aids/hiv/drugs
TRANSCRIPT
HIV/ AIDS/Drugs The 21st century pandemic
S . Madan Kumar S . Madan Kumar
M.A., M. A., M.Phil., B.Ed., M.B.A.,M.A., M. A., M.Phil., B.Ed., M.B.A.,
A Acquired
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AA Acquired
II Immuno
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AA Acquired
II Immuno
DD Deficiency
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AA Acquired
II Immuno
DD Deficiency
SS Syndrome
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HH Human
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HH Human
II Immunodeficiency
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HH Human
II Immunodeficiency
VV Virus
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HIV/AIDS refers to…
“Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome” (AIDS) (AIDS) or a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)(HIV).. This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors.
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Basic Definitions And MeaningsWhat is HIV?
HIV is “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”,it is the virus that cause AIDS.
Human means that it affects only humans and lives only in humans.
The virus does not live in toilets, mosquitoes, cups, spoons, on bed sheets or towels that people with HIV might have used.
Immunodeficiency refers to lack(deficiency) or breakdown of immune system. The “immune system” is the body’s resistance or the body’s defense force for fighting off infections.
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The virus attacks and eventually overcomes the body’s immune system. The immune system is usually able to defend the body against infections.
A virus is a germ.
What is AIDS?• AIDS means “Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome”• To acquire means to “get or develop over a
period of time”• The immune system breaks down gradually over
time.
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It gets deficient or less and less efficient, under relentless attack by the multiplying number of virus in the body.
Syndrome refers to the group or collection of signs and symptoms of indication of diseases in a person who has AIDS.
HIV is the infectious stage of the condition, HIV is the infectious stage of the condition, AIDS is the disease phase.AIDS is the disease phase.
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The Origin of AIDS and HIV
HIV came from a similar virus found in chimpanzees - SIV.
HIV probably entered the United States around 1970.the first recognized case of AIDS was in the early 1980s.
HIV is a lent virus (slow virus),which in turn is a part of a larger group of viruses known as retro virus
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EpidemiologyMales>females
Occurs in all ages and ethnic groups
All areas of the country are affected
In some city inner areas, as many as 50% of males are HIV positive
AIDS is now the second leading cause of death for all men aged 25-44 years
(Unintended injuries is #1 and heart disease is #3 for this age group)
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HIV Transmission
• HIV enters the bloodstream through:
Open Cuts
Breaks in the skin
Mucous membranes
Direct injection16
Routes of Transmission of HIV
Sexual Contact: Male-to-male
Male-to-female or vice versa
Female-to-female
Blood Exposure: Injecting drug use/needle sharing
Occupational exposure
Transfusion of blood products
Perinatal: Transmission from mother to baby
Breastfeeding17
Routes of Transmission of HIV
Occupational TransmissionOccupational Transmission
Health care worker/ hospital staff
Laboratory workers
Other routesOther routesOrgan transplantation
Artificial inseminationNeedle-prick
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HIV Transmission
Common body fluids that are means of transmission:
BloodSemenVaginal Secretions Breast Milk
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HIV in Body Fluids
Semen11,000 Vaginal
Fluid7,000
Blood18,000
Amniotic Fluid4,000 Saliva
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Average number of HIV particles in 1 ml of these body fluids21
HIV-Infected T-CellHIV
VirusT-Cell
HIV InfectedT-Cell
New HIVVirus
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Ways through which HIV/AIDS is not contacted
HIV cannot reproduce outside the human body. It is not spread by:
• Air or drinking water from the same pot with an infected person.
• Insects: including mosquitoes. Studies conducted by researchers have shown no evidence of HIV transmission from insects.
• Saliva, tears, or sweat. There is no documented case of HIV being transmitted by spitting.
• Casual contact like shaking hands or sharing dishes.
• Closed-mouth or “social” kissing.
Window Period
This is the period of time after becoming infected when an HIV test is negative.
90 percent of cases test positive within three months of exposure
10 percent of cases test positive within three to six months of exposure
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Signs And SymptomsThe clinical consequence of HIV infection comprises of a spectrum ranging from an acute syndrome with primary infection to a prolonged asymptomatic stage to advanced disease.
Incubation period: 2 to 10 yrs.
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The Acute HIV Syndrome Follows 3-6 wks following primary infection
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Signs And Symptoms
Second phase-Asymptomatic contact
Initial HIV inf. or after illness of inf.
No symptomsLast 2 to 10 yrs.
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Signs And SymptomsThird phase-
PGL (Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy)
Enlargement of lymph nodes.
outside the inguinal areamore than 2 areasmore that 3 months
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Signs And Symptoms
Fourth phage-Overt Manifestation of AIDS
ARC(AIDS-related complex): fever, loss of weight, anorexia, diarrhea plus PGL
Nervous system symptoms: headache, convulsion, paralysis, progressive dementia
Rare opportunistic infection.Unusual malignant tumors.Pneumonia.
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HIV Infection And Antibody Response
6 month ~ Years ~ Years ~ Years ~ Years
VirusAntibody
InfectionOccurs
AIDS Symptoms
Initial Stage---------------- --------Intermediate or Latent Stage----------------- Illness Stage
Flu-like SymptomsOr
No Symptoms Symptom-free
<
----
----
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Common manifestation of AIDS
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Kaposis sarcoma
Candidiasis Of Mouth
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Swollen parts of the body
Deterioration of the body tissues
Extreme Wt loss
Lymphadenopathy
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P. Carinii pneumonia
Primary CNS Lymphoma
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Effects of HIV/AIDS
AIDS Worldwide
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AIDS In
India
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Prevention Of HIV/AIDSRisk factors
Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can be infected with HIV, but you're at greatest risk of HIV/AIDS if you: Have unprotected sex with multiple partners. Unprotected sex means having sex without using a new latex or polyurethane condom every time.
Have unprotected sex with someone who is HIV-positive.
Have another sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, herpes, Chlamydia, gonorrhea or bacterial vaginosis.
Share needles during intravenous drug use.
Received a blood transfusion or blood products before 1985.
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Prevention Of HIV/AIDSNewborns or nursing infants whose mothers tested positive for HIV but did not receive treatment also are at high risk. Fastest growing method of HIV transmission: heterosexual contact.Heterosexual transmission is easier from men to women than from women to menRisk of acquiring for men is greater if contact occurs during menstruationUncircumcised men are more likely to be seropositive and contract HIV during sex
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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS
If mother is HIV positive, 100% of children will test positive at birth
Breast feeding increases transmission rate
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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS There's no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for AIDS.
Prevention includes educating yourself about HIV and avoiding any behavior that allows HIV-infected fluids — blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk — into your body.
HIV-negative Individual prevention:HIV-negative Individual prevention:Educate yourself and others. Educate yourself and others. Know the HIV status of any sexual partner. Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex.Consider male circumcision. Use a clean needle.Be cautious about blood products. Get regular screening tests.
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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS
HIV positive individual prevention:
Follow safe-sex practices.
Tell your sexual partners you have HIV.
If your partner is pregnant, tell her you have HIV.
Tell others who need to know.
Don't share needles or syringes.
Don't donate blood or organs.
Don't share razor blades or toothbrushes.
If you're pregnant, get medical care right away.
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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS
Traditionally, prevention is described as being at three levels:
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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS
Traditionally, prevention is described as being at three levels:
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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS
Traditionally, prevention is described as being at three levels:
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Two Approaches To Disease Prevention
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Risk Avoidance & Risk Reduction
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What is the ABC Approach?
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ABC Strategy
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EVALUATION
WHAT IS AIDS?
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIV AND AIDS?
STATE THREE MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV.
MENTION FIVE WAY THROUGH WHICH HIV/AIDS CAN NOT BE TRANSMITTED.
OUTLINE THREE WAYS OF PREVENTING HIV/AIDS?
WHY WE SHOULD AVOIDE DRUGS?
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