agricultural mechanization in the philippines

i Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

PCARRD Book Series No. 179/2009

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and DevelopmentDepartment of Science and Technology

Los Baños, Laguna2009

ii Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

First Edition 2009

Bibliographic Citation:

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development. Agricultural mechanization in the Philippines. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 2009. 104p. - (PCARRD Book Series No. 179/2009)

ISBN 978-971-20-0543-5

iii Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

Foreword

The potential of agricultural machinery in realizing agricultural development is enormous. In other

countries, wide application of farm machinery dramatically changed agriculture production methods, increased farm productivity and efficiency, provided remarkable progress for rural society, and guaranteed food security.

There have been improvements in farm inputs such as seeds, high-yielding varieties, and animal breeds. Yet, rarely we realize that mechanization provides the means by which these farm inputs could be applied efficiently and effectively. The full benefit in farming can be achieved through mechanization along with other improved inputs, infrastructure, and support services.

This book presents the significant contribution of farm mechanization in the overall development of agriculture. It assesses the state of agricultural mechanization as applied in crop and animal production and postproduction operations. It identifies the constraints and corresponding interventions that will improve the productivity and sustainability of Philippine agriculture. Moreover, this book deals with the state of agricultural mechanization R&D, the areas for further research, and the challenges and opportunities foragricultural mechanization.

With the information found in this publication, we hope our readers, the policy makers, researchers, academicians, and extension agents would be aware of

iv Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

the state and importance of agricultural mechanization in the country and thereby identify specific points for further improvement and areas where we can contribute whatever available resource we have.

PATRICIO S. FAYLON Executive Director PCARRD

v Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

Acknowledgment

PCARRD would like to thank Dr. Delfin C. Suministrado for substantiating the contents of

this publication and Dr. Arsenio N. Resurreccion for his comments and suggestions. Both are professors of agricultural engineering at the University of the Philippines Los Baños who at the same time served as commodity team leaders of the Agricultural Resources Management Research Division.

This publication partly sums up the results of two workshops held at PCARRD. The workshop on Updating the Status and Directions of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines and Stakeholders’ Consultation Workshop on the Validation of Agricultural Engineering Science and Technology Agenda for Philippine Agriculture 2020 were held in 2005. Hence, PCARRD is indebted to those who actively participated in paper presentation and in the workshop sessions.

Similarly, PCARRD would like to thank the members of the Agricultural Engineering Experts Pool who actively participated in the formulation, validation, and updating of the R&D Agenda during commodity team meetings from 2005 to 2007.

Finally, PCARRD would like to recognize the efforts of researchers, agricultural engineers, and manufacturers’ association for their endless efforts in establishing the significant contribution of agricultural engineering in the country’s economy.

This document is open to feedbacks for improvement and updating most especially of its contents. Hence, we are thanking in advance those who would share valuable comments and information for future publication.

vi Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

Contents

Foreword iiiAcknowledgment vProduction Team xAcronyms xi

Introduction 1

Impact of Agricultural Mechanization 3 Socioeconomic Impact 3 Labor productivity 3 Women and family labor 4 Farm income 5 Yield and Cropping Intensity 6 Impact on Other Crops and Livestock 8

Levels of Mechanization 10 Rice 10 Corn 14 Vegetables 15 Coconut 16 Abaca 17 Fruits 18 Rootcrops 18 Sugarcane 18 Livestock and Poultry 19

Postharvest Mechanization 22 Postharvest Facilities for Rice and Corn 23 Transport and Storage 27

Ownership and Utilization of Machines 28 Sources of Agricultural Machinery Supply 34

vii Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

Sales and Demand for Agricultural Machinery 35 Imports and Exports 37

Problems, Issues, and Constraints 38 Small Farm Size 38 Decreasing Supply of Hired Labor in the Farm 40 Appropriate Machinery and Technology vs. Mechanization Needs 40 Innovative Machines vs. Market-Driven

Machines 41 Inadequate Technology Transfer Mechanisms 41 Inadequate Support Services 42 Policy Constraints 43

Areas for Intervention 44 Research and Development 45

Machinery Requirements of Specific Commodities 53 Rice 53 Corn, vegetables, and other upland crops 53 Coconut 54 Banana 55 Other fruit crops 55 Livestock and poultry 55 R&D Results Utilization 56 Capacity Building and Institution Development 57 Policy Advocacy 58

Strategies and Recommendations 61 Targets 61 Strategies 62

References 65

Annexes

A Agricultural Engineering Technologies/Information for Dissemination Generated from R&D

(2001–2007) 71

viii Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

B Completed Agricultural Engineering R&D Projects (2001–2007) 75

C Agricultural Engineering R&D Areas (2006–2010) 87

D Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis of Agricultural Mechanization for Crops, Livestock, Forestry, and Environment 95

Tables

1 Mechanization levels in various operations of selected crops 11

2 Machines and equipment locally used for specific rice operations and their adoption level in the Philippines 12

3 Farm equipment and facilities used in livestock and poultry farms 20

4 Status of postharvest facilities for rice 245 Status of postharvest facilities for corn 256 Postharvest facilities inventory, Philippines 267 Census of agricultural equipment by farm,

number owned, and number used 318 Sales of agricultural machinery by AMMDA

members 369 Major completed R&D projects, 1990–2007 46

Figures

1 Agricultural mechanization helps increase land and labor efficiency in agriculture 1

2 Hand tractor with ride-on attachments 113 Mechanization levels of various corn farm operations

in selected corn-producing provinces in the Philippines 15

4 Mechanization levels of major farm operations in selected vegetable-producing areas in the Philippines 16

ix Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

5 BPRE grain moisture meter 226 Tools and equipment owned by rice farmers 287 Tools and equipment owned by corn farmers 298 Inventory of farm equipment of vegetable farmers 309 Frequency of custom-hired services/facilities

for corn in selected areas of the country 3210 Machines and equipment employed by vegetable

farmers for custom hiring 3311 Regional distribution of agricultural machinery

manufacturers and dealers in the country 3412 Mechanization problem tree 39

Appendix Tables

1 Survey of machines and equipment owned and used for rice farming in selected provinces 101

2 Inventory of machines and equipment used by farmer-respondents in corn production 103

3 Inventory of farm equipment of vegetable farmers 104

x Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

Writers:

l Delfin C. Suministrado Team Leader Agricultural Resources Management Research Division (ARMRD), PCARRD and Professor Agricultural Engineering College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology University of the Philippines Los Baños

l Ofelia F. Domingo Science Research Specialist II ARMRD-PCARRD

Reviewer/Editor:

l Rodolfo O. Ilao Acting Director ARMRD-PCARRD

Volume Editor:

l Joel Eneristo A. Joven Senior Science Research Specialist Applied Communication Division PCARRD

Production Team

xi Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

Acronyms

AFMA Agriculture and Fishery Modernization ActACEF Agricultural Competitiveness Enhancement

FundAFMeC Agriculture and Fishery Mechanization

CommitteeAMDP Agricultural Machinery Development

ProgramAMIC Agricultural Mechanization Inter-agency

CommitteeAMMDA Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and

Distributors AssociationAMTEC Agricultural Machinery Testing and

Evaluation CenterAPCAEM Asian and Pacific Center for Agricultural

Engineering and MachineryARCs Agrarian Reform CommunitiesBAR Bureau of Agricultural ResearchBAS Bureau of Agricultural StatisticsBPRE Bureau of Postharvest Research and

ExtensionCAD computer-aided designCAM computer-aided manufacturingCEAT College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial

TechnologyDA Department of AgricultureFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFFTC Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for

the Asian and Pacific RegionFIDA Fiber Industry Development AuthorityGDP gross domestic productGPS Global Positioning SystemHVCC High Value Commercial CropsIRRI International Rice Research Institute

xii Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

LAMMA Laguna Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers Association

LGU local government unitLSU Leyte State UniversityMIAP Metalworking Industries Association

of the PhilippinesMPDP multipurpose drying pavementNAFC National Agriculture and Fishery CouncilNAPHIRE National Post harvest Institute for Research

and ExtensionNARC National Abaca Research CenterNEDA National Economic and Development

AuthorityNGOs Non government organizationsNSO National Statistics OfficePCA Philippine Coconut AuthorityPH Post harvestPhilRice Philippine Rice Research InstitutePhilSCAT Philippine Sino Center for Agricultural

TechnologyPhilSURIN Philippine Sugar Research InstitutePNA Philippine News AgencyR&D research and developmentRA Republic ActRNAM Regional Network of Agricultural

MachinerySCUs State Colleges and UniversitiesSWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and

ThreatsUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and

Cultural OrganizationUPLB University of the Philippines Los BañosVAT Value added taxVCO Virgin Coconut OilVELERO Vegetables, Legumes, and Rootcrops

Introduction

Fig. 1. Agricultural mechanization helps increase land and labor efficiency in agriculture.

The country is faced with issues of poverty and food security. This implies the need to sustain food

production to satisfy the basic needs of the growing population. A way to achieve this is by increasing land and labor efficiency in agriculture through agricultural mechanization (Fig. 1). Agricultural mechanization refers to the manufacture, distribution, and utilization of tools, implements, and machines, and the provision of after-sales service for the development of farmlands, agricultural production and post-production processes. It includes the use of human, animal, mechanical, and natural sources of power, and other non-conventional sources of energy. The goal of agricultural mechanization is to sustain agricultural production by bringing in more lands under

2 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines

cultivation, saving energy and resources, protecting the environment, and increasing the overall economic welfare of farmers. Machines and equipment are major inputs to agriculture along with good seeds and other cultural management practices. The use and application of these inputs to farm production is one way of maximizing farm production and profit. Agricultural machines help increase crop yield through better soil preparation, better irrigation, crop protection, proper fertilizer management, and reduced postharvest losses. Moreover, machines help address labor shortage during the peak of land preparation and harvesting. By mechanizing selected farm operations like land preparation, family labor mostly employed in most farms in the country may engage in other income-generating activities on- and off-farm.


Impact of AgriculturalMechanization

Agricultural mechanization in the Philippines had a significant growth during the era of the Green

Revolution. Although the use of tools and equipment in farming operations is independent of the kind of seed or crop variety, these machines have become necessary components of the package of technology that also includes irrigation water, fertilizers, pesticides, and management techniques.

Socioeconomic Impact

Labor Productivity

Different types of machines have varied impacts on labor and labor productivity. Some machines can generate labor by increasing cropping intensities and making possible the full utilization of farm products and by-products. Some can directly replace animal and human labor. Also, some machines enable farmers to perform tasks that cannot be done by available human and animal power (AMDP 2005). The impact of mechanization on labor displacement or employment generation were investigated by many researchers decades ago and in the more recent past, and the complicated phenomena have been found to also influence the quality of life of farmers’ families and the structures of labor exchange in the community. Ebron et al. (1983) reported that according to the workers themselves, mechanical threshers brought more advantages than disadvantages to the landless workers. As the traditional threshing method was the most tedious


and time consuming of all farm operations, mechanical threshing was fast and more convenient. Faster threshing was also reported to give workers more time to harvest in other fields, thus increasing their income and getting their crop share sooner. However, one major disadvantage that workers find is the sharp decline in their sharing rate. Moreover, studies showed that mechanized farms require less total labor hours to accomplish all farm operations. They require lower family labor hours than non-mechanized farms. Farms, which utilized two-wheel tractors and mechanical threshers, reduced the number of hired labor (Sison et al. 1983 as cited by Larona 2006). Gonzales et al. (1983), in their study on the impact of five machines on labor utilization and production reported that tillers and tractors displaced family labor more than hired labor while threshers displaced more hired labor than family labor. Irrigation pumps showed no direct impact on labor.

Women and Family Labor

Mechanized threshing provided more opportunities to women and children. The method not only saves time and human energy but also eliminates the tediousness of the manual ‘hampasan’ technique. As the combined harvesting-threshing operation used to be participated mostly by men, the separation of harvesting and threshing has allowed more women and younger workers to enter the workforce as the tasks involved in harvesting are already within their physical strength. Manual threshing, the most physically demanding task, has now been substituted by mechanical threshing (Ebron et al. 1983). Mechanizing farm operations result in changes in the roles and tasks of household members. These changes included reduction in the manual tasks of land preparation, crop establishment, transplanting rice, upland crop production, crop management, and


harvesting and postharvest activities. The researchers further reported that the introduction of mechanical thresher tended to change existing sharing arrangements. As the cost of threshing labor increases, farmers tend to mechanize the operation. Some of the factors that influenced changes in harvesting-threshing arrangements were the use of high yielding varieties, availability of irrigation, population pressure, and industrialization. The use of mechanical threshers provided advantages over the manual methods in terms of faster operations, reducing losses and production costs, and increasing labor efficiency (Juarez 1986 as cited by Larona 2006).

Farm Income

Lim (1983) and Campbell (1990) had both noted that mechanization significantly affected income beyond certain farm size. Lim suggested that land consolidation or formation of cooperatives may help realize economies of scale. She also mentioned that mechanization presented potential for releasing labor, which can be used for other work. In a study made by Gagelona et al. (2005) regarding the impact of rice mechanization among farm households who were recipients and non-recipients of farm equipment loans, they noted that based on the cost and returns analysis, the net income of loan recipients who mechanized their farm operations was not significantly higher than those of the non-recipients (5% higher). Among cost components, seedbed preparation, land preparation, and threshing costs were all lower for recipients than for non- recipients, all with significant differences. The majority of the loan recipients considered the acquisition of equipment as advantageous. They had improved household income particularly because they can also derive additional returns from renting out the machine. The quality of their produce also increased,


thus their goods commanded higher competitive prices. Along with increased productivity and efficiency owing to timely farming schedule, they found satisfaction in their ability to help other farmers (Gagelona et al. 2005).

Yield and Cropping Intensity

Without the use of appropriate machines, the introduction of modern agricultural technology may not bring about any increase in yield. The impact of mechanization on yield cannot be easily distinguished from those of other farm inputs. As in developed countries, old and new data about Philippine agriculture showed that increase in productivity per area was due to modern machines in combination with other components of new agricultural production methods. Juarez and Pathnopas (1983) studied the benefits and costs of thresher use in some areas in Thailand and Philippines. They reported that small farms gained relatively more per hectare than either medium or large farms by switching to a thresher. The net cost saving, the losses saved, and the yields were all larger in smaller farms. Sison et al. (1983) reported that statistically, mechanized farms had higher levels of rice outputs than non-mechanized farms. However, they noted that this could not be attributed entirely to mechanization since mechanized farms used higher level of fertilizers and chemicals and better irrigation facilities. The Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE) reported that the use of machines specifically in planting and basal fertilizer application resulted in higher yields, net income, and return on variable expense. Likewise, the unit cost of producing corn was significantly lower in mechanically planted and fertilized corn farms (PNA 2005).


While there were studies indicating the positive effect of mechanization, several studies have reported that the effects of mechanization on yield increases are not directly evident. Aguilar et al. (1983) and Campbell (1990) investigated the differences in inputs, cropping intensity, and yield for non-mechanized, partially mechanized, and fully mechanized farms in non-irrigated and irrigated areas in Central Luzon. The study revealed that irrigation was the major determinant of yield and cropping intensity, and that there was no evidence of a yield effect directly attributable to mechanization. They also reported that mechanization shortened the turnaround interval between crops. The turnaround time for a mechanized rice farm was substantially lower than for a non-mechanized farm because farmers had the control of irrigation using their own wells and pumps. For community irrigation systems, little or no difference in turnaround time existed between mechanized and non-mechanized farms. Gagelona et al. (2005) evaluated the impact of rice mechanization among 182 farm households in 11 provinces nationwide stratified into recipients and non-recipients of farm equipment loan project. Both groups previously relied mainly on hired labor for labor-intensive farm operations like land preparation, crop establishment, harvesting, and threshing. With the loan, the recipients had mostly availed of hand tractors, diesel engines, and threshers. They reported that yield differences, although statistically insignificant, were higher for non-recipients of loan regardless of equipment type. They however attributed the difference to the amount of fertilizer used. Non-recipients of loan had reportedly applied more fertilizer per hectare than the recipients of farm equipment loan. They concluded that the use of machine had no direct effect on yield. Gonzales et al. (1983) found no empirical evidence showing that tiller and tractors increased yield. They also noted that according to Moya (1981), irrigation pumps


can increase yield from 1.5 t/ha to 3.4 t/ha compared to rainfed rice. On the other hand, portable threshers can increase yield by approximately 292 kg/ha due to change in threshing technique from manual method to machine threshing. Juarez and Duff (1979) as cited by Larona (2006) found that yield increase related to the use of thresher was due to the “minimized handling losses, spoilage, and less pilferage by dishonest laborers and elimination of cleaning fee.” Further, field losses using the thresher were lower than the traditional “hampas” method as the machine removed grains from the panicle more efficiently than the manual method.

Impact on Other Crops and Livestock

As most of the early research studies on the impacts of mechanization were mainly on rice, later investigations involved other farming systems like corn, vegetables, and livestock. Amongo (2005) reported on the significant effects on the working and living conditions of family members of some Cebu farmers who adopted the manual corn sheller introduced by the Agricultural Mechanization Development Program (AMDP) of the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB). As the corn sheller replaced the traditional method, the operation became three times faster and operators no longer experienced wrist pains and blisters. With the saved time, men and women were able to perform additional economic activities. This also resulted in more income, as they need not employ hired labor. The sheller is easy to operate and can be used by children such that participation of other family members was encouraged. The shelling operation also became a venue for interaction. The College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT), UPLB recently conducted a survey on mechanization needs of rice, corn, vegetables,


livestock, and fisheries in selected provinces of the country. Based on the findings, Larona (2006) reported that higher crop production was generally achieved in mechanized farms. The increase related to the use of machine can be attributed to the quality of machine performance such as “better soil preparation, better water, pest, and fertilizer management, and reduced harvest and storage losses.” The survey found other positive impacts of mechanization such as land reclamation for agricultural use; decrease in farm working hours; opportunity for farmers to engage in other enterprising activities because of reduced time in farming; possible savings due to use of appropriate agricultural machinery; reduction of loss of quality and quantity of product, thus giving farmers the opportunity to increase commodity prices; improved timeliness of operations that could increase cropping intensity; and favorably increase demand for farm labor in non-mechanized operations. These literatures showed that some studies point to positive effects of agricultural mechanization on crop yield while others showed indirect effects. It is also clear that increases in crop yield could not just be attributed to a single farm input in the total production system. Each farm input contributes in the success or failure in the farm; not to mention other external factors like climate.


Levels of Mechanization

The level of mechanization of various agricultural operations in the country can be categorized into

three major levels: low, intermediate, and high. Low mechanization means that an operation is done with the use of non-mechanical power source such as man and animal. Intermediate mechanization refers to operations done with the use of non-mechanical and mechanical power sources. High mechanization involves operations done solely with the use of mechanical power source. There is a higher level of mechanization wherein the operations are done with the use of mechanical power source with limited human intervention such as computerized machines or robots (UPLB-BAR 2001). Table 1 shows the mechanization levels in various operations in crops such as rice and corn, sugarcane, legumes and rootcrops, coconut, sugarcane, fruits, and fiber crops. Mechanization level in the production of these crops is generally low, except for land preparation and threshing/shelling operations in rice and corn.

Rice

Field and postharvest operations in rice are still heavily reliant on manual labor with just few operations using farm machinery. Table 2 shows the mechanization in specific rice operation in the Philippines (Bautista 2003). Land preparation activities such as plowing, harrowing, and secondary harrowing have been mechanized in the intermediate to high levels using hand-tractors as the primary equipment (Fig. 2). Crop establishment, crop care, and harvesting are all at low level. The introduction of new equipment for direct seeding, transplanting, and harvesting has not progressed well.


Fig. 2. Hand tractor with ride-on attachments.

Table 1. Mechanization levels in various operations of selected crops.

Operations Rice & CornVegetable, Legumes & Rootcrops

Coconut Sugarcane Fruits Fiber Crops

Land preparation

Intermediate to high

Low Intermediateto high

Low Low

Planting/transplanting

Low Low Low Low to intermediate

Low Low

Crop carecultivation

Low Low Low Low to high Low Low

Harvesting Low Low Low Low Low Low

Threshing/shelling/dehusking

Intermediate to high

Low (legumes)

Low

Cleaning Low

Drying Low Low (legumesandrootcrops)

Low Low

Milling/ village levelprocessing

High Low Low Low Low


Table 2. Machines and equipment locally used for specific rice operations and their adoption level in the Philippines (Bautista 2003).

OperationMachines and Equip-ment Locally Adopted

Level of R&D/Adoption

Land preparation Power tiller + attach-ments

Highly adopted in favorable areas, for custom hiring in irrigated areas

Four-wheel tractor + rotavator

For custom hiring service near sugar estates. Reconditioned mini-tractors becoming popular in Luzon for custom land preparation

Transplanting None (done manu-ally)

IRRI manual transplanters are not widely accepted

Direct seeding None (mostly by hand broadcast)

Slow but continuing adoption of drum seeder

Crop protection Lever-operated knap-sack sprayer

Highly adopted (imported from China, Taiwan, and other countries)

Manual rotary weeder Adopted in Laguna, Cotabato, and Nueva Vizcaya

Harvesting None (still done mostly by sickle)

IRRI reaper introduced but not popular; PhilRice reaper released for commercial manufacture

Imported reaper-windrower highly adopted in Bataan, nearby provinces

Stripper gatherer newly introduced in Isabela and Central Luzon

Threshing Axial-flow design IRRI thresher design highly adopted in irrigated and rainfed areas with many models and sizes

Pedal thresher Widely adopted in Northern Luzon, Bohol, other small islands in Visayas

Drying None (mostly sun drying on concrete pavements)

Flat-bed/continuous flow, other imported designs adopted by big rice millers/traders

PhilRice flatbed dryer slowly being adopted with some 150 units installed since 1994

Flash dryer, in-bin drying systems (high capacity) introduced by BPRE through DA programs

Milling Rubber roll/cono/steel hullers

Highly mechanized except in upland remote areas but low quality of output from locally manufactured mills

Irrigation Centrifugal pumps Highly adopted in Ilocos, Central Luzon, and few rainfed areas

Axial-flow pump Less adoption in rice farms; more adoption by fishpond operators

Transport Power tiller + trailer Highly adopted in irrigated/rainfed areas


Palay threshing is at the intermediate level with most of the farmers using mechanical threshers. Approximately more than 80% of rice fields are now threshed by axial-flow threshers, which come in different sizes and forms depending on the locality. Many farmers do away with drying as they can directly sell their harvest immediately while wet. As such they do not have to dry their palay. They only process the small amount, which they retain for household consumption. Again, although the government has exerted efforts in the 1970s and the 1980s in promoting mechanical dryers such as the batch dryers and recirculating dryers, sun drying on concrete pavements is still the usual practice at the farm level. The level of mechanization of transport systems depends on the road network and road conditions. Manual and animal means of transport are common when the field is inaccessible to other means of transportation such as hand-tractor drawn trailers or trucks. Rice milling has long been mechanized in the country with the prevalence of ‘kiskisan’. Currently, modern rubber rolls and other more efficient systems have replaced the old ‘kiskisan’ units. Portable custom mills mounted on land vehicles and hand carried or hand-tractor-mounted micro mills are reportedly available in few remote areas through the promotion work of various institutions (Bautista 2003; UPLB-BAR 2001). The study conducted by Gavino et al. (2006) gave the same levels of rice mechanization in various farm operations in Regions 1, 2, and 3. Mechanical power is used in 95% of all land preparation activities (high). Crop establishment is 100% manual, of which 0.3% makes use of the drum seeder (low). Crop care is 100% manual (low) with the manual sprayer very much used in pest control. Irrigation is largely by gravity system (85.5%, low). Harvesting is 92.55% manual (low) and threshing operation is 93.9% by mechanical thresher (intermediate). Transport is 35% manual, as road


conditions must have precluded the entry of animal and mechanical transport means in many rural areas. The use of animal power is 40.55% and the use of machines like carts, jeeps, and trucks is 23.35%. Drying is 96.7% by solar energy (low) and milling is 100% by machine (high). Corn

Mechanization of corn is generally at low level and concentrated in land preparation, shelling, and transport operations. Some farmers perform plowing and harrowing with mechanical source of power but furrowing is mostly done with animal-drawn furrowers. Farmers prefer animal-drawn furrowers because they can make straighter and better aligned furrows than with 2-wheel or 4-wheel tractors. Figure 3 shows a comparison of the levels of mechanization of various operations in selected corn-producing provinces of the country (Franco et al. 2003). Seeding operation has been found to be at low level as farmers use bare hands and/or hand tools to seed the furrow beds. Crop care, which includes weeding, fertilizer, and chemical application also falls under low level. Farmers mostly employ animal-drawn plows in weeding and hilling-up operation. Harvesting operation is also low as most farmers use hand tools such as sickle. Shelling operation is at intermediate level as corn shellers and threshers/shellers with small engines are used in the operation. Some farmers also use hand-operated corn shellers. Corn drying mechanization is low since sun drying is still the most widely used method. The level of mechanization of transport operation for corn varies with farm locations and traditional practices of farmers. Animal-drawn transport systems are used if the farm is inaccessible but motorcycles, jeepneys, and trucks are used to transport corn if road network and conditions would allow.


Vegetables

Mechanization level of vegetable farming is generally low as indicated in a survey of 13-vegetable key producing provinces: Albay, Batangas, Bohol, Bukidnon, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Leyte, Misamis Oriental, Nueva Vizcaya, Occidental Mindoro, Pangasinan, and Quezon (Fig 4). Except for land preparation, irrigation, and transport, farmers using hand tools and animal drawn implements manually do all other major operations. In certain limited areas, washing, sorting and packing are somewhat mechanized but generally, the use of machines is very minimal. De Asis et al. (2003) reported that renting of farm machinery for vegetable production is widely available in majority of the surveyed provinces. This was true for farmers who do not have the capacity to buy their own machines. Wealthy individuals and farmer groups who have the machines rent these out to other farmers. Furthermore, marketing fresh harvests took more priority than village level processing. Besides, farmers

Fig. 3. Mechanization levels of various corn farm operations in selected corn-producing provinces in the Philippines (Adapted from Franco et al. 2003).


indicated inadequacy in performing postharvest and by-product processing activities like canning, bottling, vegetable preservation, fermentation, and repacking, among others. The farmers’ interest in mechanization technologies was overruled by farmers’ other perceived problems in vegetable farming such as recurring incidence of pests and diseases, environmental, and marketing problems.

Coconut

Mechanization in coconut production is nil as traditional tools and systems for farm operations have not virtually changed for decades. In addition, mechanization has not advanced the postproduction operations particularly at the farm level. The ‘tapahan’ system is still the most prevalent copra-making procedure while ‘lambanog’ production has almost disappeared in the Southern Luzon areas as the risky task of gathering ‘tuba’ atop the coconut tree has discouraged new generations of farm workers. No alternate and/

Fig. 4. Mechanization levels of major farm operations in selected vegetable- producing areas of the Philippines (Adapted from De Asis et al. 2003).


or improved method has yet been developed to do the same activity to continue if not expand the farm level alcohol production system. In recent years, the growth of village-level processing systems declined along with the decline of the coconut industry itself. Whole coconut fruits are now directly sold to intermediaries for transport to large processing centers instead of being processed in the farm. The potential for the utilization of various products and by-products from the ‘tree of life’ has long been identified but only a few of these have been commercially successful in the village level. Recently, however, the coir has been developed for coconet (geotextile) production. For this purpose, decorticating machines of different designs and capacities emerged. In addition, machinery systems for production of oil (including the virgin coconut oil) became available but only for large-scale processors.

Abaca

Abaca stripping is by hand or mechanical means. Hand stripping is practiced in about 80% of the abaca fiber in the country and is practiced mainly in Bicol and some parts of Leyte and Samar provinces. The remaining 20% of the fiber is produced through spindle stripping machine in Mindanao and Leyte provinces. The Fiber Industry Development Authority (FIDA) and the National Abaca Research Center (NARC) are among the agencies in the country engaged in developing machines and equipment for abaca processing. Some of the products of FIDA’s research undertakings are: multifiber decorticating machine (which can also be used for pineapple, maguey, ramie, and banana), mechanical tuxer, mobile spindle stripping machine, and abaca dryer. NARC, on the other hand, has developed, among others, portable engine-powered abaca spindle stripping machine and village-level machines such as twisting


and twining machine, pulping machine, and handmade-paper dryer. Fruits

Generally, low level of mechanization exists in fruits production. Imported and locally-manufactured processing equipment are generally found in large-scale processing plants. Machines for small-scale and or village level processing of fruits like canning, bottling, preservation, repacking, and many others have yet to be developed or adopted. Also, machines for the diversification of products and by-products are not currently in use. For example, while pineapple is grown extensively in the country mainly for its fruits, its leaves are discarded as farm wastes. No machine or system is used to extract the fibers as raw materials for textile and papers.

Rootcrops

The level of mechanization for the production of root crops is generally low and can easily be considered similar to those of vegetables. Machines for processing are available but they have very limited application as farmers choose to sell their products in raw forms after harvest particularly in the rural areas. The Philippine Rootcrops Research and Training Center is among the few agencies, which developed machines for rootcrop processing such as cassava grater, dryer, flourmill, and others.

Sugarcane

Highly mechanized systems are available for sugarcane, however most of these are imported and widely used in large-scale sugarcane plantations. These are tractor-drawn plow and harrow; tractor-drawn


planter with fertilizer applicator; tractor-drawn chipper-cultivator for exposing the germinating seed pieces to sunlight 2–3 weeks after planting to promote uniform cane growth and tillering; and a cutaway implement used to cultivate deeply into the sides of the growing stools to disturb growth of emerging tillers and remove weeds along sugarcane rows (PCARRD 2001).

Livestock and Poultry

Manual labor with or without the aid of tools or specialized equipment is still used extensively throughout the whole range of livestock and poultry production operations. Machines are rarely used in animal production except for pumping water and feed milling. Only large-scale farms are using high mechanization technology in their operations. Table 3 shows the various operations in livestock and poultry farms surveyed by Franco et al. (2003) and the levels of mechanization of operations.


Table 3. Farm equipment and facilities used in livestock and poultry farms (Franco et al. 2003).

System Equipment TotalPercentage

%Level of

Mechanization

Water supply

Deep well/ stream/bought in containers 224 18 Low

Manual water pump 334 26 LowWater pump 330 26 LowPiped water system 321 25 HighPiped water system + pump 28 2 HighNot indicated 36 3

Feed Prepara-tion

Grazed/ Not necessary 108 8 LowCut and carry/ manually

prepared 100 8 LowCommercial feeds 1052 83 LowHammer mill/ grinder 7 1 HighForage chopper 1 0 HighMechanical mixer 9 1 High

Feeding System

Grazed 119 9 LowTrough/ floor feeding 1111 87 LowTube Feeder 41 3 HighMechanized feeder 2 0 High

Increase of Temperature

Heater with blower 0 0 HighHeater (kerosene, LPG, electric,

etc) 69 5 IntermediateSide Curtains/none 1204 95 Low

Decrease of Temperature

Ventilation Fan 3 0 IntermediateNone 1270 100 LowAir conditioning 0 0 High

Drinking System

None/Stream/Pond 92 7 LowTrough 1028 81 LowSemi automatic 34 3 HighNipples/automatic 119 9 High

Manure Re-moval

Not necessary 172 14 LowBroomstick/scrub and pails

of waters 735 58 LowBroomstick/scrub and hose 233 18 LowPower sprayer 132 10 IntermediateFully automatic 1 0 High


System Equipment TotalPercentage

%Level of

Mechanization

Waste Treat-ment

None/canal 787 62 LowPit /balon 181 14 LowManure lagoon/septic tank 160 13 LowLagoon w/ aerators or sludge pump 9 1 Intermediate

Biogas Digester 8 1 IntermediateFertilizer 127 10 IntermediateDryer 1 0 High

LayerManual collection/ cleaning/ sorting 31 100 Low

Mechanical 0 0 High

Dairy Manual 4 57 LowAutomatic 3 43 High

Slaughtering Manual 7 100 LowMechanical 0 0 Intermediate

Table 3. (Continued).


Postharvest Mechanization

An efficient postharvest system aims to reduce losses and maintain the quality of the crop until it reaches

the final consumer. Reduced postharvest losses help increase farmers income and yield. Thus, postharvest facilities and equipment like dryers, shellers, mills, and storage facilities are significant inputs to farm productivity. Research-development-extension programs have been geared towards efficient drying and dehydration for increased farm productivity and appropriate handling, storage, and processing techniques for increased value. The programs have resulted in significant research-generated technologies such as grain moisture meter, mobile flash dryer, in-store dryer, multi-commodity solar tunnel dryer, and flatbed dryer (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. BPRE grain moisture meter.


Postharvest Facilities for Rice and Corn Rice and corn have been the focus of postharvest mechanization programs for the past years because of their importance as staple crops and source of food for man in the case of rice and feed ingredient for animals in the case of corn. Tables 4 and 5 show the status of postharvest facilities for rice and corn in the Philippines (BPRE 2003). The ‘Production-Postharvest (PH) Losses’ column shows the available volume of rice or corn processing. It can be noticed that losses are incurred in every postharvest operation performed, the highest of which is during drying. The capacity of existing postharvest facilities at 100% utilization is 60 days/year for the mechanical dryer and 90 days/year for the multipurpose drying pavement (MPDP). Likewise, at 75% utilization, the capacity is 45 days/year for the mechanical dryer and 67.5 days/year for the MPDP. However, the 75% utilization data is normally used as this reflects a more realistic situation since in actual, the utilization may even be lower. In Table 4, BPRE computed the total loss incurred based on the average losses in each of the postharvest operation, which was 1,885,766 t or 13.86% of the annual rice production. It can be noted that there is a deficit in the facilities for drying and storage at 75% utilization and facilities for storage even at 100% utilization. For corn, BPRE likewise computed the total loss incurred based on the average losses of the postharvest operations, which was 328,946 t or 12.12% of the total annual corn production. The deficit in the facilities for drying and storage at 75% utilization and storage facilities even at 100% utilization is evident, the same as in the status of facilities for processing rice. Generally, the postharvest facility inventory conducted by BPRE indicated a total of 102,011,189 units of threshing, shelling, drying , and milling facilities (Table 6).


Tabl

e 4. S

tatu

s of p

osth

arve

st fa

ciliti

es fo

r rice

.a

PH O

pera

tions

Aver

-ag

e PH

Loss

es, %

PH

Loss

es, t

Avail

able

Rice

for

Pro

cess

ing,

t/yea

r

Exist

ing C

apac

ity, t/

yrSu

rplus

/(Defi

cit),

t/yea

r75

% U

tiliza

tion

100%

Utili

za-

tion

75%

Utili

zatio

n10

0% U

tiliza

tion

Harve

sting

&

Pilin

g2.3

531

9,665

Thre

shing

&

Clea

ning

2.17

288,2

4313

,283,0

9764

,076,7

6085

,435,6

8050

,793,6

6372

,152,5

83

Dryin

g4.5

058

4,768

12,99

4,854

11,27

0,070

15,02

6,760

(1,72

4,784

)2,0

31,90

6 M

echa

nical

437,1

30MP

DP10

,832,9

40St

orag

e2.7

233

7,554

12,41

0,086

912,6

001,2

16,80

0(11

,497,4

86)

(11,19

3,286

)

Millin

g3.1

035

5,536

12,07

2,532

17,84

6,938

23,79

5,917

5,774

,406

11,72

3,385

Rice

Pro

ducti

on =

13,60

2,762

t; de

ducte

d 5%

from

the v

olume

prior

to m

illing

for s

eed p

urpo

ses.

a BPRE

2003

.


Tabl

e 5. S

tatu

s of p

osth

arve

st fa

ciliti

es fo

r cor

n. a

PH O

pera

tions

Aver

age P

H Lo

sses

, %PH

Lo

sses

, t

Avail

able

Corn

for

Pro

cess

ing,

t/yea

r

Exist

ing C

apac

ity, t/

year

Surp

lus/(D

eficit

), t/y

ear

75%

Ut

ilizati

on10

0%

Utiliz

ation

75%

Ut

ilizati

on10

0%

Utiliz

ation

Harve

sting

& P

iling

2.30

62,41

3Sh

elling

& C

leanin

g2.7

071

,582

2,651

,187

4,424

,400

5,899

,200

1,773

,213

3,248

,013

Dryin

g4.6

011

8,662

2,579

,605

2,113

,020

2,817

,360

(466

,585)

237,7

55Me

chan

ical

27,81

0

MPDP

2,085

,210

Stor

age

3.10

76,28

92,4

60,94

314

1,540

(2,31

9,403

)(1

80,94

3)(2

,272,2

23)

Corn

Pro

ducti

on =

2,71

3,600

t.a B

PRE

2003

.


Table 6. Postharvest facilities inventory, Philippines.a

Number of Units

Capacityt/hour t/year

Threshing/Shelling Facilities Rice thresher 78,097 1.00 56,229,840 Multipurpose sheller 5,751 1.00 4,140,720 Pedal thresher (manual) 23,010 0.25 4,141,800 Pedal thresher (motorized) 1,198 0.50 431,280 Corn sheller 4,941 1.00 3,557,520

Total 112,997 68,501,160Drying Facilities Flatbed dryer (2 t) 380 2.00 34,200 Flatbed dryer (6 t) 47 6.00 12,690 Electric grain dryer 970 4.00 174,600 Mobile flash dryer 1,345 0.50 242,100 LSU type 5 6.00 1,350 MPDP 47,845 4.00 12,918,150

Total 50,592 13,383,090Rice mill (single pass) 29,959 0.54 16,908,111Rice mill (multi pass) 477 1.45 933,728Micro mill 17 0.20 5,100Corn mill 3,040 0.50 2,280,000

Total 33,493 20,126,939a BPRE 2003.


Transport and Storage

To facilitate transport of goods from inaccessible farms to the nearest road network, BPRE has developed a National Tramline Program. The agricultural tramline system is a system of cable lines and pulleys used for hauling agricultural products. It is an alternative transport system that facilitates efficient delivery of agricultural products at an affordable cost from production areas to the market. This system has been implemented in Buguias and Atok Benguet and in Alimodian, Iloilo. The cold chain system has also been developed to answer the problems of farmers and traders on preserving the quality and freshness of the produce during transport and storage. It is the process of keeping the right temperature of perishable crops at every chain to preserve its quality and prolong its shelf life. It provides uninterrupted refrigerated handling operation of high value crops from farm to market. It has been implemented in Benguet, Visayas, and Mindanao.


Ownership and Utilizationof Machines

Cost appears to be a prime influence in the acquisition of farm equipment. Ownership was generally high for low-cost items such as animal-drawn plows and harrows and manual tools like shovels and sickles. Figures 6, 7, and 8 show inventories of machines and other equipment owned and used by farmers in rice, corn, and vegetables farms. Details of the survey of machines and equipment

Fig. 6. Tools and equipment owned by rice farmers (UPLB-BAR 2001).

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Four-wheel tractor

Hand tractor

Moldbord plow

Disc plow

Spike tooth harrow

Disc harrow

Toolbar subsoiler

Rotavator

Spiral harrow

Hydrotiller

Animal drawn plow

Animal drawn harrow

Shovel

Sod hoe

Rake

Seeder

Transplanter

Irrigation pump

Motorized sprayer

Manual weeder

Grass cutter

Knapsack sprayer

Reaper

Motorized thresher

Pedal thresher, etc.

Blower

Sickle

Mechanical dryer

Milling machine

Transport machine

Percentage of Respondents


Fig. 7. Tools and equipment owned by corn farmers (Franco et al. 2003).


Fig. 8. Inventory of farm equipment of vegetable farmers (de Asis et al. 2003).

owned and used in selected provinces of the country are shown in Appendix Tables 1–3. For primary tillage, many farmers own only hand tools and animal-drawn implements, which are indicative of low mechanization levels. Relatively, mechanization of rice is higher than corn as higher percentage of rice farmers own hand tractors for tillage operation, knapsack sprayers for chemical application and pump sets for irrigation. Also, vegetable farmers mostly own hand tools and animal-drawn tools and a negligibly small number of mechanically powered equipment. For post production tools and equipment, the most commonly owned are the motorized threshers for rice, the hand-operated shellers for corn, the sorting tables for vegetables and transport vehicles of various kinds. These data confirm the observation earlier reported by Rodulfo et al. (1998) that farmers do not necessarily own the machines that they use. In their study, Rodulfo

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Handtools (sod hoe, rake,shovel, sickle, bareta, etc.)

Animal drawn implements(plow/harrow)

Irrigation tools (sprinklers,pump, faucet, artesian

well)

Tractors (2-wheel, 4-wheel)

Crop care (poweredsprayer, knapsack

sprayer, etc.)

Transport (cart, trailer,tricycle, jeepney)

Sorting table

No. of Units


et al. found that the farm machines with the exception of cultivation and weeders posed a ratio of ownership to number of farms of less than 1.00, that is from 0.16 to 0.93 (Table 7). Access to mechanized farming method has therefore been made possible to farmers through custom hiring. This is a form of service wherein machine-owners perform farm operations on behalf of the farmers at an agreed prices. In rice, for example, land preparation, threshing, transport, and milling are relatively mechanized and these are all generally performed through custom service. Similarly for corn, among the operations that employ custom-hired services, land preparation, shelling, and transport are relatively at higher levels of mechanization (Figure 9). Fig. 10 shows the various machines used by vegetable farmers through custom hiring.

Table 7. Census of agricultural equipment by farm, number owned, and number used (Rodulfo et al. 1998)a.

Machine Owned/Farm Used/Owned Area/Machine

Plow 0.89 1.29 3.48Harrow 0.87 1.25 3.16Cultivator and weeder 1.03 1.37 3.36Fertilizer applicator 0.93 1.34 8.86Sprayer 0.58 1.84 4.62Combine 0.52 2.03 5.03Thresher 0.16 6.63 14.96Hand tractor 0.30 3.55 8.36Four wheel 0.17 6.37 23.52Trailer 0.43 2.43 7.89Irrigation 0.58 1.81 3.95

aNational Census of Agriculture 1991 and Agricultural Indicators Systems, Bureau of Agricultural Statistics 1997.


Fig.

9.

Freq

uenc

y of c

usto

m-h

ired

serv

ices/f

acilit

ies fo

r cor

n in

selec

ted

area

s of t

he co

untry

(Fra

nco

et al

. 200

1).

102

244

654

104

563

733

456

157

567

156

568

218

40

278

142

543

3 3 4 1 9 1 1 1

49

63

91

010

020

030

040

050

060

070

080

090

0

Tran

spor

tation

Milli

ngDr

ying

Shell

ingHa

rvesti

ngIrr

igatio

nSe

eding

/crop

care

/harve

sting

Crop

care

Seed

ing/cr

op ca

reSe

eding

Entire

tillag

e ope

ratio

nPl

owing

and f

urro

wing

Furro

wing

Harro

wing

and f

urro

wing

Harro

wing

Plow

ing an

d har

rowi

ngPl

owing

Custom-Hired Services/Facilities

Num

ber o

f Res

pons

es

Paym

ent in

Kind

Paym

ent in

Cas

h


Fig.

10.

Mach

ines

and

equi

pmen

t em

ploy

ed b

y veg

etab

le fa

rmer

s for

cust

om h

iring

(de A

sis et

al. 2

003)

.

125

105

60

2716

53

020406080100

120

140

4-wh

eel T

racto

r2-

whee

l Tra

ctor

Anim

al/An

imal

Draw

nIm

plem

ents

Wate

r Pum

pEn

gine f

orIrr

igatio

nRo

tavato

rCu

ltivato

r/Gra

ssCu

tter

Mac

hine

s/Fa

ciliti

es

Frequency


Sources of Agricultural Machinery Supply

Agricultural machinery and equipment come from local production and importation. About 400 machinery manufacturers exist all over the country (AMTEC 2001). These include craftsmen and small-scale, seasonal manufacturers. These local manufacturers can only make small machinery and equipment like power tillers, hand tractors, palay threshers, husker-sheller, corn sheller, harvester, flash dryer, rice mill, pumps, disc plows, disc harrows, and poultry and livestock equipment. These are manufactured in Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna (Los Baños), and Manila. Figure 11 shows the regional distribution of these manufacturers and dealers. Data shows that about 56% is in Luzon, 8% in the Visayas and 36% in Mindanao. The larger and more sophisticated machinery like feed mill equipment, irrigation systems, recirculating dryers, sugarcane equipment, incubator, grain silo, tractors, etc. are imported.

Fig. 11. Regional distribution of agricultural machinery manufacturers and dealers in the country (AMTEC 2001).


Since the 1970s, the Agricultural Machinery Manu-facturers and Distributors Association (AMMDA) has represented the manufacturers and dealers in the country. Its current membership is composed of 30 big- and medium-sized companies engaged in mananufacture, assembly, distribution, and service of farm machinery such as 4-wheel tractors and implements, power tillers and attachments, irrigation equipment, engines, sprayers, and other agricultural machinery (Tamayo 2005).

Sales and Demand of Agricultural Machinery

Sales from AMMDA alone showed that from 2006 to January 2009, machines sold were 1284 units of tractors, 1608 units of postharvest structures and farm processing equipment, 24 dryers, and 3,159 2-wheel hand tractors (Table 8). A study by AMMDA (2003) showed that with the current growth rate of the economy and production in the agriculture sector, about 188,000 units of various pieces of agricultural machinery and farm engines will be needed over the next few years. The projection is based on the sales trend that includes about 50,000 units of gasoline engines and 15,000 units of diesel engines. The sales growth rate stands at about 30%. They also estimated that the annual demand for power tillers will range from 15,000 to 20,000 units; for rice threshers, from 8,000 to 10,000 units, and for rice mill, about 4,000 units. The market for planters and reapers is still in the development stage. AMMDA further states that demand for grain dryers is decreasing, with yearly demand of 500 units. Manufacturers are trying to find ways to match appropriate drying type for existing rice mills. On the other hand, required irrigation pumps in areas not served or under served by National Irrigation


Tabl

e 8. S

ales o

f agr

icultu

ral m

achi

nery

by A

MMDA

mem

bers

(no.

of u

nits

sold

)a

Equip

ment/

Mach

inery

Bran

d20

0620

0720

0820

09TO

TAL

Trac

tors

Stan

dard

4-wh

eel

Jon D

eere

, Valt

ra, K

ubota

195

242

182

1062

9Tr

actor

s (Ab

ove 2

3.87 k

W/32

Hp)

Daed

ong,

Mass

ey F

ergu

son

New

Holla

nd, S

ame,

and E

uros

tar

Comp

act 4

-whe

elJo

n Dee

re, V

altra

, Kub

ota

110

213

Trac

tors (

below

23.87

kW/32

Hp)

Daed

ong,

Mass

ey F

ergu

son

New

Holla

nd, S

ame,

and E

uros

tar

Comb

ined s

tanda

rdJo

n Dee

re, V

altra

, Kub

ota19

524

319

212

642

& co

mpac

t trac

tors

Daed

ong,

Mass

ey F

ergu

son

New

Holla

nd, S

ame,

and E

uros

tar

TOTA

L

1284

Post

harv

est/S

truct

ures

and

Farm

Pro

cess

ing

Equi

pmen

t

Re

aper

ACT,

Kulig

lig, K

ATO

210

0

10

2Ri

ce th

resh

er

1020

845

1810

91Ri

ce po

lishe

r

Co

rn sh

eller

6

9

15

Farm

trail

er

55

55Ri

ce m

ill

7161

207

634

5TO

TAL

16

08Dr

yer

Recir

culat

ingFix

, CAS

AREN

O, K

OLBI

Fla

tbed t

ype

KULIG

LIG, K

ANEK

O, A

CT7

15

13

BPRE

type

PADI

SCOR

71

3

11TO

TAL

24

2 Whe

el/Ha

nd Tr

acto

rFie

ldstar

/Ore

c, Ku

liglig

, Kato

Pu

ll-typ

e

1608

552

485

2826

73Flo

ating

31

449

444

411

With

rotar

y tille

r

75

75TO

TAL

31

59a S

ales r

epor

t as o

f Jan

uary

2009

; AM

MDA

200

9.


Administration facilities and services stand at about 10,000 units annually.

Imports and Exports AMMDA noted the substantial importation of agricultural machinery. In 1992 alone, total imports posted a whopping $102 million and from 1993 to 2004, the value was estimated to be around $121,739,445 (Tamayo 2005). The NSO also reported the significant growth of the total importation of wheeled tractors since 1992 to 1999 caused mainly by the entry of used tractors from Japan and the United Kingdom. Some manufacturers in the country continue to explore the export market with the hope for a more active and dynamic local agricultural machinery export industry. Total export of machinery stood at a mere $350,000 for the 1993–2004 period (Tamayo 2005).


Problems, Issues, and Constraints

Agricultural mechanization in the Philippines is faced with many problems such that its success or failure can only be the result of a complex interplay of factors. Various factors affecting the country’s agricultural mechanization have been analyzed before and the problems are shown in Figure 12. The conditions with which mechanization is being introduced in the country have not been very conducive both in the local and national levels. Economic, technical, and policy factors had hindered the adoption of machines in agriculture.

Small Farm Size

“In 2002, the Philippines registered a total of 4.8 M agricultural farms, covering 9.7 M ha. The total agricultural land area constituted 32.2% of the country’s total land area. Although the number of farms was 4.6% higher than the 4.6 M farms reported in 1991, the country’s total farm area decreased by 3% after a period of more than one decade. The decrease in total farm area could be attributed to the conversion of farmlands to residential and commercial purposes. As a result, the average farm size declined from 2.2 ha/farm in 1991 to 2 ha/farm in 2002.” (http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/sr04144tx.html). Small farm size is a big factor in agricultural mechanization because it is against the principle of “economies of scale.” In land preparation and harvesting operations, mechanizing small and non-contiguous parcels of land would be inefficient.


Low

labo

rpr

oduc

tivity

inag

ricul

tura

l pro

duct

ion

Low

mec

hani

zatio

nle

vel i

n pr

oduc

tion

&po

st-h

arve

st

Farm

ers a

re re

luct

ant

to m

echa

nize

prod

uctio

n an

dpo

st-h

arve

st o

pera

tions

Farm

ers u

naw

are

ofne

w m

echa

niza

tion

tech

nolo

gy

Soci

al c

onst

rain

ts(p

ress

ure

from

man

ual

labo

r gro

up)

Farm

ers a

refin

anci

ally

inca

pabl

eto

acq

uire

mac

hine

ry/e

quip

men

t

Inad

equa

te g

over

nmen

tsu

ppor

t to

mec

hani

zatio

n(e

.g. l

ow in

vest

men

t in

mec

hani

zatio

n R

&D

)

Inad

equa

tem

echa

niza

tion

tech

nolo

gypr

omot

ion

Inad

equa

teco

ordi

natio

n of

R&

D a

genc

ies/

units

Lack

of f

unds

for p

rom

otio

nof m

echa

niza

tion

tech

nolo

gy

No

com

preh

ensi

vem

echa

niza

tion

tech

nolo

gyex

tens

ion

prog

ram

Abs

ence

of

afte

r-sa

les

serv

ices

Ris

ks a

ssoc

iate

dw

ith a

dopt

ion

of mec

hani

zatio

nte

chno

logi

es

Ava

ilabi

lity

of c

heap

farm

labo

r

Low

qua

lity

of fr

am e

qpt.

avai

labl

e in

mar

ket

Ava

ilabl

ete

chno

logy

not s

uite

d to

exis

ting

cond

ition

s_

No

qual

ityco

ntro

lin

spec

tion

inm

ost p

lace

s

Pres

ence

of

unsc

rupo

lous

and

fly-

by-

nigh

tm

anuf

actu

rers

Low

leve

lof m

anuf

actu

ring

tech

nolo

gy

Inad

equa

tem

echa

niza

tion

need

s ana

lysi

s

Low

farm

ers'

inco

me

Hig

hco

st o

feq

uipm

ent

Insu

ffic

ient

polic

y to

war

dm

echa

niza

tion

Less

prio

rity

give

n to

mec

hani

zatio

n

Mis

conc

eptio

nsab

out m

echa

niza

tion

(e.g

. adv

erse

eff

ects

on la

bor;

mec

hani

zatio

n =

'trac

toriz

atio

n')

Lack

of

info

rmat

ion

diss

emin

atio

non m

echa

niza

tion

Lack

of s

kille

dw

orke

rsSu

b-st

anda

rdm

ater

ials

for

fabr

icat

ion

Inad

equa

tesh

op e

quip

men

tLa

ck o

f tra

inin

g(m

anuf

actu

rers

)

Fig.

12.

Mech

aniza

tion

prob

lem tr

ee (

Baut

ista 2

003)

.

Low

qua

lity

farm

eqp

t. av

aila

ble

in

the

mar

ket

Low

mec

hani

zatio

n le

vel i

n pr

oduc

tion

&

post

harv

est Pr

esen

ce o

f un

scru

pulo

us

and

fly-

by-n

ight

m

anuf

actu

rers

Farm

ers a

re

finan

cial

ly in

capa

ble

of a

cqui

ring

mac

hine

ry/e

quip

men

t

Farm

ers a

re re

luct

ant

to m

echa

nize

pr

oduc

tion

and

post

harv

est o

pera

tions


Decreasing Supply of Hired Labor in the Farm

Agricultural hired labor is decreasing owing to preference of labor for employment opportunities in urban centers and abroad and high level of education and literacy in the labor force. In rice production, labor cost represents around 60% of the total input costs in rice production. Farmers therefore have to mechanize in order to lessen costs and dependence on unreliable supply of hired labor while increasing crop productivity (Bautista 2003).

Appropriate Machinery and Technology vs. Mechanization Needs

The mismatch between available mechanization technologies and farmers’ need and farm conditions stems from inadequate need assessment. Failure to identify the actual needs of the farmers results in non-utilization of machines. A case in point is the manual transplanter. It has been the product of the cooperation of many countries and research institutions within Asia. Yet, after a long series of modification, tests, and improvements, funded by many governments, Filipino farmers have not shown interest in adopting it. The influx of second hand imported machinery in the country is another important concern. They are attractive investments to some farmers due to low initial costs. But repair and maintenance pose problems especially when replacement parts are hard to find. Moreover, the machinery design may not be suited to local conditions. On the other hand, some researchers tend to design machines out of mere interest without regard to what is needed in the farm. Scientists and engineers tend to create something that is novel but sophisticated, without


much regard to small farm applications. What the small farming systems in the Philippines usually require are machines for small-scale operations and not the high-powered large machines such as those from Europe and the United States. As such, local designs end up unused because farmers cannot afford them or cannot understand their use.

Innovative Machines vs. Market-Driven Machines

The overriding issue in developing commercially successful machines is meeting the market demands within acceptable price levels. The industry must be able to come up with marketable machines, which could meet farmers’ operational needs at an affordable price. While private local manufacturers are apt at developing commercial machines, the institutional approach to technology development is quite different. Research institutions have a tendency to be preoccupied with innovations rather than be propelled by a clearly perceived market demands. Apparently, machinery development efforts at public research institutions are geared towards satisfying the farmers’ functional needs rather than meeting the market demand for new machines. While it is true that farmers need a variety of machines or mechanized services, these however may be beyond their buying capacity. Machines should not only be innovative. It should be affordable and with market demand.

Inadequate Technology Transfer Mechanisms

Many farmers are unaware of the availability of suitable machines, tools, or implements that could help ease their tedious work. For instance, simple and manually-operated corn shellers have long been


available, but corn farmers in some parts of the country continued to perform the operation using their traditional and tedious method that caused them wrist pains and blisters. It was only in late 2000 and beyond that they came to know about the better tool. For some reasons, either the information has not been widely disseminated or some farmers are just uninterested in mechanization or they simply resist change. Extension workers are the key persons in technology transfer. They need interpersonal communication skills as well as technical qualifications. With a very limited number of extension staff for a big number of client-farmers, the result would likely be non-adoption of some technologies. Besides, extension workers may lack the capability to integrate the mechanization technology in the total farming system. They too may need trainings to have sufficient background on related aspects of agricultural mechanization (Paras and Amongo 2005).

Inadequate Support Services The lack of support services to ensure machine’s acceptability to farmers has been a continuing constraint in promoting agricultural machineries. These include limited access to credit, ineffective marketing systems, and inefficient after-sales service. Prices of acquiring and maintaining durable farm machines continue to stay at levels unaffordable to most farmers. One of the reasons is the high tariff rate levied by government on imported agricultural machinery and parts. Imported farm machinery are still levied a 12% value added tax. Furthermore, locally manufactured machineries have high import content. The only means available for farmers to access machineries are credit facilities, common ownerships through cooperatives and associations, and custom-hire arrangements with private entrepreneurs. However,


employing these means continue to be minimal because of the limited cooperativism and small number of entrepreneurs who engage in the business (AMMDA 2003). Moreover, the presence of repair shops and service centers with readily available spare parts would also help boost the acquisition and performance of machines. This is also a major factor in the development of agricultural machineries in the country.

Policy Constraints

One of the reasons for the proliferation of imported equipment in the Philippines is the adoption of liberal import policies and lack of import restrictions on agricultural machinery. This is in addition to unstructured tariff and taxation systems, which have negative effects on the viability of the local agricultural machinery manufacturing industry. Also, growth of mechanization is very much affected by the purchasing power of farmers. Government policies on price levels of farm commodities should help increase farmer’s income from their products. The acquisition of machines to improve farm operations can follow if farmers can afford the machines.


Areas for Intervention

About a third of the total land area of 30 M ha of the country is under intensive cultivation. With the application of suitable farming technologies, the sustained cultivation of additional 8 M ha is possible. Mechanization is essential to intensify production and expand the current agricultural area of the country. Roughly half the cultivated land is devoted to rice and corn. Mechanizing rice and corn production remains to be a priority concern of the government because of their importance as major staple food crops. For rice, 70% of the total population is greatly dependent on its production, processing, distribution, and marketing and about 3 M farmers distributed along the many islands of the country are actually involved in rice farming (Bautista 2003). Corn is utilized as food by 20% of the population. Yellow corn production is mostly used in feed formulation for livestock and poultry production. The other important crops are coconut, sugarcane, fruits, root crops, vegetables, fiber crops, coffee, cacao, tobacco, and rubber. Developing the agricultural economy through appropriate and efficient machineries covering all types of crops and animal production necessitates addressing specific problems mentioned in earlier discussions. To address the constraints, areas of intervention could be along the lines of R&D activities, utilization of research results, capacity development, support services and infrastructures, and policy advocacy.


Research and Development

Early efforts to mechanize Philippine agriculture mostly involved the importation of machines. During the Green Revolution of the 1970s, the local agricultural manufacturing industry grew with the need to adapt imported machines as well as to develop new ones most appropriate to local conditions. While the slow pace of agricultural mechanization reflected various social, economic, and technical constraints, government research institutions and private entrepreneurs provided the necessary machinery hardware to improve farm and post harvest operations. Significant products of local R&D efforts in agricultural machinery engineering are the power tillers and hydrotillers, irrigation pumps, rice transplanters, drum seeders, weeders, rice reapers, rice strippers, corn and peanut shellers, village rice mills, grain moisture meters, coconut husk decorticators, grain and copra dryers, and many others. Annex A shows the list of technologies and information ready for dissemination as reported by various agencies. Introduction of agricultural machinery in a developing country like the Philippines can be a controversial subject. Although machines are considered necessary for agricultural development particularly to increase productivity of land and labor, the perceived threat to employment of an expanding labor force can be an issue. Therefore, along with the R&D work on the hardware of machinery fabrication and manufacture, investigations on the impact studies on mechanization have also been conducted to mitigate possible negative consequences. The criteria for appropriate agricultural mechanization technology were drawn to guide government planners, policy makers, extension workers, and all concerned with agricultural mechanization. Currently, the socio-


political, economic, and environmental dimensions of agricultural mechanization are also important research interests. The output of R&D efforts from 1990 to 2007 is shown in Table 9. A great percentage constituted the agricultural machinery and power and postproduction processing (13% and 48%, respectively). The focus on irrigation (13%) was based on its recognized importance as a production input that can help intensify and sustain cropping systems. The research on electrification and energy (8%) addressed the need for alternative power and energy source as fossil fuel costs continue to escalate. Noticeably, ranked among the lowest were: agricultural building and structures, instrumentation and control, technical standards for agricultural machinery, and machines for agricultural

Table 9. Major completed R&D projects, 1990–2007.a

Areas of Concern 1990–2000a 2001–2007b TotalAgricultural machinery and power 26 9 35 (13%)Postharvest/Agricultural processing and

food engineering83 47 130 (48%)

Agricultural buildings and structures 2 2 4 (1%)Irrigation and agricultural drainage

system2 32 34 (13%)

Agricultural waste utilization and environmental management

2 3 5 (2%)

Agricultural instrumentation and control 3 2 5 (2%)Technical standards for agricultural

machinery, materials and procedures4 1 5 (2%)

Agricultural electrification and energy 14 8 22 (8%)Benchmark survey and information

system for agricultural engineering 2 5 7 (3%)

Impact assessment and policy studies in support of agricultural engineering

9 15 24 (9%)

Total 147 124 271 (100%)

a PCARRD, 2002; bPCARRD, 2007.


waste management. The first two areas are backbones towards the development of protected agriculture, which includes hydroponics and controlled-environment systems, and precision agriculture, which involves robotics and automatic controls. Annex B shows the list of completed agricultural engineering projects from 2001 to 2007 as reported to PCARRD. It was estimated that the country’s investment in R&D efforts constituted 0.11% of the total gross domestic product (GDP) while the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recommends 1% for a developing country like the Philippines (NEDA 2005). Therefore, while a thorough selection is necessary in the identification and prioritization of R&D ventures for purposes of allocation of resources, the expansion and acceleration of these scientific efforts is much more necessary in the programs on sustainable economic development including agricultural modernization. To achieve this, increased investments in R&D from both the public and the private sectors are to be promoted. Several research and academic institutions are involved in agricultural machinery development and promotion. Often, they act separately in organizing activities that will identify R&D gaps and interventions, even if specific organizations are already mandated to implement such. This seems inevitable considering that mandated agencies have their own priorities and agenda, with which agricultural engineering is a component. In such efforts, it is important to ensure agency representation and active participation of individuals. Also, even with such scenario, the differences lie in specifics and emphasis or importance in priority ranking. R&D interventions identified by various agencies can be summarized into the following general areas:


l Development of More Energy-Efficient Machines

The increasing fuel cost demands that priority be on harnessing non-conventional sources of energy in developing machines. The country imports a large amount of its fuel requirement. Although the energy share of the agriculture and fishery sectors is very small, ramifications of any oil price increase can definitely affect the use of mechanical technologies for agricultural production. For R&D work, it is still much preferable to improve designs of machines rather than focus on low input farming technologies that cut down energy consumption at the expense of crop production. The use of energy efficient machines is always an ideal approach to conserve energy input for agricultural operations (AMDP 1990).

Also, alternative sources of energy must be given importance such as development of windmills, solar power utilization system, gasifier technology, and other biomass energy resource utilization schemes like coconut oil and jatropha extract for diesel engines and ethanol for gasoline engines.

l Development of Machines for Village-Level Processing of Farm Products and By-Products

Machines for village-level post harvest operations generate employment and livelihood in rural areas. Likewise, these help diversify and increase value of farm products. A comprehensive development of processing machines, systems, and technologies that are efficient, affordable, and locally adaptable will promote the development of rural agro-based processing enterprises.


l Formulation of Quality Standards for Agricultural Machines

The machines’ quality is determined based on the materials used, the quality of manufacture, their performance, soundness of design, and after-sales service availability. Hence, formulation of standards is necessary especially if machines are to be commercialized. Inadequate testing and evaluation of machines prior to release for commercial production results in many field problems and customer dissatisfaction. Such machines fail to generate repeat demand and eventually end up in display rooms of research institutions.

Therefore, there is a need to certify agricultural machinery performance under local conditions using established standards and test procedures and assessment of field performance and after-sales service. Test results need to be disseminated to guide farmers, extension workers, manufacturers, and financing institutions in the selection of appropriate agricultural machinery.

l Mechanization of Packinghouse Operations for Perishables

Improved handling, transport, and packing facilities for perishables will facilitate transport of goods without negatively affecting the quality and quantity of perishables like fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Mechanization concerns include packinghouses, storage facilities, and appropriate containers and packaging materials. Mechanizing these postproduction factors would lead to reduction in losses (BPRE 2004).


l Development of Simple, Low-Cost and Gender-friendly Machines

In the Philippines, indigenous design and production of simple, low-cost machines are important in mechanizing small farm holdings. As much as 80% of the farm power is provided by human labor. To complement this labor, there is a need to develop simple manual equipment for various farm operations.

In most developing countries, human labor comprises as much as 60% of women workers. Hence, the proposed appropriate machine designs should be based on the ergonomic limitations of the individuals (Salokhe 2003).

lMaterials Science and Manufacturing Processes

The capability of the local mechanization industry to produce quality products has to be enhanced. This requires R&D on materials and manufacturing processes and setting of standards for agricultural machinery (AMDP 2005). As an example, optimization of shapes and parts by computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) can greatly help in reducing size and weight of machines.

lRobotics, Mechatronics and Precision Agriculture The fields of electronics and microcomputer

technology provide a broad range of applications in agricultural machinery engineering. The application of mechatronic devices and/or GPS-guided machine assemblies for remote-controlled operations can be practical and economical in some respects. Also, the need for precision and accuracy in many farm operations from land preparation and planting stages to product sorting and classification now warrants


R&D work on machine components interfaced with electronics and computer technology such as machine vision, artificial intelligence, and automatic controls.

lStructures and Controlled-Environment Agriculture

Protected agriculture is a high-potential technology for raising crops like ornamentals and high-value crops. Currently, R&D efforts in this field are very limited. While there exist few (R&D) success stories, which helped boost commercial operation, these are mostly imported technologies or units that include all the structural components and auxiliary systems. Technologies like hydroponics, soil-less agriculture, and other similar crop production techniques will find their niches both as large-scale commercial enterprises that require a separate land area or as small-scale operations in urban and sub-urban communities.

lBioprocessing and Postharvest Systems

The application of many processing techniques and post harvest technology systems still faces problems on cost efficiency. Efforts to improve or create new designs for more cost-efficient operations are continuing tasks of researchers. Fresh approaches to these problems are sometimes developed using new technology from other fields.

For example, robotics have been applied in the industry at least 30 or 40 years ago. With the current advancement in machine vision, we are now developing techniques and systems for harvesting (the machine can select ripe fruits), for quality assessment of products (like corn and or rice grains), and for sorting of products by virtue of their color and shape.

Acoustics, which used to be limited to mechanical engineering, is now being applied to classification of products, such as maturity levels of “buko.” Radiation


and ultrasound technologies have been used in medicine before. Now, it is used to determine sugar content and or sweetness of oranges and melons.

Also, some insignificant plant or animal materials can sometimes yield new products of important application. Again, R&D efforts are needed to understand proper handling procedures along with the necessary machines. This could refer to basic research involving the possible discovery of relatively unknown product of agriculture, but which may find application in many fields. While Jatropha craze is focused on the oil product, there could be a possibility that a pesticide can be extracted from the same oil obtained from the seed or from other parts of the plant itself.

lWaste Management and Environmental Conservation

Agricultural activities produce by-products that can accumulate to levels that threaten the environment. There are available machines and processes, which convert these wastes into valuable products or at least neutralize their harmful effects. As the need for food, feed and fiber increases, R&D work can focus on specific problems and conditions of localities and the technology packages. The variety of agricultural products in the country may require the same variety of approaches to waste management and environmental conservation.

lBasic Research

Scarce resources for R&D are easily allocated to activities in the applied field, but basic research is also necessary. Local researchers have to generate fundamental knowledge, which may not yet have any direct application to any design or procedure but can help extend the frontiers of knowledge. Local


products, conditions, and needs specific or unique to the country and localities must be addressed. The experience of developed countries is a testament to the eventual application of knowledge accumulated through basic research in fields of varied nature.

Machinery Requirements of Specific Commodities

Rice

To achieve complete mechanization, rice needs machines for planting or transplanting, crop care, harvesting, and drying. The manual pull-type transplanter developed as early as the 1980s never found much success among farmers while the engine-powered design performance is far from being acceptable. The current improvement in the drum seeder’s construction and material components has considerably reduced its total weight and drastically lessened the burden of operation. It is now in the process of extension. The favorable performance of the Philippine Rice Research Institute’s (PhilRice) new combine harvester shows some promise while its rice stripper has yet to decrease grain loss to within tolerable limits. Many designs of mechanical driers are already available, which produce higher milling recovery. However, affordability of the technology is still an issue when the farmer has to choose between sun drying and costly machine.

Corn, Vegetables, and Other Upland Crops

Mechanization of corn is the focus of the current agricultural development program of the government (PNA, 2005). A Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension’s (BPRE) study recommended the use of currently available machines to increase yield and


improve productivity. It further recommended the development of more appropriate and efficient machine models, an example of which is the smaller version of the combine harvester. De Asis et al. (2003) earlier reported that vegetable farming was at a very low level of mechanization and only irrigation, washing/sorting/packing operations, and transport were mechanized at certain levels in limited areas of the country. There were many available machines for upland farming, which can perform the farm operations for vegetables especially land preparation. However, the affordability of the machines is still the issue causing low adoption of the technology. One high impact area for R&D includes machines for village-level processing of farm products and by-products. Such technologies can generate employment and livelihood and increase land productivity as well as diversify and increase the value of farm products.

Coconut

The ‘tapahan’ method of drying is still very prevalent in spite of the availability of more efficient dryers. Adoption by farmers has been very slow. The motor-powered coconut grater has been an accepted gadget in ordinary markets although it still needs further improvement and optimization. The design of the coconut milk extractor is also evolving. Similar to the grater, it also needs value analysis for optimal performance. However, some commercial machines for coconut product processing are reportedly working inefficiently like decorticators and oil mills. The possible increase in demand for coconut coir products (e.g., ‘coconet’ for soil erosion control) may require improvements in the design or rehabilitation of old machines. As there is currently no small-scale technology for coconut processing (PCARRD 2005), other machines may have to be developed. The ‘virgin oil’ phenomenon opens up


new challenges to machine designers and developers. Also, another very important research area is the use of coconut oil as diesel engine fuel (NEDA 2005) and the mechanization needs for processing 'buko' meat into confectionery items and juice into beverage. Banana

New areas for banana production need equipment for land clearing to remove trees or logs, knockdown and uproot herbaceous plants and chop these into small pieces. Equipment for plowing, pulverizing soil, and final plowing are also requirements of medium and large farm plantations (PCARRD 2004).

Other Fruit Crops

Low level of mechanization exists particularly in the production and processing of fruits. There are imported and locally manufactured processing equipment usually found in large-scale plants. Similar to the vegetable sector, R&D on new products and processes for small scale and/or village-level processing can increase the level of current technical knowledge in canning, bottling, preservation, repacking, and many other operations.

Livestock and Poultry

High level of technology is already used in large-scale farms. Backyard farmers need technologies that fit their scale of operation. Housing designs and equipment are needed for swine production. Swine growers' interest in biogas digesters is increasing along with the growing concern to manage and recycle wastes into useful products. Affordable slaughterhouse equipment such as cutting/chopping tools for the best cut of goat meats that are sold to supermarkets and stainless pails and eartaggers are among the simple yet inevitable tools


in the goat industry. Modified or improved machines for briquetting and pelleting feeds are also needed for small-hold cattle raisers. The need for small-scale portable milking machines would help facilitate milking activities of small to medium dairy animal raisers. Annex C shows the detailed R&D areas on agricultural engineering as formulated and reviewed in PCARRD’s workshops and meetings. The outputs of conferences and workshops related to mechanization needs identification for selected crop commodities are also indicated in the list.

R&D Results Utilization

R&D products and services have to reach the intended beneficiaries to realize the impact of agricultural mechanization. This means providing the information and technology needs of the clients. Activities along this line should focus on strengthening technology packaging and promotion services. Information dissemination activities through tri-media, machine displays and exhibits, farmers’ field day, and technology demonstrations should be actively pursued in the countryside where machines are needed. Popularized versions of training and technical materials and their translation to local dialects would promote better understanding of these materials (Paras and Amongo 2005). The current GIS technology can be applied along with the tedious but necessary actual and reliable data gathering process. The kind of information can be very helpful not only to researchers and extension workers but to machinery dealers. Information systems and databases in agencies working on agricultural mechanization can be housed in a centralized information system accessible to farmers, extension personnel, scientists, engineers, students, and


policy makers. Among the information necessary for inclusion in the databank are statistics and information on machinery inventories, trends in machinery sales, development and availability of new machinery/technologies in the local and international community, and prices and suppliers of locally made and imported agricultural machines. A web-based information system can also be a vehicle towards on-line registration of available and operational machines. This would facilitate inventory of local and imported machines that are available in the market and those that are operational on field.

Capability Building and Institution Development

Local government units (LGUs) are in the forefront of extension activities. Extension workers under the LGUs need technological updating, good management, and interpersonal skills to achieve the goals of extension. However, the number of extension workers is very limited compared to a greater number of farmer-clients. As much as they want to extend mechanization, they may not have adequate knowledge and skill about mechanization and how it can become an important input to the farming system (Paras and Amongo 2005). To address this concern, training provisions and other skill-building activities will help improve the technical, business, and social capabilities of farm workers. Target groups would be farmers, extension workers, and manufacturers. Farmers should be trained regarding machine use and operations. Extension workers need to enhance technology transfer approaches for agricultural machines. Local manufacture of machines should be encouraged by equipping manufacturers on craftmanship, manufacturing technology, operation, repair, and maintenance.


Policy Advocacy

The 1970s were considered the golden age of farm mechanization in the Philippines as it was in this period that there was a coherent program to increase grain production which included massive financing of the acquisition of farm machineries and postharvest equipment (Sanvictores, 1998). During the decade, PCARRD, a government body that monitors agricultural and forestry research has included agricultural engineering as a commodity of investigation. In the national legislature, a bill has been proposed to create a body to coordinate agricultural mechanization activities (Lantin 1978). During the 80s and 90s, the mechanization of the country slowed down due to political, social and financial constraints (Sanvictores, 1998). No substantive increase in the level of mechanization occurred in the 80s but several agencies and programs were established or launched to promote it. These include the (1) Agricultural Mechanization Development Program based at the University of the Philippines Los Banos, which is the country’s commitment to the RNAM or Regional Network of Agricultural Machinery (now APCAEM or Asia and Pacific Centre for Agricultural Engineering and Machinery), (2) the AMIC or Agricultural Inter-Agency Committee, a multi-agency body which serves as the technical adviser of the Department of Agriculture regarding mechanization policies and strategies, (3) the NAPHIRE or National Postharvest Institute for Research and Extension (now BPRE or Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension), (4) the AMTEC or Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center which was envisioned to provide testing, evaluation and quality control services of agricultural machines (AMDP, 1990), and (5) the PhilRice or Philippine Rice Research Institute which virtually


took charge of the work of IRRI in the design and development of machines for rice. Another mechanization plan was initiated in the national legislature as early as 1990 but it reached only the proposal stage. As mechanization proceeded without a coherent national plan, it never reached the small farm holders that constitute the vast majority of farmers. In recent years, Republic Act (R.A.) 8435, otherwise known as the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) provided the boost for agricultural mechanization development and promotion in the country. Several other related policies followed through. R.A. 7607 (Magna Carta for Small Farmers) ensures the provision of farm machinery to small farmers. In R.A. 7150 (Local Government Code), mechanization services and facilities are among the agricultural support services that will be provided by the LGUs. In R.A. 7900 (High Value Commercial Crops Law), farm machinery is part of the post harvest facilities which will be provided by the Department of Agriculture (DA) as incentive to program beneficiaries. The Philippine Agricultural Engineering Act or R.A. 8559 espouses the delivery of basic and technical services to accelerate agricultural modernization through adequate and well-trained professional agricultural engineers. Other agency administrative orders particularly within DA are memorandum circulars creating the National Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization Program and the formulation and implementation of the National Agricultural and Fishery Engineering R&D Extension Program (Rico 2008). In 2009, House Bill No. 3989 (An Act Promoting and Developing Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization in the Philippines) has been endorsed by selected members of the House of Representatives. The Bill seeks to promote the development and


adoption of modern, appropriate, cost-effective, and environmentally safe agricultural and fishery machinery and equipment. These policy advocacies from the government if well implemented could help attain a modernized agriculture through mechanization. Moreover, the following policy recommendations are also important for consideration by policy makers both at the national and local level:

l Availability of credit to purchase agricultural machinery from credit institutions that provide low interest rates and easy requirements for loan processing and loan amortization;

l Provision of alternative business enterprises by establishing farm machinery repair and service outlets, and farm machinery rental centers;

l Establishment of cooperative buying centers in villages equipped with storage and marketing facilities;

l Consolidation of small farms for effective and economical implementation of mechanization technologies;

l Support to small- and large-scale local manufacturers to encourage local manufacturing of machines;

l Intellectual property rights on R&D outputs and support in patenting inventions; and

l Expansion of value-adding activities to generate jobs in both rural and urban centers.


Strategies and Recommendations

Based on the AFMA framework, the roadmap for agricultural mechanization should aim to: 1) promote use and widen farmers’ access to farm machines; 2) enhance the delivery of support services to improve farm mechanization; and 3) encourage the development of a progressive agricultural machinery manufacturing industry. Based on the development objectives set forth by AMMDA and the NAFC, the following targets and strategies were identified to achieve the objectives (AMMDA 2003):

Targets

1. Raise farm mechanization level. Efforts should focus on promoting the use of compact and low-powered (under 20 hp) machinery and equipment and on rice and corn postproduction mechanization to substantially reduce post harvest losses.

2. Raise local content in farm machineries by promoting greater private sector investments in the assembly of small, single cylinder engines. This effort will expand their production capacities and lower the import content of local farm machinery.

3. Raise public investment in agriculture mechanization R&D to at least one fourth of one percent of the agriculture and industry sectors’ gross value added. This sum shall not only be invested in R&D, but also in agricultural and industrial extension that will promote the research results. Since agricultural mechanization impact on development areas outside agriculture, the sum shall be shared among DA,


the Department of Trade and Industry, and the Department of Science and Technology.

Strategies

1. Enact and implement progressive pricing polices to support fair product prices at the farm gate and ensure stable income for farmers. Only under such condition will farmers gain financial ability to invest in farm machineries.

2. Some policies that are currently in force impede the formation of an environment that favors sustained development of agricultural mechanization and farmers' access to agriculture machinery. Policy reforms to address this concern include:

a. Liberalizing imports and reducing tariffs on imported agricultural machines and spare parts that are not produced locally;

b. Lifting the value added tax on intermediate agricultural machineries and their components;

c. Increasing government investment in research, development, and promotion of farm mechanization; and,

d. Sustaining rural electrification.

3. Implement measures that will increase credit available to farmers for acquiring farm machinery.

4. Unify R&D efforts and strengthen technology transfer to farmers through:

a. Conduct of a comprehensive review and assessment of machines suitable to farmers and their farm conditions;

b. Promotion of right farm tools, improve packaging of mature, ready-to-use technologies, and disseminate information to users; and


c. Improvement of linkage among private and public institutions engaged in farm mechanization development.

5. Provide incentives to develop the agricultural machinery industry and ensure availability of appropriate machinery through:

a. Tariff reduction on farm machine imports and machine components that are not locally produced;

b. Implementation of industrial extension measures, including standardization and product certification services;

c. Promotion of investment and joint ventures in farm machinery manufacturing;

d. Establishment of an industry linkage to encourage mutual support and complementation of manufacturing and after-sales services;

e. Production and development of agricultural machinery exports.

The fundamental consideration in the agricultural mechanization sector is to address the needs of various stakeholders. At the farmers’ level, it is important that farmers have the widest choice of appropriate farm tools, machinery, and equipment at affordable prices. Access to spare parts and services would allow farmers to decide on the best choice that suits their needs. More than this is their need for accessible sources of advice and existence of legislation that will protect them from commercial exploitation (Clark 1997). Retailers and wholesalers require a suitable competitive, commercial environment to develop their businesses. This involves access to commercial credit for business development and cash flow purposes, a stable market in which to sell their products, access to business development assistance, and removal of any


unfair competition. Manufacturers require access to a stable supply of raw materials at stable prices, access to credit for business development and cash flow, stable foreign exchange, good communications, a stable market, contacts with potential overseas partners/licensers, access to market information, assistance in product R&D and production engineering, and others. Importers require a suitable competitive, commercial environment to develop their businesses. This includes access to foreign exchange at undistorted rates, foreign contacts, removal of any unfair competition from the state, marketing assistance, and access to credit for business and cash flow development. The role of the government sector is to provide assistance in terms of policy support; R&D; testing of farm machinery; education, training, and extension; mechanization departments/organizational structure; and consumer protection. A strong linkage among these parties is a fundamental requirement to a sustainable agricultural mechanization sector.


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Franco, D.T.; Capareda, S.C.; Suministrado, D.C.; De Asis, A.M.; Yabes, R.; Tallada, J.G. National livestock and poultry mechanization survey needs


and analysis. College, Laguna: College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology-University of the Philippines, Los Baños, 2003. 32p. – (Unpublished Paper).

Gagelona, E.C.; Mataia, A.B.; Cabling, J.M.; Regalado, M.J.C.; Ramos, P.S.; Bautista, E. G.; Ramos, J.A.; Hamor, N.B.; Bermudez, G.C.; Ablaza, N.A. Philippine R&D Highlights 2004. Nueva Ecija: PhilRice, September 2005.

Gavino, R.B.; Dizon, M.D. Status and prospects of agricultural mechanization in the Philippines. Paper presented during the FFTC International Workshop on Small Farm Mechanization Systems Development, Adoption, and Utilization; Oasis Hotel, Los Baños, Laguna; June 14–16, 2005.

Gavino, R.B.; Fernando, C.M.; Gavino, H.F.; Sicat, E.M.; Romero, M.M. Benchmark survey on farm mechanization status in irrigated lowlands of Regions 1, 2, and 3. Paper presented at the 4th PSAE International Convention and Exhibition; Balanghai Hotel, Butuan City, Philippines; April 17–21, 2006.

Gonzales, L.A.; Herdt, R.W.; Webster, P. An ex-ante evaluation of national mechanization policies in the Philippines. Paper presented at a National Workshop on the Consequences of Small Farm Mechanization; Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City; December 1–2, 1983.

Juarez, F.; Pathnopas, R. Comparative analysis of thresher adoption and use in Thailand and the Philippines. Presented in the Workshop on Consequences of Small-Farm Mechanization; Los Baños, Laguna: International Rice Research Institute, 1983. pp. 119–137.

Juarez, F.S. The private and social profitability of mechanical threshing. Paper presented at a National Workshop on the Consequences of Small Farm


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Ong, D.C. Situational analysis on the constraints of manufacturing and marketing of postharvest equipment. Phil. Agricl. Mech. Bull. 24(1): 22, 25, 1993.

Paras, F.O.; Amongo, R.M. Technology transfer strategies and experiences for small farm mechanization technologies in the Philippines. Paper presented during the FFTC International Workshop on Small Farm Mechanization Systems Development, Adoption, and Utilization; Oasis Hotel, Los Baños, Laguna; June 14–16, 2005.

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development. R&D status and directions (2000 and beyond) Agricultural Engineering. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 2002.

__________. Completed agricultural engineering R&D projects (2001–2004). Document provided during the Consultation Workshop on Updating the Status and Directions of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, May 25, 2005.


Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development. The Philippines recommends for sugarcane. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD-DOST and PHILSURIN, 2001. 269p.

__________. Banana production manual. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD-DOST, 2004. 129p. – (PCARRD Book Series No. 175/2004).

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Restituto, J. “Awesome markets for amazing abaca.” The Philippine Star, August 20, 2006.

Reyes, S. Agricultural machinery: An industry in waiting. Food and Agribusiness Monitor. Manila: University of Asia and the Pacific, Center for Food and Agribusiness, August 2001. 8p.

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Salokhe, V.M.; Ramalingan, N. Agricultural mechani-zation in the South and South-East Asia. Paper presented at the plenary session of the International Conference of the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers; Los Baños, Philippines; April 21–24, 1998.

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Tamayo, R.H. Private sector investment on small farm equipment in the Philippines. Paper presented during the FFTC International Workshop on Small Farm Mechanization Systems Development, Adoption, and Utilization; Oasis Hotel, Los Baños, Laguna; June 14-16, 2005.

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Annex A

Agricultural Engineering Technologies/Information for Dissemination Generated from R&D (2001–2007)

Year Reported Technologies/Information Agency (ies)

2007 Plant oil fueled cookstove LSURice hull-fired dryer for natural sausage casing SLSUDesign and development of small-scale virgin coconut oil mill

CapSU

Mechanical drying of palays for quality milled rice NSCABrick and drum kilns for charcoal making PCA-XI and UP

Min2006 Adaptation of panicle thresher-corn sheller

in Ilocos RegionPhilRice

Pilot testing of the processing technologies for arrowroot

BU

Mechanized paddy gatherer: an alternative to manual paddy gathering

WPU

Construction and evaluation of a solar cabinet dryer CSCSTDesign, development, and evaluation of saba banana chipper

CapSU

Design and development of a horizontal vortex fruit and vegetable washer

CSSAC

Evaluation of different designs of village level biogas digester

WESMIARC

Rice husk furnace for recirculating type of mechanical paddy dryer

CPU

Construction and evaluation of manually-operated banana chipper

CapSU

Determining the compost quality and efficiency of using prototype horizontal composting aerator

MOSCAT



2005 Coconut husk decorticating machines (PCA-ZRC)Mechanized technology for arrowroot processing BUCAF and KOLBIImprovement of axial-flow biomass shredders CA-CPUSago starch grater machine LSU and TUATFloating tiller for improved rice productivity PhilRiceBio-N enhances growth and yield of rainfed rice DMMMSUSite-specific nutrient management as an approach to attain target yield of rice

PhilRice

2004 Dried cassava grates processing system PhilRootcrops-LSUZero-waste ginger processing technology BUCAFSmall-scale coffee roaster CavSUMechanized village-level handmade paper-making NARC-LSUVillage-scale abaca fiber twisting and twining machines

NARC-LSU

Golden kuhol crusher-grinder CSSACMechanical banana male bud bagger DA-CARIARCImproved steam distillation unit for essential oil FPRDIPortable electric fruit dryer NVSUMechanical transplanter for rice PhilRiceUsing water to pump water: the hydro-powered water pump

PhilRice

2003 Adaptability testing of existing dryers for non-grain commodities

BPRE

Development of the vortex cooler/dryer PhilRiceMechanization of supplementary pollination in hybrid rice seed production

PhilRice

Mechanized hybrid rice supplementary pollinator DA-Region 2Design and development of solar cabinet dryer for small-scale coffee processing

NEUST

Improved biomass cookstove ASU

Annex A. (Continued) ..........



Development of a seed cleaner for rice hybrids PhilRiceRide comfort development with handtractor-drawn implements

PhilRice

Development and improvement of postproduction tools and equipment for ginger: Pilot testing of integrated processing equipment for ginger at selected cooperative in Albay

BUCAF

Technical improvement of the root crop grates processing system

ViSCA

Modified oil skimmer SLPCDevelopment of a tractor-drawn sweetpotato harvester

LSU

2002 Mechanical pili nut cracker BUCAFA small-scale dryer for flowers and foliage UPLBLow-cost axial-flow type biomass shredder CPUModified traditional frame loom and its loom accessories for silk weaving

DMMMSU

Cassava milling machine CPUMechanized precision seeder for hybrid rice PhilRiceMechanized supplementary pollination in hybrid rice seed production

PhilRice

Mechanical properties of eggshells UPLBEngineering the crop establishment for paddy wet seeding

PhilRice

2001 Hand tractor-mounted seeder-fertilizer applicator for upland crops

DA-CVLMROS

Palay dryer FPRDI“Super Curyat” tiller for Cordillera rice terraces PhilRice

CECAPCalamansi juice extractor USEP

UPLBReceiving tank for batch recirculating dryer NFAStandardization of postharvest machinery testing and evaluation

AMTEC-UPLBIRRI

Rice hull furnace in flue-curing tobacco NTA




Mechanical reaper cage wheel SUNAS-TESDAThermal properties of eggplant as a factor for developing an appropriate crop processing system

UPLB

Analysis of impact damage in papaya fruit for appropriate machinery development

UPLB

Portable moisture meter for abaca fiber LSUConvertible ginger crusher, juice extractor, and mill BUCAFProposed technology interventions for bulk handling of corn at farmers-cooperative level

BPRE



Annex B

Completed Agricultural Engineering R&D Projects (2001–2007)

I. Farm Production Power and Machinery

Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency

Rice

Development of mechanized supplementary pollinator

L. Caranguian; L. Lorenzo; E.D. Guzman; G. Oli; E. Egipto; G.G. Dante; M.L. Calimag

DA-CVLMROS

Performance evaluation of the China-made walking type mechanical rice transplanter using two methods of seedling preparations (mechanical seedling preparation and double mulching technique)

R.B. Gavino; E.V. Sicat CLSU

Corn

Mechanizing corn cluster areas in Region 02

G. Oli; I.S. Cabalsi; F.S. Aguinaldo; J.R. Binarao; J.E. Tuliao,. Corres; N. Battad

DA-II

FruitsDesign and fabrication of a pressurized mango sprayer D.M. Aquino DMMMSU

Pressurized sprayer and portable ladder for mango production E. De Padua DMMMSU

RootcropsDevelopment of a tractor-drawn sweetpotato harvester

A.B. Loreto; M.B. Loreto PRCRTC

Multicrop

Development of hand tractor mounted seeder-fertilizer applicator

G. Oli; L.M. Caranguian; V.I. Eslava; R. Cubero; E. Egypto

DA-Region II

SericultureFabrication of beekeeping tools and equipment G.R. Ipac DMMMSU



Herbs and Spices

Design and development of garlic planter A.F. Dumaoa MMSU

II. Postharvest/Agricultural Processing and Food EngineeringRiceFiber glass designed rice thresher; its effects on rice threshing F. Man; C. Duhig HNU

Outdoor storage of paddy seeds in sealed plastic enclosures

R.L. Tiongson; E.C. Blaza; J.V. Dator DA-BPRE

Design, construction, and performance testing of golden kuhol crusher-grinder M.L. Pesino CSSAC

Drying of hybrid rice seeds

R.E. Manalabe; R.C. Martinez; R. Dimla; R.E. Daquila; J.A. Lavarias; E.D. Flores;M.A.T. Cantre

BPRE

Performance evaluation of the China-made complete rice milling machine as influenced by different varieties and purity levels of paddy

R.B. Gavino; E.V. Sicat; R.G. Peneyra CLSU

Grains and CerealsDesign, development, and pilot testing of corn harvester

M.C. Bulaong; R.E. Manalabe DA-BPRE

Application of heat pump technology for grain drying

R. Cachuela; R. Macaranas DA-BPRE

Adaptation of existing dryers for non-grain commodities

R.C. Martinez;R. Dimla; L. Miranda; E. Flores; N.

DA- BPRE

Promotion of mechanical dryers through BPRE drying center

M.C. Bulaong; R.C. Martinez; R.E. Daquila; N.T. Asuncion

DA-BPRE

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of corn post harvest losses

R.O. Verena; G.B. Calica; H.G. Malanon; A.R. Salvador; P.C. Castillo

DA-BPRE

Annex B. (Continued) ..........



FruitsDesign and development of cashew dehydrating equipment

R. Macaranas; L.N. Miranda DA BPRE

Development of controlled atmosphere storage chamber for delayed ripening and prolonged storage life or mango

N. Candelaria CLSU

Design and fabrication of a mechanical banana pole bagger

M.A. C. Soria; L. Panes; M.L.C. Bangalisan;E. Abalos; D.L. Dumaluan; J. Garcines; A.C. Nonan

DA-RFU X-III

Adaptation of biomass heating system for non-grain commodities R.P. Gregorio DA-BPRE

Establishment of controlled atmosphere protocol for commercial export of Philippine mango

R.E.A. Lagunda DA-BPRE

Design and development of depulping machine for pili; design and development of pili nut cracker/sheller; adoption of a twin screw press for pili and kernel oil extraction; pilot testing of pili harvesting device

A.B. Guinto; A.P. Malinis DA-BPRE

Development and testing of a micro-electric fruit dryer E. B. Guzman NVSU

Development of banana chipping machine

M.M. Malapad; C.J. Andam MSC

Improvement of the transport and handling system of the Malabing Valley citrus industry

R.Q. Gutierrez; R.G. Idago DA-BPRE

Processing of mango fruits; development and evaluation of cabinet type fruit dryer for mango leather, dried mango, dehydrated pineapple candy, and other similar products

E.B. Guzman NVSU

Plantation CropsComparative performance evaluation of the different abaca stripping machines in Region VIII

V.L. Reoma; N.O. Morales; V. A. Pelesco SLSCST




Improvement of existing portable abaca stripping machine

M.B. Manolo, Jr.; F.G. Sinon LSU

Design and fabrication of single strand yarning machine L. Manolo, Jr. LSU

Design and development of a convertible ginger crusher, extractor, and mill

A.P. Malinis BUCAF

Comparative evaluation of different commerciable abaca stripping machines in Region 8

V.L. Reoma LSU

Small-scale coffee processing M.A. Cabling NEUSTDesign, construction and evaluation of a batch type coffee roaster for small-scale roasting

R.M. Mojica CavSU

Design, fabrication and evaluation of portable electro-motor powered abaca stripping machine for high quality fibers (development of a portable engine-powered abaca spindle stripping machine)

F.G. Sinon; M.F. Delandar LSU

Design and fabrication of multi-stranded yarning machine F.G. Sinon LSU

Mechanization of village-level processing of woven products: development of twisting and yarning machine; development of twining machine; utilization of abaca stripping wastes for handmade paper production and packaging materials

F.G. Sinon; A.M. Martinez LSU

Comparative performance evaluation of the different abaca stripping machines in Region VIII

V.L. Reoma; N.O. Morales; V. A. Pelesco SLSCST

RootcropsAdaptation of diffused light storage system for potato in the mid-elevated conditions

A.D.V. Coloma DA BPRE




Technical improvements of the rootcrop grates processing system: design and development of a continuous-type water extraction machine for grates; Design and development of a rotary drum-type for grates; integration of the machines for the grates and for flour processing

R.R. Orias; Daniel L.S. Tan LSU

Field testing of processing machines for cassava, sweetpotato, and ube N.T. Diaz; A.D. Conge DMMMSU

SericultureSeri tools/machineries development: improvement of warping machine

R.V. Pascua; A. Laborte; T.B. Bunnao DMMSU

Design, construction, testing, and evaluation of beehive for sting less bees

G.R. Ipac DMMMSU

Design and development of prototype machine; innovation of honey extractor machine; support to apiculture industry

D.M. Aquino DMMSU

Innovation of honey extractor: support to apiculture industry V. Palabay DMMMSU

MulticropDevelopment of the integrated multi-crop (ginger, pandan, lemon grass, arrowroot, and other fibrous crops) processing technology

A.P. Malinis,; E. L. Baluster BUCAF

Development of multi-purpose kiln dryer

A.S. Accad; E.S. Valerio; T.E. Eyana; D. Ebon; G. Flores; R. Juesa

SKPSC

Enhancing the quality of dried fish through the use of Multicommodity Solar Tunnel Dryer (MCSTD)

H.F. Martinez; et al. DA-BPRE

CoconutDevelopment of portable engine-powered coconut husk fiber extractor E.E. Sudaria LSU

LegumesDesign, construction and performance testing of a revolving solar dryer (peanut processing equipment)

E.Z. Cordero; M.U. Villados ISU-Echague




Manufacture of farm tools and equipment for peanut in Region 02

R.D. Velasco;G. A. Batoon ISU-ANEC

Development of an abrasive plate type peanut decoater blower E.Z. Cordero ISU-Echague

Poultry

Development of egg incubator equipped with electronic thermostat and automatic egg rotator

C.C. Divina; R.C. Dizon; G.R. Berganio; M.R. Canlas; R.B. Graza; R.E. Mesa; A.B. Torero, Jr.; R.G. Fortuna; N.R. Villanueva

SKPSC

Portable balut maker (Elective II) R.C. de Vera ASCOT

III. Irrigation and Agricultural Drainage SystemEvaluation of the suitability of the design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Region 2

E.F. Ausa; O.F. Balderama; B.T. Ausa; N.S. Alvarez; R.S. Tanap

ISU-Echague

Evaluation of the suitability of the design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Region 3

T. Aguinaldo CLSU

Evaluation of the suitability of the design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Bicol Region

M.L. Pesino CSSAC


M. Escalante; M. Sacedon

LSU


L.R. Laureles; B.D. Concha

CMU


R.S. Garzon; H. Gutierrez; N.M. Tolentino

USM/USMARC




Evaluation of the suitability design criteria for the headworks and main systems of irrigation systems in Central and Western Mindanao

H. Gutierrez; N.M. Tolentino; J.A.L. Deleña; J.O. Fernandez

USM

Evaluation of the suitability design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Region 10

B.D. Concha; R.C. Bayawa

CMU

Evaluation of the long term performance of commercially available pumps and prime movers under field condition

R.P. Caro; R.M. Vicarme, E.F. Ausa; O.F. Balderama; B.T. Ausa; E.B. Santos; D.P. Viloria

ISU-Echague


H.L. Angeles; R.B. Gavino

CLSU


J.R. Pardales; H.A. Mabesa; J. L. Pardales, Jr.; J.L. De Villa

CSSAC

Evaluation of the long term performance of commercially-available pumps and prime movers under field condition in Region 7

A.L. Presbitero; E.C. Lopes

LSU

Evaluation of the long term performance of commercially available pumps and prime movers under field condition in Region 10

J.C. Villarina; N.A. Virgo

CMU

Field assessment and performance of pumps and engines passing the AMTEC test criteria

G. Oli DA-II

Field assessment of the performance of pumps and engines

C. Estrada; F.M. Tan; L.N. Cruz; G. Bulgado

DA-EVIARC

Field assessment of the performance of pumps and engines

M.M. Aguilos DA-Region VII

Field assessment and performance of pumps and engines passing the AMTEC test criteria

P.M. Andalahao DA-WESMIARC

Field assessment of the performance of pumps and engines passing the AMTEC test criteria

J.F. Torres; P.P. Margate

DA-XII




Field assessment of problems associated with selection, after sales services, operation, and maintenance of STW pumps

R.P. Caro; B.T. Ausa; E.B. Santos; J.A. Pacis

ISU-Echague

Field assessment of problems associated with after sales services, operation, and maintenance of STW pumps

H.L. Angeles; R.B. Gavino

CLSU

Field assessment of problems associated with the selection, after-sale services, operation and maintenance of STW and low lift pumps

A.L. Presbitero; E.C. Lopes

LSU

Field adaptation of recommended pump and prime mover combination and determining effective method of transferring them to target clientele

J.F. Torres; P.P. Margate

DA-FOS

Improving the efficiencies of pumps and prime movers

R.S. Garzon; H.A. Villaruz

USM/USMARC

Delineation of areas served by minor irrigation systems: STW, SFR/VIS, and SWIP

R.B. Ayaso; M.L. Capili

UPLB

Development and prototyping of workable model hydraulic ram suited for the upland farms in Southern Nueva Vizcaya

E.B. Guzman NVSU

Development and testing of a ram pump as alternative irrigation system for small upland farm

E.B. Guzman NVSU

Fabrication, installation and evaluation of modified JB windpump

LSU

Micro-irrigation studies for diversified cops

E.P. Ramos NVSU

Evaluation of the suitability of design criteria for the head works and main systems of existing SWIPs, CISs, NISs in Region XI

C.M. Limbaga; R. F. Cuna

USP

Development and promotion of hydro-powered water pump

R.C. Castro; M. U. Baradi

DA-PhilRice CESDA-PhilRice-Batac




Development of a vortex cooler/dryer R.C. Castro; M.U. Baradi


Development of a Savonious windmill R.C. Castro; M. U. Baradi


IV. Agricultural Electrification and EnergyAdaptability testing of biomass-based heating system

R.P. Gregorio; B.G. Jallorina; R. Dimla; E.D. Flores

DA BPRE

Barangay electrification project for Region 2

R.D. Velasco DOE

Comparative study of the performance/efficiency of electric motor, diesel and gasoline engine prime mover for grass chopper

D.T. Sayo; C.R. Babas

ISU

Design, construction and performance evaluation of load stabilizers in existing micro-hydro power distribution system

D. Falgui KASC

Modified rice hull stove G.O. Manrique; M.M. Malapad; H. Montejo; C.J. Andam

MSC

Study on the techno-economic viability of photovoltaic pumping system for domestic supply and agricultural production in the Cagayan Valley region

R.D. Velasco; O. F. Balderama; S.B. Lazaro; A.J. Castro

ISU

Workability of a mini hydroelectric power plant at Sitio Catanan, Banilla, Dupax del Sur, Nueva Vizcaya

A.V. Domagas; F.T. Valdez; D.J. Vicente; M.B. Pasion

NVSU

Design, construction, performance, and economic evaluation of biogas digester in Nueva Vizcaya

Anita, A.; S.P. Aquino; R.J. Fernandez

NVSU

V. Impact Assessment, Socioeconomics, and Policy Studies in Support of Agricultural Engineering

An analysis of the environmental impact of STW pumping

R.B. Ayaso; JJC. Palma

DA-EVIARC

Impact evaluation of the hydraulic ram pump among the adopters in the upland communities

E.B. Guzman; F.M. Ramos

DA-CASCADE




Farm mechanization: its impact to corn farming in Ifugao

C. Pimentel ISCAF

Impact of the presence of support services on the viability and sustainability of existing and proposed irrigation systems

R.B. Ayaso; M.T. Sacay

DA-VIII

Postharvest machinery market structure analysis

C.L. Maranan; R.O. Vereña; C.A. Lanuza

DA BPRE

Review and assessment of the mandate of public and private institutions concerned with irrigation development

H.L. Angeles CLSU

Study of the role, viability, performance, empowerment of the farmers’ irrigators’ association in the development, operation, and maintenance of irrigation system

H.L. Angeles CLSU

Identification of operation and maintenance activities that could be devolved to water users group or irrigators association or private sector for reduced operation and maintenance cost

H.L. Angeles, J.A. Matutino, Jr.

CLSU

Monitoring of the impacts of irrigation policies, programs, and other policy instruments

R.S. Garzon USM/USMARC

Economic analysis of alternative policy options for improving grain drying

L.S. Cabanilla DA-BPREUPLB-CPAf

Technology assessment and process documentation of a fully mechanized postproduction system in Quirino Province

A.M. Apaga; E. Nicolas

DA-BPRE; RED Foundation, Inc.

Socio-economic assessment and technical feasibility of using cold chain systems in the Cordillera

M.E.B. Ramos; F.B. Lanuza; H.G. Malanon

DA-BPRE

Economic analysis of existing machine service arrangements in corn mechanization

R.S.M. dela Cruz DA-BPRE

Quantitative and qualitative loss assessment on high value food crops

MEV. Ramos; R. Rapusas; R. Gutierrez

BPRE




Profitability testing of BPRE pneumatic corn planer when engaged in custom servicing

R.S. dela Cruz; N.T. Asucion; R.J. Pontawe

BPRE

VI. Agricultural Waste Utilization and Environmental ManagementBioengineering as stream bank rehabilitation and stabilization at Mount Data

MPSPC

Design, construction and efficiency of composters/compost bin: A DMMSU model

M. Antonio; L.E. Ngilangil

DMMSU

Development of biodegradable decomposer

M.F. Accad; R. Delfinado; J. L. Brillantes; J.D. Datungputi; P.D. Gardose

SKPSC

VII. Technical Standards for Agricultural Machinery, Materials, and Procedures

Enhancing the implementation of AFMA through improved agricultural engineering standards

D. Aranguren; A. Resurreccion; F.M. Dagaas

UPLB-CEAT-AMTEC

VIII. Benchmark Surveys, Information System, and Communication Support for Agricultural Engineering

National farm mechanization needs survey and analysis

D.T. Franco UPLB-CEAT-AMTEC

Communication campaign strategies for peanut processing technologies

ISU-Echague

Establishment of postharvest facility database for master planning

G.M. Tolentino; A.M. Tuates, Jr.; A.M. Apaga; E.V. Circa; B.T. Belonio

DA-BPRE

PRA on the proposed sites of microhydro in Kalinga

M. Bilagot; E. Guzman;S. Lucob

KASC




Development of software information system of KASC-ANEC technology guide in installing microhydro and fabricators guide in crossflow turbine fabrication

M. Bilagot; E. Guzman; S. Lucob

KASC

IX. Agricultural Instrumentation and ControlDevelopment and pilot testing of a portable strength and moisture meter

F.G. Sinon; E. Vedasto

LSU

Overhead tank’s motor automatic controller

A.V. Dimgas;D.R. Pajarito;JC B. Nilo

NVSU

X. Agricultural Buildings and InfrastructuresDesign and development of a low-cost NORMISIST greenhouse

D.L. Dumaluan NORMISIST

Operationalization and documentation of the viability of agricultural tramline systems in Buguias, Benguet

AR M. Apaga; I.A. Areda

BPRE

Annex B . (Continued) ..........


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cal s

pray

ers

Fertil

izer a

pplic

ator

Fruit

harve

ster

Deve

lopme

nt of

vapo

r hea

t trea

tmen

t for c

ontro

lling

fru

it flies

and o

ther d

iseas

eVa

por h

eat tr

eatm

ent fo

r man

goes

for e

xpor

t

Deve

lopme

nt of

mech

anica

l sizi

ng sy

stem

Mech

anica

l gra

ders

and s

orter

s

Deve

lopme

nt of

drye

rs for

proc

esse

d man

go pr

oduc

tsDr

yers

Impr

ovem

ent o

f pac

kagin

g and

prod

uct p

rese

ntatio

nDe

sign o

f pac

king m

ateria

ls, se

aling

and

pac

kagin

g equ

ipmen

tDe

velop

ment

of pr

oces

sing e

quipm

ent fo

r pro

cess

ed

pro

ducts

Proc

essin

g equ

ipmen

t for m

ango

pure

e,

juic

e, dr

ied, a

nd po

wder

ed m

ango

esMa

ngo p

ulp pr

oces

sing m

achin

esEs

tablis

hmen

t of p

ost h

arve

st fac

ilities

Pack

ingho

uses

and C

ontro

lled A

tmos

pher

e a

nd M

odifie

d Atm

osph

ere s

torag

e fac

ilities

1 PCA

RRD:

200

6-20

07 A

E Co

mmod

ity Te

am M

eetin

gs; W

orks

hop

on th

e Va

lidati

on o

f Ag.

Eng A

gend

a for

PA

2020

-25

Oct.

2005

; UPL

B-NA

FC: C

onfer

ence

on

HVCC

Mec

haniz

ation

Ne

eds,

17Ju

ly 20

08, A

gribu

sines

s Opp

ortun

ities i

n the

Phil

ippine

s, htt

p://w

ww.co

mmer

ceca

n.icg

c.ca


Comm

odity

and T

arge

t Pr

oduc

tsR&

D Ag

enda

AE

R&D

Are

asAE

Pro

ducts

, Sys

tems,

and S

ervic

es

Bana

na Fres

h fru

its

Proc

esse

d Pro

ducts

(sa

ba ch

ips)

Impr

oving

prod

uctio

n s

ystem

Deve

lopme

nt/im

prov

emen

t of fa

rm to

ols

and

mac

hiner

ies

e.g., m

ale bu

d rem

over

for f

resh

saba

Redu

cing p

ostha

rvest

l

osse

sDe

velop

ment

and p

romo

tion o

f alte

rnati

ves

to c

onve

ntion

al re

friger

ation

f

or te

mper

ature

man

agem

ent

Self-c

onstr

ucted

cold

room

sVe

ntilat

ed co

oling

syste

mEv

apor

ative

cooli

ng sy

stem

Ther

mal s

torag

e sys

temIm

prov

ing pr

oces

sing

tec

hnolo

gies

Deve

lopme

nt of

bana

na ch

ipper

s/slic

ers

Deve

lopme

nt of

drye

rsIm

prov

emen

t of p

acka

ging m

ateria

ls

Bana

na ch

ipper

s/slic

ers

Drye

rSe

aling

and p

acka

ging e

quipm

ent

Papa

ya Varie

ties

Fres

h Fru

itsPr

oces

sed P

rodu

cts

(drie

d pap

aya)

Redu

cing p

ostha

rvest

l

osse

sDe

velop

ment/

impr

ovem

ent o

f pos

tharve

st ha

ndlin

g s

ystem

s and

facil

ities

Deve

lopme

nt of

mech

anica

l gra

ders

and s

orter

s

Cold

chain

syste

m (h

igh-e

nd an

d low

-cost

t

echn

ologie

s)Dr

yer

Grad

ers a

nd S

orter

s

Impr

oving

proc

essin

g a

nd m

arke

ting

Deve

lopme

nt/im

prov

emen

t of p

rodu

cts an

d p

acka

ging s

ystem

sTr

aining

on st

anda

rds,

quali

ty co

ntrol,

•

pack

ingho

use o

pera

tions

, pac

kagin

g

Seali

ng an

d pac

kagin

g equ

ipmen

tIm

prov

ed pa

cking

hous

e ope

ratio

ns

Pine

appl

eFr

esh f

ruits

Proc

esse

d fru

its

Impr

oving

prod

uctio

n a

nd pr

oces

sing

sys

tem

Loca

l fabr

icatio

n of h

arve

sting

mac

hines

and

pro

cess

ing eq

uipme

ntHa

rvesti

ng m

achin

esPe

eling

and c

utting

mac

hines

Seali

ng/C

annin

g mac

hines

Crus

hers,

juice

rs, bl

ende

rsDr

yers

Anne

x C. (

Cont

inue

d) ...

.......


Anne

x C. (

Cont

inue

d) ...

.......

Comm

odity

and T

arge

t Pr

oduc

tsR&

D Ag

enda

AE

R&D

Are

asAE

Pro

ducts

, Sys

tems,

and S

ervic

es

Vege

tabl

es, le

gum

es,

and

root

crop

s (VE

LERO

)Ve

getab

lesVa

rietie

sOr

ganic

ally-g

rown

fre

sh ve

getab

lesFr

esh v

egeta

bles

Impr

oving

prod

uctio

n De

velop

ment

and i

mpro

veme

nt of

the fo

llowi

ng:

Seed

ling p

icker

o

Low

cost

desig

n tra

y mate

rials

o

Low

cost

irriga

tion s

ystem

o

Porta

ble an

d biom

ass—

fueled

ster

ilizer

o

Prec

ision

seed

er/ro

botic

so

Deve

lopme

nt of

low co

st tra

ctor a

nd im

pleme

ntsDe

velop

ment/

modifi

catio

n/ada

ptatio

n of

see

dling

tran

splan

terDe

sign a

nd de

velop

ment

of de

vices

for s

eedli

ng

rem

oval

Desig

n and

deve

lopme

nt of

orga

nic an

d c

hemi

cal fe

rtilize

r app

licato

rPr

ecisi

on ag

ricult

ure

Deve

lopme

nt of

local

drip

irriga

tion s

ystem

, rain

c

ollec

tor, a

nd ha

rvesti

ng sy

stems

Deve

lopme

nt/mo

difica

tion o

f har

veste

rsOf

f sea

son a

nd pr

otecte

d cult

ure p

rodu

ction

s

ystem

s

Vege

tables

Nurse

ry:Se

edlin

g pick

erLo

w co

st tra

y mate

rials

Low

cost

irriga

tion s

ystem

Porta

ble an

d biom

ass-f

ueled

ster

ilizer

Prec

ision

seed

er/ro

botic

sLa

nd P

repa

ratio

n:Lo

w co

st tra

ctor a

nd im

pleme

ntsCr

op E

stabli

shme

nt:Mo

dified

seed

ling t

rans

plante

rDe

vices

for s

eedli

ng re

mova

lCr

op C

are

Orga

nic an

d che

mica

l fertil

izer a

pplic

ator

Fertig

ation

syste

msPr

otecte

d cult

ivatio

n usin

g gre

enho

use

struc

tures

Harve

sting

Modifi

ed ha

rveste

rs

Pean

ut

Var

ieties

F

resh

nuts

P

roce

ssed

prod

ucts

Redu

cing p

ostha

rvest

los

ses

Impr

ovem

ent o

f farm

tools

and m

achin

eries

Impr

ovem

ent o

f stor

age s

ystem

s

Impr

oved

desig

ns of

pean

ut sh

eller

s/thr

eshe

rs

Impr

oved

desig

ns of

low-

cost

pean

ut sto

rage


Anne

x C. (

Cont

inue

d) ...

.......

Comm

odity

and T

arge

t Pr

oduc

tsR&

D Ag

enda

AE

R&D

Are

asAE

Pro

ducts

, Sys

tems,

and S

ervic

es

Root

crop

s (ya

m, s

weet

po

tato

, and

cass

ava)

Varie

ties f

or

indus

trial p

urpo

ses

Plan

ting m

ateria

lsPr

oces

sed P

rodu

cts

Impr

oving

prod

uctio

n s

ystem

and

p

roce

ssing

e

chno

logies

Prom

otion

and u

tiliza

tion o

f roo

tcrop

s pro

cess

ing

mac

hines

Harve

ster,

slice

r/chip

per, d

ryer,

millin

g mac

hine,

wash

er-p

eeler

, juice

-star

ch

extra

ctor, fl

our g

rinde

r, finis

her

Abac

aVa

rietie

sPl

antin

g mate

rials

Tools

, equ

ipmen

t, and

m

achin

eries

for fi

ber

extr

actio

nDi

agno

stic k

itsAb

aca fi

ber

Quali

ty sta

ndar

ds

Impr

oving

prod

uctio

n s

ystem

Deve

lopme

nt/im

prov

emen

t of n

utrien

t and

wate

r m

anag

emen

t sys

tems:

Prod

uctio

n of c

ompo

st an

d sub

sequ

ent r

ecyc

ling o

f n

utrien

ts thr

ough

rapid

comp

ostin

g

Mech

anize

d rap

id co

mpos

ting t

echn

ique

Impr

oving

proc

essin

g t

echn

ologie

sIm

prov

emen

t of m

echa

nized

abac

a fibe

r extr

actio

nIm

prov

emen

t of m

echa

nical

fiber

dryin

g mac

hine

Mech

anize

d twi

sting

and y

arnin

g mac

hine

Estab

lishm

ent o

f villa

ge-le

vel p

roce

ssing

of w

oven

p

rodu

ctsUt

ilizati

on of

abac

a strip

ping w

astes

for h

andm

ade

pap

er pr

oduc

tion a

nd pa

ckag

ing m

ateria

ls (a

baca

w

aste

mana

geme

nt)

Impr

oved

abac

a strip

ping m

achin

esFib

er dr

yers

Twist

ing an

d yar

ning m

achin

eMe

chan

ized v

illage

-leve

l pro

cess

ing of

wo

ven p

rodu

ctsPr

ototyp

e aba

ca w

aste

recy

cling

sy

stems


Anne

x C. (

Cont

inue

d) ...

.......

Comm

odity

and T

arge

t Pr

oduc

tsR&

D Ag

enda

AE

R&D

Are

asAE

Pro

ducts

, Sys

tems,

and S

ervic

es

Coffe

e Orga

nic A

rabic

a Co

ffee

Plan

ting m

ateria

lsGr

ound

coffe

e

Impr

oving

prod

uctio

n s

ystem

Deve

lopme

nt/im

prov

emen

t of o

rgan

ic pr

oduc

tion

sys

tems

Mech

anize

d com

post

– mak

ing by

coffe

e far

mers

Redu

cing p

ostha

rvest

los

ses

Deve

lopme

nt/im

prov

emen

t of p

ostha

rvest

facilit

ies

and

equip

ment

for pr

oduc

tion o

f high

quali

ty be

ans

Posth

arve

st fac

ilities

and e

quipm

ent d

esign

s: co

ffee h

uller,

batch

-type

coffe

e roa

ster

Impr

oving

proc

essin

g t

echn

ologie

sEs

tablis

hmen

t of a

comm

unity

proc

essin

g plan

tPr

oces

sing p

lant d

esign

Coco

nut

Plan

ting m

ateria

ls (

maca

puno

)Pl

antin

g mate

rials

(co

conu

t)Fr

esh n

utsPr

oces

sed p

rodu

cts

Redu

cing p

ostha

rvest

los

ses

Impr

oving

proc

essin

g t

echn

ologie

s

Copr

a qua

lity im

prov

emen

t pro

gram

at th

e villa

ge

lev

el (In

stalla

tion o

f 20,0

00 ef

ficien

t cop

ra dr

yers;

2

0 ppb

acce

ptable

aflato

xin le

vel; L

ower

PAH

c

onten

t thro

ugh n

on-sm

oke p

rodu

cing c

opra

drye

rs;

Dev

elopm

ent a

nd st

anda

rdiza

tion o

f the q

uality

m

anag

emen

t sys

tems)

Asse

ssme

nt of

exist

ing m

achin

ery f

or V

irgin

Coco

nut

Oil (

VCO)

prod

uctio

nDe

velop

ment

of su

itable

dryin

g and

proc

essin

g m

achin

ery f

or co

co co

ir, du

st, an

d geo

textile

Deve

lopme

nt an

d pilo

ting o

f a co

conu

t fibe

r extr

actio

n m

achin

eEs

tablis

hmen

t of s

tanda

rds f

or di

ffere

nt co

conu

t p

roce

ssing

mac

hiner

yDe

velop

ment

and p

ilotin

g of c

ocon

ut hu

sk

dec

ortic

ating

mac

hine,

shre

dding

and c

ompo

sting

m

achin

ery

Impr

oved

copr

a drye

r

Mach

inery

for V

CO pr

oduc

tion

Dryin

g and

proc

essin

g mac

hiner

y for

coco

c

oir, d

ust, a

nd ge

otexti

leCo

conu

t fibe

r extr

actio

n mac

hine

Stan

dard

s

Impr

oved

coco

husk

deco

rticato

r. coc

o hus

k s

hred

der, a

nd co

mpos

ting m

achin

ery


Anne

x C. (

Cont

inue

d) ...

.......

Comm

odity

and T

arge

t Pr

oduc

tsR&

D Ag

enda

AE

R&D

Are

asAE

Pro

ducts

, Sys

tems,

and S

ervic

es

Orna

men

tal P

lants

Varie

ties

Tools

, equ

ipmen

t, ma

chine

ries

Cutflo

wers/

cutfo

liage

Redu

cing p

ostha

rvest

losse

s

Estab

lishm

ent o

f cold

stor

age f

acilit

ies ne

ar ai

rpor

tsIm

prov

emen

t in po

sthar

vest

hand

ling o

f orn

amen

tal

plants De

velop

ment

of ma

nual

on po

sthar

vest

prac

tices

•De

velop

ment

of pa

ckag

ing m

ateria

ls an

d •

posth

arve

st pr

actic

esIm

prov

emen

t and

prom

otion

of po

sthar

vest

•pr

actic

es

Desig

n of c

entra

lized

cold

stora

ge fa

cilitie

s

Pack

aging

mate

rial d

esign

Infor

matio

n on p

ostha

rvest

techn

ologie

s

Rice

and

white

corn

Orga

nicall

y gro

wn

rice

Rice

Whit

e cor

n

Impr

oving

prod

uctio

n sy

stem

Redu

cing p

ostha

rvest

losse

s

Adop

t wate

r use

effic

iency

syste

m an

d con

serva

tion

Reha

bilita

tion o

f exis

ting i

rriga

tion s

ystem

s•

Desig

n, co

nstru

ction

and p

erfor

manc

e eva

luatio

n •

of bio

mass

-bas

ed he

ating

syste

m for

palay

dryin

g op

erati

onDe

velop

ment

of an

autom

atic m

achin

e visi

on

•sy

stem

for th

e rap

id qu

ality

inspe

ction

and v

ariet

y cla

ssific

ation

of ric

e and

corn

grain

s

Reha

bilita

ted Ir

rigati

on sy

stem

Impr

oved

biom

ass-f

ueled

drye

r

Autom

atic m

achin

e visi

on sy

stem

Suga

rcan

eMu

scov

ado

Impr

oving

proc

essin

g sy

stem

Desig

n, de

velop

ment

and p

ilot te

sting

of ap

prop

riate

and

affor

dable

equip

ment/

mac

hiner

y for

the

utili

zatio

n of b

y-pro

ducts

for e

thano

l and

for p

ower

g

ener

ation

Desig

n, de

velop

ment,

and p

ilot te

sting

of su

itable

e

quipm

ent/m

achin

ery f

or co

nver

ting c

ane r

esidu

es

(mu

dpre

ss, c

ane t

ops)

into f

ertili

zers

Pilot

ing of

proc

essin

g sys

tems f

or m

usco

vado

p

rodu

ction

Appr

opria

te an

d affo

rdab

le eq

uipme

nt/

mac

hiner

y for

the u

tiliza

tion o

f by-p

rodu

cts

for

etha

nol a

nd fo

r pow

er ge

nera

tion

Proto

col fo

r opti

mum

ethan

ol-bio

diese

l p

rodu

ction

Suita

ble eq

uipme

nt/ma

chine

ry for

conv

ertin

g c

ane r

esidu

es: c

ane t

ops c

rush

er, im

prov

ed

briq

uettin

g mac

hine

Mech

anize

d mus

cova

do pr

oduc

tion

tec

hnolo

gy


Anne

x C. (

Cont

inue

d) ...

.......

Comm

odity

and T

arge

t Pr

oduc

tsR&

D Ag

enda

AE

R&D

Are

asAE

Pro

ducts

, Sys

tems,

and S

ervic

es

Swin

e-Po

ultry

-Yell

ow

Corn

Swine

& P

oultry

Live s

laugh

ter ho

gs

•an

d por

k cuts

Enha

ncing

c

ompe

titive

ness

a

nd su

staina

bility

o

f com

merci

al an

imal

pro

ducti

on

Build

ing as

sets

from

susta

ined s

mall

lives

tock

and p

oultry

-ba

sed e

nterp

rises

Deve

lopme

nt of

hous

ing de

signs

and e

quipm

ent fo

r e

fficien

t swi

ne pr

oduc

tion

Appr

oach

es in

mini

mizin

g poll

utants

in w

aste

from

sma

ll-hold

swine

farm

sIE

C on

swine

and p

oultry

was

te co

mpos

ting a

nd

biog

as pr

oduc

tion f

or sm

allho

ld far

ms

Hous

ing de

sign

Biog

as/bi

o-dig

ester

Yello

w Co

rnFe

eds f

rom

corn

•Lo

w-co

st po

sthar

vest

facilit

ies:

Prac

tical

and e

cono

mica

l dryi

ng sy

stems

•De

velop

ment

of su

itable

dryin

g sys

tem in

the

•loc

ality

Publi

c inv

estm

ent o

n har

vest/

dryin

g fac

ilities

•Bu

rner

deve

lopme

nt to

impr

ove b

urnin

g•

Solar

and M

echa

nical

Drye

rs; E

fficien

t b

urne

rs

Past

ure-

Rum

inan

tsSl

augh

ter go

atsFe

asibi

lity S

tudy o

n the

fabr

icatio

n of s

laugh

ter ho

use

equip

ment

i.e. c

utting

/chop

ping t

ools

for m

aking

the

best

cut o

f goa

t mea

t for s

elling

at su

perm

arke

tsSl

augh

terho

use e

quipm

ent fa

brica

tion (

i.e st

ainles

s pa

ils an

d ear

tagg

ers)

Slau

ghter

hous

e des

ign an

d equ

ipmen

t

Cattle

(sma

llhold

er)

Deve

lopme

nt of

the to

tal m

ixed r

ation

s (TM

R)

•for

feed

lot an

d dair

y anim

als us

ing av

ailab

le fee

d res

ource

s and

in su

itable

form

s (pe

llets

and

briqu

ette s

ize fe

eds)

Modifi

catio

n of lo

cal b

rique

tting

mach

ine

•to

prod

uce b

rique

tte fe

eds m

ade o

f feed

co

ncen

trates

and g

rass

es

Pelle

tizer

Briqu

etting

mac

hine

Dairy

Anim

al (m

ilk)

Feas

ibility

stud

y on t

he lo

cal fa

brica

tion o

f sma

ll-•

scale

porta

ble ty

pe m

ilking

mac

hine t

o fac

ilitate

mi

lking

activ

ities

Porta

ble m

ilking

mac

hine i

nclud

ing st

ainles

s pa

ils


Anne

x C. (

Cont

inue

d) ...

.......

Comm

odity

and T

arge

t Pr

oduc

tsR&

D Ag

enda

AE

R&D

Are

asAE

Pro

ducts

, Sys

tems,

and S

ervic

es

Envir

onm

enta

l Ser

vices

Was

te Ma

nage

ment

Biofe

rtilize

rs, or

ganic

fer

tilize

rs, so

il con

dition

ers

Desig

ning a

nd bu

ilding

appr

opria

te wa

stewa

ter

trea

tmen

t facil

ities

Mach

inery

deve

lopme

nt an

d utili

zatio

n for

the

pro

ducti

on of

biofe

rtilize

rs, or

ganic

fertil

izers,

and

soil

cond

itione

rs.

Was

tewate

r tre

atmen

t des

ign an

d fac

ilities

De

signs

for b

iodige

sters

and p

elleti

zers


Annex D

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis of Agricultural Mechanization for Crops, Livestock,

Forestry, and Environment1

A. Crops Sector

Strengths

1. Policies/Institutionall AFMA EnactmentlExistence of AFMeC Programl Presence of existing agricultural machinery

standardsl Presence of National Research Centers (PhilRice,

BPRE, PCA, SCUs, Philsurin, FiDA, PhilSCAT)l Availability of technical capability of agencies and

manufacturersl Presence of private organizations involved

in agricultural mechanization development (LAMMA, AMMDA, Filipino Investors’ Society, MIAP)

lPresence of farmers organization and cooperatives (ARCs, Coconut Farmers’ Association)

2. Technologyl Availability of small-scale machines and

postharvest technologies

3. InfrastructurelAvailable irrigation facilities specially for rice

1 Output of the Consultation Workshop on “Updating the Status and Directions of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines, held in PCARRD on May 25, 2005.


Weaknesses

1. Policies/Institutionall Poor implementation of AFMAlInsufficient funding for R&DlDevolution of functions of DA to LGUslEnforcement of the existing machinery standardslNo available standards for other machinesl Lack of coordination between/among research

agenciesl Lack of promotion/low adoption of technologies

due to resistance to changel Absence of agencies that will regulate presence of

substandard machinesl Low level of manufacturing capability (8% of

manufacturers) – production systemlLack of easy creditlNo updated data (available local machines)lNo agency updating of datal Unsustainable implementation of programs and

projects (change in administration means change in programs/projects)

2. Technologyl Lack of small scale technology for coconut

processingl No locally developed corn row planter lSlow adoption of technologies

3. Infrastructure lFarms are not structured for mechanization

Opportunities 1. Policies/Institutional

lIncreasing demand for agricultural productslFull utilization of products and by-products


lEmployment of livelihood and generation potential

lOpening of other production areaslDevelopment of new agricultural projectslAvailability of soft loan for farmer-cooperativeslConservation or earnings of foreign currencies

from local manufacture of machines

2. TechnologylIncrease productivitylReduce losseslHigh quality of productlProduct diversification

Threats

1. Policies/InstitutionallOil price increase, VATlLabor displacement

2. TechnologylPreference for imported machines/surpluses lEntry of low price foreign machineries

To enhance the strengths, take advantage of development opportunities, overcome the weaknesses and counteract the threats, the following were recommended:

1. Provision of financial support (development of good proposal for ACEF funding)

2. Sustain and institutionalize agricultural mechanization program

3. Policy advocacy related to availability of easy credit, effective implementation of AFMA, standards coordination among agencies

4. Enhance technical capability of concerned agencies/manufacturers to develop high-quality


machinery to compete with imported machinery for product diversification

l Utilize farmers organization as a venue to increase adoption of machine (they can buy the machine)

l Enhance development of processing machines to increase agricultural industrialization to solve labor displacement

5. Policy advocacy of agencies/people involved in agricultural mechanization promotion/social preparation

Others:

l Creation of soft loan /credit programs for farmers and manufacturers

l Dissemination of available loans to farmer-organizations

lStructure the additional areas conducive to agricultural mechanization

l Establish manufacturing industries capable of developing quality machines

l Strengthen complementation in the development of projects

B. Livestock, Forestry, and Environment

Strengths

lExisting waste management technologylPresence of experts/coops/NGOslEstablishment of mechanization information network


Weaknesses

lTechnology gaplColonial mentalitylLogisticslInadequate infrastructurelContradicting policies

Opportunities

lControlled pollutionlProduction of organic fertilizerlEnergy resourcelDomestic and international market

Threats

lCompetitionlSustainability of policy programs and technologieslCompetency

Recommendations:

lIntegration of waste management mechanization in the LGU program

lPromotion and advocacy for the design and adoption of existing waste management technologies

l Establishment of small-scale processing facility in production area

l Availability and affordability of small tractors and implements/machinery

lTap SMEs and cooperativeslSustained information network for mechanizationlFunding support or resource generationl Strengthen institutional arrangement for

mechanization


l Development of the following technologies for livestock:- Small-scale manure spreader- Small-scale baler- Locally manufactured milking machine- Fat separator machine- Locally manufactured slaughtering machine


Pang

asina

nIsa

bela

Nueva

Vizcay

aPa

mpan

gaLa

guna

Quezo

nOc

ciden

talMin

doro

Orien

talMin

doro

Cama

rines

Sur

Albay

Sorso

gon

Iloilo

Boho

lLe

yteBu

kidno

nSo

uthCo

tabato

Total

Perce

nt of

Total

Respo

nden

tsLa

nd Pr

epara

tion

four-w

heel t

ractor

11

1

25

111

0.9ha

nd tra

ctor

4879

5868

2622

4448

2216

2740

1022

2732

589

48.9

moldb

ord plo

w11

169

1619

1990

7.5dis

c plow

3076

3767

3525

41

1622

27

322

26.7

spike

tooth

harro

w36

3844

580

4438

1914

2629

222

370

30.7

disc h

arrow

3310

401

7

917.6

toolba

r sub

soiler

21

36

0.5rot

avator

241

126

2.2spi

ral ha

rrow

1510

252.1

hydrot

iller

11

06

00

010

914

04

453.7

anima

l-draw

n plow

4439

3164

1738

5854

1815

4627

6553

5358

680

56.4

anima

l-draw

n harr

ow32

3629

4517

3557

5416

1536

2563

4259

5561

651

.1sho

vel66

9899

101

6965

6666

4051

9183

7492

9810

112

6010

4.6sod

hoe

3245

2296

4715

2041

9130

616

4027

573

47.6

rake

4650

1478

1610

00

1738

8049

4820

3945

550

45.6

Planti

ng/Tr

ansp

lantin

g0.1

seede

r1

10.1

transp

lanter

11

26.1

Irriga

tion

1.7Irri

gation

pump

318

574

3613

2123

123

4818

113

831

43.7

Appe

ndix

Tabl

e 1. S

urve

y of m

achi

nes a

nd eq

uipm

ent o

wned

and

used

for r

ice fa

rmin

g in

selec

ted

prov

ince

s.


Pang

asina

nIsa

bela

Nueva

Vizcay

aPa

mpan

gaLa

guna

Quezo

nOc

ciden

talMin

doro

Orien

talMin

doro

Cama

rines

Sur

Albay

Sorso

gon

Iloilo

Boho

lLe

yteBu

kidno

nSo

uthCo

tabato

Total

Perce

nt of

Total

Respo

nden

tsCr

op Ca

re0.2

motor

ized s

prayer

120

2188

.1ma

nual w

eede

r20

62

53

17

440.6

grass

cutter

33

18.1

knapsa

ck spr

ayer

5795

8987

6452

5385

3137

7082

3253

8689

1062

3.7Ha

rvesti

ng/Th

reshin

g2.2

reape

r6

17

78.5

motor

ized t

hreshe

r16

2012

138

512

2216

1123

322

224

218

0.8pe

dal th

reshe

r, etc.

341

442.2

blowe

r9

24

1227

18.3

sickle

6185

9190

3944

5462

2970

6239

5872

9094

678

.506

Posth

arves

t/Milli

ngme

chanic

al drye

r1

26

110

0.830

milling

mach

ine3

32

45

11

15

227

2.241

Trans

port

transp

ort m

achine

3636

2010

00

2110

1210

123

1010

2222

118

.340

No. o

f Resp

onde

nts*

7510

210

110

791

7068

7551

5310

485

9910

399

101

1384

* With

multip

le resp

onses

.

Appe

ndix

Tabl

e 1.

(Con

tinue

d).


Machines and Equipment No. of Respondents*

Percent of Respondents

Animal drawn furrower 26.2 2Animal drawn harrow 720.5 55Animal drawn plow 982.5 75Sickle 1021.8 78Rake 537.1 41Sod hoe 668.1 51Shovel 917 70Bolo 314.4 24Knapsack sprayer 589.5 45Irrigation pump 196.5 15Manual seeder 26.2 2Spiral harrow 13.1 1Spiketooth harrow 52.4 4Disc harrow 26.2 2Disc plow 52.4 4Moldboard plow 13.1 1Hand tractor 196.5 15Four wheel tractor 13.1 1Milling machine 4.061 0.31Grain Dryer 4.061 0.31Hand-operated corn sheller 110.04 8.4Motorized corn sheller 36.942 2.82Motorized thresher 47.029 3.59Blower 1.965 0.15Reaper 1.048 0.08Transport vehicle 89.997 6.87Trailer 66.024 5.04*With multiple responses.

Appendix Table 2. Inventory of machines and equipment used by farmer-respondents in corn production.


Pang

asina

nNu

eva

Vizc

aya

Pam

pang

aLa

guna

Bat

anga

sQu

ezon

Occid

enta

lM

indor

oCa

mar

ines

Sur

Alba

yM

isam

isOr

ienta

lBo

hol

Leyte

Bukid

non

Tota

l

Hand

tools

(sod

hoe

, rak

e, sh

ovel,

sic

kle, b

aret

a, e

tc.)

389

787

658

308

436

223

379

398

361

486

272

438

848

5983

Anim

al dr

awn

imple

men

ts(plo

w/ha

rrow)

9314

016

810

369

104

170

144

150

186

101

9418

617

08

Irriga

tion

tools

(spr

inkler

s, pu

mp,

fa

ucet

, arte

sian

well)

9010

810

592

105

2310

378

3613

717

318

310

80

Trac

tors

(2-w

heel,

4-w

heel)

4017

158

32

366

81

34

014

3

Crop

care

(pow

ered

spra

yer,

knap

sack

spra

yer,

etc.)

9110

512

180

5711

082

9211

214

431

3915

412

18

Tran

spor

t (ca

rt, tr

ailer

, tric

ycle,

jee

pney

)25

7748

1820

1264

55

571

559

396

Sorti

ng ta

ble3

748

8

1

715

116

Othe

rs63

63

No. o

f Res

pond

ents*

100

103

9999

8798

9694

9898

7010

099

1241

* With

multip

le resp

onses

.

App

endi

x Ta

ble

3. In

vent

ory

of fa

rm e

quip

men

t of v

eget

able

farm

ers

(de

Asi

s, e

t al.

2003

).

agricultural mechanization in the philippines

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