agrobiodiversity of home gardens in selected marginal ...amaryllidaceae allium fistulosum l....

Annals of Tropical Research 36[Supplement]:48-69(2014)© VSU, Leyte, Philippines

Correspondence:B.S.BeloniasAddress:GraduateSchool,VisayasStateUniversity,Visca,BaybayCity,Leyte,6521APhilippinesEmail:[email protected]

Agrobiodiversity of Home Gardens in Selected Marginal Upland Villages of Inopacan, Leyte,

Philippines

Beatriz S. Belonias, Czarina S. Platino and Jessa T. Malanguis

DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,CollegeofArtsandSciencesVisayasStateUniversity,Visca,6521-ABaybayCity,Philippines

ABSTRACT

Home gardens are subsistence crop production systems thatsignificantly contribute to the socio-ecological resilience of peasantcommunitiesreducingvulnerabilityandensuringfoodsecurity. Becauseoftheirsmallsize,theyareneglectedrepositoriesofbiologicaldiversity. This paper describes the agrobiodiversity and management of homegardens in about 79 households in three marginal upland villages ofInopacan, Leyte. Semi-structured interviews and actual home gardenvisitsweredonetocollectdata. Resultsshowthathomegardensstudiedhadhighspeciesdiversityandexhibitedamultilayeredstructure.Atotalof171 species in 74 families and 146 genera were documented. Thecomposites (Asteraceae) had the most number of genera and speciesfollowed by the orchids (Orchidaceae), legumes (Fabaceae) and aroids(Araceae).Morethan70%ofthespecieswereexoticswhichweremostlyornamentalplants.Erectherbswerethemostcommon,followedbytrees,shrubs, herbaceous vines and epiphytes. Majority of the species wereornamentalsfollowedbyfruittrees,medicinalplants,vegetablesandspiceplants, grown primarily for home use (62%)rather than as source ofincome. Establishedandmanagedbyfamilymemberswhoprovidefreelabor,thegardensmostlyutilizedcost–freeplantingmaterialsandwithnofertilizerorpesticideapplication.

Keywords: agroecosystem,biodiversity, subsistence farming, backyardgarden,medicinalplants

49Agrobiodiversity of home gardens in marginal upland Villages of Inopacan

INTRODUCTION

Inthehumidtropics,homegardensareacommonfeatureinvillagecommunities.Alsocalledbackyardgardens,thesearesmallareasplantedto various plant species situated in the immediate vicinity of humandwellings (Sunwar, 2006). These are often separated from thesurroundinglandscapebyfences,hedges,treesorotherbarriers(Guarinoand Hoogendijk, 2004). Although considered as a subsistence type ofagriculture due to their small size and volume of production, they aremultifunctional agroecosystems (Galluzi et al., 2010). Home gardenssignificantly contribute to the socio-ecological resilience of peasantcommunitiesreducingvulnerabilityandensuringfoodsecurity(Buchman,2009).Throughouthistory,familymembersstrengthenfamilytiesastheyworktogetherinhomegardens.Theygrowfood,spice,ornamentalandmedicinalplants,fruittreesandotherspecies,usuallyintendedforhomeusebutcansometimesbeasourceofadditionalincomeforthefamily.Insomecommunities,homegardensplaya role in cultural festivitiesandreligiousrites(Thrinhetal,2003).Inmanycountriesaroundtheworld,homegardenshavebecomepartandparceloflifeinthecountryside.

Traditional home gardens are typically characterized by having acomplex multilayered architecture and high species diversity(Soemarwoto,1987,CoomesandBan(2004)),whereavarietyofherbs,shrubs,epiphytes,vinesandtreesaregrowntogether.Smithetal.(2006)explainedthatsuchstratifiedandhighlydiversestructuremakeshomegardens a generally sustainable and resilient ecosystem. Their closeproximity to human dwellings ensures a more personalized type ofmanagement,makingthebioticandabioticconditionsinthehomegardenunique or considerably different from the surrounding environment(GuarinoandHoogendijk,2004).

In recent years, the threat of biodiversity loss both in naturalenvironmentsandagriculturalsystemshasreceivedincreasingattention.As a micro-agroecosystem of diverse structure, home gardens areimportantrepositoriesofplantgeneticdiversityandthuscouldfunctioneffectivelyfortheinsituconservationofplantgeneticresources.Thestudyof Eyzaguirre and Watson (2001) pointed out that home gardens arecrucialreservoirsofinter-andintra-geneticcropgeneticdiversity.Galuzziet al. (2010) stressed that a significant portion of the world'sagrobiodiversity can be found in complex agroecosystemsmanaged bysmallfarmers. Insituconservationofcropspeciesandlandracesinthese

50Belonias et al.

complex ecosystems ensures their continuous adaptation to climatechange.

The most important contribution of home gardening forconservation purposes resides in its capacity to represent agro-biodiversity atmultiple levelsover small spaces (Hodgkin2001).Furthermore,theyareoftenutilizedaspreliminaryvenuesfornewcrops,asnurseriesforgrowingplantswhichwillbetransferredforplanting in open fields and domestication sites of weedy forms(KulpaandHanelt1981;Leivaetal.2001),whichmayalsobeuseddirectlywithinthehousehold.

AccordingtoTrinhetal.(2003)homegardeningisoneofthemost under-researched topics. In a reviewdone byGaluzzi et al.(2010),theyfoundthatmuchofpastresearchonhomegardenshasbeendoneindevelopedcountriesandfocusedmoreontheirroleasadistinctecologicalorculturalentity.Littleattentionhasbeengiventotheir role as critical repositories of plant genetic diversity. Thisstudywas therefore done to assess the agrobiodiversity of homegardensinselectedsitesinEasternVisayaswithemphasisonthosefoundinmarginaldegradeduplandsconsideringthattheseareasarehighlyvulnerabletoclimatechange.Specifically,itaimedtoidentifythespeciesandvarietiesofplantsraisedinthegardens,documenttheir economic uses and, characterize the structure andmanagementofthesehomegardens.

MATERIALSANDMETHODS

TheStudySite

ThetownofInopacanliesonthesouthwesternportionoftheprovinceofLeyte,Philippines,some130kmfromthecapitalcityofTacloban.Itisa

2fourth classmunicipality and has a total land area of 94.62 km . It ispoliticallydividedinto20barangaysandasof2010,thepopulationwasabout19,904people(www.inopacan.gov.ph).

AreconnaissancesurveywasfirstconductedintheuplandvillagesofInopacan to select suitablemarginal upland sites for the study. Threevillageswereselected,namely;Brgy.Linao, Brgy.GuinsangaanandBrgy.Tao-taon(Fig.1)Thesearethreeadjacentvillagesorbarangayssituated

towardsthesoutheasternpartofthetown.Theinterioruplandportionsofthesevillageshavewidestretchesofhillyopengrasslandswherethesoilispoorandinfertile. Asio,etal(2014)describedthesoil inthemarginaluplands of Inopacan as highly acidic and low in organic matter, totalnitrogen and available P. Such soil characteristics aggravated by hightemperatures and water scarcity make these sites unsuitable for cropproduction.

Figure 1. Map of Leyte province and Inopacan town showing the location of the study sites

DataCollection

Atotalof79respondentshavinghomegardenswereinterviewedrightintheirhomesusingasurveyquestionnaire.Ofthis,11werefromLinao,23fromGuinsangaanand45fromTao-taon,representing14%,29%,and57%ofthetotalnumberofrespondents,respectively.Theserespondentswere randomly picked from an official list of residents living in themarginaluplandareasofthesevillages.Actualobservationsoftheirhomegardenswerealsodonetoidentifythespeciesandvarietiesgrown,collectsamplespecimensandtakephotosfordocumentation.VoucherspecimensofallspeciesdocumentedinthesurveyandhomevisitswereprocessedintoherbariumspecimensanddepositedintheVSUHerbarium,VisayasStateUniversity,Visca,BaybayCity,Leyte.


SpecimenIdentification

Allplantspeciesrecordedinthesurveysandhomegarden/farmvisitswereidentifiedandclassifiedusingeverytaxonomicreferenceavailablebutCo'sDigitalFlora(Pielseretal,2012̶onwards)andtherevisionsoftheFloraMalesianaseries)Steenis,(1950onwards)wereheavilyreliedon.

RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

DiversityandStructureofHomeGardens

Thehomegardensstudiedwerefoundtoexhibithighspeciesrichnessanddiversity. Atotalof171speciesdistributedin74familiesand146generaweredocumented.(Table1). ThefamilyAsteraceae/Compositaewasthemostrepresentedintermsofnumberofgenera(9)andspecies(10) followed by Orchidaceae (7,8), Fabaceae (7,7), Araceae (7,7),Zingiberaceae(6,7),Lamiaceae(5,6),Poaceae(4,5),Cucurbitaceae(4,4),Asparagaceae(4,4),Apocynaceae(4,4)andMeliaceae(4,4).Onehundredtwenty-one(12)speciesormorethan70%ofthetotalnumberofspeciesdocumentedare introducedorexoticspecies,especially forornamentalplants. It appears therefore that non-native species comprised aconsiderable part in the composition of home gardens in themarginaluplandsstudied.

Figure2.Plantfamilieshavingthemostnumberofgeneraandspecies

52Belonias et al.

Table1. PlantspeciesrecordedinthehomegardensofthemarginaluplandvillagesofInopacan,Leyte.

Family ScientificName LocalName EconomicUses Origin

AcanthaceaeJusticiabrandegeeanaWassh.&L.B.Sm.

ShrimpPlant(Engl.) Ornamental Introduced

Pseuderanthemumreticulatum(Hook.f.)Radlk.

Pasaw OrnamentalIntroduced

Adiantaceae AdiantumL. Lamon-lamon MedicinalIntroduced

Agavaceae Cordylinefruticosa(L.)A.Chev. Baston,Tiplant Ornamental Native

AmaranthaceaeAlternantheraficoidea(L.)P.Beauv.

Kutcharita Ornamental Introduced

CelosiacristataL. Pasong-pasong OrnamentalIntroduced

Amaryllidaceae AlliumfistulosumL. Sibuyas-dahon spice,medicinalIntroduced

Alliumsp.L. Sibojing Spice Introduced

Alliumsp.L. Ganda Spice Introduced

CrinumlatifoliumL. Lirio Ornamental Native

Anacardiaceae MangiferaindicaL. Manga Fruit Introduced

Anacardiumoccidentale Kasoy Fruit Introduced

Spondiaspinnata(L.f.)Kurz. Libas Fruit Native

Annonaceae AnnonamuricataL. Abana,Guyabano Fruit,medicinal Introduced

Apocynaceae AllamandacatharticaL. YellowBell OrnamentalIntroduced

Catharanthusroseus(L.)G.Don Kumintang OrnamentalIntroduced

PlumeriarubraL. CalachuchingPula Ornamental Introduced

TabernaemontanapandacaquiLam.

Pandakaki Ornamental Native

Araceae AglaonemacommutatumSchott Aglaonema Ornamental Native

Anthuriumaucbeanum Anthurium OrnamentalIntroduced

Caladiumbicolor(Aiton)Vent. Gabi-gabi OrnamentalIntroduced

Colocasiaesculenta(L.)Schott GabiRootcrop,vegetable

Introduced

Cyrtospermamerkusii(Hassk.)Schott

Palau Rootcrop Introduced

Dieffenbachiapicta(Lodd.)Schott.

Dieffenbachia(Engl.)

Ornamental Introduced

SpathiphyllumcommutatumSchott

PeaceLily Ornamental Native

Araliaceae Polysciasfruticosa(L.)Harms Kalipay OrnamentalIntroduced

Scheffleraarboricola(Hayata)Kanehira

Fivefingers Ornamental Introduced

AraucariaceaeAraucariaheterophylla(Salisb.)Franco

Pinetree Ornamental Introduced

Arecaceae Livistonarotundifolia(Lam)Mart Anahaw Ornamental Native

Veitchiamerrillii(Becc.)Bec. Lubi-lubi Ornamental Native

CocosnuciferaL. Lubifood,lumber,firewood,medicinal

Native


Table1.Continuation.


Asparagaceae AsparagussprengeriRegel Asparagus Ornamental Introduced

Dracaenafragrans(L.)KerGawl. Fortuneplant Ornamental Introduced

SansevieriatrifasciataPrain Espada-espada Ornamental Introduced

Chlorophytumcomosum(Thunb.)Jacques

Ribbonplant Ornamental Introduced

Aspleniaceae AspleniumnidusL. Mana-o Ornamental Native

Asteraceae ArtemisiavulgarisL. Hilbas Medicinal Native

AsterericoidesL. Baby'sBreath Ornamental Introduced

Blumeabalsamifera(L.)DC Gabon Medicinal Native

Dendranthemaindica(L.)DesMoul.

ChrysanthemumOrnamental Native

CosmosbipinnatusCav. Cosmos OrnamentalIntroduced

HelianthusannuusL. Sunflower Ornamental Introduced

CosmoscaudatusKunth Cosmos Ornamental Introduced

TageteserectaL. Marigold OrnamentalIntroduced

Pseudoelephantopusspicatus(B.Juss.)Gleason Kuko's Banog Medicinal Introduced

GerberajamesoidesBolusexHookerf.

Daisy Ornamental Introduced

Balsaminaceae ImpatiensbalsaminaL. Swangga Ornamental Introduced

Basellaceae BasellaalbaL. Alugbati Vegetable Native

Begoniaceae BegoniaL. Begonia Ornamental Native

Bixaceae BixaorellanaL. Achuete Spice/condiment Introduced

Bombacaceae DuriozibethinusMurray Durian Fruit Native

Brassicaceae BrassicarapaL. Pechay VegetableIntroduced

Bromeliaceae Ananascomosus(L.)Merr. Pinya Fruit Introduced

GuzmanialingulataMez Scarlet Ornamental Introduced

Burseraceae CanariumovatumEngl Pili fruit,lumber Native

Cactaceae Cactussp. Cactus OrnamentalIntroduced

Caricaceae CaricapapayaL. Kapayas,Papaya Fruit Introduced

Clusiaceae GarciniamangostanaL. Mangosteen Fruit,medicinal Introduced

Commelinaceae TradescantiaspathaceaSw.Bangka-bangkaan,Rhoeo

OrnamentalIntroduced

Convolvulaceae Ipomoeabatatas(L.)Lam. Camote Rootcrop Introduced

IpomoeaaquaticaForssk.Tangkong,Kangkong

Vegetable Introduced

Crassulaceae Kalanchoepinnata(Lam.)Pers. Hanlilika Medicinal Introduced

Cucurbitaceae CucurbitamaximaDuchesne Kalabasa Vegetable Introduced

LagenariasicerariaMolinaStandl.

Upo,Balantiyong Vegetable Introduced

Luffaacutangula(L.)Roxb. Sikwa VegetableIntroduced

MomordicacharantiaL. Paliya,Ampalayamedicinal,vegetable

Introduced

Cupressaceae ThujaorientalisL. Cypress Ornamental Introduced

54Belonias et al.



Cycadaceae CycasrevolutaThunb. Pitogo Ornamental Introduced

Dioscoreaceae DioscoreaalataL. Ube Rootcrop Native

DioscoreabulbiferaL. Ube Rootcrop Native

Ebenaceae DiospyrosphilippinensisADC Mabolo,Kamagong fruit,timber Native

Equisetaceae Equisetumsp.L. Horsetail OrnamentalIntroduced

Euphorbiaceae Codiaeumvariegatum(L.)A.Juss SanFrancisco Ornamental Introduced

EuphorbiapulcherrimaWilld.exKlotchzsch

Poinsettia Ornamental Introduced

EuphorbianeriifoliaL. Suro-suro MedicinalIntroduced

JatrophacurcasL. Tuba-tuba MedicinalIntroduced

JatrophagossypiifoliaL. Tuba-tubangTapol Introduced

JatrophapodagricaHook. Ginseng Medicinal Introduced

FabaceaeGliricidiasepium(Jacq.)KunthexWalp.

Madredecacao,Kakawate

firewood,fencingIntroduced

Leucaenaleucocephala(Lam.)DeWit

Ipil-ipil firewood,fencingIntroduced

Psophocarpustetragonolobus(L.)D.C

Garbanzos,KalabantosKalabantos

Vegetable Introduced

PterocarpusindicusWilld. Narra,Naga Timber Native

TamarindusindicaL. Sambag,Sampalokfruit,spice/condiment

Introduced

Vignaunguiculata(L.)Walp. Batong Vegetable Introduced

Flemingiamacrophylla(Willd.)Merr.,

Malabalatong Hedgeplant Native

Gnetaceae GnetumgnemonL. Bago Vegetable Native

Heliconiaceae HeliconiapsittacorumL.f Saging-saging OrnamentalIntroduced

HydrangeaceaeHydrangeamacrophylla(Thunb.)Ser

Millions Ornamental Introduced

LamiaceaeOrthosiphonaristatus(Blume)Miq.

Balbas-pusa Medicinal Native

Plectranthusamboinicus(Lour.)Spreng

Karabo spice,medicinal Introduced

Plectranthusscutellarioides(L.)R.Br..

Mayanaornamental,medicinal

Native

Hyptissuaveolens(L.)Poit

MedicinalIntroduced

MenthaarvensisL. Mentol Medicinal Introduced

MenthacordifoliaOpiz YerbaBuena Medicinal Introduced

Lauraceae PerseaamericanaMill. Avocado Fruit,medicinalIntroduced

Lythraceae Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.)Pers. Banaba Medicinal Native

MalvaceaeAbelmoschusesculentus(L.)Moench

Okra VegetableIntroduced

Hibiscusrosa-sinensisL.Antuwanga,Gumamela

Ornamental,medicinal

Introduced

Gossypiumhirsutum Gapas CottonfiberIntroduced




MeliaceaeLansiumdomesticum(Osbeck)Sahni&Bennet

Lanzones Fruit Introduced

Sandoricumkoetjape(Burm.f.)Merr.

Santol Fruit Native

SwieteniamacrophyllaKing Mahogany timber,firewood Introduced

MeliadubiaCav. Bangalnga,Baganga Timber,firewood Native

Menispermacaeae

TinosporarumphiiBoerl Panyawan Babyweaning Native

Moraceae ArtocarpusheterophyllusLam. Nangka Fruit Native

ArtocarpusodoratissimusBlanco Marang Fruit Native

Artocarpusaltilis(Parkinson)Fosberg

Kolo Fruit Native

FicusbenjaminaL. Balite Ornamental Native

Moringaceae MoringaoleiferaLam.Kalamunggay,Malunggay

medicinal,vegetable

Introduced

Muntingiaceae MuntingiacalaburaL. Mansanitas Fruit Introduced

Musaceae MusaparadisiacaL. Saging Fruit Native

Myrtaceae PsidiumguajavaL. Bayabas FruitIntroduced

SyzygiumaqueumAlston Tambis Fruit Introduced

Syzygiumcumini(L.)Skeels. Lomboy FruitIntroduced

Syzygiummallacense(L.)Merr.&L.M.Perry

Makopa Fruit Introduced

Nyctaginaceae BougainvilleaspectabilisWilld. Bumbil OrnamentalIntroduced

Ochnaceae Ochnaserrulata(Hochst.)Walp. MickeyMouse Ornamental Introduced

Oleaceae Jasminumsambac(L.)Aiton Sampaguita Ornamental Native

Orchidaceae Arachnisflos-aeris(L.)Rchb.f. SpiderOrchid Ornamental Native

CattleyaLindl. Cattleya Ornamental Introduced

Dendrobiumcf.fairchildiae Dendrobium Ornamental Introduced

DendrobiumanosmumLindl. Sanggumay Ornamental Native

Oncidiumcf.varicosumLindl. DancingLady OrnamentalIntroduced

Phalaenopsisamabilis(L.)Blume ButterflyOrchid Ornamental Introduced

SpathoglottisplicataBlume GroundOrchid Ornamental Native

VandasanderianaRchb.f. Vanda Ornamental Native

Oxalidaceae AverrhoabilimbiL. Iba Spice/condiment Introduced

AverrhoacarambolaL. Balimbing Fruit Native

OxalisregnelliiMiq. Clover OrnamentalIntroduced

Pandanaceae PandanusamaryllifoliusRoxb. Pandan-humot Condiment Introduced

Passifloraceae PassifloraedulisSims Valencia Fruit Introduced

Phyllanthaceae SecurinegaflexuosaMuell.-Arg. Anislag Timber Native

Sauropusandrogynus(L.)Merr. ChineseMalunggay VegetableIntroduced

Piperaceae PipernigrumL. Paminta Spice/condiment Introduced

56Belonias et al.


Family ScientificName LocalName EconomicalUses Origin

Poaceae Bambusamultiplex(Lour.)Raeusch DwarfBamboo Ornamental Introduced

Cymbopogoncitratus(DC.)Stapf Tangad,Tanglad Spice,Medicinal Native

Cynodondactylon(L.)Pers. Bermuda LawngrassIntroduced

SaccharumofficinarumL. Tubo Sweetsap Introduced

SaccharumspontaneumLinn. Bugang-tapol Medicinal Exotic

Polypodiaceae Nephrolepiscordifolia Lukdo-lukdo Ornamental Native

Portulacaceae PortulacagrandifloraHook. VietnamRose OrnamentalIntroduced

Rosaceae Rosasp.. Rosas,Rose Ornamental Introduced

Rubiaceae CoffeaarabicaL. Kape Coffee,firewoodIntroduced

IxorachinensisLam. YellowSantan Ornamental Introduced

IxoracoccineaL. DwarfSantan Ornamental Introduced

MussaendaphilippicaL. DonaAurora Ornamental Native

Rutaceae CitrusgrandisOsbeck Buongon,Pomelo Vegetable Native

CitrusmadurensisLour. Lemonsito CondimentIntroduced

CitrusL. Sangkis Fruit Introduced

Sapindaceae NepheleumlappaceumL. Rambutan Fruit Native

Sapotaceae ChrysophyllumcainitoL. Caimito FruitIntroduced

Solanaceae CapsicumannuumL. Atsal Spice/condiment Introduced

CapsicumfrutescensL.(hotchili) Sili-gagmay Spice/condimentIntroduced

Capsicumsp.(greenchili) Sili-espada Spice/condiment Introduced

SolanumlycopersiconL. Kamatis Spice/condimentIntroduced

SolanummelongenaL. Talong,Tawong Vegetable Introduced

Sterculiaceae TheobromacacaoL. Cacao Fruit,cocoapowderIntroduced

Tiliaceae CorchorusolitoriusL. Saluyot Vegetable Introduced

Turneraceae TurneraulmifoliaL. Turnera OrnamentalIntroduced

Verbenaceae DurantaerectaL. Duranta Ornamental Introduced

VitexparvifloraJuss. Tugas Timber Native

VitexnegundoL. Lagundi Medicinal Native

GmelinaarboreaRoxb. Yemane TimberIntroduced

Xanthorrhoeaceae Aloevera(L.)Burm.f. Sabila Medicinal Introduced

Zingiberaceae Etlingeraelatior(Jack)R.M.Sm. TorchGinger OrnamentalIntroduced

ZingiberofficinaleRoscoe Luy-a Medicinal,Spice Introduced

CurcumalongaL. Luy-angTapol MedicinalIntroduced

KaempferiagalangaL. Kisol Medicinal Introduced

Alpiniaelegans(Presl.)Schum Tagbak Food,Ornamental Native

Alpiniapurpurata(Vieill.)K.Schum. RedGinger Ornamental Introduced

ZingiberspectabileGriff. YellowTorchGinger Ornamental Native

Totalno.offamilies:74Totalno.ofgenera:146Totalno.ofspecies:171


Verticalstratification

Forty percent of the home garden plants grownwere erect herbs,followed by trees (27%), shrubs (21%), herbaceous vines (8%) andepiphytes(4%)(Fig3A).Thediversityofspeciesandgrowthformsshowsthat the home gardens in the marginal uplands of Inopacan generallyexhibitedamulti-layeredorstratifiedverticalstructurewhichsomehowmimicsatropical foreststructure. Atthegroundlayerwereerectherbsand creepers and above it was a shrub layer consisting usually of theshrubbyornamentalsliketheTiplant(Cordylinefruticosa),SanFrancisco(Codiaeumvariegatum),roses(Rosaspp.),Santan(Ixoraspp.);vegetableslike okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), eggplant (Solanummelongena) andothercropspecies.Thetreelayer consisted mostlyoffruittreessuchasjackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus),mango (Mangifera indica), tambis(Syzigium aqueum), cacao (Theobroma cacao) and some timber andreforestation species like yemane (Gmelina arborea) and narra(Pterocarpus indicus).Theclimbingspeciessuchasstringbeans(Vignaunguiculata),upo(Lagenariasiceraria),squash(Cucurbitamaxima)andampalaya (Momordica charantia)were usually supported by especiallyconstructedtrellisesmadeofbamboosticksorbamboobranchingtwigswhichthelocalscalled“kagingking”. Orchidsconsistingofvanda(Vandasanderiana), dancing lady (Oncidium spp.) and several varieties ofdendrobium(Dendrobiumspp.)andotherepiphyticspecieswereeithermountedonbambooposts,on thewiry trunksof the tree fernCyatheacontaminans,ordirectlyattachedtothetrunksoftrees,asinthecaseofsanggumay(Dendrobiumanosmum),alargebeautifulnativeorchid.

Fig.3.Distributionoflifeformsinthehomegardens

58Belonias et al.

EconomicUses

Itisinterestingtonotethatmajorityofthespeciesgrowninthehomegardens were ornamentals followed by fruit trees, medicinal plants,vegetablesandspeciesusedasspicesorcondiments. Theleastspeciousweretherootcrops.Cropsintendedforotheruseslikecacaoassourceofcocoapowderarerepresentedonlybyasinglespecies(Fig.4&Table1).

Fig.4.Economicusesofplantscultivatedinhomegardens

MedicinalPlants

Duetodistancefromhospitalsandthehighcostofmedicine,peopleinthemarginaluplandsgrewplantsintheirhomegardensforuseasherbalmedicinewhichtheybelievedcouldalleviateortreatcommonillnesseslike cough, fever, toothache, stomachache, loosebowelmovement, soreeyes,hyperacidityandmusclepain.Table2showsthespeciesofmedicinalplants used by the respondents, the ailment/s being treated and themethodofpreparation. In75%theplantpartusedin75%ofthemedicinalplantspecies,theleavesweretheplantpartused.Otherlesscommonlyusedpartswerethefruits, flower buds, young shoots, roots, bulb, bark, stem, rhizome andendospermormeat(coconut).Theleaveswereusuallypreparedbyfirstheatingthemoverlowflame,thencrushingusingthehands,andapplyingaspoulticeovertheaffectedpart(57%).Boilingtheleavesinwateranddrinkingtheextractordecoction(51%),orsimplyputtingfreshleavesinacupofhotwaterforafewminutestomakeaninfusion(21%)werealsocommonlyusedmethodsofpreparation.Allpreparationsweredoneusingfreshplantmaterial.InthestudyofBusmanandSharon(2006),villagers


of the Lojo Province in Southern Ecuador utilizedwhole plants (61%),leaves(13%),flowers(6%),andseeds,roots,bark,fruitsandlatex(3%),formedicinalpurposes. Themedicinalplantspeciesdocumentedwereusedtotreatonetoasmanyassevenailments. YerbaBuena(Menthacordifolia)istopofthelist,reportedbytherespondentstocureearinfection,flatulence,musclepain,stomachache,cough,hyperacidityandasaneffectivedewormer. Mayana(Plechranthusblumei)wasreportedtobeacureforfivediseases,namely;cough, fever, red eyes, itchy eyes and for healing wounds. Guyabano(Annonamuricata)wasalsousedtotreatsimpleailmentsordiscomfortslikehyperacidity, loosebowelmovementandflatulence,tomoreseriousoneslikecancer. Thelocalfolksmentionedthattheyalsouseguyabanotoboost the immune system. The common Madre de Cacao or Kakawate(Glericidiasepium)wasconsideredeffectiveforwoundsandfracturesinhumansaswellasfleainfestation,wartsandskindiseasesofgoats,chickenandpigs,respectively.

Establishmentandmanagementofhomegardens

Sourcesofplantingmaterials

Theplantingmaterialsused inhomegardeningwereobtained fromdifferentsources(Fig.5).Morethanhalf(58%)oftherespondentsgottheirplantingmaterialsforfree,sharedbyrelativesandfriends.Aboutaquarter(23%) simply gathered planting materials from their surroundings orcollectedfromthewild. Only14%purchasedtheirplantingmaterialsand5%obtainedtheminexchangeforanotherplantfoundintheirgarden. Itseemsevidentthatmajorityofthosehavinghomegardensdidnotprioritizepurchaseofplantingmaterialsintheirfamilybudget,especiallyfornon-foodplantslikeornamentals. Thisisunderstandableasfamiliesliving intheuplandsmostly livebelowthepoverty linesotheirprioritymustbetheirdailysubsistence.

Fig.5.Sourcesofplantingmaterialsforthehomegardens

60Belonias et al.

Table2.Speciesofmedicinalplantsgrowninthemarginaluplandshomegardens

Scientificname Localname Ailment(s)Treated PlantPartUsed

ModeofPreparation

ArtemisiavulgarisL.

Hilbas

Cough,flatulence,musclepain

Leaves Slightlyheatleavesoverlowfire.Crushleavesandrubonaffectedpart.

Painfulurination Wholeplant Boilleavesinwateranddrinkthedecoction.

PlechranthusblumeiBenth.

Mayana/Manjana

Cough Leaves Boilleavesinwateranddrinkthedecoction.

Fever Leaves Putleavesinacupofhotwater.Letitcoolanddrinktheinfusion.Alternatively,heatleavesoverlowfire,crushandapplyaspoulticeontheforehead.

Wound Leaves Slightlyheatleavesoverlowfire.Crushandrubontheaffectedpart.

Redeyes Leaves Slightlyheatleavesandplaceoverinfectedeyes.

Itchyeyes Leaves Crushleavesandsqueezetheextract.Putadropofextracttoitchingeye.

TradescantiaspathaceaSw.

Bangka-bangkaan Feverfrommeasles Leaves Putleavesinacupofhotwater.Letitcoolanddrinktheinfusion.

VitexnegundoL. Lagundi Cough Leaves Boilleavesanddrinkthedecoctionorputafewleavesinacupofhotwateranddrinktheinfusion.

PerseaamericanaMill. Avocado

Loosebowelmovement Leaves Boilleavesanddrinkthedecoction.

Hyperacidity Leaves Crushtheleavesandrubonthestomacharea.

61

Agro

bio

dive

rsity of h

om

e g

ard

ens in

marg

inal u

pla

nd V

illages o

f Inopaca

n

Table2Continuation.

ScientificName LocalName Ailment(s)/Treatment PlantPartUsed

ModeofPreparation

CitrusmadurensisLour. Lemonsito Cough Fruit Putextractedjuiceinacupofwater,addatablespoonofhoneyanddrinkit.

AnnonamuricataL. Abana/Guyabano

Hyperacidity,Loosebowelmovement,Flatulence

Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.

Cancer,Boostimmunesystem,

Fruit Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.

Hibiscusrosa-sinensisL. Antuwanga Boils,wound,skinrashes,soreeyes

Flowerbuds Mashtheflowerbudsandapplyaspoulticeontheinfectedarea.

Musasp. Saging Boils Pseudostem Finelyscrapetheouterpartofthepseudostemandapplyaspoulticeontheaffectedpart.

Mikaniacordata Vietnam,Asyang Wound Leaves Crushtheleavesandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedarea.

Gliricidiasepium(Jacq.)KunthexWalp.

Madrecacao Wound Leaves Crushtheleavesandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedarea.

Fractures Leaves Crushtheleavesandapplyaspoulticeontheaffectedarea.

Fleasinfestationingoats Leaves Crushorpoundtheleavesandrubonbodyofthegoat.

Wartsofchicken Leaves Crushtheleavesandputtheextractonthewarts.

Skindiseaseofpigs Leaves Crushtheleavesandrubontheaffectedpart.

PsidiumguajavaL.

Guava

Wound Leaves Crushtheleavesandputonthewoundedpart.

Loosebowelmovement,indigestion


62

Belo

nia

s et a

l.

Table2Continuation.


ModeofPreparation

ChrysophyllumcainitoL. Caimito Loosebowel,Flatulence,Hyperacidity


SaccharumspontaneumL.

Bugang-tapol

Vomitingblood Youngfleshyshoot

Chewtheyoungshootandswallowthejuice.

Diabetes,highblood youngshoot Cutthestem/culmintosmallpieces,boilinwateranddrinkthedecoction.

PlechranthusaromaticusBenth.

Karabo

Cough Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoctionorcrushslightlyheatedleavesandrubonthechestandback.

Repellingmosquitoes Leaves Putfreshlycrushedleavesinaplateandletthesmelldiffuseouttorepelmosquitoes.

MoringaoleiferaLam. Kalamunggay Wound Leaves Crushtheleavesandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedpart.

SanseveiratrifasciataHort.exPrain

Espada-espada Wound Leaves Squeezeoutthejuiceandapplytheextractonthewoundedpart.

CocosnuciferaL. Lubi Wound Solidendosperm(meat)

Lightlyscrapethesoftsurfaceofthecoconutmeatandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedpart.

KaempferiagalangaL. Kisol Drycough Bulb Tiethebulbaroundthenecklikeanecklace.

Alliumsp Sibojing Neckpaininchildren Leaves Slightlyheattheleavesandextractthejuice.Massagetheextractontheneck.

MenthaarvensisL. Mentholplant Cough Leaves Chewtheleavestosoothethethroat.

JatrophagossypifoliaL. Tuba-tubatapol Flatulence Leaves Slightlyheattheleavesandextractthejuice.Massagethejuiceontheneck.

63

Agro

bio

dive

rsity of h

om

e g

ard

ens in

marg

inal u

pla

nd V

illages o

f Inopaca

n

Table2Continuation.


ModeofPreparation

Jatrophacurcas Tuba-tuba Stomachache Leaves Slightlyheattheleavesoverlowflameandspreadonthestomacharea.

Hyptissuaveolens(L.)Poit

Albahaka

Stomachpain,Loosebowelmovement

Roots Boiltherootsanddrinkthedecoction.

Wound Leaves Crushtheleavesandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedarea.

Kalanchoepinnata(Lam.)Pers.

Hanlilika/Katakataka Boil,Toothache Leaves Crushtheleavesandputitovertheboilortheachingtooth.

Adiantumsp. Lamon-lamon Infectedwound Leaves Crushleavesandapplyaspoulticeontheinfectedwound.

Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.)Pers.

Banaba Kidneyinfection Leaves Boil7matureleavesin7glassesofwateranddrinkthedecoction.

Syzygiumcuminii(L.)Skeels

Lomboy Toothache Bark Boilthebarkfor15minanddrinkthedecoction.

Cymbopogoncitratus(DC)Stapf.

Tangad Highblood Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.

MenthacordifoliaOpiz

YerbaBuena

Earinfection Leaves Slightlyheattheleavesandinsertintotheouterpartoftheear.

Flatulence,bodypain,stomachache

Leaves Crushtheleavesandrubonaffectedpart.

Cough,Hyperacidity Leaves Puttheleavesinacup,pourhotwater.Letitcoolanddrinkthewater/infusion.

Stomachworms Leaves Puttheleavesinacup,pourhotwater.Letitcoolanddrinkthewater/infusion.

Colocasiaesculenta(L.)Schott

Gabi Wound Petiole Scrapethesurfaceofthepetioleandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedpart.

64

Belo

nia

s et a

l.

Table2Continuation.


ModeofPreparation

TinosporarumphiiBoerl.

Panyawan

Anemia Stem Cutthestemintopiecesandboilinwater.Mixtheextractinthewaterforbathing.

Stomachache Stem Cutthestemintopiecesandboilinwater.Drinkthewater.

Weaningofbabies Stem Rubthestemsaponthemother’snipple.

Alpiniapurpurata(Vieill.)K.Schum.

Luy-atapol

Bodypain Rhizome Poundtherhizomeandrubonaffectedpart.

Hoarsethroat Rhizome Getasliceoftherhizomeanduseitlikecandy.

Cough Rhizome Poundtherhizomeandrubonthechestandback.

Orthosiphonaristatus(Blume)Miq

Balbaspusa

Kidneyinfection Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.

Cough,fever Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.

BixaorellanaL. Atsuete Flatulence,fracture Leaves Spreadfreshleavesontheaffectedpart.

CentellaasiaticaL. Jahong-jahong Fever wholeplant Putwholeplantinaglassofwarmwateranddrinkthewater.

EuphorbianeriifoliaL. Suro-suro

Piercedbyanailorothersharpobjects

stemandleaves

Putadropofplantsapontheaffectedpartfor4days

Blumeabalsamifera(L.)DC

Gabon

Flatulence Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.

Kidneyinfection Leaves Putwholeplantinaglassofwarmwateranddrinkthewater.

Urenalobata Daupang Woundinanimals Leaves Poundtheleavesandextractthejuice.Usetheextracttocleanthewound.

65

Agro

bio

dive

rsity of h

om

e g

ard

ens in

marg

inal u

pla

nd V

illages o

f Inopaca

n

Modeofcultivation

Thelocalsuseddifferentmethodsofputtinguptheirhomegardens(Fig.6A).Abouthalfofthem(46%)didplotlessplantingordirectplantinginthesoil. Specieslikemalunggay(Moringaoleifera),ornamental plantslikesantan(Ixoraspp.)periwinkleorkumintang(Catharanthusroseus),bombil (Bougainvillea spectabilis) and goldenduranta (Duranta erecta)andothertreespecieswereusuallyplantedusingthismethod.Aboutthesamenumberofrespondentsusedcontainerssuchasclayorplasticpots,polyethyleneorordinaryrecycledplasticbagswhilesomerecycledemptymilk cans and similar containers.Vegetables like springonions (Alliumfistolusum) and ornamental plants like roses, bromeliads and cactuseswereusuallyraisedusingthismethod.Only7%oftherespondentsgrewtheirplantsinraisedplotsandwasusuallydoneforvegetables,especiallyifaportionoftheharvestedproductswassoldinthelocalmarket.Pechay(Brassicarapa),tomatoes(Solanumlycopersicum),bellpepper(Capsicumannuum) and eggplant (Solanummelongena) were the common plantsgrowninraisedplots. More than half (62%) of the respondents grew plants in homegardensforhomeconsumption.Aboutathird(35%)diditassourceofadditional income for the familywhile only 5%did it to beautify theirsurroundings(Fig.6B).Cultivatingthehomegardenswasmostlyafamilyaffairwithmembersofthefamilyprovidinglabor(96%)andonlyaverysmall percentage (4%) hired laborers (Fig. 6C). The time the familymembersspenttogetherinthegardenhelpedbuildstrongerfamilyties.Almostallofthem(89%)didnotapplyfertilizer(Fig.6D),andthosewhodidusedorganicfertilizer(87%)derivedfromcompostedplantdebrisoranimalmanuresuchaschickendungorgoatmanure(Fig.6E).Sincehomegardensusuallyinvolvedonlysmallpatchesoflandmostlyusedtoprovideadditional food for daily subsistence, the family would use everyopportunity touse free labor andproductionmaterials that are locallyavailableandcost-free.

66Belonias et al.

Fig.6.Methodofplanting(A),reasonforcultivating(B),sourceoflabor(C),fertilizerapplication(D)andtypeoffertilizerused(E)

CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATIONS

Cultivating a home garden has indeed become an importantsubsistenceandcopingstrategyofuplandvillagesespeciallyinthehighlyvulnerablemarginaluplands. Basedonthisstudy,thehomegardensofInopacan,Leyte,containagreatdiversityofspeciesandvarietieswhichthelocals collect through donations, exchange and collection from theirsurroundings. The more personalized management of the gardens byfamilymembers furthermakehomegardeninganeffectivestrategy forbiodiversityconservation.Thus,theimportanceofhomegardeningintheconservation of biodiversity, especially for economically importantspecies,shouldbegivenpreferentialattentioninthepresentglobaleffortsto halt or at least reduce biodiversity loss. However, there is need toeffectively educate local villages on the importance of native speciesbecauseofthecontinuedpatronageofexoticorintroducedspecies,whichcanhavedrasticeffectstotheenvironment.


ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors wish to thank the Commission on Higher Education-PhilippineHigherEducationResearchNetwork(CHED-PHERNet)forthefinancialsupportoftheresearch.

REFERENCES

ASIO,V.B.,A.B.BOLLEDO,S.B.LINA,D.S.MARANGUIT,R.J.T.DOGUILES,andK.L.N.DEMAIN.2014.CharacteristicsofsoilsinthemarginaluplandsofInopacan,Leyte.AnnalsofTrop.Res.36(3):1-14.

BUCHMANN, C. 2009. Cuban home gardens and their role in

social–ecologicalresilience.HumanEcology37:705–721

COOMES,O.T.andN.BAN.2004.Cultivatedplantspeciesdiversityinhome

gardens of an Amazonian peasant village in northeastern Peru.

EconomicBotany58(3):420-434.

EYZAGUIRREP.andJ.WATSON.2001Homegardensandagrobiodiversity:

anoverviewacrossregions.In:Watson,J.W.andP.B.Eyzaguirre.(eds.)

Proceedings of the second international home garden workshop.

BioversityInternational,Rome,Italy,pp10–13

GALLUZZI, G., P. EYZAGUIRRE and V. NEGRI. 2010. Home gardens:

neglected hotspots of agro-biodiversity and cultural diversity.

BioversityConservation19:3635–3654.

GUARINO L. and M. HOOGENDIJK. 2004. Microenvironments. In:

Eyzaguirre P. and O. Linares. (eds.) Home gardens and

agrobiodiversity.SmithsonianBooks,Washington,pp31–40

HODGKINT.2001.Homegardensandthemaintenanceofgeneticdiversity.

In:Watson,J.W.andP.B.Eyzaguirre.(eds.)Proceedingsofthesecond

internationalhomegardenworkshop.BioversityInternational,Rome,

Italy,pp14–18

68Belonias et al.

KULPA, W. and P. HANELT.1981. Activities regarding collection and

evaluationofPolishlandraces.Kulturpflanze29:81–90

LEIVA J.M., C. AZURDIA andW. OVANDO. 2001. Contributions of homegardens to in situ conservation in traditional farmingsystems—Guatemalancomponent.In:Watson,J.W.andP.B.Eyzaguirre.(eds.) Proceedings of the second international home gardenworkshop.workshop.BiodiversityInternational,Rome,Italy,pp56–72

PELSER,P.B., J.F.BARCELONA,&D.L.NICKRENT(eds.).2011–onwards.

Co'sDigitalFloraofthePhilippines.www.philippineplants.org.

STEENIS, C.G.G.J. van (ed.). 1950– onwards. Flora Malesiana. Series I,

S p e rm a t o p h y t a . B i o d i v e r s i t y H e r i t a g e L i b r a r y .

http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org.

SUNWAR,S.,C.G.THORNSTROM,A.SUBEDIandM.BYSTROM.2006.Home

gardensinwesternNepal:Opportunitiesandchallengesforon-farm

management of agrobiodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation

15:4211–4238.

TRINH, L.N., J.W. WATSON, N.N. HUE, N.N. DE, N.V. MINH, P. CHU, B.R.

STHAPIT,andP.B.EYZAGUIRRE.2003.Agrobiodiversityconservation

and development in Vietnamese home gardens. Agriculture

EcosystemsandEnvironment97:317–344.


agrobiodiversity of home gardens in selected marginal ...amaryllidaceae allium fistulosum l....

Documents