30 Years of Agricultural Mechanization

in The Republic of Korea

ESCAP/APCAEMThe 2nd. session of TAC/GB

24-27 Nov. 2003, Beijing, China

Kwang-Jae Choe Ph. D

Senior researcher

National Agricultural Mechanization Research InstituteRural Development Administration

□ Situation of Agriculture

○ Agricultural sector in national economy

Items 2000199019801970

- Population (1,000person)Total 47,27542,86938,12432,241

Agriculture sector 4,032(8.7%)

6,661(15.5%)

10,827(28.4%)

14,422(44.7%)

- Employment (1,000person)Total 21,95018,08513,6879,167

Agricultural sector 2,288(10.9%)

3,237(17.9%)

4,654(34.0%)

4,846(52.9%)

○ GDP (Billion won)Total 517,096178,26236,8572,771

Agricultural sector 23,867(4.6%)

15,592(8.7%)

5,612(15.2%)

645(22.3%)

Items 2000199019801970

Source : MAF, Statistical yearbook of agriculture and forestry 2001

○ Land utilization

Total Paddy field Upland Forest Others

9,940, 790 1,157,306 752,775 6,436,304 1,594,405

(100%) (11.6%) (7.6%) (64.7%) (16.1%)

unit : ha

○ Monthly average temperature

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

0.7 4.3 7.8 14.8 18.1 20.2 24.3 25.3 22.4 17.2 9.0 4.2

Yearly average : 14.1 ℃

unit : ℃

○ Monthly precipitation

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

39.5 45.1 61.9 103.6 100.3 155.5 256.5 230.4 159.1 63.4 58.9 31.0

Yearly total precipitation : 1,305 mm

unit : mm

□ The development of agricultural mechanization

○ Developing stage1960s- Dissemination of disaster prevention agricultural machinery

· Water pump and pest control machinery1970s- Power tiller have replaced the animal force- Mechanization for release the farm labor peak

· For barley harvesting - rice transplanting season1980s- Propagation of rice transplanter and harvester1990s- Mechanization for improving agricultural structure & productivity· Propagation of controlled greenhouse and livestock equipment· Propagation of up-to-dated post-harvest equipment

□ Establishment of infrastructure for agri. mechanization

○ 1st. Stage(1961∼1970)

- Manufacturing of power tiller in 1963

- Inspection of agricultural machinery : IAEU 1963/ NAMIO 1967

- Supply of machinery by bank loan : NACF

- Establish the central agricultural machinery training center : RDA 1969

○ 2nd. Stage(1971∼1980)

- Promotion of farm mechanization

· 5-year farm mechanization plan in 1972

- Promulgation of Agri. Mechanization Promotion Law in 1979

- Provision of agricultural mechanization foundation

· Financial support for manufacture of machinery & marketing

· Repair & maintenance facility and training of agri. machinery

· Inspection and R & D for agricultural machinery

- Development of Joint-use system of agricultural machinery

○ 3rd. Stage(1981∼1990)

- Dissemination of rice transplanter, harvester and tractor

- Increasing establishment of repair & maintenance of machinery

- Extensive establishment of joint-use system

· Mechanized Farming Group, Mechanized Farming Corp. etc

- Promotion of mechanization for up-land farming

- Adoption of tax exempt system for agricultural machinery & fuel

- Lower the interest of agri. machinery purchasing loan rate 10→ 8%

○ 4th. Stage(1991∼2000)

- Promotion of high performance agricultural machinery· Higher the working speed & wider the working width· Increase the riding type machinery

- Propagation of greenhouse engineering

· Steel pipe - pvc house → steel frame - PC and glass house· Development of modern environmental control system

- Introduction of high efficiency livestock equipment· Automatic feeding, milking, egg collecting, etc.· Manure treatment and ventilation system

- Development of rice post-harvest system· Establish the Rice Processing Complex and rice storage-bin

□ Executive systems for mechanization in Korea(1979∼1994)

MAF : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry RDA : Rural Development Administration NACF : National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (PAC : Primary Agri. Cooperative)NAMIO : Nat’l Agri. Machinery Inspection Office KFMIC : Korea Farm Machinery Industry Cooperative NAMRI : Nat’l Agri. Mechanization Research Institute

MAFPolicy planning

National farmmechanizationcommittee

Execution ofprogram

Research,extension &training

Financialsupport

Production& supply

Qualityinspection

RDANAMRI NACF Manufacturers RDA,

NAMRI

KFMIC A/S serviceProvincialgovernment

ProvincialRDA

ProvincialNACF

Provincialservice center

Regencygovernment

Ruralextensionoffice

PrimaryAgriculturalcooperative

Agent dealer

Farms

□ Dissemination of agricultural machinery

○ Ownership of major agricultural machinery

Power tiller

Tractor

Rice transplanter

Combine harvester

Power sprayer

Power cultivator

Water pump

Grain dryer

Reaper binder

11,884

614

-

-

45,000

-

54,078

-

-

289,779

2,664

11,061

1,121

330,663

-

193,943

1,616

13,652

751,236

41,203

138,405

43,594

680,034

50,699

341,548

17,749

55,575

939,219

191,631

341,978

86,982

600,061

378,814

384,900

55,573

72,315

1970 1980 1990 2000Year

unit : ea.

Items

○ No. of agricultural machinery and supply of tax free fuel

Item 1986 1990 1994 1998

No. of power machinery(1,000 ea.) 1,985 2,475 2,921 3,349

Quantity of tax free fuelsupplied (1,000 ㎘) 266 640 1,238 1,959

Amount of tax free fuelsupplied(billion won) 58.2 112.2 233.8 665.6

○ Agricultural machinery dissemination rate and mechanization level in rice production (2000)

Agriculturalmachinery

Agri. machinerydissemination rate

(%)Farm operations

Mechanizationrate in riceproduction(%)

Tractorspower tillers

13.968.0 Land preparation 100

Rice -transplanters

24.8 Rice transplanting 98

Combines 12.5 Harvesting 99

Grain dryers 4.2 Drying 48

○ Farm power input level per hectare(1996) (ps/ha)

Rep. Korea Japan Italy GermanyFranceEngland America

7.1 12.3 4.0 3.13.63.7 1.4

○ Number of major agricultural machinery manufacturers

ItemsManufacturersItems Manufacturers

Cultivator4Tractor 4

Farm engine3Power tiller 5

Grain dryer5Ricetransplanter 2

Agri. productsdrier5Combine 6

Reaper4Speed sprayer 2

○ Inspection of agricultural machinery by NAMRI

YearBasic

inspection(ea.)

Modelinspection

(ea.)

Pre-shipping inspectionNAMRI Selfinspection inspection

(ea.) (100ea.)

Post-shippinginspection

(ea.)

1967

1970

1980

1990

1996

93

140

-

-

-

-

-

98

267

380

-

67

36

-

-

-

-

-

258

534

-

660

1

5

○ Supply system by agent dealer

Agri. machinery co.

Agent dealer.

End-user(Farmer)

Supply

Supply

Information on supplied quantity

Application for purchasing

· · · · · ·

· · · · · ·

· · · · · ·

· · · · · ·

○ Supply system by agricultural cooperatives

Agri. machinery co.

NACF

Primary agriculturalcooperative

End - user(Farmer)

Contract of suppliedquantity

Information on suppliedquantity

Application

· · · · · · · ·

· · · · · ·

· · · · · · · · · · · · Supplying

Supplying

· · · ·

□ Financial support for agricultural machinery

(No. of machine - 1,000ea., Fund - billion won)

Items ‘61∼66

‘67∼’71

‘72∼’76

‘77∼’81

‘82∼’86

‘87∼’91

‘92∼’96

Power tillerPest control machineWater pumpPower thresherTractorRice transplanterReaper-binderCombineOthersTotal

27

20------

29

166822------

106

1091132618-1--2

269

28620651243

151825

610

377.4---

12.648.218.915.291.8653.2

222.0---

53.714.344.253.0125.5641.3

267.3---

82.5137.421.641.0413.1962.4

Fund SubsidyLoanTotal

0.5-

0.5

4.64.18.7

1.953.255.1

6.1324.3330.4

130.8720.3851.1

173.61,351.11,529.7

1,230.91,940.03,171.4

○ Procedure of loan for farm machinery purchasing

Machinerycompany NACF

Agentdealer

ProvincialNACF

County NACR

PrimaryAgriculturalCooperatives

Farmers

Paying for supplied machineryInformation of supplied quantity

SupplyInformationon suppliedquantity

Remittance

Remittance

Loanedamountsremittance

Application for loan

SupplyApplication

for purchasing

Notice of finished loanLoan documents submit

○ Loan rate and repayment condition (for individual farmers)

Machinery Loan rate(%) Defermentduration(year)

Repayment duration(year)

Power tiller 50∼70 1 6

Tractor 70∼70 1 7

Rice transplanter 80∼90 1 4∼6

Reaper binder 80∼90 1 4∼6

Combine 80∼90 1 6∼7

Power sprayer 70 1 4

Mist & duster 70 1 4

Water pump 70 1 4

Gran dryer 80∼90 1 6∼7

Others 70 1 4∼6

□ Utilization of agricultural machinery○ Purpose of joint-use

- Effective use of machinery- Reduce the crop production cost- Reduce the machinery procurement cost for small scale farmer

○ Government supported by subsidy and loan- For mechanized farming group(MFG) supported (Billion won)

Year No. of MFGTotal Subsidy Loan Farmers

share

‘81∼90 25,970 399.1 156.3 195.9 46.8

‘91∼94 18,990 419.0 146.5 190.6 82.9

Total 44,960 819.0 302.8 386.5 129.7

Financial support

○ Changes of joint-use system of agricultural machinery

Name years Management Cultivatedarea/site

No. of site

Agri machinery joint use club ‘72 Farmers 20∼30 ㏊ 1,012

Farming machinery bank ‘75∼’77 FIC 50 10

Mechanized farming center ‘77∼’81 FIC/AC/V 30 513Integrated mechanization pilot area ‘77∼’81 FIC/AC 300∼1,000 8

Mechanized farming group ‘81∼’94 Farmers 5∼10 44,960

Agricultural corporation ‘91∼ FC 50 1,397

Agricultural machinery bank ‘92∼ AC - 38

Organization of joint use ‘95∼ OF/FCO 10∼30 4,830

FIC : Farmland Improvement CooperativeV : VillageOF : Organizer - Farmers

AC : Agricultural CooperativeFC : Farming CorporationFCO : Farmers - Corporation

□ Repair & Maintenance of agricultural machinery

○ Repair service system for agricultural machinery

Central

Part sale for agricultural machinery

Nationwidemobilerepair-service

Agri. coop. service center,Private repair shop,

Agri. coop. service center,Agent dealer,

Extension office

Manufacturer’smachine part center

Korea agriculturalmachinery industry

cooperative

City & county

TownPart sale & repair

Part sale & repair

Promotion of machine sale

Machine sale & repair

Agri. coop. : Agricultural cooperatives

Province

○ Repair service shops for agricultural machinery

Repair shop

Private Agriculturalcooperatives

Year Agentdealer

In Province

Generalmaintenance shop

Parts center

1972

1975

1980

1985

1990

2000

29 205

137 272

657 508465

692 640

1,624

1,341

701

776

738

1120

21

30

34

27

45

1,671

□ Training of agricultural machinery

○ Training system

RDA

ProvincialRDA

CountyExtension Office

Central

Provincial

City & County

○ Instructors○ Technical license applicants○ Extension workers

○ Village farmers○ Mechanization leader farmer

○ Training repair service○ End - user farmers○ Rural women

·····

·····

○ Agricultural machinery training centers

Type of training centers Number oftraining centers

Government systemCentral Farm Machinery Training Center in RDAProvincial Farm Machinery Training center in PRDACounty Farm Machinery Training Center inExtension Office

Private systemManufacturer’s Training Center (Large Co.)Manufacturer’s Agencies (County level)

19

157

5640

○ Status of agricultural machinery training facilities

Items Central A. M.training center

Provincial A. M.training center

(average of total)

County A. M.Training center

(average of total)

Lecture room(㎡) 924 3,092 21,301

Dormitory(㎡) 1,623 7,939 7,939

Workshop(㎡) 1,452 3,181 19,900

Warehouse(㎡) 1,650 5,250 34,217

Agri. machinery(ea.) 128 744 3,669

□ Research and development

○ 1960’s- Testing of agricultural machinery & tools- Development of farm engine

○ 1970’s- Adaptation test of foreign machinery- Localization of tractor, rice transplanter, harvester and combine

○ 1980’s- Development of power tiller and tractor attachment- Development high efficiency rice transplanter and combine

○ 1990’s- Mechanization on vegetable and up-land crop cultivation - R & D for greenhouse and livestock engineering- " for agricultural products post-harvest technology

□ Import & export of agricultural machinery

○ Export of agricultural machinery

(unit:1,000 US$)

Total 523 368 10,448 14,359 134,804

Machinery 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000

Power tiller 523 368 2,470 2,300 2,225

Farm tractor - - 336 1,457 45,143

Farm engine - - 4,200 1,789 1,211

Others - - 3,442 8,813 86,225

○ Import of agricultural machinery

(unit : 1,000US$)

Machinery 1995 1998 1999 2000

Farm tractor 44,622 16,565 27,378 44,456

Rice transplanter 1985 324 421 720

Combine 29,271 3,726 5,907 10,339

Others 5,360 93,108 60,466 76,291

Total 81,238 113,723 94,171 131,806

□ Effect of agricultural mechanization

○ Farm labor input level per hectare (hr/ha)

Crops 1981 1999

Paddy rice : 928 hr → 328 (△65%)

Chinese cabbage : 1,756 → 1,056 (△40)

Red pepper : 2,488 → 2,001 (△20)

Cucumber(greenhouse) : 8,370 → 6,953 (△17)

Apple : 4,145 → 2,342 (△43)

○ Changes of mechanization rate in rice productionunit: %

Year Tillage Transplanting Spraying Harvesting Drying

1985

1990

1995

1998

70

84

97

100

23

78

97

97

68

93

98

99

17

72

95

94

2.1

15

32

39

- The mechanization on rice cultivation was totally promoted.

- The mechanization for up-land crops, horticultural and livestock production have been encouraged

- Year-round glasshouse production system was expanded through the

reduced farm labor

○ Mechanization rate of major farm operation in rice production(1998)

(unit : %)

ItemLand

preparation Transplanting Pest control Harvesting Drying

R. Korea

Japan

100

100

97

99

99

100

94

99

38

89

※ Mechanization rate of farm operations : Korea - 97%, Japan - 99%

○ Ownership rate of major agricultural machinery between Korea and Japan

Ownership Supply rate Ownership Supply rate

Korea(’98) Japan(’95)

TractorPower tillerRice transplanterCombine

(1,000 ea.)15896032578

(%)11.167.923.05.5

(1,000 ea.)2,0601,6691,8351,150

(%)74616640

- The end- users choose high efficiency and convenient machinery

□ Summary1. The agricultural mechanization activity started to supply water

pump and pest control machinery for disaster prevention in the1960’s

2. The agricultural mechanization activity focused to release the labor peak for barley harvesting and rice transplanting season.

In addition, power tiller was supplied to farmers as a basic farmpower for land preparation, water pumping, pest controlling,threshing grain and transportation towards the modernization of rural in the 1970’s

3. The agricultural mechanization has changed from the walkingtype to the riding type agricultural machinery, and it has also changed from the low efficient to the high efficient agriculturalmachinery during the 1980’s.

4. The agricultural mechanization activities focused to up-land crops,and development and dissemination of greenhouse & livestock equipment and engineering, the agricultural products post - harvesttechnology in the 1990’s

5. The agricultural mechanization activities were executed by farmmechanization program during the last three decades which arestrongly supported by government;

- Subsidy and bank loan for procurement of agricultural machinery,- Training of agricultural machinery before deliver of machinery,- Stock spare parts and sufficiency of repair & maintenance system,- Extending joint- use system for effective use of machinery,- R & D for new agricultural mechanization technology

6. The reduced farm labor was effectively used to income generationactivity such as year round greenhouse growing system etc.

1960s

○ Land preparation▷ Oxen-plow(BC50 ~ 1970s)▷ Work eff. : 1.6~3.5hr/10a

Power tiller plow(1959 ~ resent) ◁Work eff. : 2hr/10a ◁

- Local made power tiller showed in 1963 - Wage jumped up 1.8 times for five years since 1965- Started disseminate of power tiller and pest control machinery

○ Water management

▷▷ Wheel type water mill pumpingWheel type water mill pumping((5 ~6ton/hr ))

Power tiller attached water pump ◁(30ton/hr)

○ Rice transplanting and pest controlling

▷ Manual transplanting Work eff. : 12hr/10a

Pest controlling by ◁mist blower - duster

○ Harvesting and transportation

▷ Sickle harvesting(8hr/10a)

Animal and man power ◁transportation

○ Threshing and drying

▷▷ Threshing of rice by power thresher Threshing of rice by power thresher ▷▷ Work Work effeff : 1.3hr/10a: 1.3hr/10a

Sun drying of grain ◁

1970s

○ Land preparation▷ Power tiller rotary▷ Work eff. : 2hr/10a

Tractor plow ◁Work eff. : 20~30min/10a ◁

- Acceleration of the industrialization and urbanization

- Great increase of wage for hiring labor

- Disseminated transplanter and combine harvester

○ Rice transplanting and harvesting

▷ Rice transplanting (4-rows)▷ Work eff. : 30min/10a

Chemical herbicide application ◁

○ Pest controlling

▷ Power tiller attached-power sprayer

High performance ◁sprayer(10min/10a)

▷ Reaper-binder harvesting (50min/10a)

Natural air drying grain-bin ◁

○ Land preparation1980s

▷ Tractor plow (Irang Jang-ki)▷ Work eff. : 10~15min/10a

Tractor rotavator ◁Work eff. : 10~15min/10a ◁

- Accomplished almost total mechanization in rice cultivation exceeding 90% of mechanization rate

- Required the high efficiency and riding type machinery

○ Pest controlling and herbicide application

Herbicide spreading by ◁

mist - blower

▷ Helicopter use pest controlling

○ Rice seedling - nursery growing and transplanting

6-rows riding rice transplanter ◁

▷ Rice seedling nursery ▷ Work eff. : 386box/hr

○ Harvesting and drying

▷▷ Combine (3-row sacking)▷ Work eff. : 30min/10a

Circulation drier ◁

1990s

○ Land preparation and fertilizing

▷ Driven disc plow

Tractor attached ◁fertilizer applicator

○ Dry land & wet land direct rice seeder

▷ Dry land direct seeder▷ Work eff. : 34min/10a

Wet land direct seeder ◁Work eff. : 18min/10a ◁

○ Rice transplanting

▷ High speed rice transplanter▷ Work eff. : 20min/10a

Rice transplanter mounted herbicider ◁Work eff. : transplanting4.6+herbi ◁

0.1hr/ha

- Replaced from four-row walking transplanter to six-rowriding transplanter

○ Pest controlling and harvesting

▷ Riding cultivator mounted boom sprayer(10min/10a)

Combine & container trailer(4Combine & container trailer(4--row) row) ◁◁Work eff. : 15min/10a ◁

- Replaced from two or three-row combine to four-row combine where traveling speed doubled from 0.6m/sec to 1.2m/sec

○ Rice drying-storing and rice processing

▷ Rice drying-storing grain-bin

Rice storing and processing Rice storing and processing ◁◁in Rice Processing Complex in Rice Processing Complex

1990s Up-land crop

▷ Vegetable transplanter

Riding cultivator ◁use vinyl mulching

▷ Peanuts combine harvester

Tractor attached ◁radish harvester

▷ Lily bulb digger

Chinese cabbage harvester ◁

▷ Electrostatic speed sprayer

Young seedlings nursery pot ◁automatic soil & plant filling system

▷Greenhouse spraying system

Plug young-seedling ◁planting machine

▷ Plant factory model

Young seedling growing system ◁in greenhouse

▷ Nondestructive fruit qualityevaluation system

Combine harvester attached ◁straw conditioner

▷Tomato harvesting robot

Satellite guided autonomous ◁tractor

□ Test & evaluation of agricultural machinery

▷ Tractor PTO performance test

Tractor wheel power test ◁

OECD Agricultural tractor test( test codeOECD Agricultural tractor test( test codeⅠⅠ~~ⅧⅧ) )

◀ Crush test for tractorsafety frame

Tractor draw bar test ▶

우리연구소는우리연구소는2121세기세기 우리농업의우리농업의 경쟁력을경쟁력을

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