the investment project.

In this article the impact of prices of carbon dioxide on the economic efficiency of

coal gasification technology was measured using discount methods, in particular the Net

Present Value method (NPV) and the internal rate of return method (IRR).

Surface coal gasification technologies aimed at generating electricity were analysed,

together with hydrogen and methanol in Shell and GE technologies. The portfolio of the

assessed technological options included variants with and without geological CO2

sequestration, and the evaluation was made for two different types of coal and lignite.

The total number of assessed technological variants was 16. The production capacity of

the base technology corresponds with the fuel consumption of indicative coal of calorific

value at 20.22 GJ/Mg in an amount of 100 Mg/h.

The effectiveness of the baseline scenario of individual technological variants was

determined after taking into account current expectations as to future changes in prices

of final products of technology, production costs and expenditures during the

construction phase in nominal terms. For research purposes, for each of the 16

technological variants individual evaluation sheets were developed, examining the impact

of CO2 prices in the range of 30-200 PLN/Mg of CO2 on the resultant NPV.

Based on the conducted research, it can be stated that for the base assessment

scale there is a clear impact of prices of CO2 emission allowances, with the decision

about the possible construction of geological sequestration systems (CCS, carbon capture

and storage) seemingly being justified not less than above the 90 PLN/Mg CO2 . This

applies in particular to the production of electric energy. For the variants aimed at the

production of hydrogen there is a dominant performance of variants with CCS system

only at the price exceeding 120 PLN/Mg CO2, and in the case of methanol such a

situation occurs above 150 PLN/Mg CO2.

1 The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences

*[email protected]



191 | p a g e

ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ASHES FROM OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED-BED

Aneta Magdziarz1,*, Monika Kosowska-Golachowska2, Agnieszka Kijo-Kleczkowska2,

Katarzyna Środa2, Krzysztof Wolski2, Damian Richter2, Tomasz Musiał2

Keywords: sewage sludge, ash, CFB, oxy-fuel combustion, TGA

ABSTRACT

The development of civilization has resulted in greater waste production. Particularly,

increases in municipal sewage sludge production are important because their properties

may allow for its use as a valuable energy-efficient fuel [1,2]. Additionally, circulating

fluidized bed (CFB) combustion has been considered as a common technology for waste

sewage sludge due to the fuel-like characteristics of sewage sludge composed of lots of

organic components.

Oxy-fuel combustion is one of the leading technologies considered for capturing CO2

from power plants with CCS. This technology can reduce significantly emissions of NOx

and improve the thermal efficiency of the combustion process by reducing the flue gas

volume. In the oxy-fuel combustion, fuel is burnt in a mixture of pure oxygen and

recycled flue gas. Because N2 is eliminated from the oxidizing gas, the flue gas that

leaves the combustion chamber is highly enriched in CO2 which means that the

combustion process takes place in an O2/CO2 environment.

Ashes from sewage sludge combustion in air versus O2/CO2 atmospheres with

oxygen concentrations in the range of 21-60% vol. at temperature of 850°C in a 12 kW

bench-scale CFB combustor were characterised.

This paper presents properties of sewage sludge ashes required for determining their

thermal characteristics. The chemical and phase composition of ashes were studied XRF,

XRD, and SEM-EDS as well as the ash fusion characteristics by using a thermal

microscope. The slagging and fouling indices were calculated to study the deposition

tendencies of ash. Thermal behaviour of ashes was studied by TG-DSC-QMS techniques,

focusing on the mass loss, temperature peaks and thermic effects with the increasing of

temperature up to 1200C.

Acknowledgments

The research leading to these results has received funding from the Polish-Norwegian

Research Programme operated by the National Centre for Research and Development

under the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2009-2014 in the frame of Project Contract No

Pol_Nor/208189/105/2015.

[1] A. Kijo-Kleczkowska, K. Środa, M. Kosowska-Golachowska, T. Musiał, K. Wolski, Waste Management, 46

(2015) 459-471. [2] A. Magdziarz, S. Werle, Waste Management, 34 (2014) 174–179.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-056 Krakow, Poland, 2 Czestochowa University of Technology, Institute of Thermal Machinery, Armii Krajowej 21,

42-201 Czestochowa, Poland

* corresponding author: email: [email protected]

192 | p a g e

THE IMPACT OF TTIP AGREEMENT ON THE EUROPEAN UNION-UNITED STATES COAL TRADE POTENTIAL

Tadeusz Olkuski1,*, Andrzej Sikora2, Mateusz Piotr Sikora3, Adam Szurlej4*

Keywords: TTIP agreement, import, export, trade, coal

ABSTRACT

The main aim of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) to create

a free trade area, aimed at simplifying and increasing mutual investments, the flow of

goods or services. The aforementioned area would allow to remove customs barriers and

unfavorable regulations having a direct impact on the movement of goods. Removing or

reducing customs duties could have a positive impact on the reduction of prices of goods

in the United States and the European Union, at the same time forcing the improvement

of quality and efficiency, while the exchange of goods and increased sales would become

a driving force behind the creation of new jobs. The harmonization of existing

regulations and detailed coordination would become the basis for accelerating economic

growth in the European Union and the United States. In addition, the agreement goes

beyond trade agreements aimed at reducing customs duties. The agreement will

introduce a system of mutual recognition of quality standards and define new rules for

trade in the XXI century.

However, the proposed agreement has also been criticized, especially in the

European Union, as there are serious concerns about the negative impact of American

products on the European market. TTIP negotiations are to be completed in 2016, but

many issues are still not resolved. The differences of the economic interests of the US

and the EU are significant.

Hard coal trade between the United States and the European Union is already

underway. The export of coal from the United States is not limited by Non-tariff barriers

to trade and special restrictions imposed by US law. What is more, the coal imported into

the European Union is free from customs duties. Therefore, acceptance or rejection of

the agreement should not affect the currently existing trade between the two continents

and the amount of exported coal. However, the surplus of coal in the US market will

force coal exports into, among others, the European Union while the EU's decarbonisation

policy will force the reduction of the EU consumption and imports of coal.

1 AGH Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Wydział Energetyki i Paliw; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Instytut Studiów Energetycznych Warszawa; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Instytut Studiów Energetycznych Warszawa; e-mail: [email protected] 4 AGH Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Wydział Wiertnictwa, Nafty i Gazu; e-mail: [email protected]



193 | p a g e

PROPOSAL FOR RECORDING BONDS CONVERTIBLE TO RAW MATERIALS

Robert Ranosz1,*

Keywords: records of convertible bonds, bonds, bonds convertible to raw materials,

options embedded in bonds.

ABSTRACT

This article is devoted to the proposal to issue bonds convertible into raw materials.

The author of the publication decided to tackle this problem since mining companies have

started to use the bonds as the main source of financing their investments more and

more frequently. Within the last few years, the aforementioned source has supplanted

such means of raising capital as bank loans or financing through the issue of securities in

the form of shares. The reason therefore may be the fact that in comparison with simple

bank loans the bonds constitute a more flexible source of raising capital, which is usually

cheaper and more available. Nonetheless, the fact that the bondholders are ready to

incur higher risk than the banks also seems significant in that respect. The article

outlines a type of bond dedicated exclusively to the mining sector, and above all,

describes the manner of recording such debt instruments. Since the reference books do

not provide any ready solutions to the manner of recording such debt instruments, the

author of the publication based the concept of recording on bonds convertible to shares.

The main feature distinguishing these two methods of recording is the time of debt

conversion. In the case of conversion into shares, the investor becomes the owner of a

part of the company, whereas the issuer increases its equity. In the case of bonds

convertible to raw materials, some part of the issuer's debt is eliminated in exchange for

the provided raw material. Due to the fact that the proposed manner of recording is a

conceptual model, the author of the publication is going to make further considerations in

that respect. The presented article is composed of four parts. The introduction outlines

the objective of the study. The second part of the publication presents the methodology,

based on which (in the author's opinion) it shall be possible to record bonds convertible

into raw materials. The third part of the article discusses the hypothetical issue of the

subject debt instrument with an option of the issuer. The last part of the study contains

conclusions from the conducted research. The article ends with the bibliography, based

on which its was written.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology *corresponding author: [email protected]

194 | p a g e

BONDS CONVERTIBLE TO RAW MATERIALS IN THE CONTEXT OF BONDS CONVERTIBLE TO SHARES AND ORDINARY BONDS

Robert Ranosz1,*

Keywords: bonds convertible to raw materials, bonds convertible to shares, ordinary

bonds, profitability of investment.

ABSTRACT

This article presents an analysis of bonds convertible to raw materials in the context

of ordinary bonds and bonds convertible to shares. The article does not consider other

sources of foreign capital, such as, e.g. bank loans, mainly due to the fact that the point

of the article was to compare the selected sources of foreign capital in the form of debt

securities. What is more, the reasons behind such a selection were the trends in the

mining and power sectors, where companies are more and more willing to use the issue

of bonds and at the same time reduce the amount of bank loans in the financing of their

investments. Such a situation may be due to the fact that the bonds are a more flexible

tool in terms of financing investments and as regards the investment value; in many

cases, they are also a cheaper form of financing in comparison with a simple bank loan.

In this article the author decided to examine the potential benefits which could be

obtained by both the company issuing the bonds and the bond holder, using the example

of a hypothetical investment, and using the sources of foreign capital considered in the

analysis, i.e. ordinary bonds, bonds convertible to shares, or bonds convertible to raw

materials. Such profitability has been determined by the net present value (NPV). The

article is composed of four parts. The introduction hereto outlines some general

assumptions and the purpose of the study. The second part of the article includes the

assumptions for the aforementioned comparative analysis. In this part of the article it

was assumed that since such variables as the price of raw materials, shares and

operating costs of a company are difficult to determine, they should be distributed for the

aforesaid variables, based on which the final NPV was established by applying the Monte

Carlo method. The third part of the study focuses on the examination (comparison) of

the bonds convertible to raw materials in the context of ordinary bonds and bonds

convertible to raw materials. The result of such analysis is the NPV histogram for

particular sources of financing, a probability distribution defining the probability of

occurring individual NPV values, as well as the expected value of the discounted cash

flows. The last part constitutes a summary of the entire article. The article ends with the

bibliography, based on which it was written.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology *corresponding author: [email protected]



195 | p a g e

LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL TREATMENT FOR THE REDUCTION OF MERCURY CONTENT IN COAL

Michał Wichliński 1,*, Rafał Kobyłecki 2, Zbigniew Bis 3

Keywords: mercury, coal, low-temperature thermal treatment

ABSTRACT

The article describes research carried out on four coals samples (raw coals A and B

and enriched coals A and B). The fuels were subjected to low-temperature thermal

treatment in order to remove as much mercury as possible while still maintaining high

energy quality of the fuels.

The lab-scale tests were performed in a fluidized bed column and for chosen coal

fraction 500-

were used as the fluidizing medium that as intended to have similar composition as the

synthetic flue gas. The coals were tested for five temperatures of 200, 250, 300, 350 and

400°C.

The results indicated that it was possible to remove more than 80% of mercury

from coal A (raw and enriched), in CO2/N2 atmosphere at the temperature of 400°C in

the case of coal B, both raw and enriched, the amount of removed mercury at 400°C was

roughly 70%. At lower temperature, 350°C, the amount of removed mercury was 70%

and 60% for coals A and B, respectively.

Apart from the above test the investigation were also carried out in order to

determine the loss of volatiles during the thermal treatment of the coals. The results

indicated that at 400oC roughly 20% of the volatiles were evolved from the fuel particles.

The loss of elemental carbon and fuel higher heating value (HHV) after the treatment

were 10% and 8%, respectively.

1 PhD.; Energy Engineering Department, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology 2 Prof.; Energy Engineering Department, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology 3 Prof.; Energy Engineering Department, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology


196 | p a g e

A NOVEL METHOD OF SEWAGE SLUDGE PRETREATMENT - HTC

Małgorzata Wilk1*

Keywords: HTC, preatreatment, sewage sludge utilization

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, the development of new utilization methods of sewage sludge is an

urgent problem which needs to be solved. Due to legislative and environmental aspects,

thermal processes are under development [1,2]. One of the novel, promising thermal

conversion methods is the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. The condition of

the process involves the application of heat and pressure to treat raw material in the

presence of water (pH < 7). Furthermore, the final carbonaceous product (hydrochar)

can easily be filtered from the reaction solution, avoiding complicated drying schemes

and costly isolation procedures. Reaction temperatures are applied in the range of 180-

230C and the pressures are maintained above the saturation pressure to ensure the

liquid state of water. It is an exothermic process and results in three types of products:

gases, aqueous chemicals, and a solid product known as hydrochar. Hydrochar is a

homogenized, carbon rich, and energy-dense solid fuel. The gas product is about 1-3%

of the raw material, consisting mainly of CO2, while the aqueous extractive compounds

are primarily inorganic salts, sugars, and organic acids. The mechanisms of hydrothermal

carbonization are associated with a series of hydrolysis, condensation, decarboxylation,

and dehydration reactions.

The aim of the paper is to present the laboratory tests for HTC method of municipal

sewage sludge pretreatment. The HTC process was conducted in a stainless steel,

Zipperclave Stirred Reactor, 1000 ml of volume, equipped with a MagneDrive Agitator.

The control panel provides a programme, which regulates the heater temperature and

mixer speed. The main parameters of the process were temperature (200C), pressure

(<2,0 MPa) and residence time (4, 7, 10 h).

In order to understand the process, the physical, chemical, thermal, and structural

characteristics of the solid product, hydrochar, was investigated. Therefore, the ultimate

and proximate analyses, and HHV for raw material and obtained hydrochar is presented.

The majority of carbon, of the initial present carbon, remained within hydrochar. TA

analysis was used to detect the initial and final temperature for the combustion of raw

material and hydrochar. This technique is very useful for predicting the combustion

characteristics of obtained carbonaceous material. When considering the use of HTC as

method for obtaining a solid fuel, more energy can be derived from hydrochar than from

e.g. incineration of waste, and its carbon emission should be less significant. Therefore,

HTC can be an environmentally beneficial technique for the combustion process.

Acknowledgement

The work was supported by grant no. AGH: 11.11.110.294.

HTC apparatus is a propriety of EKOPROD Ltd.

References [1] A. Magdziarz, S. Werle. Waste Management, 34 (2014) 174–9. [2] M. Wilk, A. Magdziarz, I. Kalemba, Energy, 87 (2015) 259-269.

1 AGH University of Science and Technology,Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland




197 | p a g e

THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS IN THE STUDY OF SOLID FUELS

Robert Wróblewski1,*, Bartosz Ceran2

Keywords: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis, gasification

ABSTRACT

The process of gasification of solid fuels, including biomass, is composed of several

steps: moisture evaporation, pyrolysis, oxidation, gasification of charcoal. Beside

oxidation, the remaining processes are endothermic. Unfortunately oxidation process, in

addition to providing heat, produces non-combustible components (CO2, N2) in the

synthetic gas. This is the reason of the reduction in the gas quality and efficiency of the

gasification process. The efficiency of this process can be improved by providing a waste

heat necessary for endothermic processes in particular drying and pyrolysis. To

determine at the which level of temperatures and the degree to which the solid fuel will

undergo the pyrolysis process, the thermogravimetry analysis was performed (TGA).

In the article the characteristics of different types of solid fuels like hard coal, brown

coal and various types of biomass like wood pellets and oats grain were shown.

Moreover, the method of thermogravimetric analysis and thermobalance located at

Laboratory of Fuels and Energy Conversion Institute of Electrical Power Engineering

Poznan University of Technology were described. In the next part of the paper results of

thermogravimetric analysis of the above types of fuels were presented.

The highest temperature of pyrolysis required hard coal and lower temperature

required lignite and biomass. The diverse is also the degree of degassing of samples. The

lowest content of volatile components is has hard coal the second in line is lignite. The

highest content of volatile components has biomass. Furthermore, the process of

biomass pyrolysis started at lower temperatures. Obtained by testing the temperature

ranges for which there was a significant weight loss as a result of pyrolysis of biomass

are much lower than for hard coal.

For biomass process proceeds most intensely in the range of about 400-500°C.

Moreover, a high degree of conversion of solid fuel to gas fuel as a result of the pyrolysis

process was obtained for biomass. The studies permit to conclude that it is possible, at

least in large part, pyrolysis of fuel by supplying heat required by the endothermic

processes, by hot combustion gases from the gas turbine or combustion piston engine.

This would increase the efficiency of the gasification of solid fuel and at the same time

improve the quality of the syngas.

[1] H. A. M. Knoef, Handbook Biomass Gasification Second Edition, 2012 BTG [2] R.Wróblewski, Koncepcja małego układu kogeneracyjnego zintegrowanego ze zgazowaniem biomasy,

Polityka Energetyczna, 2014, T. 17, z. 3, s. 159-170. [4] [3] J.Kaczmarczyk, Analiza techniczna węgla i biomasy, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Wrocławskiej, Wrocław

2012

1 Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Poznan University of Technology 2 Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Poznan University of Technology * corresponding author: [email protected]

198 | p a g e



199 | p a g e

URBANISATION & TRANSPORTATION

200 | p a g e



201 | p a g e

MODERNISED DC TRACTION SUBSTATION RECUPERATING ENERGY OF BRAKING

Piotr Drozdowski1,*, Arkadiusz Duda2

Keywords: dc traction substation, energy recuperation, vehicle regenerative braking

ABSTRACT

In the last time the DC traction vehicles are driven with cage induction motors

supplied by VS inverters. These are the heavy train hollers and the hollers for trains of

high speed. For braking of both the trains a high energy dissipation is demanded. The

vehicles are supplied with the traction substations composed of transformer and diode

rectifier. The transformer is supplied from high voltage mains giving at the output the

low voltage appropriate for the DC output of the rectifier. This can be 3 kV DC voltage for

railway traction and 0.6 kV DC voltage for trams or trolley buses. Such a supply does not

allow for energy recuperation at regenerative braking of the vehicles. The braking energy

can be dissipated only for the need of other vehicles or, in case of lack of such vehicles,

the dynamic braking with braking resistors can be performed. Electrical braking is usually

supported by the mechanical. The braking energy amounts to about 15 to 30 % of the

whole vehicle energy depending mainly on the time-table and the railway line profile. So,

the energy recuperation would be profitable from the point of view of energy

recuperation and mechanical brakes saving.

The proposed converter is based on the 3-phase thyristor-bridge connected anti-

parallel from the one side to the AC mains of the diode-bridge and from the other side to

the DC output terminals (+,) of the diode-bridge by two cut-off SCRs. The traction DC

line terminals are connected to those cut-off thyristors. On the outputs of the diode- and

thyristor- bridges two-terminal R-C networks are included. Such a substation is loaded

directly with the pulse converter (eg. DC chopper, VS inverter) supplying the vehicle

motors.

During the motor operation the vehicle is supplied from the diode rectifier via cut-off

thyristors. However, when the vehicle changes to the regenerative braking the DC

voltage on the substation terminals increases with respect to the normal voltage and the

cut-off thyristors are naturally blocked. Then, the thyristor bridge is turned on as the

inverter. The electric power produced by the vehicle due to braking is transmitted to the

AC mains. The situation lasts up to the while when this DC voltage falls to the normal or

a lower level. Then, the cut-off thyristors are turned on again. These thyristors are

indispensable to protect the connection of the diode and thyristor bridges against internal

short circuits. Instead of SCRs the GTOs could also be used. However then, the

protection against over peaks of voltage should be applied using a zero current turning

off system.

The most important for the system operation is the method of control, since the

traction substation must properly react on the situation in the traction line. This situation

depends among others on the number of vehicles supplied from the same substation and

actual operation of them.

1 Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Electromechanical Energy Conversion 2 Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Electromechanical Energy Conversion * corresponding author: [email protected]

202 | p a g e

PERFORMANCE OF SAND-LIME PRODUCTS MADE WITH PLASTIC WASTE

Milena Nowek1,*

Keywords: sand-lime products, plastic waste, regranulate, regrind

ABSTRACT

The paper describes the studies on the sand-lime (silicate) masonry units modified

with recycled plastics in various forms: regranulate, regrind and powder. The following

materials were examined: high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and acrylonitrile butadiene

styrene (ABS). The results of the functional properties tests, such as compressive

strength, softening behavior, bulk density and water absorption are presented in the

article. The microstructure of the products was analyzed using SEM and XRD methods.

Obtained results show that the properties of modified product largely depend on the

type, form and amount of used polymer. The highest compressive strength was achieved

with 20% of HIPS regranulate in the product (by weight). ABS does not improve the

strength of the sample, however, it does block the capillary action in the sand-lime

product. The lowest softening coefficient was obtained in the sample modified with HIPS

regranulate. The examined polymers contributed to decrease in bulk density of the

samples as well as lowered their water absorption. The samples with pulverized polymer

have the worst properties. All the results are compared with those of the traditional

sand-lime bricks and sand-lime product modified with other additives and admixtures.

The analysis indicate that silicate masonry units with post-production and post-

consumption plastic waste can possess interesting functional properties what brings a

new potential possibility to dispose of still growing number of plastic waste.

1 Kielce University of Technology, Al. 1000-lecia PP 7, 25-314 Kielce

* [email protected]



203 | p a g e

ENERGY BALANCE IN A PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING. AN ATTEMPT AT ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

Wiktoria Sobczyk1,*, Katarzyna Sapa2

Keywords: alternative energy sources, passive solar building

ABSTRACT

The paper emphasizes possibilities for substantially reducing energy consumption

with modern eco-friendly buildings. Passive building construction is a sector of the

construction industry that has extremely low demand for the energy for heating house

interiors. A passive house requires a small amount of energy to provide thermal comfort,

but it requires proper systems (HRU, heat pumps, solar collectors) to accomplish that

effect.

Today's modern construction industry offers increasingly airtight and warm houses

and it pays much attention to the selection of materials which will ensure the lowest

energy losses. Warm and airtight windows, modern building materials, minimizing the

number of thermal bridges and lowering the heat transfer coefficient due to the excellent

insulating materials and their proper installation are all elements significantly affecting

the energy demand of a building.

Modification of a traditional building into a passive building is quite expensive and

requires a large amount of work (capital-intensive investment). It is much easier to build

a passive house from scratch, which reduces costs and allows for much greater freedom

in terms of design. In both cases, subsidies can be obtained for installations that use

alternative energy sources.

The modification proposal presented in the paper has dramatically reduced the

demand for heat capacity of the building. Unfortunately the passive standard has not

been reached, but thermomodernisation would allow for a significant reduction of heating

costs. The demand per 1 m2 of heated surface area in a traditional building was 41.9

W/m2, while after the modification – only 15.01 W/m2. The tested building, if located in

a warmer climate, with an average outside temperature of ≥ -10ºC would certainly

perform its function. The use of modern technology ensures high energy savings. Such

solutions, however, are not the cheapest on the market, and therefore are less available.

Building a passive solar house is an eco-friendly investment and the resultant

environmental effects are tangible. Significant environmental and economic benefits can

be obtained through thermomodernisation of a traditional building. Furthermore, passive

building construction contributes to lower consumption of fossil fuels, the resources of

which are shrinking along with the increasing demand for energy.

The construction of a passive solar buildings is a “green” investment with tangible

environmental results. By ensuring the thermomodernisation of a traditional building we

can enjoy real environmental and economic benefits. Passive building construction

contribute to reducing the consumption of fossil fuels, the resources of which have been

diminishing as the demand for energy has been growing. Environmental education of the society in the use of alternative solutions of building thermoregulation

is a key to environmental and power policies of the state.

1 Ph.D. Eng., Professor AGH, Faculty of Mining & Geoengineering, AGH University of Science &

Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 MSc. Eng., Construction and Design Services Andrzej Bracha, ul. Wschodnia 13/14, 28-200

Staszów, Poland * [email protected]

204 | p a g e

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN IN THE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE OF TALL BUILDINGS

Joanna Gil-Mastalerczyk 1,*

Keywords: sustainable development, sustainable design, contemporary architecture,

urban landscape, tall buildings

ABSTRACT

The tall buildings in Singapore - one of the main financial centers of the world -

reflect the metropolitan character of the city. These buildings emphasize the importance

of the center in the urban landscape. Determine and create a new landscape of the city.

Objects, mainly about the function of commercial and prestigious, distinguished by

the natural environment-friendly image. Through financial expenditures, excel in the

implementation of innovative solutions in the field ecology. The applied design, facade

systems and functional systems are subject to the use of renewable energy sources.

Promoting the idea the development of the city "inside". They reduce the absorption of

natural areas. Ecological aspect is the durability of the structure.

Modern tall buildings have completely changed the image of the spatial part of the

city-state of Singapore. Contributed to enhance the individual character and highlight the

specifics of the layout and position of the center (combining functions of business,

commercial, recreational and residential).

1 Ph. D. Arch. Joanna Gil-Mastalerczyk, Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering

and Architecture , Department of Architecture and Town Planning, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7 , 25-314 Kielce, Poland

http://tu.kielce.pl/organizacja/wbia/jednostki/jednostka.mhtml/id=413



205 | p a g e

INDEX

A

Adamczak 103

Aksoy 25

Altinisik 57

B

Babayigit 25

Baran 63, 64, 92, 152, 153, 189

Bartosik 20

Basista 50

Bazan-Krzywoszańska 105

Bąk 61

Bielowicz 187

Bis 195

Bogacki 170

Bogacz 78

Bojko 151, 164

Borcuch 111, 131

Borkowski 26, 147

Borsuk 62

Botwińska 91

Budzyń 99

Burmistrz 97, 159

C

Carbas 27

Ceran 141, 197

Chinh 103

Chomiak 188

Chyc 151, 164

Ciesla 137, 177

Cyklis 29, 112

Cyranka 48

Cytawa 155

Czepirski 159

Czerski 94

Czerw 92

Czuma 63, 64, 152, 153

Czwarkiel 113

Ć

Ćwik 92, 189

D

Dachowski 162, 163

Davidová 154

Dereszewska 155

Dernbecher 28

Dincer 57

Długosz 176

Donizak 119

Drozd 156

Drozdowski 201

Drożdż 113, 130

Duda A. 201

Duda R. 29

Dudek Magdalena 93, 138

Dudek Michał 30

Dudek P. 65

Dziok 94

E

Ernst 114

Evangelopoulos 32

Ezerinskis 66

F

Filipowicz 35, 50, 139

Flasch 70, 157

Foltynowicz 56

Fornalik-Wajs 49, 122, 136

Franus 63, 181

Frącz 158

G

Gajda 31

Gao 58

Garbaras 66

Garbariene 66

Gazda-Grzywacz 159

Gądek 32

Gembicki 33,

Gil-Mastelerczyk 67, 204

Glowacki 34 , 58

Gołaś 84 , 142

Goryl 35, 50,

Górski 126,

Grudziński 140,

Gruszecka-Kosowska 79,

Grygar 68,

Grzywacz 93, 94

Gumuła 111, 131,

H

Hałasik 76

Hanley 34

Hassan M.G. 42

Hassan 142

Heimowska 166

Hernik 95

Hodurek 104

Hołowczak 132

Horváthová 154

I

Ilba 36

206 | p a g e

J

Jagodzińska 95

Jamróz 45

Janewicz 117

Janowski 115

Jasiński 69, 169, 171

Jaszczur 30, 142

Jeziorowska 38

Joka 96

Jurasz 116, 128

Jurczyk 48

K

Kaczmarczyk 44

Kalicka 151

Kalisz 32

Karasińska-Jaśkowiec 165

Karczewski 97

Kasper-Giebl 70, 84, 157, 179

Kawalec 39

Kaya 40

Kazantzis 34

Kępisty 31

Kicińska 71, 160

Kijo-Kleczkowska 191

Kirchsteiger 157

Kistler 70, 84, 157, 179

Klimek 79

Klojzy-Kaczmarczyk 161

Kniaziewicz 169

Kobyłecki 195

Kocaaslan 25

Komar 38

Komisarczyk 162, 163

Komorowski 143, 144

Konopacki 123, 125

Kopacz 190

Kosa 71

Köse 40

Kosmal 80

Kosowska 100

Kosowska-Golachowska 191

Kostrzewa 163

Kosturkiewicz 117

Kot 143

Kowal 118

Kowalczyk 164

Kowalska-Koczwara 72

Kozik 165

Kozioł 73, 74

Kożuch 75

Krampikowska 103

Krasowska 166

Kraszewska 119

Kraszewski W. 137, 177

Kraszewski S. 183

Krauz 58

Krikscikas 66

Król 167, 168

Kryzia D. 120, 121

Kryzia K. 121

Krzemińska 87

Krzywda 128

Kulczycka 76

Kumar 58

Kura 122

Kurpaska 123, 125

Kustra 118

Kuta 124, 126

Kwapinska M. 41

Kwapinski W. 41

L

Lachendrowicz 177

Latała 123, 125

Latowski 151, 164

Leahy 41

Lewandowska 77

Lis 98

Lorenc 127

Ł

Łańcucki 130

Łączak 105

M

Magdziarz 191

Makowska 97, 100, 182

Malicki 30, 54

Małolepszy 82, 163

Manikowska 133

Marczak 97

Markowski 69, 169, 171

Masłoń 178

Matusiak 42

Matuszewska 124, 126

Mazgaj 145

Mazurek 161

Mendecka 43

Merkisz 171

Migza 78, 127

Mikoda 79

Mikulik 128

Mirowski 129

Mizera 130

Mizerna 167

Mlonka-Mędrala 32, 44

Morawska 166

Moskwa 137

Mrówczyńska 105

Mruk 91

Mucha 161

Mudryk 123, 125

Musiał M. 111, 131



207 | p a g e

Musiał T. 191

N

Nemś A. 132

Nemś M. 133

Niedoba 45

Niemiec 178

Nowak W. 17

Nowek 202

Nuttall 34

O

Oettingen 31, 46, 47, 54

Olczak 120

Olek 120

Oleniacz 170

Oleśniewicz 87

Olkuski 93, 192

Orliński 31

Ortwein 19, 28

Orzechowska-Zięba 189

Ozen 57

Ozgoren 25

P

Pacyna E.G. 18

Pacyna J.M. 18

Pająk 48

Pajdak 153

Pałczyńska 80

Panek 181

Pawluk 81

Pepłowska 129

Piasecki 116

Pichniarczyk 80

Piech 178

Pielecha 69, 169, 171

Pieńkowski 30

Pietrzyk 82

Piotrowicz 82

Pleskacz 49

Pocevicius 66

Popek 172

Porada 94

Poskrobko 96

Prestipino 32

Pronobis 95

Pyrda 192

Pyssa 173, 174

R

Radziejowska 134

Radziszewska-Zielina 135

Rajska 175, 176

Ranosz 193, 194

Raźniak 65

Reben 80, 83

Remeikis 66

Richter 191

Rosenberg 179

Roszko 136

Rumin 135

Ruszel 51

Rzepa 83

Rzepka 139

Rzeszutek 170

S

Sapa 203

Sapolaite 66

Sikora A. 192

Sikora M.P. 192

Sikora J. 123

Skiba 105

Skolik 30, 46, 47

Skowron 137, 177

Skrzypkiewicz 52, 138

Sobczyk 203

Sonmezoglu 27

Sornek 53, 139

Stachowicz 178

Stala-Szlugaj 140

Stanisz 31, 54

Stępień 52

Stoltmann 43

Stożek 181

Strugała 100, 182

Stypuła 72

Styszko 84, 142, 179

Sundseth 18

Surowiak 45, 177

Syrek 137, 177

Szczerbowski 141

Szczurowski 152

Szramowiat 84, 142, 179

Sztekler 143, 144

Szubel 50, 55

Szular 145

Szurlej 192

Ś

Środa 191

Świerczek 146

Świt 103

Świtalska 56

T

Tabet 28

Tarach 146

Tarnowska 144

Tatara 75

Thorne R.J. 18

208 | p a g e

Tolu C. 27

Tolu M.E 57

Tomov 34, 58

Tora 93, 99

Trawczyński 188

Trzepieciński 178

W

Wałach 180

Wantuch 115

Wdowikowski 116

Wdowin 181

Węgiel 147

Wichliński 195

Wierońska 100, 182

Wierzbicki 52

Wiktor-Sułkowska 85

Wilczyńska

Wilińska 164

Wilk 196

Wirkowski 169

Witkowska 77

Włodek 182

Wojciechowski 111, 131

Wolak 183

Wolski 178, 191

Wons 83

Wójcik M. 178

Wójcik T.M. 124

Wróblewski 197

Y

Yang 32

Z

Zaręba 87

Zarębska 63, 64, 92, 152, 153, 189

Zavorka 86

Zima 134

Zubek 94

Zybała 176

AGH University of Science and Technology

Center of Energy, Kraków, Poland

May 17th—19th, 2016

Wydawnictwo Instytutu

Zrównoważonej Energetyki ISBN 978-83-944254-0-1

agh university of science and technology...agh university of science and technology center of...

Documents