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Agile Sensor Design for the Smart Grid
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Agile Sensor Design for the Smart Grid
Richard Newell Actel Corp.David Brain Smartgrid Technologies Ltd.
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Agenda The why and what of smart grid GreenFire sensor – architecture
and requirements Implementation technologies Design process Prototype system and demo
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I. The Why and What of Smart Grid
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What is Smart Grid? The Enernet, a layered energy grid akin to the Internet
Bob Metcalf, Inventor of Ethernet, Founder of 3Com and Venture Capitalist Plug and play—scalable micro-generation, like a mobile phone The third Industrial Revolution
John Scott, former Director of Engineering for National Grid, and Technical Director of OFGEM (UK)
Your car becomes a small mobile power plant. Jeremy Rifkin, President of the Foundation on Economic Trends and advisor to several EU heads of state
Smart grid probably offers the potential for as much engineeringwork in the next few decades as the Internet or the Apollo program provided across a similarly broad range of technical disciplines.
EPRI
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Sensors EverywhereThe next phase in smart grid technology is to embed sensing devices and chips throughout the system, connecting every electrical appliance. Software allows us to know how much energy is being used, at any time, anywhere on the grid.
– Jeremy Rifkin
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Energy Systems Today Using energy today is like using a
phone in the ’50s Locked to a specific physical location Unidirectional Fixed, inflexible tariff structures Limited visibility of actual usage Ancient technology
There must be a better way… The GreenFire system
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The Virtual Energy Account
One account which is associated with a specific home base
Integrates all transactions across all physical locations Supports micro-generation
Security device (phone, smartcard, key fob) used to authenticate and authorize energy transactions away from home base
Supports electric and hybrid cars, laptops, etc.
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Dynamic Tariffs Special electricity meters are sometimes used to allow
access to cheaper electricity tariffs In the UK, Economy 7 white meters are used with
storage heaters Require special (expensive) wiring Inflexible
GreenFire sensor with actuator offers a better alternative Electricity distributor advertises current tariffs via server Each sensor registers opportunistically with server when
attractive tariff becomes available Turns on associated appliance Turns off appliance when tariff is no longer available
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Energy Signature Parameters derived from energy usage signature are used
to determine if appliance is operating correctly. Parameters are derived from time domain and frequency
domain analysis using DSP techniques. Manufacturers’ data defines correct and incorrect
operational footprints. Can fault find if footprint data sufficiently rich Can feed back operational data to aid in future design
process Messaging system can also be used to send diagnostic
and maintenance information from more equipment OBD-II data from electric vehicles
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GreenFire System Architecture
GreenfireServer
Third Party ServerAuthentication
Device
NFC Link
Web service
wwwService ProviderSensor
User Sensor
"Home Base"
EmbeddedSensor
Third Party Sensor
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II. Sensor Architecture andRequirements
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Sensor Architecture
Microcontroller
Transducers
Power SupplySub‐System
PowerlineCommunications
Mains Input
A‐DConverters
EnergyMetering &Analysis
Vout Signals
IOUT Signals
Wireless Communications
Wireless Out
Power Actuator/Controller
Power Out
Auxiliary Inputs(e.g. CAN‐bus)
RFID/SmartcardInterface
EnergySignatureAnalysis
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Key Requirements: Hardware High integration Microcontroller IP communications Flexible DSP Flexible logic Analog converter circuitry
Low cost and low power “A sensor in every socket”
Security Tamper resistance; on-chip key storage
and boot code
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Key Requirements: Embedded Software
Traditional embedded solution (C-RTOS) is too difficult
Would like to write OO reusable code with flexible API
Better security Better tool support Consider the mobile phone experience –
J2ME, Android “Android for sensors”
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III. ImplementationTechnologies
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Hardware: SmartFusion™ FPGA
Highly integrated single-chip from Actel with:
• Microcontroller• FPGA fabric• Programmable
analog
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SmartFusion Block Diagram
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Hardware Features Embedded microcontroller 100 MHz ARM® Cortex®-M3 Power efficient
Highly integrated Standard digital peripherals, including
Ethernet MAC, SPI, I2C, UART Analog converters, oscillators, etc. Single-chip solution; no configuration PROM
FPGA fabric Accelerated DSP functions; misc. logic
Hardware security Tamper resistance and secure upgrades On-chip eNVM for keys and boot code
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Hardware Root-of-Trust Fielded systems need a hardware
root-of-trust (RoT). Software by itself is not secure.
The hardware RoT can store keys and perform operations that extend the trust zone to cover other parts of the system.
For example: Execute secure boot code Check signatures on software
stored in external memory Check that other boards in
the system are not counterfeit Prevent overbuilding or cloning
of systems
System
HW RoT
Network
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Software: Aplix picoJBlend™
Large (largest?) programmer base High productivity language Object-oriented Abstracts hardware, I/O streams High level of design reuse Portfolio of available libraries Mature tools and documentation
Developer can concentrate on application-specific coding
Result: faster time-to-market
Runs Applications written in the Java language
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Why picoJBlend? (continued)
Secure and Safe Strongly typed language “Sandbox” model for application security firewalls applications and network
interfaces Built-in memory management Data encapsulation (by application) Automatic garbage collection No pointer violations
Compliant with Java Card Specification
Runs Applications written in the Java language
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Programmer’s View
Built-In HardPeripherals
Optional Internal (FPGA)Soft Peripherals, Co-Processors,
and Accelerators
Board-LevelPeripherals, Memory,And Communications
Interfaces
Hardware
TM
GPIO
CAN
HMI
PWM
FPU
Etc.
ARM Cortex®-M3
eNET
I2C
SPI
Memory
RTC
Etc.
Graphics Accelerator
DSP Coprocessor
CryptoAccelerator
Custom Logic
3G/GSM
Zigbee™
Comm. over Power Line
Nonvolatile Memory
Etc.A
nalog Com
pute Engine
Bluetooth™
Java Language Application Layer
picoJBlend™ Platform
RTOS – Real Time Operating System
picoJBlend™Middleware
FreeRTOSOperating Sys.
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Overall Design Process System engineering Capture design Write Java code Auto-generate RTL
Compile hardware and software
Flash the device
MATLAB®/Simulink®
Synplify® DSP
SoftConsoleSoftware IDE
Libero® IntegratedDesign Environment
Hardware IDE
Programmer
Write Java
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Concept Exploration with Simulink
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Simulink Report
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SmartFusion Design Environment Embedded Design Flow
Software Program and
Debug
FPGA Design Flow
Graphical Configurator
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Hardware Block Assembly
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Hardware Configuration Tool View
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Software Design Tool View
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V. GreenFire Prototype
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Prototype – Key Features Based on SmartFusion Development Kit Application written in Java Programming
Language picoJBlend™ embedded middleware Linux server with Apache Tomcat®
AJAX RIA user interface RESTful (JSON) web service interface to
prototype
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Prototype System Overview
TBD-DB
Greenfire Server(Tomcat-based)Greenfire Sensor Prototype
Android Phone
AJAX User Interface
Bluetooth
Restful Web-Service Interface
http
JSON-over-http
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GreenFire / SmartFusion / picoJBlendPrototype Hardware
Demo
Power
eNetHub
Web Browser
Phone with Bluetooth
(Power Line Communication Link)
(Bluetooth communication link)
eNet
Manually-Switched Devices
Controlled Devices
Power Line
Modem
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Demonstration General sensor demo Appliance control and metering Demand control through dynamic
prices Mobile energy download Authorization with mobile phone Integrated energy display
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Next Steps Pre-commercial prototype Reduced size and higher integration
based around SmartFusion chip Integral DSP for energy signature Cryptographic support picoJBlend API for rapid customization
Scalable, robust server
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Conclusions GreenFire concepts have been
demonstrated Mobile energy downloads Dynamic tariffs
Brings agility and mobility to energy The “mobile phone of the energy
world”?
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Questions?